attention in webscience

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Claudia Roda - WebScience Montpellier Meetup 13.5.2011 Claudia Roda - WebScience Montpellier Meetup Human Attention in Digital Environments Attention in Webscience Claudia Roda American University of Paris

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Talk at Web Science Montpellier Meetup - 13th May 2011

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Page 1: Attention in Webscience

Claudia Roda - �WebScience Montpellier Meetup 13.5.2011 Claudia Roda - �WebScience Montpellier Meetup

Human Attention in Digital Environments

Attention in Webscience

Claudia Roda American University

of Paris

Page 2: Attention in Webscience

Claudia Roda - �WebScience Montpellier Meetup 13.5.2011 Claudia Roda - �WebScience Montpellier Meetup

Attention: is the Web!

• Social solicitations • Interruptions • Information access • Multitasking • Contextualisation

DECENTRALISED INFORMATION SYSTEMS

Page 3: Attention in Webscience

Claudia Roda - �WebScience Montpellier Meetup 13.5.2011 Claudia Roda - �WebScience Montpellier Meetup

Attention: is the Web!

? Cognitive resources

Allocation • Social solicitations • Interruptions • Information access • Multitasking • Contextualisation

DECENTRALISED INFORMATION SYSTEMS

Attention

Page 4: Attention in Webscience

Claudia Roda - �WebScience Montpellier Meetup 13.5.2011 Claudia Roda - �WebScience Montpellier Meetup

Attention: is the Web!

• Social solicitations • Interruptions • Information access • Multitasking • Contextualisation

DECENTRALISED INFORMATION SYSTEMS

Page 5: Attention in Webscience

Claudia Roda - �WebScience Montpellier Meetup

Attention: is the Web!

Attention regulates our interaction with

the Web … our interaction in general Attention is essential for communication

13.5.2011 Claudia Roda - �WebScience Montpellier Meetup

Page 6: Attention in Webscience

Claudia Roda - �WebScience Montpellier Meetup 13.5.2011 Claudia Roda - �WebScience Montpellier Meetup

Given the amount of cognitive and perceptual solicitations provided by the Web, understanding human attentional processes is essential in order to both understand Web interaction and engineer the Web of the future

Page 7: Attention in Webscience

Claudia Roda - �WebScience Montpellier Meetup 13.5.2011 Claudia Roda - �WebScience Montpellier Meetup

What attention do we study? “For most people, attention is often the main currency - we publish to get the attention of others, we cite the efforts of others so that they get attention […]” B. Huberman 2008 “�[inattentional blindness] denotes the failure to see highly visible objects we may be looking at directly when our attention is elsewhere.” Arien Mack 2003

Page 8: Attention in Webscience

Claudia Roda - �WebScience Montpellier Meetup 13.5.2011 Claudia Roda - �WebScience Montpellier Meetup

What attention do we study? “For most people, attention is often the main currency - we publish to get the attention of others, we cite the efforts of others so that they get attention […]” B. Huberman 2008 “�[inattentional blindness], denotes the failure to see highly visible objects we may be looking at directly when our attention is elsewhere.” Mack 2003

Long term

Short term

Page 9: Attention in Webscience

Claudia Roda - �WebScience Montpellier Meetup 13.5.2011 Claudia Roda - �WebScience Montpellier Meetup

What attention do we study? “For most people, attention is often the main currency - we publish to get the attention of others, we cite the efforts of others so that they get attention […]” B. Huberman 2008 “�[inattentional blindness], denotes the failure to see highly visible objects we may be looking at directly when our attention is elsewhere.” Mack 2003

Long term

Short term

Social

Individual

Page 10: Attention in Webscience

Claudia Roda - �WebScience Montpellier Meetup 13.5.2011 Claudia Roda - �WebScience Montpellier Meetup

What attention do we study? “For most people, attention is often the main currency - we publish to get the attention of others, we cite the efforts of others so that they get attention […]” B. Huberman 2008 “�[inattentional blindness], denotes the failure to see highly visible objects we may be looking at directly when our attention is elsewhere.” Mack 2003

Long term

Short term

Social

Individual

Effect

Cause

Page 11: Attention in Webscience

Claudia Roda - �WebScience Montpellier Meetup 13.5.2011 Claudia Roda - �WebScience Montpellier Meetup

Why do we study attention?

• Understand human attentional processes – Cognitive psychology, neuroscience; short term,

individual, cause and effect; automatic vs control, what is selected and when

• Define the economic value of attention • Predict behavior based on attentional traces • Support management of attention (how to

ensure effective allocation?)

Page 12: Attention in Webscience

Claudia Roda - �WebScience Montpellier Meetup 13.5.2011 Claudia Roda - �WebScience Montpellier Meetup

Why do we study attention?

• Understand human attentional processes • Define the economic value of attention

– Economics, marketing; long term, social, effect; how is attention captured and traded

• Predict behavior based on attentional traces • Support management of attention (how to

ensure effective allocation?)

Page 13: Attention in Webscience

Claudia Roda - �WebScience Montpellier Meetup 13.5.2011 Claudia Roda - �WebScience Montpellier Meetup

Why do we study attention?

• Understand human attentional processes • Define the economic value of attention • Predict behavior based on attentional traces

– Politics, marketing, communication; long term, social, effect; forecast

• Support management of attention (how to ensure effective allocation?)

Page 14: Attention in Webscience

Claudia Roda - �WebScience Montpellier Meetup 13.5.2011 Claudia Roda - �WebScience Montpellier Meetup

Why do we study attention?

• Understand human attentional processes • Define the economic value of attention • Predict behavior based on attentional traces • Support management of attention (how to

ensure effective allocation?) – HCI, management; short to long term, individual

and social, cause and effect; provide tools and recommendations

Page 15: Attention in Webscience

Claudia Roda - �WebScience Montpellier Meetup 13.5.2011 Claudia Roda - �WebScience Montpellier Meetup

Why do we study attention?

