attrition project

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY

1.1.1 ATTRITION:

In a human resources context, turnover or labor turnover is the rate at which an employer

gains and losses employees. Simple ways to describe it are "how long employees tend to stay" or "the

rate of traffic through the revolving door." Turnover is measured for individual companies and for

their industry as a whole. If an employer is said to have a high turnover relative to its competitors, it

means that employees of that company have a shorter average tenure than those of other companies

in the same industry. High turnover can be harmful to a company's productivity if skilled workers are

often leaving and the worker population contains a high percentage of novice workers.

1.1.2 JUSTIFICATION FOR CHOOSING THIS TOPIC:

Attrition in Big Bazaar:

This topic proves to be of major concern not only to Big Bazaar but for future group, as a whole. The

attrition rate has been on the rise for the past 5 years in the retail industry and as well in Big Bazaar.

In the year 2007, a study on attrition was conducted in Big Bazaar. This report documented an

average attrition rate of 5% per month. In most cases the employees who left were absconders- who

did not attend the exit interview and follow proper exit policy. Following which the management had

taken action by implementing employee engagement activities. Now, our research would help in

comparing it with the current year’s attrition rate and thereby reduce it by analyzing the reasons

contributing to it. After review of literature and expert’s opinion (store managers of Big Bazaar

Bangalore and their respective HR managers), we have formulated the questionnaire based on these

broad areas.

1.2 INDUSTRY PROFILE

India retail industry is the largest industry in India, with an employment of around 8% and

contributing to over 10% of the country's GDP. Retail industry in India is expected to rise 25% yearly

being driven by strong income growth, changing patterns.

It is expected that by 2016 modern retail industry in India will be worth US$ 175- 200 billion.

India retail industry is one of the fastest growing industries with revenue expected in 2007 to amount

US$ 320 billion and is increasing at a rate of 5% yearly. A further increase of 7-8% is expected in the

industry of retail in India by growth in consumerism in urban areas, rising incomes, and a steep rise

in rural consumption. It has further been predicted that the retailing industry in India will amount to

US$ 21.5 billion by 2010 from the current size of US$ 7.5 billion.

India retail industry is expanding itself most aggressively; as a result a great demand for real

estate is being created. Indian retailers preferred means of expansion is to expand to other regions and

to increase the number of their outlets in a city. It is expected that by 2010, India may have 600 new

shopping centres. India retail industry is progressing well and for this to continue retailers as well as

the Indian government will have to make a combined effort.

The Indian retail market, which is the fifth largest retail destination globally, has been ranked

as the most attractive emerging market for investment in the retail sector by AT Kearney's eighth

annual Global Retail Development Index (GRDI), in 2009. The share of retail trade in the country's

gross domestic product (GDP) was between 8–10 per cent in 2007. It is currently around 12 per cent,

and is likely to reach 22 per cent by 2010.

A McKinsey report 'The rise of Indian Consumer Market', estimates that the Indian consumer

market is likely to grow four times by 2025. Commercial real estate services company, CB Richard

Ellis' findings state that India's retail market is currently valued at US$ 511 billion. Further, CB

Richard Ellis states that India has moved up to the 39th most preferred retail destination in the world

in 2009, up from 44 last year.

India continues to be among the most attractive countries for global retailers. At US$ 511

billion in 2008, its retail market is larger than ever and drawing both global and local retailers.

Foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows as on July 2009, in single-brand retail trading, stood at

approx. US$ 46.60 million, according to the Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion

(DIPP).The organised retail sector, which currently accounts for around 5 per cent of the Indian retail

market, is all set to witness maximum number of large format malls and branded retail stores in

South India, followed by North, West and the East in the next two years.

Fig1.1 Market Share of Retailer

1.3 COMPANY PROFILE:

Future Group believes in developing strong insights on Indian consumers and building

businesses based on Indian ideas, as espoused in the group’s core value of ‘Indianans.’ The group’s

corporate credo is, ‘Rewrite rules, Retain values.’

Vision:

Future group shall deliver everything, everywhere, every time for every Indian consumer in the most

profitable manner.

Mission:

We share the vision and belief that our customers and stakeholders shall be served only by creating

and executing future scenarios in the consumption space leading to economic development.

We will be trendsetters in evolving delivery formats, creating retail realty, making consumption

affordable for all customer segments for classes and for masses.

1.3.1 ABOUT BIG BAZAAR:

Big Bazaar is Indian personification of retail. It’s like an Indian bazaar or mandi or mela, the

environment created by traders to give shoppers a sense of moment. Its personality is of being an

entity away from fancy or pretty and being authentically "no-frills". Kishore Biyani never hired any

foreign consultant for Big Bazaar which is evident from Indian-specific personality of the brand. The

brand’s personality is self-explanatory by its tag-line only. This statement places Big Bazaar at the

top of customer’s mind. It reflects that entrepreneurship and simplicity are the essence of character of

Big Bazaar. To use predatory pricing is not in the personality of Big Bazaar, they never sell goods

below the price they have purchased it. Big Bazaar, the "Indian Wal-Mart", is the modern Indian

family's favorite store. Big Bazaar symbolizes modern retail, the business which isn’t looked up to in

our country, is now in the eyes of many multi-national biggies. Big Bazaar has shown a robust

growth in recent years. There are six department s in Big Bazaar dealing with the following products

in the respective departments.

