attention (in the visual system)
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S. VANGKILDE CENTER FOR VISUAL COGNITION UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN. Attention (in the visual system). RESEARCH IN COGNITIVE SCIENCE Sept. 14, 2009. Signe A. Vangkilde, Cand.psych., Ph.d.-stip. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
AttentionAttention(in the visual system)(in the visual system)
RESEARCH IN COGNITIVE SCIENCE RESEARCH IN COGNITIVE SCIENCE Sept. 14, 2009Sept. 14, 2009
S. VANGKILDE CENTER FOR VISUAL COGNITION UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN
Signe A. Vangkilde, Cand.psych., Ph.d.-stip.Signe A. Vangkilde, Cand.psych., Ph.d.-stip.
University of CopenhagenUniversity of Copenhagen Center for Visual Center for Visual CognitionCognition
AttentionAttention
“Everyone knows what attention is.It is the taking possession by the mind, in clear
and vivid form, of one out of what seem several simultaneously possible objects or trains of
thought.Focalization, concentration of consciousness are
of its essence.It implies withdrawal from some things in order to
deal effectively with others, and is a condition which has a real opposite in the confused, dazed,
scatterbrain state …” (James 1890, p. 247)
S. VANGKILDE CENTER FOR VISUAL COGNITION UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN
A descriptionA description
The amount of information that impinges on our sense organs is much larger that what can be handled processed and responded to.
Attention is a way of appropriately allocating our limited resources to the relevant stimuli.
Attention facilitates the processing of relevant stimuli/thoughts/actions whereas irrelevant ones are ignored.
S. VANGKILDE CENTER FOR VISUAL COGNITION UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN
Different kinds of attentionDifferent kinds of attention
S. VANGKILDE CENTER FOR VISUAL COGNITION UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN
► Attention studies use a vast number of Attention studies use a vast number of different paradigms that mainly focus on:different paradigms that mainly focus on: Orientation of attentionOrientation of attention Focused attentionFocused attention Divided attentionDivided attention Sustained attentionSustained attention
► However, the distinctions could be drawn However, the distinctions could be drawn differently and the experimental and differently and the experimental and theoretical tradition that scientists adhere theoretical tradition that scientists adhere to also counts… to also counts…
Central dichotomiesCentral dichotomies
► Automatic vs. controlled processing
► Early vs. late selection
► Parallel vs. serial processing
S. VANGKILDE CENTER FOR VISUAL COGNITION UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN
S. VANGKILDE CENTER FOR VISUAL COGNITION UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN
Automatic Automatic Controlled Controlled
Automatic Automatic Controlled Controlled► Bottom-up► Exogeneous► Automatic
selection based on salient features: Colour Motion Etc.
► Task inspecific
S. VANGKILDE CENTER FOR VISUAL COGNITION UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN
► Top-down► Endogeneous► Voluntary selection
based on current goal/task
► Task specifik
Posner’s spatial cueing paradigm (1980 )
Automatic (exogeneous) attention
S. VANGKILDE CENTER FOR VISUAL COGNITION UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN
Invalid trial
Fixation Cue
Target
Valid trial
TIME
Posner’s spatial cueing paradigm (1980 )
Voluntary (endogeneous) attention
S. VANGKILDE CENTER FOR VISUAL COGNITION UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN
Invalid trial
Fixation
Target
Valid trial
TIME
Cue
S. VANGKILDE CENTER FOR VISUAL COGNITION UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN
SelectionSelectionEarly Early Late Late
Classical studiesClassical studies► Auditive attention
Cherry (1953) Broadbent (1958) Moray (1959) Deutch & Deutch (1963)
► Visual attention Treisman (1964) Bundesen (1990)
S. VANGKILDE CENTER FOR VISUAL COGNITION UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN
Cocktail Party Effect Cocktail Party Effect (Cherry, 1953)(Cherry, 1953)
S. VANGKILDE CENTER FOR VISUAL COGNITION UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN
Renoir, Le Moulin de la Galette 1876
Dichotic listening / shadowing paradigms
S. VANGKILDE CENTER FOR VISUAL COGNITION UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN
► Cherry (1953) Dichotic listening: Attend to and shadow (verbally) auditive
stream in one ear – ignore stimulation in the other ear Subjects can’t report any input from the unattended ear
Early selection - Filter theoryEarly selection - Filter theory► Broadbent (1958)
All information enters a sensory buffer The physical characteristics of a stimulus decides
whether it passes through the filter and is processed further
The input that is filtered out quickly decays and doesn’t put any demands on the processing resources
S. VANGKILDE CENTER FOR VISUAL COGNITION UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN
Early selection, or?Early selection, or?► Moray (1959)
… but at a cocktail party we often react to our name or other subjectively relevant stimuli even though we are not attending to the source of these inputs
”Intrusion of the unattended”
This suggests that unattended stimuli are indeed processed semantically and not just filtered on the basis of physical features
S. VANGKILDE CENTER FOR VISUAL COGNITION UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN
Late selectionLate selection► Deutch & Deutch (1963)
Attended and ignored inputs are processed equivalently by the perceptual system, reaching a stage of semantic encoding and analysis
Only when the inputs requires a respons selection occurs limitation concerns the amount of input that can trigger a respons
Consequence: Attention does not influence processing
S. VANGKILDE CENTER FOR VISUAL COGNITION UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN
The Attenuation TheoryThe Attenuation Theory► Treisman (1964)
Modification of Broadbent’s early selection Deselected stimuli are not completely gated
from higher analysis but merely attenuated Attenuation = reduction in the signal strength
S. VANGKILDE CENTER FOR VISUAL COGNITION UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN
Attended input
Un-attended
input
Attenuation filter
TVATVA
A Theory of Visual AttentionA Theory of Visual Attention
Bundesen, 1990Bundesen, 1990Bundesen, Habekost & Kyllingsbæk, 2005Bundesen, Habekost & Kyllingsbæk, 2005
S. VANGKILDE CENTER FOR VISUAL COGNITION UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN
TaskTask
You will be shown a matrix You will be shown a matrix of letters brieflyof letters briefly
Try to remember as many Try to remember as many letters as possible!letters as possible!
