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Rates: Interest, Discount & Return

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This slide set is a work in progress and is embedded in my Principles of Finance course, which is also a work in progress, that I teach to computer scientists and engineers http://awesomefinance.weebly.com/

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: Rates

           Rates:  Interest,  Discount  &  Return              

Page 2: Rates

Learning  Objec-ves    

¨  Present  and  future  value  ¨   Discount  rates    ¨  Rate  compounding    ¨  Nominal  and  real  rates  ¨  Interest  rates    ¨  Mean  return  rates  

¤  Arithme-c    ¤  Geometric  

¨  We’ll  skip  the  probability  distribu-ons  for  rates  of  return    

2

Page 3: Rates

Present  Value:  No  Intermediate  Cash  Flow    3  

N

N

k)(1PV  FV

k)(1FV  PV

+⋅=

+=

0                      1                              2                                                                      N                                                    

PV  

FV  

FV:  Future  value  PV:  Present  value  k:        effec-ve  periodic  discount  or  future  value  rate  N:      number  of  periods                                :  Discount  factor      

 :  Future  value  factor    

Nk)(11+

Nk)(1+

Page 4: Rates

Present  Value  w/  No  Intermediate  Cash  Flow    

¨  Example  ¤  k  =  annual  effec-ve  discount  rate  =  5.116%  ¤  N  =  5  years  ¤  PV  =$100.00  

 ¤  FV  =  PV·∙(1+.05116)5  =  $128.33  

i=0          1              2            3              4            5  

PV  

FV  

4

Page 5: Rates

Present  Value  w/  periodic  compounding  and  no  intermediate  cash  flow    

Nm

mk1PVFV

⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛ +⋅=

Nm

mk1

FVPV ⋅

⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛ +

=

¨  Annual  effec+ve  rate  includes  effect  of  periodic  compounding    

¨  Annual  nominal  rate  does  not  include  effect  of  periodic  compounding  

¨  Example    ¤  5%  annual  compounded  monthly  

n  k  =  5%,  annual  nominal  rate  n  m  =  12,  compounding  frequency    

¤  Annual  effec-ve  rate  is          

¤  N  is  number  of  years  ¤  Effec-ve  and  nominal  monthly  rate  

%116.5112%51k

12

=−⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛ +=

%417.1%)116.51(m%5 m

1

=−+=

( )5

521

%116.51FVPV

125%1

FVPV

+=

⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛ +

= ⋅

5

Using  annual  nominal  rate        Using  annual  effec-ve  rate    

Page 6: Rates

ki  is  effec-ve  annual  rate              ki  is  nominal  annual  rate  

Present  Value  w/  periodic  compounding  and  intermediate  cash  flow    

6  

∑= +

=N

1ii

i

i0 )k1(

CFV

i        0                      1                              2                                                                      m·∙N                                                    

PV  

CFi  

∑⋅

=⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛ +

=Nm

1ii

i

i0

mk1

CFVm:  number  of  periods  per  year  e.g.,  m=12    N:  number  of  years    m�N:    total  number  of  periods  over  N  years  

Page 7: Rates

Real  and  Nominal  Rates    

¨  n  =  nominal  rate  ¨  r  =  real  rate  ¨  i  =  infla-on  rate  

             

¨  Example    ¤  n=3%  ¤  i=2%  ¤  r  =0.98%  ≈1%  

¨  Cash  flows  and  discount  rates  must  be  congruent  ¤  Nominal  is  typical  

inr

1i)(1n)(1r

i)(1r)(1n)(1

−≈

−+

+=

+⋅+=+

7

Page 8: Rates

Interest  Rates    

¨  Rate  of  return  on  debt  securi-es    ¤  Bonds  

n  Fixed  ‘coupon’    rate  

¤  Cer-ficates  of  deposit  ¤  Notes  

n  Floa-ng  rate  

¤  Mortgages  ¤  Commercial  paper    

8

Govt  Rates    

BLS  CPI  

BLS  CPI  Chart    BLS  FAQs  

CD  Rates  

Page 9: Rates

Interest  Rates    

(Simple  annual  rates)   Yield Curve

Page 10: Rates

5.000%

5.020%

5.040%

5.060%

5.080%

5.100%

5.120%

5.140%

0 5 10 15 20

Effective  An

nual  Rate

Annual  Compounding  Periods  (m)

Con-nuous  Compounding    10

?mk1iml

m                      gcompoundin  continous  For

mk1PVFV

m

w

m

=⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛ +

∞→

⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛ +⋅=

∞→

k  is  annual  nominal  rate,  m  is  number  of  compounding  periods  per  year    