1. Food Bazaar:

As this department is the soul of the store, Big Bazaar has several categories within this department

itself. This department has a surface area of 7500 square feet. This department is further divided into:

Non-food

Staples

Food

Fruits and vegetables

2. General Merchandize:

This department is further divided into Home and Fashions. The Home section has two major

sections Plastics and Crockery(PC) amount to one section and Utensils(U) and New Business

Development(NBD) form the other major part. The New Business Development section have items

that are more affluent in nature and are part of Kishore Biyani’s “India One” customer segment. This

section sells luxury products like watches, sunglasses, auto accessories etcetera. The ‘Fashions’(F)

sections sell luggage, footwear, handbags, Toys and sports

3. Apparels:

The apparels department is divided into three segments:

Men’s wear- Casual and Formal wear

Kids wear-infants,boys,girls

Ladies wear-Ethnic wear (Sarees, Kurthas, Dress materials)and Western wear

4. Home Solutions:

This department is not headed by the Department Manager, as the capacity of this department is

much smaller in comparison with the others and can be handled by the Team leader. This department

comprises of – electronics and furniture.

5. Wellness department:

This department comprises of cosmetics and a pharmacy-Fit and Healthy

6. Additional Business:

a. Star & Sitara

b. Food Court

c. F123

1.2.1 a) Manpower Management:

As the people are the heart of the organization, it is of paramount importance that manpower is

adequate at all times. Therefore calculation of manpower required is most important. Manpower

required to man the entire operation of the store is dependant on the square feet of the store available.

Say for example Food Bazaar

(Bangalore, Big Bazaar) has an area of 7500 square feet.

Ratio of manpower to floor area: 1/500 square feet

Manpower requirement= Total area (square feet)/ Area covered by one employee (square feet)

Therefore, for 7500 square feet you require = 7500/500

= 15 personnel required to man

Food Bazaar

In the case of Food Bazaar, by means of this calculation the HR department has employed 16

personnel to man its floor space. Due to problems with absenteeism, the HR department has foreseen

this and has a policy of maintaining a buffer of 15% .Therefore they ideally should have a manpower

capacity of about 80 to 85% per day. But, they have been able to manage with 70 to 80% attendance.

The employees are allowed to have their days off only during the weekdays.

1.3.2 b) Employee engagement

Big bazaar conducts Mr. and Miss Perfect – a program that identifies the best employees in the local

store on the following criteria such as – on-time arrival, discipline, grooming, customer satisfaction

and the like. They also identify The Best Support team.

Big Bazaar has a Fun Zone team, comprising of four employees- that coordinate events such as

promotional events as well as employee fun events. The time that I had interned (Nov 2nd to Nov 27th,

2009), there was a 2 day program exclusively for the entertainment of the employees.

Big Bazaar has also empowers their employees into giving their suggestions to improve the company.

They have a tram called Prerna which takes care of the suggestions. This team comprises of two

employees. The problems are put on paper in a suggestion box and are discussed on a Saturday, then

filed and action taken. For eg: A problem with the parking facilities of the employees were taken care

of by this means.

The budget for this endeavour comes under the welfare scheme and comes to an average of Rs.

60,000 per month.

1.3.3 ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE:

Power distance:

From my personal experience at Big Bazaar (Coimbatore) I have come to the conclusion that

the employees are treated quite fairly. The sub-ordinates are free to meet their immediate reporting

officers- which show that the employee-boss distance is quite non-existent. This was seen when an

office problem involving three employees from a marketing department - a team member, Team

Leader and the department head, had a mis-understanding they were able to solve it. The problem

was brought to the notice of the HR manager, who then was able to resolve the conflict. The problem

solved after due time when the matter at hand was sorted out and further clarifications on future

dealings with similar concerns were given by the department head and the HR manager.

1.2.5 Employee engagement

Big bazaar conducts Mr. and Miss Perfect – a program that identifies the best employees in the local

store on the following criteria such as – on-time arrival, discipline, grooming, customer satisfaction

and the like. They also identify The Best Support team.

Big Bazaar has a Fun Zone team, comprising of four employees- that coordinate events such as

promotional events as well as employee fun events. The time that I had interned (Nov 2nd to Nov 27th,

2009), there was a 2 day program exclusively for the entertainment of the employees.

Big Bazaar has also empowers their employees into giving their suggestions to improve the company.

They have a tram called Prerna which takes care of the suggestions. This team comprises of two

employees. The problems are put on paper in a suggestion box and are discussed on a Saturday, then

filed and action taken. For eg: A problem with the parking facilities of the employees were taken care

of by this means.

The budget for this endeavour comes under the welfare scheme and comes to an average of Rs.

60,000 per month.

The below mentioned employee engagement activities have been in existence for the past 1 year or

more. With the exception of the weekly magazine – The Ladder ( which consists of information

about the weekly fun events, those employees who have reached their targets, the “newbies” in Big

bazaar, the birthdates of the employees for the week, success stories) which has been in existence

since January 2010.

In the case of Food Bazaar, by means of this calculation the HR department has employed 16

personnel to man its floor space. Due to problems with absenteeism, the HR department has foreseen

this and has a policy of maintaining a buffer of 15% .Therefore they ideally should have a manpower

capacity of about 80 to 85% per day. But, they have been able to manage with 70 to 80% attendance.

