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ATiM Spcialiste en tude et dveloppement de produits de radiocommunication www.atim.com

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ARM-SE Advanced Radio Modem Serial & Ethernet ATIM: le spcialiste de la radiocommunication 2

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o Morning: o Theory - Operating Principles Radio Notions Serial Links Notions Network Notions o ARM-SE Description Operating Modes Radio Settings Extras o Afternoon: o Workshop ATIM: le spcialiste de la radiocommunication 3 Agenda

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Radio Notions Theory Operating Principles ATIM: le spcialiste de la radiocommunication 4

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o Basic Communication System o Transmitter and Receiver RF Basics ATIM: le spcialiste de la radiocommunication 5 TransmitterReceiver

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Basic Radio Communication System o Transmitter and Receiver o Transmitting Antenna RF Basics ATIM: le spcialiste de la radiocommunication 6 TransmitterReceiverAntenna 1

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Basic Radio Communication System o Transmitter and Receiver o Transmitting Antenna o Receiving Antenna RF Basics ATIM: le spcialiste de la radiocommunication 7 TransmitterReceiverAntenna 1Antenna 2

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Basic Communication System o Transmitter and Receiver o Transmitting Antenna o Receiving Antenna o Environment RF Basics ATIM: le spcialiste de la radiocommunication 8 TransmitterReceiverAntenna 1Antenna 2 Environment

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Basic Communication System RF Basics ATIM: le spcialiste de la radiocommunication 9 TransmitterReceiverAntenna 1Antenna 2 Environment TransmitterReceiverAntenna 1Antenna 2 Environment

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RF Basics ATIM: le spcialiste de la radiocommunication 10

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o Maximizing Range RF Basics ATIM: le spcialiste de la radiocommunication 11 TransmitterReceiverAntenna 1Antenna 2

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Maximizing Range o Increase Transmitter (TX) Power Government Regulated Low-powered Applications RF Essentials ATIM: le spcialiste de la radiocommunication 12 Increase Power Receiver Antenna 1Antenna 2

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Maximizing Range o Increase Transmitter (TX) Power o Increase Receiver (RX) Sensitivity Specified in dBm (more of this later) RF Essentials ATIM: le spcialiste de la radiocommunication 13 Increase Power Improve RX Sensitivity Increase Gain Increase Gain

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Maximizing Range o Increase Transmitter (TX) Power o Increase Receiver (RX) Sensitivity o Increase Antenna Gain More gain equates with more focusing of energy Antenna cables should be as short as possible RF Essentials ATIM: le spcialiste de la radiocommunication 14 Transmitting Antenna Focused energy Receiver Antenna Focused energy

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o Maximizing Range o Increase Transmitter (TX) Power o Improve Receiver (RX) Sensitivity o Increase Antenna Gain o Clear the Environment of obstructions Visual (Linear) line-of-sight vs. RF (Radio) line-of-sight RF Essentials ATIM: le spcialiste de la radiocommunication 15 Increase Power Improve RX Sensitivity Increase Gain Increase Gain Clear the Environment

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o Fresnel Zone o Football-shaped path RF Essentials ATIM: le spcialiste de la radiocommunication 16 Fresnel Zone

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Site A Site B d2 d1 Radius of n th Fresnel Zone given by: 21 21 dd d dn r n o Fresnel Zone diameter depends upon Wavelength, and Distances from the sites along axis o For minimum Diffraction Loss, clearance of at least 0.6F1+ 3m is required RF Essentials 2nd * 1st * 3rd* * Fresnel Zones

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o Fresnel Zone o Football-shaped path o Acceptable = 60% of Zone 1 + 3 meters o Raise antennas to help clear the zone RF Essentials ATIM: le spcialiste de la radiocommunication 18