S. VANGKILDE CENTER FOR VISUAL COGNITION UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN
Whole ReportWhole Report
H B C
K M W
L Y Z
E X I
S. VANGKILDE CENTER FOR VISUAL COGNITION UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN
Whole ReportWhole Report
? ? ?
? ? ?
? ? ?
? ? ?
S. VANGKILDE CENTER FOR VISUAL COGNITION UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN
Sperling (1960)Sperling (1960)
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Display size
Mea
n s
core
S. VANGKILDE CENTER FOR VISUAL COGNITION UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN
Textbook model of memoryTextbook model of memory
S. VANGKILDE CENTER FOR VISUAL COGNITION UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN
Sensory storeShort-termmemory
Long-termmemory
Decay
A Theory of Visual AttentionA Theory of Visual Attention
S. VANGKILDE CENTER FOR VISUAL COGNITION UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN
Visuallong term memory
Visu
al in
puts
Visualshort term memory
RACE(between categorizations)
Processing speed in the RaceProcessing speed in the Race
Szz
xi w
wixixv ),(),(
Rj
jx jxw ),(
Rate equation
Weight equation
S. VANGKILDE CENTER FOR VISUAL COGNITION UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN
Basic Assumptions of TVABasic Assumptions of TVA
►Exponential processingExponential processing►Parallel independent Parallel independent
processingprocessing►Limited Visual Short-Term Limited Visual Short-Term
MemoryMemory
S. VANGKILDE CENTER FOR VISUAL COGNITION UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN
Basic Assumptions of TVABasic Assumptions of TVA
►Exponential processingExponential processing►Parallel independent Parallel independent
processingprocessing►Limited Visual Short-Term Limited Visual Short-Term
MemoryMemory
S. VANGKILDE CENTER FOR VISUAL COGNITION UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN
Single letter identificationSingle letter identification
#
Identification of a single masked letter
A10-200 ms
S. VANGKILDE CENTER FOR VISUAL COGNITION UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN
Exponential ProcessingExponential ProcessingBundesen & Harms (Psychological Research 1999)Bundesen & Harms (Psychological Research 1999)
v = 77 letters/st0 = 19 ms
P(report) = 1 – exp (- v * (t - t0))
S. VANGKILDE CENTER FOR VISUAL COGNITION UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN
Basic Assumptions of TVABasic Assumptions of TVA
►Exponential processingExponential processing►Parallel independent Parallel independent
processingprocessing►Limited Visual Short-Term Limited Visual Short-Term
MemoryMemory
S. VANGKILDE CENTER FOR VISUAL COGNITION UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN
S1
Type of Report
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
Pro
port
ion
of tr
ials
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
ObservedEstimated
S5
Type of Report
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
Pro
port
ion
of
tria
ls
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
S. VANGKILDE CENTER FOR VISUAL COGNITION UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN Parallel Independent Parallel Independent
ProcessingProcessingKyllingsbæk & Bundesen (JEP: HPP 2007) & Kyllingsbæk & Bundesen (JEP: HPP 2007) &
Bundesen, Kyllingsbæk, & Larsen (Psychonomic Bulletin 2003)Bundesen, Kyllingsbæk, & Larsen (Psychonomic Bulletin 2003)
+ +F P + +
TIME
29 ms 500 msKeypress Report
Basic Assumptions of TVABasic Assumptions of TVA
►Exponential processingExponential processing►Parallel independent Parallel independent
processingprocessing►Limited Visual Short-Term Limited Visual Short-Term
MemoryMemory
S. VANGKILDE CENTER FOR VISUAL COGNITION UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN
The VSTM LimitationThe VSTM LimitationSperling (Psychological Monographs 1960)Sperling (Psychological Monographs 1960)
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Display size
Mea
n s
core
S. VANGKILDE CENTER FOR VISUAL COGNITION UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN
K VSTM capacity (elements)
C Speed of processing (elements/s)
t0 Threshold of conscious perception (s)
w Attentional weights of different locations
Relative attentional weight of distractors
S. VANGKILDE CENTER FOR VISUAL COGNITION UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN
Model parametersModel parameters
TVA based assessmentTVA based assessment
► Whole report: measures attentional Whole report: measures attentional capacitycapacity
S. VANGKILDE CENTER FOR VISUAL COGNITION UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN
Whole report: Whole report: General attentional capacityGeneral attentional capacity
S. VANGKILDE CENTER FOR VISUAL COGNITION UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN
(shown for 10 – 200 ms)
S. VANGKILDE CENTER FOR VISUAL COGNITION UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN
Whole report: Whole report: General attentional capacityGeneral attentional capacity
?