The employees are allowed to have their days off only during the weekdays.

Fig 1.2. Organizational Structure Hierarchy of Operation Department

Fig 1.3. Personnel Information-Support System (Legend:1) B-Band 2) A,B,C,D,E: sub-division 3)

(number)= number of personnel

Fig 1.4. Flow of decision making – For all verticals ( Operations and Support)

In all companies that are hierarchical in nature, the decision making flows as per the channel

illustrated above in Fig.4

CHAPTER II

OBJECTIVES, SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

2.1. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY:

The study is undertaken with the following objectives.

2.1.1. PRIMARY OBJECTIVE:

To find the attrition rate for the current year at BIG BAZAAR, Bangalore.

To ascertain the various reasons responsible for the attrition of staffs.

2.1.2 SECONDARY OBJECTIVES:

To bring out the strategies to retain manpower in the store.

To attract more number of new employees and find ways to sustain them in the company.

2.2. SCOPE OF THE STUDY:

To find the attrition rate for the current year and find the main reason for attrition in Big

Bazaar, Bangalore. To check the level of satisfaction and communication among Big Bazaar staff and

provide suggestions for improving employee retention.

2.3. LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY:

The research had several limitations in the data collection phase since left employees were taken as

the population for the study.

Since the questionnaire involved the collection of responses from the assistant department managers

and leaders on the reasons of their subordinates exit, the reliability of this research was less as it

proved to be a perspective of secondary data.

Some of the team leaders feared giving responses pertaining to career growth, as they felt that their

information might reach their superiors. However on promising their confidentiality of their views

and responses, open and candid opinions poured up.

Some of the respondents felt difficult in comprehending the questionnaire especially those related to

ordinal scale, which involved ranking factors as per the importance. Thereby, it had to be reworked

upon which time was consuming.

As the figures and data of attrition, given by the company involved staff transfers within the internal

departments, the list had to be re-checked and worked with the store HR.

Since the HR manger of one of the branches had just five months experience, he had difficulty in

collecting the past records viz. as the headcount of various departments in different months.

CHAPTER-3

3.1. NEED FOR THE STUDY:

One of the major problems of the retail industry as well as for this company is the growing attrition.

This research project has arisen as a consequence of growing concern within the company regarding

manpower retention and turnover. This research was mainly focused on the three major centers of

Bangalore were attrition was of a greater concern with respect to the employee management process.

The topic is not new in the retail area as well as in the other industries today. However, there is a real

need to conduct this research in the organization because attrition among the floor staffs is acute in

the plant. Our research focuses on identifying the various factors contributing to attrition so that

attention can be given them. Since the industry requires the need of staffs viz. salesmen, cashiers,

marketers, maintenance personnel, etc. and since the organization is undergoing expansion, the need

for stabilizing the manpower is quite high and consequently the need for a research in this area is

even higher.

3.2. THEORETICAL ASPECTS OF THE TOPIC

Costs

When accounting for the costs (both real costs, such as time taken to select and recruit a replacement,

and also opportunity costs, such as lost productivity), the cost of employee turnover to for-profit

organizations has been estimated to be up to 150% of the employees' remuneration package. There

are both direct and indirect costs. Direct costs relate to the leaving costs, replacement costs and

transitions costs, and indirect costs relate to the loss of production, reduced performance levels,

unnecessary overtime and low morale.

Internal vs. external turnover

Like recruitment, turnover can be classified as 'internal' or 'external'.[3] Internal turnover involves

employees leaving their current positions and taking new positions within the same organization.

Both positive (such as increased morale from the change of task and supervisor) and negative (such

as project/relational disruption, or the Peter Principle) effects of internal turnover exist, and therefore,

it may be equally important to monitor this form of turnover as it is to monitor its external

counterpart. Internal turnover might be moderated and controlled by typical HR mechanisms, such as

an internal recruitment policy or formal succession planning.

Skilled vs. unskilled employees

Unskilled positions often have high turnover, and employees can generally be replaced without the

organization or business incurring any loss of performance. The ease of replacing these employees

provides little incentive to employers to offer generous employment contracts; conversely, contracts

may strongly favour the employer and lead to increased turnover as employees seek, and eventually

find, more favorable employment.

However, high turnover rates of skilled professionals can pose as a risk to the business or

organization, due to the human capital (such as skills, training, and knowledge) lost. Notably, given

the natural specialization of skilled professionals, these employees are likely to be re-employed

within the same industry by a competitor.[citation needed] Therefore, turnover of these individuals

incurs both replacement costs to the organization, as well as resulting in a competitive disadvantage

to the business.

Voluntary vs. involuntary turnover

Practitioners can differentiate between instances of voluntary turnover, initiated at the choice of the

employee, and those involuntary instances where the employee has no choice in their termination

(such as long term sickness, death, moving overseas, or employer-initiated termination).

Typically, the characteristics of employees who engage in involuntary turnover are no different from

job stayers. However, voluntary turnover can be predicted (and in turn, controlled) by the construct

of turnover intent.

Causes of high or low turnover

High turnover often means that employees are unhappy with the work or compensation, but it can

also indicate unsafe or unhealthy conditions, or that too few employees give satisfactory performance

(due to unrealistic expectations or poor candidate screening). The lack of career opportunities and

challenges, dissatisfaction with the job-scope or conflict with the management has been cited as

predictors of high turnover.