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o Fresnel Zone Diameters RF Essentials ATIM: le spcialiste de la radiocommunication 19 Range Distance 868 MHz Modems Required Fresnel Zone Radius 1 m0,29 m 3 m0,51 m 10 m0,93 m 30 m1,61 m 100 m2,94 m 300 m5,09 m 1600 m11,76 m 8000 m26,29 m 16000 m37,18 m

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o RF starts with AC (Alternating current) o The antenna converts radio frequency electrical energy fed to it (via the transmission line) to an electromagnetic wave propagated into space. RF Terminology ATIM: le spcialiste de la radiocommunication 20

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o Wavelength is the distance between identical points in the adjacent cycles of a waveform. In wireless systems, this length is usually specified in meters, centimeters, or millimeters o The size of the wavelength varies depending on the frequency of the signal. Generally speaking, the higher the frequency the smaller the wavelength. RF Terminology ATIM: le spcialiste de la radiocommunication 21 Wavelength = 3 x 10 8 f (frequency in Hz) 868MHz -> 34.5 cm

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o Frequency o Measured in Hz (Hertz) o With appropriate multiplier kHz Kilohertz (Thousands of Hertz) MHz Megahertz (Millions of Hertz) GHz Gigahertz (Billions of Hertz) o Frequency Classification o VLF Very Low Frequency 10-30kHz o LF Low Frequency 30-300kHz o MF Medium Frequency 300-3000kHz o HF High Frequency 3-30MHz o VHF Very High Frequency 30-300MHz o UHF Ultra High Frequency 300-3000MHz o SHF Super High Frequency 3-30GHz o EHF Extremely High Frequency 30-300GHz RF Terminology ATIM: le spcialiste de la radiocommunication 22

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o Tx is short for Transmit o All radios have a certain level or Tx power that the radio generates at the RF interface. This power is calculated as the amount of energy given across a defined bandwidth and is usually measured in one of two units: 1.dBm a relative power level referencing 1 milliwatt 2.W a linear power level referencing Watts dBm = 10 x log[Power in Watts / 0.001W] W = 0.001 x 10[Power in dBm / 10 dBm] RF Terminology ATIM: le spcialiste de la radiocommunication 23

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o Rx is short for Receive o All radios also have a certain point of no return, where if they receive a signal less than the stated Rx Sensitivity, the radio will not be able to see the data. o This is also stated in dBm or W. RF Terminology ATIM: le spcialiste de la radiocommunication 24

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o In a wireless system, antennas are used to convert electrical waves into electromagnetic waves. The amount of energy the antenna can boost the sent and received signal by is referred to as the antennas Gain. o Antenna gain is measured in: 1.dBi: relative to an isotropic radiator 2.dBd: relative to a dipole radiator 0 dBd = 2.15 dBi RF Terminology ATIM: le spcialiste de la radiocommunication 25

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o Omni-Directional o Shorter Distances o Greater Coverage o Directional o Greater Distances o Area coverage sacrificed RF Terminology ATIM: le spcialiste de la radiocommunication 26

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o Link Budget Calculations RF Calculations ATIM: le spcialiste de la radiocommunication 27

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o ARM-SE Example RF Calculations ATIM: le spcialiste de la radiocommunication 28 5 mW7 dBm 25 mW14 dBm 500 mW27 dBm TRANSMISSION POWER 0,5km-81 dBm 1km-91 dBm 2 km-97 dBm ATTENUATION BY AIR 3 km-101 dBm 4 km-103 dBm 5 km-105 dBm 6 km-107dBm 7 km-108 dBm 9600 Bauds -110 dBm 19200 Bauds -107 dBm 38400 Bauds-104 dBm RECEIVER SENSITIVITY 76800 Bauds-101 dBm Table 3 Table 4 Table 5 4800 Bauds -112 dBm

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o Regulatory Bodies o FCC (United States) o IC (Canada) o ETSI (Europe, some APAC) o C-Tick (Australia) o Telec (Japan) o Anatel (Brazil) RF Regulations ATIM: le spcialiste de la radiocommunication 29

