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ATP

Photosynthesis

Cell Respiration

Chapter 6

ATP: Energy for Life

What Is ATP?

Energy used by all Cells

Adenosine Triphosphate

Organic molecule containing high-energy Phosphate bonds

Chemical Structure of ATP

3 Phosphates Ribose Sugar

Adenine Base

What Does ATP Do for You?

It supplies YOU with ENERGY!

How Do We Get Energy From ATP?

By breaking the high-energy bonds between the last two phosphates in ATP

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What is the Process Called?HYDROLYSIS (Adding H2O)

H2O

How Does That Happen?

An Enzyme!

How is ATP Re-Made?

The reverse of the previous process occurs.

Another Enzyme is used!

ATP Synthetase

The ADP-ATP Cycle

ATP-aseATP Synthetase

When is ATP Made in the Body?

During a Process called Cellular Respirationthat takes place in both Plants & Animals

Cells need energy for Photosynthesis & Respiration

ATP is the energy molecule that is usedmitochondrion

ATP

ATP

energy

energy from

glycolysis

23

3

ATP = adenosine triphosphate

• Energy is released when breaking a

phosphate bond to make ADPtriphosphateadenosine

adenosine diphosphate

tri=3

di=2

phosphate removed

How do cells get ATP?

• By breaking down carbohydrates and

other organic molecules from food (cell respiration)

PHOTOSYNTHESISPHOTOSYNTHESISPHOTOSYNTHESISPHOTOSYNTHESIS

Photosynthesis Chemical Equation:

6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2

glucose

http://www.classzone.com/cz/books/bio_07/resources/htmls/animated_biology/unit2/bio_

ch04_0104_ab_photosyn.html

Photosynthesis occurs in the Chloroplasts

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2 Stages of Photosynthesis:

Light-Dependent Reactions

Light energy is turned into

chemical energy (ATP)

Light-Independent Reactions

CO2 is used to build sugar molecules

(glucose)

Light-Dependent ReactionsLight energy is turned into chemical energy (ATP)

• Take place in the thylakoids of chloroplasts

Light Reactions

1. Pigment called Chlorophyll in the

thylakoids absorbs sunlight (mostly red & blue light…green light is reflected)

2. Light energy is used to break down H2O molecules

a. Hydrogen is used to make ATP & NADPH

b. O2 is released as waste

Light Reactions animation

“I thought plants were solar powered”

Light-Independent ReactionsCO2 is used to build sugar molecules (glucose)

AKA: “Calvin Cycle”

Takes place in the stroma of the chloroplasts

Light-Independent Reactions

(Calvin Cycle)1. ATP & NADPH from light reactions

provide energy to build simple sugar molecules from CO2

2. Glucose (C6H12O6), a high energy sugar, is formed and stored in the stem of

plantshttp://highered.mcgraw-

hill.com/sites/0070960526/student_view0/chapter5/animation_quiz_1.html

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CELL RESPIRATIONCELL RESPIRATIONCELL RESPIRATIONCELL RESPIRATION 2 Types of Respiration:

Aerobic

Requires OXYGEN

Anaerobic

DOES NOT require oxygen

Aeorobic Respiration occurs in the Mitochondria of animals &

plants

Cell Respiration Chemical Equation:

C6H12O6 + O2 CO2 + H2O + ATPglucose

Before Respiration…

GLYCOLYSIS

Breaks down glucose molecules from food

to make ATP and pyruvate molecules

Occurs in the cytoplasm

Electron Transport Electron Transport Electron Transport Electron Transport ChainChainChainChain

Reactants:• Electrons from

&• Oxygen

Products:• LOTS of

• Water

2 Stages of Cell Respiration:(take place inside the mitochondria)

NADH

FADH2

ATP ATPATPATP

ATP

Krebs CycleKrebs CycleKrebs CycleKrebs Cycle(AKA: Citric Acid Cycle)

Reactants:• Pyruvate

Products:• ATP

• CO2 (waste)• Other energy molecules

– NADH

-- FADH2

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Aerobic Respiration Step-by-Step:

1. Glycolysis – glucose is split to make pyruvatemolecules and a little ATP

2. Krebs (Citric Acid) Cycle – pyruvate molecules are split to make a little ATP and other energy molecules and CO2

3. Electron Transport Chain (ETC) – electrons from energy molecules are used to power the enzymes to make LOTS of ATP and some H2O

6H O2

6CO2

6O2

mitochondrion

matrix (area enclosed

by inner membrane)

inner membrane

ATP

ATP

energy

energy from

glycolysis

1

2

4

3

and

and

and

Krebs Cycle

Glycolysis

E.T.C.

1

3

2

ATPATP

ATPATP

Review Cellular Respiration:

1. Glycolysis

glucose ATP & pyruvate

2. Krebs Cyclepyruvate ATP, NADH, FADH2 & CO2

3. Electron Transport Chain

NADH & FADH2 ATP & H2O

What if there is no Oxygen available?

Your cells will carry out FERMENTATION

(anaerobic) instead of aerobic respiration

Glycolysis

Anaerobic Respiration

(Fermentation)

Cellular (Aerobic)

Respiration

O2

O2

2 Types of Fermentation

Lactic Acid Fermentation

Products: Lactic Acid

This is what causes sore muscles after heavy

exercise!

“Feel the burn”

Alcoholic Fermentation

Products: Alcohol & CO2

Bakers & brewers use a fungus (yeast) to make bread, beer, wine, etc.

Number of ATP’s produced

• Glycolysis = 4 (net gain of 2)

• Fermentation = None

• Krebs Cycle = 2

• Electron Transport Chain (ETC) = 34

**Grand total of usable ATP produced in cell

respiration = 38

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Photosynthesis

(autotrophs only)

Cell Respiration

(ALL organisms)

Organelle(takes place in)

Reactants

Products

chloroplast mitochondria

CO2 & H2O C6H12O6 & O2

CO2 & H2OC6H12O6 & O2