Low turnover indicates that none of the above is true: employees are satisfied, healthy and safe, and

their performance is satisfactory to the employer. However, the predictors of low turnover may

sometimes differ than those of high turnover. Aside from the fore-mentioned career opportunities,

salary, corporate culture, management's recognition, and a comfortable workplace seem to impact

employees' decision to stay with their employer.

3.3 REVIEW OF LITERATURE:

1) John Cordery (2006), Strategies for Improving Employee Retention.

Abstract: This report stated that the increasing difficulties in retaining skilled, effective workers

amounted to a looming crisis within the industry, and called for the development of effective

workforce retention strategies within the meat processing industry. It says selection should be based

on job embeddedness as given below:

Figure 2.1 Selection based on job embeddedness.

Links: Links refer to the formal or informal connections people have, both on and off the job. The

higher the number of links, the more likely an employee will feel attached to the organization and

community to which they belong, and the less likely it is that they will consider leaving.

Fit: Fit is defined as a person’s perceived compatibility or comfort with an organization and with his

work. The better the fit and the comfort with the community, the higher the likelihood that an

employee will feel attached to his job.

Sacrifice: Sacrifice is defined as the perceived cost of material or psychological benefits that may be

forfeited by leaving one’s job. The more sacrifice has to be made, the more difficult it is for an

employee to break the current links.

2) Allen N.J. & Meyer J.P (1990), ‘The measurement and antecedents of affective, continuance

and normative commitment on the organization’.

Abstract: Allen & Meyer investigated the nature of the link between turnover and the three

components of attitudinal commitment: affective commitment refers to employees’ emotional

attachment to, identification with and involvement in the organization; continuance commitment

refers to commitment base on costs that employees associate with leaving the organization; and

normative commitment refers to employees’ feelings of obligation to remain with the organization.

Put simply, employees with strong affective commitment stay with an organization because they

want, those with strong continuance commitment stay because they need to, and those with strong

normative commitment stay because they feel they ought to. Allen and Meyer’s study indicated that

all three components of commitment were a negative indicator of turnover. In general, most research

has found affective commitment to be the most decisive variable linked to turnover.

3) Tang T.L.P., Kim J. W. & Tang D.S.H (2000), ‘Does attitude toward money moderate the

relationship between intrinsic job satisfaction and voluntary turnover?’

Abstract: The examined the relationship between attitudes towards money, intrinsic job satisfaction

and voluntary turnover. One of the main findings of this study is that voluntary turnover is high

among employees who value money (high money ethic endorsement), regardless of their intrinsic job

satisfaction. However, those who do not value money highly but who have also have low intrinsic job

satisfaction tended to have the lowest actual turnover. Furthermore, employees with high intrinsic job

satisfaction and who put a low value on money also had significantly higher turnover than this

second group. The researchers also found that placing a high value of money predicted actual

turnover but that withdrawal cognitions (i.e. thinking about leaving) did not.

4) Chang E (1999), ‘Career commitment as a complex moderator of organizational

commitment and turnover intention’

Abstract: Chang examined the relationship between career commitment, organizational commitment

and turnover intention among Korean researchers and found that the role of career commitment was

stronger in predicting turnover intentions. When individuals are committed to the organisation they

are less willing to leave the company. This was found to be stronger for those highly committed to

their careers. The author also found that employees with low career and organisational commitment

had the highest turnover intentions because they did not care either about the company or their

current careers.

Individuals with high career commitment and low organisational commitment also tend to leave

because they do not believe that the organisation can satisfy their career needs or goals. This is

consistent with previous research that high career committers consider leaving the company if

development opportunities are not provided by the organisation. However, this group is not apt to

leave and is likely to contribute to the company if their organisational commitment is increased.

Chang found that individuals become affectively committed to the organisation when they perceive

that the organisation is pursuing internal promotion opportunities, providing proper training and that

supervisors do a good job in providing information and advice about careers.

5) Morrell K.M., Loan-Clarke J. & Wilkinson J (2004), ‘Organizational change and employee

turnover’

Abstract: Lee & Mitchell’s ‘unfolding model’ of employee turnover represented a significant

departure from the previous labour market- and psychological-oriented turnover literature. This

model is based on the premise that people leave organisations in very different ways and it outlines

four decision pathways describing different kinds of decisions to quit. A notable feature of the

unfolding model is its emphasis on an event or ‘shock’ (positive or negative) that prompts some

decisions to quit.

Morrell et al tested the unfolding model by studying the voluntary turnover of nurses in the UK.

Their findings indicated that shocks play a role in many cases where people decide to leave.

Furthermore, they found that shocks not only prompted initial thoughts about quitting but also

typically had a substantial influence over the final leaving decision. They also noted that decisions to

quit prompted by a shock are typically more avoidable. The authors suggest that their research

illustrates the importance for managers of understanding avoidability i.e. the extent to which turnover

decisions can be prevented.

6) Martin C. (2003) ‘Explaining labour turnover: Empirical evidence from UK establishments’

Abstract: Martin (2003) looked at the effect of unions on labour turnover and found clear evidence

that unionism is associated with lower turnover. He suggested that lower turnover is a result of the

ability of unions to secure better working conditions thus increasing the attractiveness for workers of

staying in their current job. According to Martin, the relationship between lower turnover and

unionisation has been well established by researchers using both industry-level and individual data.

