Atmospheric aerosols in Sao Paulo, Atmospheric aerosols in Sao Paulo, Mexico City and Santiago de Chile: Mexico City and Santiago de Chile: Optical Properties, Remote sensing Optical Properties, Remote sensing

and Sourcesand Sources

Paulo Artaxo, Andrea D. A. Castanho and Carlos Pires JuniorLaboratory of Atmospheric Physics, University of São Paulo, Brazil.

artaxo@if.usp.br

First GURME Air Quality Forecasting Workshop for Latin American project, Santiago, Chile, 13-16 October, 2003

Health Effects of air pollution in Mexico, São Paulo, Santiago and New York

The São Paulo Metropolitan AreaThe São Paulo Metropolitan Area

Question: Can we do urban air pollution by satellites?

The São Paulo Metropolitan Area

Climate

Dry winters, rainy summersFrequent thermal inversions at very low altitudes with high subsidence

GeographyLat 23o 32’S Lon46o38’OAltitude 860 m Peaks with 1.200 m altitudes surrounding the cityPopulation: 16,3 millions inhabitants

IndustryMost developed region in Latin AmericaRepresents 18% of the Brazilian production

VehiclesAbout 6 millions vehicles with

high emission factors. Old buses, many diesel trucks

1 - Gasolina C: gasolina contendo 22% de álcool anidro e 700ppm de enxofre (massa) 2 - Diesel: tipo metropolitano com 1100ppm de enxofre (massa) 3 - Emissão composta para o ar (partículas) e para o solo (impregnação) 4 - MP refere-se ao total de material particulado, sendo que as partículas inaláveis são uma fração deste total 5 - Ano de consolidação do inventário: 1990 6 - Ano de consolidação do inventário: 1998 7 - Estas indústrias fazem parte da curva A e B que representam mais de 90% das emissões totais CO: monóxido de carbono HC: hidrocarbonetos totais NOX: óxidos de nitrogênio SOX: óxidos de enxofre MP: material particulado

Estimates of emissions from the main air pollution sources in São Paulo, 2002 Estimates of emissions from the main air pollution sources in São Paulo, 2002

São Paulo 2002Relative pollutant emissions for each source type – CETESB

CO HC NOx SO2PM10

Light vehicles

Heavy vehicles

Industry

Ressuspension Secondary aerosols

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50

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PM

10

(u

g/m

³)

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o -

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t / 9

7

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n -

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v /

98

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l - A

go

/ 9

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n /2

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PMPM1010 concentrations in São Paulo wintertime from 1997 to 2002concentrations in São Paulo wintertime from 1997 to 2002

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PM

10 (

µg/m

³)

Particulado Fino Particulado Grosso

Wintertime Fine and Coarse Mode aerosol 1997

Air Quality Standard Cold Fronts Arrivals

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Horário Local

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nc

en

tra

çã

o P

M1

0 (

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/m³)

Dia de Semana - Sol Dia de Semana - Nublados

PMPM1010 diurnal cycle in São Paulo diurnal cycle in São Paulo

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Horário Local

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cent

raçã

o B

lack

C

arbo

n (

µg/

m³)

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gest

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to (

km)

Dia de Semana - Sol Dia de Semana - Nublados Tráfego de Veículos

Diurnal Cycle of Black carbon - Winter 1997Diurnal Cycle of Black carbon - Winter 1997

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zão

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rgâ

nic

o

Dia de Semana - Sol Dia de Semana - Nublados

Ratio of Back to Organic Carbon – São Paulo Winter 1997Ratio of Back to Organic Carbon – São Paulo Winter 1997

Diurnal Cycle of BC/PMDiurnal Cycle of BC/PM1010 and OC/PM and OC/PM1010 São Paulo - Winter 1997 São Paulo - Winter 1997

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00:00 02:00 04:00 06:00 08:00 10:00 12:00 14:00 16:00 18:00 20:00 22:00 00:00

BC

e C

. O

rgân

ico

/ P

M10

BC/PM10 COrgânico/ PM10

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nc

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tra

çã

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e C

O (

pp

m)

Dia de Semana - Sol Dia de Semana - Nublados

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nc

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tra

çã

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Ox

(p

pb

)

Dia de Semana - Sol Dia de Semana - Nublados

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nce

ntr

açã

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O2

(µg

/m³)

