atomic structure and organization -...
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How are elements
organized on the
Periodic Table?
Atomic Structure and Organization
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Atomic Structure
Matter is made of tiny particles called atoms.
There are three basic types of particles that make up an
atom:
Protons
Neutrons
Electrons
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The dense center of the atom is called the nucleus.
Neutrons have no charge and are therefore neutral.
The electrical charge of the nucleus is positive.
The nucleus contains most of the atom’s mass.
The particles that are located in the nucleus are protons and neutrons.
Protons are particles that have a positive charge.
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The negatively charged particles of an atom that exist outside the nucleus are called electrons.
They travel in an orbit usually close to the nucleus called an electron cloud.
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The structure of the different types of atoms and how they
are joined together (how they are bonded to each
other) determine what the substance is.
Example: graphite, coal and diamonds are all made of
atoms of carbon.
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An element is a substance that is made of only one type of atom and cannot be broken down into simpler substances by normal chemical or physical means.
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The number of protons in an atom will determine what kind of element it is.
All atoms of the same element have the same number of protons.
Carbon atomHydrogen and Helium atoms
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What is the Periodic
Table?
It represents our understanding of the
structure and usefulness of the atoms that
have been identified in our environment
Elements are organized on the Periodic
Table based on similar properties
Picture from www.chem4kids.com
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Background Information
Dmitri Mendeleev discovered a pattern to the
Elements in 1869.
Mendeleev found that when elements were arranged
by similar properties, the pattern was “periodic”
(repeating every seven elements). Therefore, the
name The Periodic Table of Elements.
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The Periodic Table contains
over 100 different Elements
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What do the numbers and
Letters mean?
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What do the numbers and
Letters mean?
Element Name
Atomic Number
Element’s
Chemical Symbol
Atomic Mass
Atomic Number:
The number of protons
in its atom.
Atomic Mass:
The mass of one atom of
the element
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What do you notice about the Atomic Number of
Elements as you move Left to Right and Up to
Down on the Periodic Table of Elements?
The Atomic
Number/Mass Increases
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A neutral atom is one that has an equal number of protons and electrons.
The overall charge is therefore neutral.
In a neutral atom: Atomic number = # of protons = # of electrons
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The atomic mass of an atom is equal to the number of protons plus the number of neutrons.
You can determine the number of neutrons by subtracting the number of
protons from the atomic mass.
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Atomic Structure of 14 Elements
Element Symbol Atomic Mass Element Symbol Atomic Mass
Number Number Number Number
Hydrogen H 1 1 Calcium Ca 20 40
Helium He 2 4 Iron Fe 26 56
Oxygen O 8 16 Sulfur S 16 32
Carbon C 6 12 Sodium Na 11 23
Neon Ne 10 20 Chlorine Cl 17 35
Nitrogen N 7 14 Potassium K 19 39
Magnesium Mg 12 24 Argon Ar 18 40
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Atomic Mass and Atomic Number Practice
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Energy Levels
An energy level represents the area in an atom where an electron is likely to be found.
Each energy levels can hold only a limited number of electrons.
The smallest, innermost energy level can hold only 2 electrons.
The second energy level can hold up to 8 electrons.
The third energy level can hold up to 8 electrons.
The 4th & 5th can hold up to 18 electrons.
The 6th can hold up to 32 electrons.
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Electrons tend to occupy the lowest available energy level.
The first energy level in an aluminum atom is filled by two
electrons.
The second energy level is also filled, by eight electrons.
The third energy level has only three electrons, so it is not filled.
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The number of electrons in the outermost energy level determines the chemical behavior of the different elements.
These outermost electrons are called valence electrons.
Elements with the same number of valence electrons have similar chemical properties.
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Valence Electrons
For example, a sodium (Na) atom, with the atomic number 11 and a potassium (K) atom, with the atomic number 19, both have just one valence electron.
Both sodium and potassium are highly reactive metals, which
means that they combine easily with other elements.
Their outermost energy level has only one electron and it reacts
easily with other elements.
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Inert Elements
Elements such as helium (He), neon (Ne) and argon (Ar) are inert, which means that they do not easily combine with other elements.
This is because they have full outermost energy levels.
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Atomic Structure-Bohr’s Model Practice
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Classifying Elements
Each element has a name and a symbol.
The symbol is an abbreviated , or shortened version, of the element’s name.
It is used to represent the element in chemical formulas and equations.
Aurum is the Latin name
for gold.
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So how is the Periodic
Table arranged?
The Periodic Table is organized like a big grid.
The properties of an element can be predicted from its location in the Periodic Table
There are rows (left to right) and columns (up and down). Each row and column mean something different.
