attention in webscience
DESCRIPTION
Talk at Web Science Montpellier Meetup - 13th May 2011TRANSCRIPT
Claudia Roda - �WebScience Montpellier Meetup 13.5.2011 Claudia Roda - �WebScience Montpellier Meetup
Human Attention in Digital Environments
Attention in Webscience
Claudia Roda American University
of Paris
Claudia Roda - �WebScience Montpellier Meetup 13.5.2011 Claudia Roda - �WebScience Montpellier Meetup
Attention: is the Web!
• Social solicitations • Interruptions • Information access • Multitasking • Contextualisation
DECENTRALISED INFORMATION SYSTEMS
Claudia Roda - �WebScience Montpellier Meetup 13.5.2011 Claudia Roda - �WebScience Montpellier Meetup
Attention: is the Web!
? Cognitive resources
Allocation • Social solicitations • Interruptions • Information access • Multitasking • Contextualisation
DECENTRALISED INFORMATION SYSTEMS
Attention
Claudia Roda - �WebScience Montpellier Meetup 13.5.2011 Claudia Roda - �WebScience Montpellier Meetup
Attention: is the Web!
• Social solicitations • Interruptions • Information access • Multitasking • Contextualisation
DECENTRALISED INFORMATION SYSTEMS
Claudia Roda - �WebScience Montpellier Meetup
Attention: is the Web!
Attention regulates our interaction with
the Web … our interaction in general Attention is essential for communication
13.5.2011 Claudia Roda - �WebScience Montpellier Meetup
Claudia Roda - �WebScience Montpellier Meetup 13.5.2011 Claudia Roda - �WebScience Montpellier Meetup
Given the amount of cognitive and perceptual solicitations provided by the Web, understanding human attentional processes is essential in order to both understand Web interaction and engineer the Web of the future
Claudia Roda - �WebScience Montpellier Meetup 13.5.2011 Claudia Roda - �WebScience Montpellier Meetup
What attention do we study? “For most people, attention is often the main currency - we publish to get the attention of others, we cite the efforts of others so that they get attention […]” B. Huberman 2008 “�[inattentional blindness] denotes the failure to see highly visible objects we may be looking at directly when our attention is elsewhere.” Arien Mack 2003
Claudia Roda - �WebScience Montpellier Meetup 13.5.2011 Claudia Roda - �WebScience Montpellier Meetup
What attention do we study? “For most people, attention is often the main currency - we publish to get the attention of others, we cite the efforts of others so that they get attention […]” B. Huberman 2008 “�[inattentional blindness], denotes the failure to see highly visible objects we may be looking at directly when our attention is elsewhere.” Mack 2003
Long term
Short term
Claudia Roda - �WebScience Montpellier Meetup 13.5.2011 Claudia Roda - �WebScience Montpellier Meetup
What attention do we study? “For most people, attention is often the main currency - we publish to get the attention of others, we cite the efforts of others so that they get attention […]” B. Huberman 2008 “�[inattentional blindness], denotes the failure to see highly visible objects we may be looking at directly when our attention is elsewhere.” Mack 2003
Long term
Short term
Social
Individual
Claudia Roda - �WebScience Montpellier Meetup 13.5.2011 Claudia Roda - �WebScience Montpellier Meetup
What attention do we study? “For most people, attention is often the main currency - we publish to get the attention of others, we cite the efforts of others so that they get attention […]” B. Huberman 2008 “�[inattentional blindness], denotes the failure to see highly visible objects we may be looking at directly when our attention is elsewhere.” Mack 2003
Long term
Short term
Social
Individual
Effect
Cause
Claudia Roda - �WebScience Montpellier Meetup 13.5.2011 Claudia Roda - �WebScience Montpellier Meetup
Why do we study attention?
• Understand human attentional processes – Cognitive psychology, neuroscience; short term,
individual, cause and effect; automatic vs control, what is selected and when
• Define the economic value of attention • Predict behavior based on attentional traces • Support management of attention (how to
ensure effective allocation?)
Claudia Roda - �WebScience Montpellier Meetup 13.5.2011 Claudia Roda - �WebScience Montpellier Meetup
Why do we study attention?
• Understand human attentional processes • Define the economic value of attention
– Economics, marketing; long term, social, effect; how is attention captured and traded
• Predict behavior based on attentional traces • Support management of attention (how to
ensure effective allocation?)
Claudia Roda - �WebScience Montpellier Meetup 13.5.2011 Claudia Roda - �WebScience Montpellier Meetup
Why do we study attention?
• Understand human attentional processes • Define the economic value of attention • Predict behavior based on attentional traces
– Politics, marketing, communication; long term, social, effect; forecast
• Support management of attention (how to ensure effective allocation?)
Claudia Roda - �WebScience Montpellier Meetup 13.5.2011 Claudia Roda - �WebScience Montpellier Meetup
Why do we study attention?
• Understand human attentional processes • Define the economic value of attention • Predict behavior based on attentional traces • Support management of attention (how to
ensure effective allocation?) – HCI, management; short to long term, individual
and social, cause and effect; provide tools and recommendations
Claudia Roda - �WebScience Montpellier Meetup 13.5.2011 Claudia Roda - �WebScience Montpellier Meetup
Why do we study attention?
