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Atoms, Orbitals & Functional

Groups

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THE PERIODIC CHART & ELEMENTS

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The Elephant of Elements

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Introduction

The Periodic Chart Is a listing of known elements

Element A substance composed of atoms

having an identical number of protons in each nucleus.

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Common Elements Hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen and oxygen make up

96.5% of the human body weight Individually, the following elements make up 0.1-

1.5% of the human body weight Sodium Magnesium Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Potassium Calcium

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THE ATOM

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Description

The smallest particle of an element All known elements are found on the

Periodic Chart. Has two main sections

Nucleus Out Shell

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SUBATOMIC PARTICLES

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Introduction

There are three subatomic particles Protons

Found within the nucleus

Neutrons Found within the

nucleus Electrons

Found in the outer shell

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Introduction

Protons Positive charge

Neutrons Neutral charge

Electrons Negative Charge Surround the atom Used in the formation of chemical

bonds

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ELECTRONS

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Shells (aka Energy Levels)

Shells may be thought of as layers in which electrons are found.

Represented pictorially by the Bohr Model.

The shells, represented by numbers, contain a maximum number of electrons 1 = 2 e-

2 = 8 e-

3 = 18 e-

4 = 32 e-

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Valence Electrons

The number of electrons found in the most outer shell.

Used to determine the type of, and how many, chemical bonds that are made.

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Orbitals The volume of space, around the nucleus, where

electrons are found. **Used to calculate the number of electrons

found in shells Represented by letters Each orbital also has a maximum number of

electrons s = 2 p = 6 d = 10 f = 14

The electron configuration displays the orbitals, and number of electrons found within, surrounding an atom.

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Hybrids

Developed by Linus Pauling in 1931 Showed mathematically how orbitals on

an atom, can combine and hybridize, to form equivalent atomic orbitals.

The concept explains how carbon forms four equivalent tetrahedral bonds but does not explain why it does so.

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From Orbitals to Hybrids

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DETERMINING THE AMOUNT OF SUBATOMIC PARTICLES

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The Equation The equation A = Z +

N is used to calculate the atomic mass and the number of subatomic particles*.

Atomic Mass (A) The absolute atomic

mass of an atom Atomic Number (Z)

The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom

N The number of

neutrons

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Question

If the atomic mass of an element is 29, and the number of neutrons is 15, what element am I talking about? A = Z + N 29 = Z + 15 Z = 29 - 15 Z = 14 What element has an atomic number of

14? Si (Silicon)

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FUNCTIONAL GROUPS

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Description & Importance

A functional group is an atom, or group of atoms, that is responsible for the specific properties of an organic compound. Organic compounds must contain

carbon.

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Functional Groups II

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Functional Groups III