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RF Regulations ATIM: le spcialiste de la radiocommunication 30

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o Modulate o Insert data signal into a carrier wave. o Digital data. 0 or 1 o RF Modulation o Transmitting a signal within a carrier frequency by blending an alternating frequency or amplitude onto the carrier wave RF Modulation ATIM: le spcialiste de la radiocommunication 31 Data Carrier Modulated Signal

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Serial Link Notions Theory Operating Principles ATIM: le spcialiste de la radiocommunication 32

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o Architecturally RS-232 is a bi-directional point to point link. o RS-232 is a popular communications interface for connecting modems and data acquisition devices (i.e. GPS receivers, electronic balances, data loggers,...) to computers. o RS-232 can be plugged straight into the computers serial port (know as COM or Comm port). Serial Links - RS-232 ATIM: le spcialiste de la radiocommunication 33

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o Two independent channels are established for two-way (full-duplex) communications. o RS-232 can also carry additional signals used for flow control (RTS, CTS) and modem control (DCD, DTR, DSR, RI). Serial Links - RS-232 ATIM: le spcialiste de la radiocommunication 34

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o Unbalanced Line Drivers o Each signal appears on the interface connector as a voltage with reference to a signal ground. o The idle state (MARK) has the signal level negative with respect to common whereas the active state (SPACE) has the signal level positive respest to the same reference. Serial Links - RS-232 ATIM: le spcialiste de la radiocommunication 35

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o How fast can RS-232 be? o The maximum speed, according to the standard, is 20kbit/s. However, modern equipment can operate much faster than this. o The length of the cable also plays a part in maximum speed. The longer the cable the slower the speed at which you can obtain accurate results. A large wire capacitance and inductance limits the maximum length of the cable and/or the maximum speed; Moreover higher is the capacitance of the cable higer is the interference between two adjacent signal wire. 15m @ max baudrate is commonly quoted as the maximum distance. Serial Links - RS-232 ATIM: le spcialiste de la radiocommunication 36

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o SW Settings o One byte of async data has: o Start Bit = 1 (always) o Data Bits = 8 (or 7) Serial Links - RS-232 ATIM: le spcialiste de la radiocommunication 37 o Stop bits = 1 (or 2) o Parity = NONE (or EVEN or ODD) + 25 - 25

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o What is RS-485? o RS-485 is a EIA standard interface which is very common in the data acquisition world o RS-485 provides balanced transmission line which also can be shared in Multidrop mode. o It allows high data rates communications over long distances in real world environments. o How fast can RS-485 be? o RS-485 was designed for greater distance and higher baudrates than RS- 232. o According to the standard, 100kbit/s is the maximum speed and distance up to 4000 feet (1200 meters) can be achieved. Serial Links - RS-485 ATIM: le spcialiste de la radiocommunication 38

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o Balanced Line Drivers o Voltage produced by the driver appears across a pair of signal wires that transmit only one signal. Both wires are driven opposite. o RS-485 driver has always the Enable direction control signal. o Differential system provides noise immunity, because much of the common mode signal can be rejected by the receiver. So ground shifts and induced noise signals can be nullified. Serial Links - RS-485 ATIM: le spcialiste de la radiocommunication 39

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o RS-485 Network o RS-485 provides Half-Duplex, Multidrop communications over a single twisted pair cable. Serial Links - RS-485 ATIM: le spcialiste de la radiocommunication 40 MASTER SLAVE-1 SLAVE-2 SLAVE-3 o The standard specifies up to 32 drivers and 32 receivers can share a multidrop network o Terminator resistors avoid reflected signal

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o RS-485 Full-duplex o Potentially RS-485 interface can also use 4-wires to comunicate in multidrop mode but... Serial Links - RS-485 ATIM: le spcialiste de la radiocommunication 41 TX ENABLE RX TX485+ TX485- RX485+ RX485- 485GND TX ENABLE RX Other device