Dia de Semana - Sol Dia de Semana - Nublados

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nce

ntr

ação

PM

10 (

µg/m

³)

Dia de Semana - Sol Dia de Semana - Nublados

Diurnal Cycle of CO, NODiurnal Cycle of CO, NOxx, SO, SO22 and PM and PM1010 wintertime São Paulo wintertime São Paulo

SO2

CO NOx

PM10

Balanço Final Média Desvio Padrão Média Desvio PadrãoInorgânico/FPM (%) 32 7 40 10C. Orgânico/FPM (%) 40 16 35 14

BC/FPM (%) 21 4 28 10Total (%) 93 18 103 20

Summer and wintertime São Paulo fine mode aerosol compositionSummer and wintertime São Paulo fine mode aerosol composition

Composto Concentração (ng/m³) % / MPF Concentração (ng/m³) % / MPFAl2O3 825 2,5 (1,5) - -

SiO2 1094 3,2 (1,8) 384 2,7 (1,3)

(NH4)2SO4 6223 20,2 (9,6) 5102 31 (11)NaCl 86,1 0,17 (0,11) 20,0 0,08 (0,07)K2O 491 1,69 (0,54) 144 0,98 (0,24)

CaCO3 364 1,34 (0,75) 170 1,32 (0,65)TiO 41,9 0,15 (0,10) 19,6 0,14 (0,06)VO 15,4 0,04 (0,12) 11,7 0,09 (0,04)

MnO2 20,0 0,07 (0,03) 10,5 0,07 (0,04)

Fe2O3 760 2,49 (0,96) 256 1,80 (0,46)NiO 4,90 0,01 (0,01) 3,98 0,03 (0,01)ZnO 156 0,49 (0,32) 63,8 0,43 (0,17)Cu2O 21,7 0,07 (0,03) 6,11 0,04 (0,02)

Fração do Particulado FINO

Inverno 97 Verão 98

Composto Concentração (ng/m³) % / MPG Concentração (ng/m³) % / MPGAl2O3 2873 6,1 (2,0) 968 5,1 (1,6)

SiO2 4855 10,6 (2,4) 1932 10,2 (1,9)

(NH4)2SO4 3023 7,5 (3,2) 1793 9,8 (3,8)NaCl 413 1,4 (1,8) 77,0 0,48 (0,30)K2O 585 1,19 (0,31) 245 1,31 (0,18)

CaCO3 2990 7,2 (2,5) 1298 7,1 (1,5)TiO 289 0,63 (0,18) 105 0,56 (0,11)VO 16,5 0,04 (0,02) 10,5 0,05 (0,02)

MnO2 50,7 0,12 (0,05) 24,0 0,13 (0,04)

Fe2O3 2832 6,5 (1,4) 963 5,24 (0,93)NiO 7,41 0,02 (0,01) 6,53 0,04 (0,02)ZnO 236 0,52 (0,36) 117 0,63 (0,42)Cu2O 49,7 0,11 (0,06) 11,51 0,06 (0,03)

Total Inorgânicos 18219 42 (6) 7550 41 (6)

Inverno 97 Verão 98

Fração do Particulado GROSSO

Summer and wintertime São Paulo coarse mode aerosol compositionSummer and wintertime São Paulo coarse mode aerosol composition

Fine mode aerosol source apportionment in São PauloFine mode aerosol source apportionment in São Paulo

Winter 1997

Emissões Industriais

5 %

EmissõesVeiculares

28 %

Sulfatos23 %

Ressuspensão de Solo 20 %

Ressuspensão de Solo2 5%

Queima de Óleo Combustível

18 % Não Explicada1 %

Summer 1998

Queima de Óleo Combustível 21% Não Explicado

2%

Ressuspensão de Solo 30%Emissões

Industriais6%

Sulfatos17%

EmissõesVeiculares

24%

Winter 1997

Ressuspensão de Solo75 %

Emissões Industriais

14 %

Cl11 %

Summer 1998Ressuspensão

de Solo 229%

EmissõesIndustriais

16%Ressuspensão

de Solo 49%

Cl6%

Coarse mode aerosol source apportionment in São PauloCoarse mode aerosol source apportionment in São Paulo