5%  annual  nominal  rate  is  e.05  –  1  con-nuously  compounded  annual  effec-ve  rate:  5.1271%  

kkw

w

m

w

1w

w

kwm

ew1

1imlmk

1iml

,ew11iml                                                        

w11                

mk1

)w    ,m    as  1,k    :(Note

kwm    and  mk

w1    therefore    

kmw  Define

=⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛ +=⎟

⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛ +

≡⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛ +

⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛ +=⎟

⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛ +

∞→∞→<

⋅==≡

∞→∞→

∞→

Page 11: Rates

Con-nuous  Compounding    11

1ii

1i

ii

v

1i

i

v1ii

v

SlnSln          SSlnv

eSS

eSS

ePVFV

i

i

−=

⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛=

=

⋅=

⋅=FV  =  PV·ek    k  =  5%  

 k  is  nominal  rate  over  some  period  

ek  is  the  future  value  factor    e.05  =  1.051271  

 e-­‐k  is  the  discount  factor    

 e-­‐.05  =  0.951229    ek-­‐1  is  the  con-nuously  compounded  rate  

 e.05-­‐1  =  0.051271

Si  are  sequen-al  stock  prices    

Con-nuously  compounded  future  value  factor  

Natural  log  rate  of  return  

Page 12: Rates

Mean  Rate:  Simple  Return  Rates    12

             SS

SSSr

1i1i

1iii

−−

− Δ=

−=

What’s  the  average  or  mean  quarterly  simple  rate  of  return?  

%6691.4      

3.4483%5.4545%3.7736%6.0000%

41a

=

⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛+

++=

t i Si ri0.00 0 100.00$  0.25 1 106.00$   6.0000%0.50 2 110.00$   3.7736%0.75 3 116.00$   5.4545%1.00 4 120.00$   3.4483%

Example:    Quarterly  historical  price  record  for  1  year  

Compute  the  sequence  of  simple  rates  of  return  from  security  price,  S  

a= 1m

rii=1

m

∑ ''''

n  =  number  of  periods  in  a  historical  return  record,  associated  with  n+1  prices    m  =  number  of  periods  in  a  year    (in  this  example  m=n  as  a  special  case)      

Page 13: Rates

Mean  Rate:  Simple  Return  Rates    13

03.120$)046691.01(100$  )a1(SS 4404 =+⋅=+⋅=

No,  it  over  es-mates  the  price    What’s  the  mean  rate  of  return  that  results    in  the  actual  price,  S4  ?    

Does  this  mean  rate  over  4  quarters  reproduce  the  stock  price  at  the  end  of  1  year  ?    

That’s  the  geometric  mean  rate  of  return,  g  

1SS            1)r1(g

m1

0

mm1

m

1ii −⎥

⎤⎢⎣

⎡=−⎥

⎤⎢⎣

⎡+= ∏

=

( ) 4.6635%11.0344831.0545451.0377361.060000g 41

=−⋅⋅⋅=

00.120$)046635.01(100$)g1(SS 4404 =+⋅=+⋅=

Periodic  Rate

MeanPeriodic  Mean  Rate  

Arithmetic aGeometric g

v Arithmetic u

r

Page 14: Rates

Mean  Rate:  Simple  Return  Rates    

   a    is  the  periodic  (e.g.,  quarterly)  arithme-c  mean  rate  of  return    g  is  the  periodic  (e.g.,  quarterly)  geometric  mean  rate  of  return    

‘Periodic’  herein  means  daily,  weekly,  monthly,  quarterly,  but  not  annual      So  how  do  we  -me-­‐scale  these  periodic  mean  return  rates?    For  example:    Scale  the  quarterly  mean  rates  to  an  annual  mean  return  

Via  mul-plica-on  ?                      Via  compounding          NO  

( ) ( )026%  20.                                          

1-­‐  4.6691%1    1-­‐a1

18.6541%    4.6635%  ·∙  4    g  ·∙  m  18.6764%    4.6691%  ·∙  4    a  ·∙  m

4m

=

+=+

==

==

( ) ( ) %000.021-­‐  4.6635%1  1-­‐g1 4m =+=+

But  compounding  the  geometric  mean  rate  does  produce  the  annual  rate  –  by  defini-on  -­‐  but  ignores  the  intermediate  rate  fluctua-ons          but  compounding  is  s-ll  an  annoying  mathema-cal  opera-on  