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o RS-232 vs RS-485 o The architectural difference between RS-232 and RS-485 is that 232 is a bi-directional point to point link, whereas 485 is a single channel bus. o Electrically, each 232 signal uses a single wire with symmetric voltages about a common ground wire. 485 uses two wires to carry the single signal differentially. o The big difference to the software is that only one device on a 485 bus can transmit at a time, whilst there is not similar limitation on RS232 because is a peer-to-peer link. Serial Links ATIM: le spcialiste de la radiocommunication 42

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Network Notions Theory Operating Principles ATIM: le spcialiste de la radiocommunication 43

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o Internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks that use the standard Internet Protocol Suite (TCP/IP) Network Notions ATIM: le spcialiste de la radiocommunication 44

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o TCP/IP stack is base in the OSI model Network Notions ATIM: le spcialiste de la radiocommunication 45 Different network types interconnected. = dont depend of low level layers.

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o Encapsulation: Network Notions TCP/IP ATIM: le spcialiste de la radiocommunication 46 Client Server Client Master Server Slave Successive encapsulation of datas from application to physical network access.

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o Physical Addressing: o NIC (Network Interface Controller)= address of low level layers o Each NIC has a MAC address (6 bytes) o Address Resolution: o The communication between 2 equipments starts by a MAC resolution address. o Example: arp = MAC resolution from an IP address o Needs a frame all access for query everyone and wait for reply o Frame all access has @MAC dest Broadcast (FF-FF-FF-FF-FF-FF) Network Notions TCP/IP ATIM: le spcialiste de la radiocommunication 47

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o Physical & standard layers: Network Notions TCP/IP ATIM: le spcialiste de la radiocommunication 48 TokenRingCSMA/CD Wireless PHY: Radio, Cable, Optical fibers MAC: (CSMA/CD, CSMA/CA, Token ring, RTS/CTS etc...)

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ATIM: le spcialiste de la radiocommunication 49 o Management of the low layers By ARM-SE:

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Network Notions ATIM: le spcialiste de la radiocommunication 50 Applications managed by ARM-SE server: HTTP: embedded web pages ModBusTCP Server: decapsulate ModBus RTU message Bootloader: Firmware upgrade service Destination MAC addresses filtering (to reduce the wireless Ethernet trafic) Except Broadcast addressing !

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Description ARM-SE ATIM: le spcialiste de la radiocommunication 51

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o Operating modes: o Ethernet, ModBus TCP Server & Serial o Interfaces o RS232, RS485, Ethernet interfaces o Inputs/Output o 1 digital input & 1 digital output ARM-SE Description ATIM: le spcialiste de la radiocommunication 52

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ARM-SE Description ATIM: le spcialiste de la radiocommunication 53 Antenna Connector (SMA female) RS232 port RJ45 Ethernet RS485 port Power Supply Input/Output LED indicators Rx, Tx, In, Out, Sys, On Thumb wheel 16 channels (rear side) 4 Dip switches for test mode and RS485 termination (rear side)

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ARM-SE Description ATIM: le spcialiste de la radiocommunication 54 Dsactiv Activ 1 : Mode test 2 : Pull-up 2.7K 3 : Pull-down 2.7K 4 : Terminaison 120 Selection of radio channel or test number DIP Switch Thumb Wheel

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o Configuration via o Webpages o AT Commands o SNMP (Firmware 10.2) ARM-SE Description ATIM: le spcialiste de la radiocommunication 55

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Operating Modes ARM-SE ATIM: le spcialiste de la radiocommunication 56

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ARM-SE Operating Modes ATIM: le spcialiste de la radiocommunication 57

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o Selection of operating mode : ARM-SE Operating Modes ATIM: le spcialiste de la radiocommunication 58