S. VANGKILDE CENTER FOR VISUAL COGNITION UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN
Whole report: Whole report: General attentional capacityGeneral attentional capacity
Example:Example:
Patient ”L4”Patient ”L4”
tt00 = 24 ms= 24 ms
CC = 16 elements / s= 16 elements / s
KK = 3.4 elements= 3.4 elements
S. VANGKILDE CENTER FOR VISUAL COGNITION UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN
The whole report functionThe whole report function
TVA based assessmentTVA based assessment
► Whole report: measures attentional Whole report: measures attentional capacitycapacity
► Partial report: measures attentional Partial report: measures attentional weightingweighting
S. VANGKILDE CENTER FOR VISUAL COGNITION UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN
S. VANGKILDE CENTER FOR VISUAL COGNITION UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN
Partial report: Partial report: Filtering of distractors Filtering of distractors (”(”αα”)”)
S. VANGKILDE CENTER FOR VISUAL COGNITION UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN
Partial report: Partial report: Filtering of distractors Filtering of distractors (”(”αα”)”)
S. VANGKILDE CENTER FOR VISUAL COGNITION UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN Bilateral displays Bilateral displays
Spatial bias of attentional weightingSpatial bias of attentional weighting (”w(”windexindex”)”)
S. VANGKILDE CENTER FOR VISUAL COGNITION UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN
TVA parametersTVA parameters
K VSTM capacity (elements)
C Speed of processing (elements/s)
t0 Threshold of conscious perception (s)
w Spatial bias
Distractibility
S. VANGKILDE CENTER FOR VISUAL COGNITION UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN
TVA-based assessment 1999-2009TVA-based assessment 1999-2009
►Duncan et al. Duncan et al. (JEP: General, 1999)(JEP: General, 1999) Visual neglectVisual neglect►Duncan et al. Duncan et al. (Cognitive Neuropsychology 2003)(Cognitive Neuropsychology 2003) SimultanagnosiaSimultanagnosia►Habekost & Bundesen Habekost & Bundesen (Neuropsychologia 2003)(Neuropsychologia 2003) Subclinical deficits after strokeSubclinical deficits after stroke►Habekost & Rostrup Habekost & Rostrup (Neuropsychologia 2006) (Neuropsychologia 2006) Right hemisphere strokeRight hemisphere stroke►Peers et al. Peers et al. (Cerebral Cortex 2005)(Cerebral Cortex 2005) Parietal vs. frontal strokesParietal vs. frontal strokes►Habekost & Rostrup Habekost & Rostrup (Neuropsychologia 2007) (Neuropsychologia 2007) Right hemisphere strokeRight hemisphere stroke►Bublak et al. Bublak et al. (JINS 2005)(JINS 2005) Clinical testing useClinical testing use►Finke et al. Finke et al. (JINS 2005)(JINS 2005) TVA parameters in normalsTVA parameters in normals►Finke et al. Finke et al. (Brain 2006; (Brain 2006; Neuropsychologia 2007Neuropsychologia 2007)) Huntington’s diseaseHuntington’s disease►Bublak et al. Bublak et al. (Rest. Neurology & Neurosci 2006) (Rest. Neurology & Neurosci 2006) Neurodegenerative diseaseNeurodegenerative disease►Bublak et al. Bublak et al. (Neurobiology of Aging, in press)(Neurobiology of Aging, in press) Alzheimer’s and MCIAlzheimer’s and MCI►Hung et al. Hung et al. (Journal of Neuroscience 2005)(Journal of Neuroscience 2005) TMS and visual filteringTMS and visual filtering►Habekost & Starrfelt Habekost & Starrfelt (Neuropsychologia 2006)(Neuropsychologia 2006) Hemianopic alexiaHemianopic alexia►Starrfelt, Habekost, & Leff Starrfelt, Habekost, & Leff (Cerebral Cortex, 2009)(Cerebral Cortex, 2009) Pure alexiaPure alexia►Starrfelt, Habekost, & Gerlach Starrfelt, Habekost, & Gerlach (Cortex, 2009)(Cortex, 2009) Pure alexiaPure alexia►Matthias et al. Matthias et al. (JEP: HPP 2009) (JEP: HPP 2009) Cued alertingCued alerting►Matthias et al. Matthias et al. (Neuropsychologia 2009)(Neuropsychologia 2009) VigilanceVigilance