Sn> S0 1+a+e( )m

Page 15: Rates

Mean  Rate:    Log  Return  Rates    15

1ii

1i

ii

SlnSln          

             SSlnv

−=

=

u= 1m

vii=1

m

The  periodic  arithme-c  mean  natural  log  return  rate  is    

Now  the  natural  log  rate  of  return

( )

%5580.4        

3.3902%5.3110%3.7041%5.8269%41u

=

+++=

18.2322%4.5580%4u4μ =⋅=⋅=

Mul-ply  the  quarterly  natural  log  mean  return  rate  by  4  to  get  the  annual  log  mean  return  rate?    

t i Si ri vi0.00 0 100.00$  0.25 1 106.00$   6.0000% 5.8269%0.50 2 110.00$   3.7736% 3.7041%0.75 3 116.00$   5.4545% 5.3110%1.00 4 120.00$   3.4483% 3.3902%

Average   4.6691% 4.5580%

Page 16: Rates

Mean  Rate  of  Return    16

$120.00          e$100.00eS          

$120.00          e$100.00eSS

.182322μ0

.045580*4u404

=

⋅=⋅=

=

⋅=⋅= ⋅⌢

Now  check  whether  the  natural  log  mean  return  rate  reproduces  the  year  end  stock  price  

Annual  and  other  accumulated  rates  of  return  can  be  determined  by  mul-plying  the  log  mean  periodic  rate  of  return  

factor    discount  annual        e

 factor  value  future  annual            e

returnof    rate  annualμ                

μ

μ

Page 17: Rates

Another  Example  17

( ) %0000.06.7659%-­‐2.7652%-­‐14.6603%5.1293%-­‐41u =+=

( ) %3800.06.5421%-­‐2.7273%-­‐15.7895%5.0000%-­‐41a =+=

( )

%0000.01100$100$      

%0000.010.03460.97271579.10.9500g

41

41

=−⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎝

⎛=

=−⋅⋅⋅=

00.100$eSeSS 000.0*40

u404 =⋅=⋅= ⋅⌢

00.100$)0000.01(100$)g1(SS 4404 =+⋅=+⋅=

53.101$)3800.01(100$)a1(SS 4404 =+⋅=+⋅=

⌢t i Si ri vi

0.00 0 100.00$  0.25 1 95.00$       -­‐5.0000% -­‐5.1293%0.50 2 110.00$   15.7895% 14.6603%0.75 3 107.00$   -­‐2.7273% -­‐2.7652%1.00 4 100.00$   -­‐6.5421% -­‐6.7659%

Average   0.3800% 0.0000%

Page 18: Rates

18

Stock  Prices  Over  100  days    

si ##=si%1 ⋅ 1+a+εi( )

si ##=si%1 ⋅ 1+a( )si ##=si%1 ⋅ 1+g( )si ##=si%1 ⋅e

u

a  is  the  mean  of  a  random  variable  –  the  simple  rate  of  return    ε  is  a  varia-on  from  the  mean  –  an  ‘error’  term  

Page 19: Rates

Sta-s-cs  For  Daily  Simple  Return  Rates  19

Page 20: Rates

Histogram  For  Daily  Simple  Return  Rates  20

Page 21: Rates

0100200300400500600700800900

1000110012001300140015001600

Jan-­‐50 Jun-­‐55 Dec-­‐60 Jun-­‐66 Nov-­‐71 May-­‐77 Nov-­‐82 May-­‐88 Oct-­‐93 Apr-­‐99 Oct-­‐04 Mar-­‐10

SPX  (^GSPX)  Daily  Prices:  1950  -­‐  2012  21

15,722  Daily  Prices  January  1950  to  September  2012  

Page 22: Rates

-­‐22.5%

-­‐20.0%

-­‐17.5%

-­‐15.0%

-­‐12.5%

-­‐10.0%

-­‐7.5%

-­‐5.0%

-­‐2.5%

0.0%

2.5%

5.0%

7.5%

10.0%

12.5%

Jan-­‐50 Jun-­‐55 Dec-­‐60 Jun-­‐66 Nov-­‐71 May-­‐77 Nov-­‐82 May-­‐88 Oct-­‐93 Apr-­‐99 Oct-­‐04 Mar-­‐10