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o Ethernet mode: o ARM-SE connected to the NIC with a 10 Base T cable o The NIC can talk anytime o Communication reliability guaranteed by : ACK wireless headers and repeat after randomized time Wireless RTS/CTS (depends of the configuration) o Datarate difference compensated by control algorithms, Transport layer (Typically TCP) -> avoid flow congestion and traffic jam. ARM-SE Operating Modes ATIM: le spcialiste de la radiocommunication 59

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o Ethernet mode: 1. Point to Point (case n1): ARM-SE Operating Modes ATIM: le spcialiste de la radiocommunication 60 Easy operating mode, default setup

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o Ethernet mode: 1. Point to Point (case n2): ARM-SE Operating Modes ATIM: le spcialiste de la radiocommunication 61 Almost similar than case n1 because the switch isolate the communications from its ports.

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o Ethernet mode: 1. Point to Point (case n3): ARM-SE Operating Modes ATIM: le spcialiste de la radiocommunication 62 Operation uselessly disturbed by repeated messages from the hub

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o Ethernet mode: Filters setup on destination MAC addresses : ARM-SE Operating Modes ATIM: le spcialiste de la radiocommunication 63

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o Ethernet mode: 2. Point to Multipoints ARM-SE Operating Modes ATIM: le spcialiste de la radiocommunication 64 Star Network topology: Clients can speak only with Access Point. Bandwith actively employed.

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o ModBus TCP Server mode: o Identical to a ModBus slave solicited by a master/client device. o Allow communication between an Ethernet device with ModBus TCP protocol and ModBus RTU slaves. ARM-SE Operating Modes ATIM: le spcialiste de la radiocommunication 65

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o ModBus TCP Server mode: ARM-SE Operating Modes ATIM: le spcialiste de la radiocommunication 66

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o ModBus TCP Server mode: o ModBus Environment : ARM-SE Operating Modes ATIM: le spcialiste de la radiocommunication 67 Communication between devices connected to different kinds of buses Good for read/write of Inputs / Outputs

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o ModBus TCP Server mode: o MODBUS Reminder The request: The request: The response: The response: In case of error, the data include an exception code indicating the error nb. ARM-SE Operating Modes ATIM: le spcialiste de la radiocommunication 68

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o ModBus TCP Server mode: o MODBUS Reminder Function codes: Function codes: ARM-SE Operating Modes ATIM: le spcialiste de la radiocommunication 69

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o ModBus TCP Server mode: o MODBUS Reminder ModBus messages: ModBus messages: Modbus RTU Modbus RTU Modbus TCP Modbus TCP ARM-SE Operating Modes ATIM: le spcialiste de la radiocommunication 70

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o ModBus TCP Server mode: o Use of the ModBus TCP/ModBus RTU gateway: ARM-SE Server ModBus TCP decapsulate the message and send it to different possible targets. ARM-SE Server ModBus TCP decapsulate the message and send it to different possible targets. ARM-SE Operating Modes ATIM: le spcialiste de la radiocommunication 71

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o ModBus TCP Server mode: o Limited number of client connections on the server (need resources): Max 2 client applications (or 2 clients). Max 2 client applications (or 2 clients). Each client use a different port (TCP 502: default port for ModBus TCP protocol) Each client use a different port (TCP 502: default port for ModBus TCP protocol) ARM-SE Operating Modes ATIM: le spcialiste de la radiocommunication 72

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o ModBus TCP Server mode: o Affectation of the TCP ports according to the target The TCP port forwards the connection to the target. The TCP port forwards the connection to the target. ARM-SE Operating Modes ATIM: le spcialiste de la radiocommunication 73

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o ModBus TCP Server mode: o Query of the targets : ARM-SE Operating Modes ATIM: le spcialiste de la radiocommunication 74 With different radio channels Is possible to communicate with different cluster of slaves

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o ModBus TCP Server mode: o Query of a remote ModBus TCP server Via an ARM-SE in transparent operating mode Via an ARM-SE in transparent operating mode ARM-SE Operating Modes ATIM: le spcialiste de la radiocommunication 75