7) Kirshenbaum A. & Weisberg J. (2002), ‘Employee’s turnover intentions and job destination

choices’

Abstract: This study of 477 employees in 15 firms examined employees’ job destination choices as

part of the turnover process. One of their main findings was that co-workers’ intentions have a major

significant impact on all destination options - the more positive the perception of their co-workers

desire to leave, the more employees themselves wanted to leave. The researchers suggest that a

feeling about co-workers’ intentions to change jobs or workplace acts as a form of social pressure or

justification on the employee to make a move.

8) IDS (2000), Improving staff retention

Abstract: A step towards understanding turnover within an organisation is to determine whether

retention difficulties are caused by internal or external factors. While the role of labour market

conditions in causing turnover may preclude the use of targeted human resource strategies, this

information may be useful in analysing to what extent turnover is due to outside factors. However,

although tight labour markets affect an employer’s ability to attract and retain staff, looking outwards

at the local labour market cannot be a substitute for understanding what is going on within the

organization.

9) Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development (2004), Fact sheet on employee turnover

and retention.

Abstract: Where new employees leave after a short period in the job, poor recruitment and selection

decisions both on the part of the employer and employee are usually the cause, along with poorly

designed or non-existent induction programs (CIPD, 2004). If expectations are raised too high during

the recruitment process this can result in people accepting jobs for which they may be unsuited.

Organizations often do this to ensure that they fill their vacancies with sufficient numbers of well-

qualified people as quickly as possible. However, this can be counterproductive over the longer-term,

as it can lead to costly avoidable turnover and to the development of a poor reputation in local labour

markets. The CIPD (2004) suggests that employers give employees a realistic job preview at the

recruitment stage and take care not to raise expectations. It may also be useful to invite applicants to

work a shift before committing themselves.

10) Miles M. Finney & Janet E. Kohlhase (2008), The effect of urbanization on labor turnover.

Abstract: The paper empirically examines labor market matching as a source of urban agglomeration

economies. We work from the hypothesis that job turnover leads to tighter labor matches and

estimate the relationship between urbanization and the job mobility of young men. Using a panel

from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, we find evidence that young men change jobs more

frequently in their early career if they live in larger or in more educated urban areas. The sensitivity

of the results to whether the young men were “movers” or “stayers” suggests the possible

endogeneity of location.

11) Tae Heon Lee et al(2008), Understanding Voluntary Turnover: Path-Specific Job

Satisfaction Effects And The Importance Of Unsolicited Job Offers.

Abstract: In response to traditional approaches’ limited success in explaining voluntary turnover, we

explored a paradigmatic shift in turnover research. Using a large national sample, we found we could

more successfully model voluntary turnover by recognizing that job (dis)satisfaction and ease of

movement importance depend on the group of leavers being studied. For example, ongoing job

satisfaction had smaller effects for turnover driven by certain shocks (unsolicited job offers and

family-related reasons), which accounted for 40 percent of all quits. Moreover, the prevalence of

unsolicited job offers may necessitate rethinking the role of ease of movement in turnover decisions.

12) B. Ramaseshan (1998), Retail employee turnover: Effects of realistic job information and

interviewer affect.

Abstract

In contrast to the majority of studies relating to employee turnover reported in the marketing

literature in general and retailing in particular, which have essentially been from the point of view of

the organization selecting a person for a retail position, this study is an attempt to understand retail

employee turnover from the perspective of an individual applicant selecting an organization. The

study is aimed at providing insights into the effects that realistic job information and interviewer

credibility may have on the retail firm's capacity to retain its employees. The important conclusion

suggested by this study is that accurate, relevant and detailed job information play a significant role

in reducing retail employees' decision to leave the job. The findings of the study also suggest that

general interviewer affect by itself does not contribute to reducing retail employees' decision to quit

the job. Implications for retail management would seem to be that greater attention must be given to

providing realistic information concerning the retail job to potential recruits, rather than attempting to

gloss over the less attractive attributes of the employment. If this is done, good recruits might be less

likely to leave, and those who should not have been attracted to the position in the first place, will be

less likely to be appointed.

CHAPTER-4

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

4.1 RESEARCH DESIGN:

The research design used in this project is the descriptive research design.

4.1.1 METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION:

The data collected is divided into two namely primary data and secondary data. The method and

mode used for collecting these data are explained below.

PRIMARY DATA:

The primary data collection is the gathering of responses from the staffs which was done by

direct survey with the help of questionnaire.

SECONDARY DATA:

The secondary data is the information collected from the company’s official web sites, books and HR

portals for the project work.

4.2 RESEARCH INSTRUMENT:

The research instrument used for collecting the data is questionnaire.

Questionnaire:

The Questionnaire is prepared in an organized and thorough manner and reframed accordingly after

considering all the required aspects of the attrition analysis, using last year’s data. The scale ranges

from a score of 1 for ‘Strongly Agree’ to a score of 5 for ‘Strongly Disagree’.

Parameters Used For The Survey

The factors which were taken into consideration for the attrition analysis survey are as follows;

Employee morale

Career growth

Work Environment

Communication

Company Policies

Training

Communication

Overall satisfaction of the company

4.3. SAMPLING DESIGN:

4. 3.1 Population:

Population taken for the study is the Assistant Department Managers (ADM)s and team leaders of

Big Bazaar.