Source Profile for soil dust in São Paulo and Santiago PMSource Profile for soil dust in São Paulo and Santiago PM1010

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mp

osi

ção

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men

tar

(% d

o P

M10

)

SP-Inverno97 SP- Verão98 Santiago

Source Profile for vehicular emissions in São Paulo and Santiago Source Profile for vehicular emissions in São Paulo and Santiago

0,001

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10,000

Al Si S K Ca Ti V Cr Mn Fe Ni Cu Zn PbCo

mp

os

içã

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lem

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(% d

o M

PF

)

Chow et al.(Diesel+Gasol) SP-Inverno97 SP-Verão98 Santiago (O'Higins)

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Total aerosol particle number

Tota

l Con

cent

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n [c

m-3

]

Pudahuel 2003 SMPS 50 nm average

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Aerosol size distribution Santiago Pudahuel 2003 Aerosol size distribution Santiago Pudahuel 2003

Pudahuel 2003 average diameter

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Pudahuel 2003 Light Scattering

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Pudahuel 2003 BC EC TC

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TCECOC

Pudahuel 2003 Total particle number SMPS

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Total particle number

Santiago in Santiago in PudahuelPudahuel::Organic aerosolsOrganic aerosolsplay an important roleplay an important rolein light scatteringin light scattering

Aerosol BC LAS CONDES 08- 15/J uly 2003

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Pudahuel Aerosol BC 16-26 July 2003

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Santiago Las Condes 2003 Absorption and scattering

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ht

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teri

ng

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tAerosol Layer

Io

I

aerosol

Rayleigh+ Ozone

Aerosol Optical ThicknesssAerosol Optical ThicknesssI Io exp [–.AM]

= aerosol + rayleigh + ozone CIMEL

AERONET (AErosol RObotic NETwork)AERONET (AErosol RObotic NETwork)

~200 sites 2003

Several wavelenghts 340, 440, 500, 675, 870, 936

Aerosol Optical Thickness over South America

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13-Feb-02 4-Apr-02 24-May-02 13-Jul-02 1-Sep-02 21-Oct-02 10-Dec-02 29-Jan-03 20-Mar-03 9-May-03

AO

T (

50

0 n

m)

Abracos Hill

Alta Floresta

Belterra

Buenos Aires

Cordoba

Ji Paraná

Santa Cruz

Santiago

São Paulo

AOT (500 nm) in São Paulo April/02 to Mar/03

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Data April 2002 to March 2003

Aer

osol

opt

ical

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knes

s (5

00 n

m)

abril maio junho julho agosto setembro outubro novembro dezembro janeiro fevereiromarço

AOT (500 nm) - São Paulo - daily averages

Aerosol Optical Thickness in São PauloAerosol Optical Thickness in São Paulo

Andrea Castanho and Carlos Pires

AOT (500 nm) in São Paulo and fire counts in Amazonia April/02 to Mar/03

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Data April 2002 to March 2003

Ae

ros

ol o

pti

ca

l th

ick

ne

ss

(5

00

nm

)

abril maio junho julho agosto setembro outubro novembro dezembro janeiro fevereiromarço

AOT (500 nm) - São Paulo - daily averageAmazonia hot spots - daily totals (x4000)

Alta Floresta AERONET Aerosol Optical Thickness Jan 99 - Nov 2002

0.00.51.01.52.02.53.03.54.04.5

AOT 5

00 nm

1999 2000 2001 2002

Aeronet measurements in Alta Aeronet measurements in Alta FlorestaFloresta and Rondonia 1999and Rondonia 1999--20022002

Aerosol Optical Thickness Aeronet Abracos Hill Rondonia 500 nm

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Aer

osol

opt

ical

thic

knes

s 50

0 nm

20011999 2000 20022002

Biomass Burning coves millions of kmBiomass Burning coves millions of km22

Figure from Saulo Freitas and Karla Longo

Figure from Saulo Freitas and Karla Longo

Aerosol Optical Thickness AERONET 500 nm Santiago de Chile

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0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360julian day

AO

T (5

00 n

m)

200120022003

Aerosol Optical Thickness 500 nm São Paulo

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julian day

AOT

(500

nm

)

2001

2002

2003

Aerosol Optical Thickness AERONET 500 nm Mexico City

0.00.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.91.01.11.21.31.41.51.6

