atmospheric response to sea surface temperature mesoscale ... · 5- conclusion and discussion do...
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Atmospheric response to sea surface temperature
mesoscale and submesoscale structures
Riwal PlougonvenLaboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique / IPSL, Ecole Polytechnique, Palaiseau, France
Julien Lambaerts, Guillaume Lapeyre, Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique / IPSL, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Paris, France
Patrice KleinLaboratoire de Physique des Océans, IFREMER, Brest, France
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Outline
1- Context and motivation
2- Model setup
3- Reference simulation
4- Sensitivities
5- Discussion and conclusion
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1- Context and motivation
Large-scale ( O(300 km) ) SST fronts impact the whole troposphere
Much idealized investigations of a frontal configuration :
Importance of SST features at scales of a WBC
Small et al 2008
Minobe et al 2008, Nakamura et al 2008, Deremble et al 2012
SST front
wind
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1- Context and motivation
Now, are strong at yet smaller scales :
Surface flow comprises numerous vortices and filaments at
Mesoscales ( O(100 km) )and sub-mesoscales ( O(10 km) )
∇ SST
Emphasis on the rôle of gradients of SST, not just SST anomalies
Large scale, mesoscales, submesoscales
Klein et al 2008
Impacts of SST anomalies at scales smaller than those of WBCs ?
Klein et al 2008
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1- Context and motivation
Mechanisms for the atmospheric response in the Boundary Layer (BL)
Downward mixing mechanism : w proportionnal to the SST gradient
Pressure adjustment mechanism : w proportionnal to the Laplacian of the SST
Different implications for the impact of mesoscale and sub-mesoscale SST anomalies
High-resolution ocean simulations indicate that SST spectrum has a slope in
Lindzen & Nigam 87, Feliks et al 04
Chelton et al 03, O'Neill et al 04
k−2Klein et al 08, Capet et al 08
Do SST anomalies at meso- and submesoscale impact the MABL ?Is the pressure adjustment mechanism relevant to describe this impact ?
Aims of the present study :
Test the above and bring elements of answers, in idealized simulations, with weak wind conditions
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2- Model setup
512 km
dx = 2 km
512 km
x
y z
Weather Research and Forecast Model (WRF) Skamarock et al 2008
DomainBackground flow
xUniform vertical shear :
Periodic in x, lateral wall in y
U = 10 m/s, H = 12 kmH
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2- Model setup
Yonsei University Scheme for the PBLMonin-Obukov surface layer schemeDry simulations
Parameterizations
SST
Homogeneous positive anomaly (3K)Meridional gradient consistent with atmospheric shear+Anomalies
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3- Reference simulation
3a : SST anomalies varying only in one direction
SST varying only in y, i.e. transverse to the wind :
w at mid PBL (shown after 3h and 21h) responds like
-∆ SST
consistent with pressure adjustment mechanism
wind
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3- Reference simulation
3a : SST anomalies varying only in one direction
Same SST, but varying in x, i.e. along the wind :
Again, remarkable agreement of w with
-∆ SST
Effect of advection can be seen at 21 h
wind
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3- Reference simulation
3b : a full 2D spectrum of SST anomalies
SST anomaly Full SST field
Steep spectrum (k-4)→ only mesoscale features (but not submesoscale)
Meridional gradient necessary for the thermal wind balance of the overlying atmospheric shear
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3- Reference simulation
3b : a full 2D spectrum of SST anomalies
SST anomaly
Steep spectrum (k-4)→ mesoscale features
Differentiation→ submesoscale features
-∆ SST
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3- Reference simulation
w at mid height of the PBL :
t = 3 h t = 15 h
→ remarkable agreement with -∆ SST (black contours)
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3- Reference simulation
Quantifying the agreement :
Height in m
Time in h
Spatial correlation between w and -∆ SST
Maximum height of the PBL
Mean height of the PBL
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3- Reference simulation
At which scales ?
Spectral correlations between w (mid-PBL)
.. and -∆ SST
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3- Reference simulation
At which scales ?
Spectral correlations between w (mid-PBL)
.. and -∆ SST .. and -∆ T (mid-PBL)
→ decorrelation at small scales ( < 40 km) after ~12h due to decorrelation between T and SST
→ effect of advection (low-pass filter)
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Outline
1- Context and motivation
2- Model setup
3- Reference simulation
4- Sensitivities
5- Discussion and conclusion
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4- Sensitivities
Sensitivity to the choice of BL parameterization :
w at mid-PBL
Mellor-Yamada-Nakanishi Niino schemeReference simulation
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4- Sensitivities
Sensitivity to the choice of BL parameterization :
Spectral correlations
Mellor-Yamada-Nakanishi Niino schemeReference simulation
Similar results despite significant differences between the schemes
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4- Sensitivities
Sensitivity to the spatial scales in SST :
SST with a shallower spectrum (k-2)
SST anomaly -∆ SST
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4- Sensitivities
-∆ SSTw at mid height of the PBL :
t = 3 h
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4- Sensitivities
Sensitivity to the background wind :
Doubling of the shear 1 m/s surface wind
reference
Evolution with time of spatial correlations at different heights
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4- Sensitivities – summary
Various diagnostics at t=15 h
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4- Sensitivities - summary
Various diagnostics at t=15 h
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5- Conclusion and discussion
Do SST anomalies at meso- and submesoscale impact the MABL ?
Is the pressure adjustment mechanism relevant ?
Yes, SST anomalies down to sub-mesoscale impact w in the MABL
w enhanced in the presence of a shallower spectrum of SST anomalies
Yes, remarkable agreement between w and – ∆ SST in our experiments
Robust relative to the SST spectrum, to resolution and choice of parameterization
On the other hand, very sensitive to the surface wind.
An important limitation of our results is that they concern weak wind conditions.
Perspectives :
Stronger winds ? Moisture ? Impact above BL ?
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Thank you for your attention
J. Lambaerts, G. Lapeyre, R. Plougonven & P. Klein : Atmospheric response to sea surface mesoscale structures, accepted for J. Geophys. Res.
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3- Atmospheric response to SST anomalies
Asymmetry between updrafts and downdrafts
PDF of w in regions where -∆ SST > 0 (- - -) : pronounced exponential tail for w > 0-∆ SST < 0 (–––) : near Gaussian, significant negative mean
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3- Atmospheric response to SST anomalies
At which scales ?
Isotropic spectra
–––– w (mid-PBL)–––– Laplacian of T (mid-PBL)–––– Laplacian of SST- - - - Laplacian of surf. heat flux
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Spectral correlation between the Laplacian of SST and the surface heat flux for the reference simulation