4.3.2 Sample Size:

Since the company required responses from all the ADMs and team leaders, the sample size for

individual branches were as follows;

Big Bazaar (Abids) - 30

Big Bazaar (Kachiguda) -10

Big Bazaar (Ameerpet) - 10

4.4 STATISTICAL TOOLS USED FOR ANALYSIS:

After data collection, statistical tools are used for analyzing the data and results are obtained. From

the obtained results, findings and suggestions can be done. The statistical tools used in this project for

analysis are:

SPSS (Simple Percentage Analysis).

MS-Excel.

CHAPTER-5

5.1 ANALYSIS AND INFERENCES:

5.1.1) Preliminary Analysis

The preliminary analysis comprises of analysis of attrition from secondary data which was obtained

from the SAP database, which was then classified based on three factors:

1. Last 3 months attrition analysis(Dec’09 to Feb’10)- an indicator of infant attrition, a predictor of

improper implementation of recruitment practises and maybe external factors such as improvement

of job market after the recessionary effects

2. Last six months attrition analysis(Aug’09 to Feb’10) was done as per company requirements

3. Yearlong attrition analysis( Jan’09 to Feb’10) was done to get an overall perspective of the trend in

attrition rates per month.

Attrition formula:

4.2 ATTRITION RATE ANALYSIS

Attrition rate = ((number of people left*100)/(number of employees currently

present+newly joined))/100

5.1.1Attrition Rate Analysis In Abids:

Table 5.1.1: Attrition Rate in Big Bazaar – Abids Unit

Chart 5.1.1: Attrition Analysis in Big Bazaar – Abids Unit

Inference:

From the above calculation we have determined that the current monthly attrition rate is 4. 32%, this

amounts to approximately 50% annually.

5.1.2Attrition Rate Analysis In Kachiguda:

Table 5.1.2: Monthly Attrition rate analyis at Big Bazaar at the Kachiguda unit

Chart 5.1.2: Monthly Attrition analysis at Big Bazaar at the Kachiguda unit

Inference:

From the above calculation we have determined that the current monthly attrition rate is 8.02%, this

amount to approximately 96% annually. This is very high for the retail sector and thus the study is

conducted. This validates the need for the study.

5.1.3Attrition Rate Analysis In Ameerpet:

Table 5.1.3: Monthly Attrition Analyses -Ameerpet

Chart5.1.3: Monthly Attrition Analyses -Ameerpet

Inference:

Th attrition rate for Ameerpet unit is 5.48% . From the trend we can see that attrition is on a decline.

But this is inconclusive as more data from ensuing months are required.Since this store was

inaugrated only in June the dat from August is furnished above.

5.2 Detailed Analysis:

The in-depth analysis of attrition was done by means of questionnaire and interview.The factors

featuring the questionnaire are based on the ASA ( Attraction-Selection-Attrition) Matrix.The

following are the results of the questionnaire.

Conceptual Framework:

The sample population of Big Bazaar were given the questionnaire; they were then required to fill it

after due consideration from their sub-ordinates and according to their experience in the matter

regarding attrition. ASA (Attraction-Selection-Attrition) framework, Statement: ‘attributes of people,

not the nature of external environment, or organizational technology, or organizational structure, are

the fundamental determinants of organizational behaviour’ (Schneider, 1987).

Thus the questionnaire was framed to include such parameters such as employee morale, career

growth, work environment, communication, company policies, training and compensation. The above

mentioned factors were framed in the 5 point interval scale. According to literature review “People

leave the organization because of their superiors/supervisors and not the organization”, therefore we

have included in our study the managerial aspects that influence a person from leaving the

organization.

Employee satisfaction:

Ho: The employees are not satisfied with the organization.

Ha: The employees are satisfied with the organization.

a. t cannot be computed because the standard deviation is 0.

N MeanStd. Deviation

Std. Error Mean

Employee satisfaction in Big Bazaar-

Abids

30 2.8600 .78272 .11069

Employee satisfaction in Big Bazaar-

Kachiguda

10 1.9412 .55572 .13478

Employee satisfaction in Big bazaar-

Ameerpet

10 3.0000 .00000a .00000

Table 5.2.1: One-Sample Test

Test Value = 3

95% Confidence Interval of the Difference

t dfSig. (2-tailed)

Mean Difference Lower Upper

Employee satisfaction in Big Bazaar – Abids

-1.265

49 .212 -.14000 -.3624 .0824

Employee satisfaction in Big Bazaar- Kachiguda

-7.856

16 .000 -1.05882 -1.3445 -.7731

Table 5.2.1: One-Sample Test

Inference:

From the above data, it is inferred that the significant value of Abids branch is lesser than 0.05, so

null hypothesis is substantiated. Thus, this factor could be of major concern and could impact the

attrition in greater terms.

5.3: Percentage Analysis of Employee Attrition across critical UnitsQuestion 1:

Table 5.3: Percentage Analysis of Employee Attrition across critical Units

“In general they are satisfied with the organization”

Chart 5.3: Percentage Analysis of Employee Attrition across critical Units

Inference:

From the graph we see that 44% of the respondents in Abids have a neutral response to the

statement. Whereas it is 100% in Ameerpet.