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o ModBus TCP Server mode: o Configuration: ARM-SE Operating Modes ATIM: le spcialiste de la radiocommunication 76

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o Serial mode: 1.Transparent mode The radio modem goes in wireless Tx as soon its receive a byte on its serial port (+ optional delay before transmission). Transmission (Tx) while the serial buffer (1024B) contains Bytes. Delay after Tx before to go back to reception (Rx). RTS/CTS RS232 flow control ARM-SE Operating Modes ATIM: le spcialiste de la radiocommunication 77

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ARM-SE Operating Modes TOTO Bits de synchro TOTO Equipment A Equipment B ARMARM ARMARM ARM-SE o Serial mode: 1.Transparent mode

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o Serial mode: 1.Transparent mode ARM-SE Operating Modes ATIM: le spcialiste de la radiocommunication 79

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o Serial mode: 1.Securized mode ARM-SE Operating Modes ATIM: le spcialiste de la radiocommunication 80

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ARM-SE Operating Modes TOTO Equipment A Equipment B Header TOTO CRC ACK Header ARMARM CODE ARMARM ARMARM Repeater Works also with repeater o Serial mode: 1.Securized mode

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o Serial mode: 1.Securized mode ARM-SE Operating Modes ATIM: le spcialiste de la radiocommunication 82

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ARM-SE Operating Modes Header Modbus Equipment A S ToR ou Ana E ToR ou Ana ARM-D ARM-DA ARM-X Header Modbus Response ARMARM ARMARM RS232 RS485 ARM-SE o Serial mode: 1.Modbus mode

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Radio Settings ARM-SE ATIM: le spcialiste de la radiocommunication 84

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o To establish a link radios should be in same channel. ARM-SE Radio ATIM: le spcialiste de la radiocommunication 85 Canal Frquence (MHz) Canal Frquence (MHz) 0869.8008868.425 Puiss. Max. : 25mW Duty Cycle : 1% 1868.0759868.475 2868.125A868.525 3868.175B869.850Puiss. Max. : 5mW Duty Cycle : 100% 4868.225C869.900 5868.275D869.475 Puiss. Max. : 500mW Duty Cycle : 10% 6868.325E869.525 7868.375F869.575

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o Configuration radio ARM-SE Radio ATIM: le spcialiste de la radiocommunication 86

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o Repeating and routing table: ARM-SE Radio ATIM: le spcialiste de la radiocommunication 87 User defines his path

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o Addressing Principle : ARM-SE Radio ATIM: le spcialiste de la radiocommunication 88 The transmitting modem adds its local address and destination address to the radio frame. Modems receiving the radio frame compare the 2 addresses added to the pairs of configured addresses. If the additional addresses are identical to a configured pair of addresses, the message is recognised by the modem; otherwise the modem does not recognise the radio frame. The modem recognising the message compares the destination address for the message with its local address. If they are identical the message is sent over the serial link; otherwise, the modem returns the message by radio, exchanging the messages local address with its own local address.

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Extras ARM-SE ATIM: le spcialiste de la radiocommunication 89

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o Alerts via email o Watchdog o Input/Output ARM-SE Extras ATIM: le spcialiste de la radiocommunication 90

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o Datalogging o Interoperability with ARM_IOLP o Modbus RTU Slaves sleep ARM-SE poll them every Tcycle Users get information via Modbus or webpages ARM-SE Extras ATIM: le spcialiste de la radiocommunication 91

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o Test modes ARM-SE Extras ATIM: le spcialiste de la radiocommunication 92

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o Firmware Update ARM-SE Extras ATIM: le spcialiste de la radiocommunication 93

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Thank you ARM-SE ATIM: le spcialiste de la radiocommunication 94 Luis Martinezlm@atim.comlm@atim.com Matthieu Ruzzinmr@atim.commr@atim.com www.atim.com Tel: 04 76 95 50 65