SPX  Daily  Simple  Return  Rates:  1950  -­‐  2012  22

15,721  simple  daily  return  rates  January  1950  to  September  2012  

Page 23: Rates

SPX  Monthly  Ln  Return  Rates:  1950  -­‐  2012  23  

-­‐40% -­‐35% -­‐30% -­‐25% -­‐20% -­‐15% -­‐10% -­‐5% 0% 5% 10% 15% 20%Monthly  Natural  Log  Return  Rates

Page 24: Rates

End  Date Adj  Close  S r 1+r ln(1+r) v ev

8/1/11 1,119.46$     -­‐13.373% 86.627% -­‐14.356% -­‐14.356% 86.627%7/1/11 1,292.28$     -­‐2.147% 97.853% -­‐2.171% -­‐2.171% 97.853%6/1/11 1,320.64$     -­‐1.826% 98.174% -­‐1.843% -­‐1.843% 98.174%5/2/11 1,345.20$     -­‐1.350% 98.650% -­‐1.359% -­‐1.359% 98.650%4/1/11 1,363.61$     2.850% 102.850% 2.810% 2.810% 102.850%3/1/11 1,325.83$     -­‐0.105% 99.895% -­‐0.105% -­‐0.105% 99.895%2/1/11 1,327.22$     3.196% 103.196% 3.146% 3.146% 103.196%1/3/11 1,286.12$     2.2646% 102.2646% 2.2393% 2.2393% 102.2646%12/1/10 1,257.64$     6.530% 106.530% 6.326% 6.326% 106.5300%11/1/10 1,180.55$     -­‐0.229% 99.771% -­‐0.229% -­‐0.229% 99.7710%10/1/10 1,183.26$     3.686% 103.686% 3.619% 3.619% 103.6856%9/1/10 1,141.20$     8.755% 108.755% 8.393% 8.393% 108.7551%

SPX  Monthly  Ln  Return  Rates:  1950  -­‐  2011  24  

( )( ) %2393.2vr1ln                                                                                        

%2646.102er1                          

%2646.2r

ii

vi

i

i

==+

==+

=Simple  rate  of  return  

                                   Future  value  factor  

                                                                                       Natural  log  rate  of  return    

Page 25: Rates

SPX  Monthly  Mean  Rates:  1950  -­‐  2011  25  

%65779.        

r7391r

n1    a

739

1ii

n

1ii

=

== ∑∑==

%%56784.      

   1)]r(11)]r(1g7391

739

1ii

n1

n

1ii

=

−⎥⎦

⎤⎢⎣

⎡+=−⎥

⎤⎢⎣

⎡+= ∏∏

==

%56623.          

 v7391  )rln(1

n1    u  

739

1ii

n

1ii

=

=+= ∑∑==

r 1+r ln(1+r) v   ev

E[r]=a E[1+r] E[ln(1+r)] E[v]=u E[ev]

0.65779% 100.65779% 0.56623% 0.56623% 100.65779%

Arithmetic  Mean

1+r

g

0.56784%

Geometric  Mean

Page 26: Rates

 $-­‐

 $250

 $500

 $750

 $1,000

 $1,250

 $1,500

 $1,750

 $2,000

12/18/4910/22/56 8/27/63 7/1/70 5/5/77 3/9/84 1/12/91 11/16/97 9/20/04 7/26/11

Actual

Arithmetic  Mean

Geometric  Mean

Natural  Log  Mean

SPX  Monthly  Prices:  1950  -­‐  2011  26

( )( )u

1ii

1ii

1ii

es    s

g1s    sa1s    s

⋅=

+⋅=

+⋅=

Page 27: Rates

SPX  Monthly  Variance  Rates:  1950  -­‐  2011  27  27  

( )[ ] [ ]

( )

( )

%1783918.          

uv1397

1        

uv1n

1s

svarvr1lnarv

739

1i

2i

n

1i

2i

2

2

=

−−

=

−−

=

==+

=

=

( )

( )

%1761733.                    

%6561736.r7391                    

ar1n

1                    

d]e[arv]r1[arv]r[arv

739

1i

2i

n

1i

2i

2v

=

−=

−−

=

==+=

=

=

r 1+r ln(1+r) v   ev

SD[r]=d SD[1+r]=d SD[ln(1+r)]=s SD[v]=s SD[ev]=d

0.17835% 0.17835% 0.18077% 0.18077% 0.17835%Var[r]=d2 Var[1+r]=d2 Var[ln(1+r)]=s2 Var[v]=s2 Var[ev]=d2

0.0017835             0.0017835             0.0018077         0.0018077             0.0017835            

Standard  Deviation

Variance