5.3.1: Do you feel that your sub-ordinates are a valued part of the office?

Frequency Percent

Valid Percent Cumulative Percent

Valid strongly agree

12 24 24 24

agree 31 62 62 86neutral 6 12 12 98disagree 1 2 2 100Total 50 100 100

INFERENCE:

From the total respondents 62% of respondents agreed that there sub-ordinates are a valued

part of the office, 24% strongly agree to this, 12% are neutral and don’t have an idea and the remaining

2% disagree that there sub-ordinates are a valued part of the office.

5.3.2:Do you feel that your sub-ordinates are respected and fairly treated in the organization

Frequency Percent


Valid

strongly agree

10 20 20 20

Agree 30 60 60 80Neutral 9 18 18 98Disagree 1 2 2 100Total 50 100 100

INFERENCE:

From the total respondents 60% respondents agree that there sub-ordinates are respected and fairly

treated in the organization 20% strongly agree to this 18% are neutral and don’t have an idea and

the remaining 2% are disagree that there sub- ordinates are respected and fairly treated in the

organization.

INFERENCE:

From the total respondents 52% of the respondents are neutral that they are not having any idea

about morale, and 38% are agree that Morale in the office is high and 8% are strongly agree for

that and 2% are disagree for that.

5.3.3Morale in the office is high

Frequency Percent


Valid

strongly agree

4 8 8 8


5.3.4: Do they have career goals and future prospects?

Frequency Percent


Valid

strongly agree

8 16 16 16

Agree 26 52 52 68neutral 8 16 16 84disagree 8 16 16 100Total 50 100 100

INFERENCE:

From the total respondents 52% are agree that they have career goals and future prospects

and 16% are strongly agree for that and 16% are neutral and 16% are disagree for that.

5.3.5: DO they know how their job fits into larger picture of the organization?

Frequency Percent


Valid

strongly agree

4 8 8 8

Agree 27 54 54 62Neutral 15 30 30 92disagree 4 8 8 100Total 50 100 100

INFERENCE:

From the total respondents 54% of the respondents are agree that they know how their job

fits into larger picture of the organization and 30% are neutral and 8% are strongly for that and 8%

are disagree for that.

5.3.6: Do they have a clear understanding of how their job performance is measured?

Frequency Percent Valid Percent

Cumulative Percent

Valid

strongly agree

4 8 8 8

agree 28 56 56 64neutral 13 26 26 90disagree 5 10 10 100Total 50 100 100

INFERENCE:

From the total respondents 56% of respondents are agree that they have a clear

understanding of how their job performance is measured 26% are neutral and 10% are disagree for

that and 8% are strongly agree for that.

5.3.7: Do they know how exactly of what is being expected out of them?

Frequency Percent


Valid

strongly agree

5 10 10 10

agree 27 54 54 64neutral 16 32 32 96disagree 1 2 2 98strongly disagree

1 2 2 100

Total 50 100 100

INFERENCE:

From the total respondents 54% of respondents are agree that they know how exactly of what

is being expected out of them and 32% are neutral and 10% are strongly for that and 2% are

disagree and 2% are disagree.

5.3.8: The organization accommodates their personal needs.

Frequency Percent



7 14 14 14


4 8 8 100

Total 50 100 100

INFERENCE

From the total respondents 32% of respondents are agree that The organization

accommodates their personal needs and 30% are neutral and 16% are disagree for that and 14%

are strongly agree for that and 8% are strongly disagree for that.

5.3.9:The work environment in the store is friendly

Frequency Percent


Valid

strongly agree

14 28 28 28


INFERENCE

From the total respondents 54% of the respondents are agree that The work environment in

the store is friendly and 28% are strongly agree and 14% are neutral for that and 4% are disagree for

that

5.3.10Do they have a positive relationship with their supervisor

Frequency Percent



15 30 30 30

Agree 26 52 52 82Neutral 8 16 16 98disagree 1 2 2 100Total 50 100 100

INFERENCE

From the total respondents 52% of the respondents are agree that they have a positive

relationship with their supervisor and 30% are strongly agree for that and 16% are neutral and 2%

are disagree for that

5.3.11:There is a spirit of co-operation among staffs

Frequency Percent


Valid

strongly agree

8 16 16 16

Agree 34 68 68 84Neutral 7 14 14 98Disagree

1 2 2 100

Total 50 100 100

INFERENCE:

From the total respondents 68% of the respondents are agree that There is a

spirit of co-operation among staffs and 16% are strongly agree and 14% are neutral

and 2% are disagree for that.

5.3.12:The workload and work targets are reasonable

Frequency Percent

Valid Percent

Cumulative Percent


4 8 8 8


4 8 8 100

Total 50 100 100

INFERENCE:

From the total respondents 42% of the respondents are agree that The workload and work

targets are reasonable and 26% are neutral and 16% are disagree for that and 8% are strongly

agree for that and 8% are strongly disagree for that.

5.3.13:The workload is distributed fairly

Frequency Percent

Valid Percent

Cumulative Percent


5 10 10 10


INFERENCE:

From the total respondents 62% of the respondents are agree that The workload is distributed

fairly and 20% are neutral and 10% are strongly agree for that and 8% are disagree for that.