• Understand human attentional processes • Define the economic value of attention • Predict behavior based on attentional traces • Support management of attention (how to

ensure effective allocation?) – HCI, management; short to long term, individual

and social, cause and effect; provide tools and recommendations

Page 16: Attention in Webscience

Claudia Roda - �WebScience Montpellier Meetup 13.5.2011 Claudia Roda - �WebScience Montpellier Meetup

Attentional Breakdowns: Causes

•Information Overload •Loss of context •Activity Fragmentation •… ‘In a typical day, […] people spend an average of three minutes working on any single event before switching to another event [and] somewhat more than two minutes on any use of electronic tool, application, or paper document before they switch to use another tool’ (Gonzalez and Mark 2004, fieldwork observation of information workers: analysts, software developers, and managers.)

Page 17: Attention in Webscience

Claudia Roda - �WebScience Montpellier Meetup 13.5.2011 Claudia Roda - �WebScience Montpellier Meetup

AB: Prospective Memory Failures

• may account for up to 70% of memory failures in everyday life (Kliegel and Martin 2003; Kvavilashvili et al. 2001)

• Virtuality aggravates the problem? (loss of context, asynchronous communication, etc.)

• Task reminders (Event-based VS time-based) • High association between target and intended action, focal

targets, and single target (automaticity)

Page 18: Attention in Webscience

Claudia Roda - �WebScience Montpellier Meetup 13.5.2011 Claudia Roda - �WebScience Montpellier Meetup

AB: Prospective Memory Failures

Page 19: Attention in Webscience

Claudia Roda - �WebScience Montpellier Meetup 13.5.2011 Claudia Roda - �WebScience Montpellier Meetup

AB: Task Resumption Failures

O'Conaill & Frohlich 1995 (interruptions in workplace)

return to prior activity

56%

other interrupt

15%

other10%

not engaged4%

interrupt15%

Page 20: Attention in Webscience

Claudia Roda - �WebScience Montpellier Meetup 13.5.2011 Claudia Roda - �WebScience Montpellier Meetup

• Task reminders - Cueing: Goal and its retrieval cue must be sampled together before goal is suspended (availability of cue).

• Context Reminders (e.g. bookmarks) • Context Restore • Task recognition is main hurdle (move

from application oriented to task oriented interfaces)

AB: Task Resumption Failures

Page 21: Attention in Webscience

Claudia Roda - �WebScience Montpellier Meetup 13.5.2011 Claudia Roda - �WebScience Montpellier Meetup

AB: Task Resumption Failures

Page 22: Attention in Webscience

Claudia Roda - �WebScience Montpellier Meetup 13.5.2011 Claudia Roda - �WebScience Montpellier Meetup

AB: Disruption of Primary Task

• Interruptions consume 28% of knowledge workers’ day (Spira, Goldes 2007)

• Negative effects of interruptions is widely reported

•Interruption management requires evaluating: –Interruption relevance –Notification content, ambient, etc. –Notification Timing (Bailey) - Interruptibilty (Fogarty) –Notification modality

•Device Coordination

Page 23: Attention in Webscience

Claudia Roda - �WebScience Montpellier Meetup 13.5.2011 Claudia Roda - �WebScience Montpellier Meetup

AB: Disruption of Primary Task

Attentive television (Shell, Selker, & Vertegaal, 2003)

Example

eyebox2 by Xuuk, Inc. http://www.xuuk.com

Page 24: Attention in Webscience

Claudia Roda - �WebScience Montpellier Meetup 13.5.2011 Claudia Roda - �WebScience Montpellier Meetup

AB: Missing important events and information

• There is no conscious perception of the visual world without attention to it �(Mack and Rock; Simons and Chabris) - Inattentional/Change Blindness

• Lack of context •Perceptual approach (use of pre-attentive features to

make important elements stand-out) •Adaptive visualisation: use knowledge of user’s focus, e.g. gaze information •Semantic approach (e.g.semantic web, ontlogy) •Support to Human Social Attention (follows, likes replace eye-gaze)

Page 25: Attention in Webscience

Claudia Roda - �WebScience Montpellier Meetup 13.5.2011 Claudia Roda - �WebScience Montpellier Meetup

AB: Missing important events and information

Tag-cloud: perception + user attention + social

Example

Recommendation: user attention + social

Page 26: Attention in Webscience

Claudia Roda - �WebScience Montpellier Meetup 13.5.2011 Claudia Roda - �WebScience Montpellier Meetup

More Attentional Breakdowns

• Retrospective Memory • Habituation related • Emotion / Motivation related • Social attention breakdown • …

MS-SenseCam

Page 27: Attention in Webscience

Claudia Roda - �WebScience Montpellier Meetup 13.5.2011 Claudia Roda - �WebScience Montpellier Meetup

Supporting Attention on the Web

• Perception (Interface) – Filtering, emphasizing or hiding

• Reasoning (Decision support) – Assessment, Recommendation (people and

resources), .. • Operation

– Multi-tasking, automate, contextualise • Metacognition (reflect & learn)

– Analysis of attentional behavior & learn

Page 28: Attention in Webscience

Claudia Roda - �WebScience Montpellier Meetup

The new web(s) perspective

• It is not about data, it’s about interaction - personal control; engaged participant; identity, …

• Streams of information are available - activity streams + sensors everywhere

• Challenges: accurate shallow models of attention, task recognition, privacy, sensor data integration, metadata

Page 29: Attention in Webscience

Claudia Roda - �WebScience Montpellier Meetup

THANK YOU FOR YOUR

ATTENTION ☺

[email protected]