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Periods Each horizontal row
of the table is called
a period
Each row represents
the number of energy
levels present in an
atom of the element
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Groups (Families)
The Columns are called Groups
There are 18 groups
The Elements in a group have the same number of electrons in their outer energy level
Groups are often “grouped” together to form Families because of similar properties
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You probably know a family with
several members who look a lot alike.
The Elements in a group or family in
the periodic table often-but not
always-have similar properties.
Groups (Families)
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Hydrogen
The properties of Hydrogen do not match the
properties of any single group, so it is set apart. It is
above Group 1 because it has 1 electron in its outer
energy level like Group 1.
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The Periodic Table can also be divided into three main
types of Elements: Metals, Metalloids, and Nonmetals
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Metals Metals are shiny
Metals are solid at room
temperature
Metals have high
conductivity
Metals can be flattened
and not shatter (malleable)
They are further divided
into the Alkali, Basic, or
Semi-Metals families
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Nonmetals Nonmetals are not shiny
Nonmetals are mostly
gaseous at room
temperature
Nonmetals are poor
conductors
Nonmetals are brittle and
will shatter easily
(not malleable or ductile)
They are also called
Alkaline Earth Metals
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Metalloids
Metalloids have
characteristics between
metals and nonmetals
Metalloids are solid at room
temperature
Metals are semi-conductors
They are also called
Transition Metals
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Halogen Family
The elements in this family are fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, and astatine.
Halogens have 7 valence electrons, which explains why they are the most active non-metals. They are never found free in nature.
Halogen atoms only need to
gain 1 electron to fill their
outermost energy level.
They react with alkali metals to
form salts.
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Noble Gases
Noble Gases are colorless gases that are extremely un-reactive. One important property of the noble gases is their inactivity.
They are inactive because their outermost energy level is full. Because they do not readily combine with other elements to
form compounds, the noble gases are called inert. The family of noble gases includes helium, neon, argon, krypton,
xenon, and radon. All the noble gases are found in small amounts in the earth's
atmosphere.
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Rare Earth Elements
The thirty rare earth elements are composed of the lanthanide and actinide series.
One element of the lanthanide series and most of the elements in the actinide series are called trans-uranium, which means synthetic or man-made.
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Periodic Table Practice
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Compounds
A compound is a substance that is made up of different elements.
The atoms of the elements are joined together by chemical bonds.
Bonds are chemical connections between atoms.
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Types of Bonds
There are two basic types of bonds:
The reason that bonds occur is that atoms “want” to have full outer electron shells.
An atom gets a full outer shell by getting involved in one of the two types of bonds.
Covalent
Ionic
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Covalent Bonds
Sharing one of more electrons is one type of bonding called a covalent bond.
Example: water is formed when atoms of hydrogen share their electrons with
an oxygen atom.
A molecule is the smallest unit of a compound that has all the properties of the compound.
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Covalent Bond
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Example: salt is formed when the sodium gives up its electron and the chlorine takes it.
The second type of bonding is when some atoms give up electrons, creating an ionic bond.
An atom like this that has lost or gained an electron is called an ion.
Ionic Bonds
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We write a + next to the element’s symbol if its atom has lost an electron and a – if it gains an electron.
For example: Na becomes Na+ because it has more positive charge than negative and Cl becomes Cl-
Opposites attract! The protons in the nucleus “miss” the “missing” electron and they stay close to it forming the
bond.
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Ionic Bond
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Isotopes
Atoms bonded ionically can sometimes form isotopes.This is an atom that has the same number of protons as another atom, but has a different number of neutrons. REMEMBER…usually neutrons = protons, but not with isotopes. This can makes them unstable and radioactive.
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Reactivity of Elements
Atoms will often take, give, or share electrons with
other atoms in order to have a complete set of
electrons in their outer energy level.
Elements whose atoms undergo such processes are
called Reactive and can combine to form compounds.
Since “Groups” [columns] are similar, because they
have the same number of electrons in their outer
energy level, the Periodic Table is also organized by
degree of reactivity.
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Reactivity of Elements
In general, Elements located
on the left of the Periodic
Table are most reactive
metals, least reactive metals in
the middle, and nonmetals on
the right.
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Reactivity of Elements
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Mixtures
There are two types of mixtures:
a combination of things where there are no chemical changes or bonds.
Heterogeneous:
Homogeneous:
Not mixed evenly
Each component retains its own properties
Examples: pizza, cereal and milk, rocks in the sand at the beach, banana splits
Mixed evenly throughout
The particles are not easily recognized
Examples: milk, kool-aid, blood, lotion, window cleaner, glue
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Solutions
A solution is an evenly mixed mixture (liquid), such as salt water.
Mixtures can be separated by physical
means.
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