0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360

julian day

AOT

(500

nm

)

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

Santiago, São Paulo and Mexico AERONET aerosol size distributions

0.000

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0.01 0.10 1.00 10.00 100.00particle radius (um)

siz

e d

istr

ibu

tio

n (

um

^3

/um

^2

)

Santiago de Chile São Paulo Mexico City

Single Scatering Albedo São Paulo - Seasonal Variations

0.65

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1.00

SSA441-T SSA673-T SSA873-T SSA1022-T SSA441-F SSA673-F SSA873-F SSA1022-F SSA441-C SSA673-C SSA873-C SSA1022-C

São Paulo - total São Paulo - dec-jul São Paulo - aug-nov

Single Scattering Albedo ω(λ) = σsc (λ )/ (σsc (λ )+ σabs(λ ))

0.00

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0.45

6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

Local Time

AO

T (

500

nm

) -

ho

url

y av

erag

e

dezembro a julho agosto a novembro

Biomass burning impacts in São Paulo changes the daily pattern oBiomass burning impacts in São Paulo changes the daily pattern of AOTf AOT

Single Scatering Albedo AERONET

0.65

0.70

0.75

0.80

0.85

0.90

0.95

SSA441-T SSA673-T SSA873-T SSA1022-T SSA441-F SSA673-F SSA873-F SSA1022-F SSA441-C SSA673-C SSA873-C SSA1022-C

Santiago de Chile São Paulo Mexico City

Total size rangeFine mode size range

Coarse mode size range

MODIS Images of South AmericaMODIS Images of South America

Low aerosol distribution situationLow aerosol distribution situation

Aerosols acumulating in Bolivia, Aerosols acumulating in Bolivia, Paraguay, Argentina and BrazilParaguay, Argentina and Brazil

AOT 550 nm – Dia 02 220- ilustrativo

Low Troposphere and Long Distance Transport Low Troposphere and Long Distance Transport of PM2.5 and CO – Andes Low Level Jetsof PM2.5 and CO – Andes Low Level Jets

720mbar

Suppression of low cloud formation by aerosols in AmazoniaSuppression of low cloud formation by aerosols in Amazonia

Cloud fraction as function of aerosol optical depth (OD). The cloud fraction decreases almost linearly with increasing OD. The red and blue curves denote the average of east and west areas, respectively. On average, the cloud fraction decreases to less than 1/8 of the cloud fraction in clean conditions when OD = 1. The shaded area represents the relative area covered by the respective OD, with the integral of this curve equal to one, representing the total Amazon basin. (from Ilya and Kaufman, 2003)

Surface: - 23±2 w/m²

Top: - 7±1 w/m²

Atmosphere: + 16Atmosphere: + 16±2 w/m²±2 w/m²

INDOEXaverage aerosol forcing clear sky

Conditions: surface: oceanAOT (=0.3 at 630 nm); 24 hour average

Jan-Mar 99

Conditions: surface: forest vegetationAOT (=0.95 at 500nm); 24 hour average

7 years (93-95, 99-02 dry season Aug-Oct)

Top: - 10 w/m²

Atmosphere: + 28Atmosphere: + 28 w/m² w/m²

Surface: - 38 w/m²

AmazoniaAverage aerosol forcing clear sky

Aerosol Radiative Effects on the AtmosphereAerosol Radiative Effects on the Atmosphere

Cooling of up to 3 degrees Heating of up to 2 degrees

Source: Saulo Freitas and Karla Longo

Aerosol Particles Radiative Effects on the Aerosol Particles Radiative Effects on the Surface Temperature Aug 25 2002 16:00ZSurface Temperature Aug 25 2002 16:00Z

Source: Saulo Freitas and Karla Longo

•The use of combined ground based, remote sensing from space andsun-photometers is a new very powerful tool.

•Aerosol products with MODIS with 1km resolution is a reality, and MISRwith 250 meters will be available very soon.

•Ozone, formaldehyde and CO are already feasible with some effort andcompromises.

•Impact of aerosols on the hydrological cycle and in the radiation budget isvery poorly understood and more effort is critical in this area.

•High resolution mesoscale models are mature technology, that can be runin inexpensive Linux clusters in real time.

•A coherent and integrated approach for Latin American air pollution studiesis feasible with low resources.

Some key pointsSome key points