ATTITUDEATTITUDEATTITUDEATTITUDE

ISISISISEVERY THINGEVERY THINGEVERY THINGEVERY THING!!!!

The Iceberg

How much do you see of an iceberg???

The Iceberg

ONLY 10% OFANY ICEBERG ISVISIBLE. THEREMAINING 90%IS BELOW SEALEVEL.

The Iceberg phenomena is also applicable onhuman beings …

The Iceberg

The Iceberg

SEA LEVEL

KNOWLEDGE&

SKILLS

ATTITUDE

UNKNOWNTO OTHERS

KNOWNTO OTHERS

ConceptAn attitude is a hypothetical constructthat represents an individual's degree oflike or dislike for an item. Attitudes are generally positive ornegative views of a person, place, thing,or event this is often referred to as theattitude object.

Four Possible Reactions to Attitude Objects

Negative attitude:The tendency of a person that result in

an undesirable outcome for individualsand organizations.

Positive attitude:The predisposition that results in

desirable outcomes for individuals andorganizations.

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Components of Attitudes:Tripartite View Cognitive

Affective

Behavioral

Attitude

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Components of AttitudesCOGNITIVE

Opinion or beliefs about attitude object (pos & neg) AFFECTIVE

emotions and feelings the object triggers (pos & neg) BEHAVIORAL

reaction toward the object (pos & neg actions)

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Attitude Object: EMPLOYEE

COGNITIONSMy pay is low.My supervisor is unfair.

AFFECTS

I am angry over how little I’m paid.I dislike my supervisor.

BEHAVIORS

I am going to look for another job thatpays better.I am looking for another job.

Functions of Attitude

A T T I T U D E

INSTRUMENTAL

EGO DEFENCEKNOWLEGE

VALUE EXPRESSION

Functions of Attitudes•

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Value-Expressive functionenable us to express who we are and what webelieve in

Ego-defensive functionenable us to project internally-held conflicts ontoothers means protecting self-esteem (e.g.,homophobia)

Knowledge functionenable us to know the world

Utilitarian/Instrumental FunctionEnable us to gain rewards and avoid punishment

Theories of attitude change

Cognitive Dissonance TheorySelf Perception Theory

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Attitudes, Behavior & Consistency

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People try maintain consistency betweentheir different attitudes.People try maintain consistency betweenattitudes and behavior.Altering their attitudes or behavior,developing a rationalization for theirdiscrepancy.

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Cognitive Dissonance Theory

If there is an inconsistency between twoattitudes or between attitudes andbehaviorPeople seek to make them consistentAchieve a stable state with minimum ofdissonance

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Cognitive Dissonance Theory

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Desire to reduce dissonance depends onimportance of elements creating thedissonancedegree of influence over the elementsrewards involved in the dissonance

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Self-Perception Theory

Attitudes do not cause behavior, behaviorcauses attitudesAttitudes are formed after the fact tomake sense out of behavior that alreadyoccurred

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Do Attitudes cause Behavior?

Answer: Not very well!Attitudes have a stronger affect on behavior

if they areimportantspecificaccessiblesocial pressure reinforces the attitudeyou have experience with the attitude.

Attitude & Behavior

SEA LEVELBEHAVIOR

VALUES – STANDARDS – JUDGMENTS

ATTITUDEMOTIVES – ETHICS - BELIEFS

KNOWNTO OTHERS

UNKNOWNTO OTHERS IMPACTIMPACT

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Why Might Attitudes Matter at Work?Because attitudes to work and/or employing

organisation might affect:

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Whether a person seeks a new job

How co-operative they are with others at work

Whether they present a positive image of theorganisation to clients or customers

How they react to change

How hard they work (motivation)

Their psychological or physical health

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PersonalityThe enduring ways a person hasof feeling, thinking and behaving

Work situationThe work itself Co-workers,supervisors andsubordinatesPhysical workingconditionsWorking hours, payand job security

Attitudes to workThe collection of feelings,beliefs and predispositions tobehave in one’s job ororganisation

Social influence

Co-workersGroupsCulture

ValuesIntrinsic workvalues

Extrinsic workvalues

Determinants of Work attitudes

TYPES OF ATTITUDES

There are many types of attitudes. But here we limitto only to the work related issues.

The job related attitudes are classified as : a) Job involvement

b) Organizational Commitmentc) Job Satisfaction.

a) Job involvement

Measures the degree to which a person identifies

himself psychologically with his job andconsiders his perceived performance levelimportant to self worth.

Performance of the employees is directly related

to the amount of job involvement.

b) Organizational Commitment

It’s a state in which an employee identifies himself

with a particular organization and its goals andwishes to maintain membership in theorganization.

It depicts the level of attachment of the individual

towards the organization.

c) Job Satisfaction.

This is the individual’s attitude towards one’s job. The level of the satisfaction differs from one job to

another and also from one individual to other.

Conclusions

Attitudes do not predict single behavioursAttitudes are related to multiple behaviours(behavioural patterns)Attitudes influence behaviour throughinfluencing intentionIntention is the better predictor of behaviourIn order to understand intentions andbehaviours, need to know about beliefs andattitudes

This is essential in relation to attitude change

The Choice is YOURS

•With a Bad attitude you can never have a positive day

•With a Positive attitude you can never have a bad day

How can we develop ourpersonality and attitude ?

We can do this through :Self image and self reformationEducation and hard workDiscipline and organizationBelief in goodness's and truth and manymore.

The Final Words

“Things are the way you thinkthey are, because you thinkthey are that way.”

Thank You