• Understand human attentional processes • Define the economic value of attention • Predict behavior based on attentional traces • Support management of attention (how to
ensure effective allocation?) – HCI, management; short to long term, individual
and social, cause and effect; provide tools and recommendations
Claudia Roda - �WebScience Montpellier Meetup 13.5.2011 Claudia Roda - �WebScience Montpellier Meetup
Attentional Breakdowns: Causes
•Information Overload •Loss of context •Activity Fragmentation •… ‘In a typical day, […] people spend an average of three minutes working on any single event before switching to another event [and] somewhat more than two minutes on any use of electronic tool, application, or paper document before they switch to use another tool’ (Gonzalez and Mark 2004, fieldwork observation of information workers: analysts, software developers, and managers.)
Claudia Roda - �WebScience Montpellier Meetup 13.5.2011 Claudia Roda - �WebScience Montpellier Meetup
AB: Prospective Memory Failures
• may account for up to 70% of memory failures in everyday life (Kliegel and Martin 2003; Kvavilashvili et al. 2001)
• Virtuality aggravates the problem? (loss of context, asynchronous communication, etc.)
• Task reminders (Event-based VS time-based) • High association between target and intended action, focal
targets, and single target (automaticity)
Claudia Roda - �WebScience Montpellier Meetup 13.5.2011 Claudia Roda - �WebScience Montpellier Meetup
AB: Prospective Memory Failures
Claudia Roda - �WebScience Montpellier Meetup 13.5.2011 Claudia Roda - �WebScience Montpellier Meetup
AB: Task Resumption Failures
O'Conaill & Frohlich 1995 (interruptions in workplace)
return to prior activity
56%
other interrupt
15%
other10%
not engaged4%
interrupt15%
Claudia Roda - �WebScience Montpellier Meetup 13.5.2011 Claudia Roda - �WebScience Montpellier Meetup
• Task reminders - Cueing: Goal and its retrieval cue must be sampled together before goal is suspended (availability of cue).
• Context Reminders (e.g. bookmarks) • Context Restore • Task recognition is main hurdle (move
from application oriented to task oriented interfaces)
AB: Task Resumption Failures
Claudia Roda - �WebScience Montpellier Meetup 13.5.2011 Claudia Roda - �WebScience Montpellier Meetup
AB: Task Resumption Failures
Claudia Roda - �WebScience Montpellier Meetup 13.5.2011 Claudia Roda - �WebScience Montpellier Meetup
AB: Disruption of Primary Task
• Interruptions consume 28% of knowledge workers’ day (Spira, Goldes 2007)
• Negative effects of interruptions is widely reported
•Interruption management requires evaluating: –Interruption relevance –Notification content, ambient, etc. –Notification Timing (Bailey) - Interruptibilty (Fogarty) –Notification modality
•Device Coordination
Claudia Roda - �WebScience Montpellier Meetup 13.5.2011 Claudia Roda - �WebScience Montpellier Meetup
AB: Disruption of Primary Task
Attentive television (Shell, Selker, & Vertegaal, 2003)
Example
eyebox2 by Xuuk, Inc. http://www.xuuk.com
Claudia Roda - �WebScience Montpellier Meetup 13.5.2011 Claudia Roda - �WebScience Montpellier Meetup
AB: Missing important events and information
• There is no conscious perception of the visual world without attention to it �(Mack and Rock; Simons and Chabris) - Inattentional/Change Blindness
• Lack of context •Perceptual approach (use of pre-attentive features to
make important elements stand-out) •Adaptive visualisation: use knowledge of user’s focus, e.g. gaze information •Semantic approach (e.g.semantic web, ontlogy) •Support to Human Social Attention (follows, likes replace eye-gaze)
Claudia Roda - �WebScience Montpellier Meetup 13.5.2011 Claudia Roda - �WebScience Montpellier Meetup
AB: Missing important events and information
Tag-cloud: perception + user attention + social
Example
Recommendation: user attention + social
Claudia Roda - �WebScience Montpellier Meetup 13.5.2011 Claudia Roda - �WebScience Montpellier Meetup
More Attentional Breakdowns
• Retrospective Memory • Habituation related • Emotion / Motivation related • Social attention breakdown • …
MS-SenseCam
Claudia Roda - �WebScience Montpellier Meetup 13.5.2011 Claudia Roda - �WebScience Montpellier Meetup
Supporting Attention on the Web
• Perception (Interface) – Filtering, emphasizing or hiding
• Reasoning (Decision support) – Assessment, Recommendation (people and
resources), .. • Operation
– Multi-tasking, automate, contextualise • Metacognition (reflect & learn)
– Analysis of attentional behavior & learn
Claudia Roda - �WebScience Montpellier Meetup
The new web(s) perspective
• It is not about data, it’s about interaction - personal control; engaged participant; identity, …
• Streams of information are available - activity streams + sensors everywhere
• Challenges: accurate shallow models of attention, task recognition, privacy, sensor data integration, metadata