5.3.14:The sub-ordinates feel that the work timings are flexible

Frequency Percent

Valid Percent

Cumulative Percent

Valid strongly agre

e

5 10 10 10

agree 11 22 22 32

neutral 11 22 22 54

disagree 18 36 36 90

strongly disagree

5 10 10 100

Total 50 100 100

INFERENCE:

From the total respondents 36% of respondents are disagreed that there sub-ordinates feel that the

work timings are flexible and 22% are agree for that and 22% are neutral and 10% are strongly agree

for that and 10% are strongly disagree for that.

5.3.15: Do you think attrition is influenced by their difficulty in adapting to the organization?

Frequency Percent

Valid Percent

Cumulative Percent

Valid yes 20 40 40 40

no 20 40 40 80

can't say

10 20 20 100

Total 50 100 100

INFERENCE:

From the total respondents 40% of the respondents are say YES that the attrition is influenced by

their difficulty in adapting to the organization and remaining 40% said no for that and 20% of

respondents are can’t say anything.

5.3.16:Communication amongst the staff and the floor manager in this store is effective

Frequency Percent



15 30 30 30

agree 28 56 56 86

neutral 7 14 14 100Total 50 100 100

INFERENCE:

From the total respondents 56% of the respondents’ agree that Communication amongst the

staff and the floor manager in this store is effective and 30% are strongly for that and 14% are neutral.

5.3.17: The policies in the company are clearly articulated to the staffs.

Frequency Percent



7 14 14 14

agree 18 36 36 50neutral 19 38 38 88

disagree 6 12 12 100Total 50 100 100

INFERENCE:

From the total respondents 38% of respondents are neutral they can’t say anything about The

policies in the company are clearly articulated to the staffs and 36% are agree for that and 14% are

strongly agree for that and 12% disagree for that

5.3.18: The office has policies supportive to the staff

Frequency Percent


Valid

strongly agree

5 10 10 10

agree 24 48 48 58

neutral 17 34 34 92disagree 3 6 6 98strongly disagree

1 2 2 100

Total 50 100 100

INFERENCE:

From the total respondents 48% of the respondents are agree that the office has

policies supportive to the staff and 34% are neutral and 10% are strongly agree for that 6%

are disagree for that 2% are strongly disagree for that.

5.3.19:The sub-ordinates received a thorough orientation about their job and office when they joined

Frequency Percent


Valid

strongly agree

10 20 20 20

agree 22 44 44 64neutral 15 30 30 94

disagree 2 4 4 98strongly disagree

1 2 2 100

Total 50 100 100

INFERENCE:

From the total respondents 44% of the respondents are agree that there sub-ordinates received

a thorough orientation about their job and office when they joined and 30% are neutral on that and 20%

are strongly agree for that and 4% are disagree for that and 2% are strongly disagree for that.

5.3.20:The training programs were effective in improving their productivity

Frequency Percent



12 24.0 24.0 24.0

Agree 22 44.0 44.0 68.0neutral 13 26.0 26.0 94.0

disagree 2 4.0 4.0 98.0

strongly disagree

1 2.0 2.0 100.0

Total 50 100.0 100.0

INFERENCE:

From the total respondents 44% of the respondents are agree that the training programs were

effective in improving their productivity and 26% are neutral on that and 24% are strongly agree for

that 4% are disagree for that and 2% are strongly disagree for that.

5.3.21:The compensation paid to me is fair when compared to the companies in the same industry

Frequency Percent


Valid

strongly agree

2 4 4 4

agree 13 26 26 30neutral 15 30 30 60disagree 14 28 28 88

strongly disagree

6 12 12 100

Total 50 100 100

INFERENCE:

From the total respondents 30% of the respondents are neutral on the compensation paid to

me is fair when compared to the companies in the same industry and 28% of are disagree for that and

26% are agree for that and 12% are strongly disagree that and 4% are strongly disagree for that.

5.3.22:In general, they are satisfied with the organization

Frequency Percent


Valid

strongly agree

1 2 2 2

agree 16 32 32 34neutral 22 44 44 78disagree 11 22 22 100

Total 50 100 100

INFERENCE:

From the total respondents 44% of the respondents are neutral in general, they are satisfied

with the organization and 33% are agree for that and 22% are disagree for that and 2% are strongly

agree for that.

5.3: Major Reasons for Attrition-Freidman’s Test:

By means of Friedman’s test we have determined the top 5 reasons for attrition and the following are

the results of this test. The top reason cited for attrition has been selected as the independent variable

for the study.

Reasons for attrition Friedman’s test

result

Better opportunity 2.78

Marriage 6.34

Long working hours 3.05

Less salary 1.85

Sickness 6.34

Company policies 6.37

Work pressure 3.95

Leave 5.32

Table 4.4.1: Reasons for attrition using Freidman’s Test

Inference:

From the Freidman’s ranking method, the top 5 reasons for employees leaving the company, as

per the order are;

1. Less salary

2. Better opportunity outside

3. Long working hours

4. Work pressure and

5. Leave

It is also critically important to recognize that, when employees indicate the intention to leave, they

generally do - this means that attrition can be predicted through survey measurement, which gives

employers an important "window of opportunity" to foresee and address talent loss within specific

departments so as to change the environment that is causing employees to leave.

CHAPTER-6

6) FINDINGS AND SUGGESTIONS:

FINDINGS:

Abids branch:

The attrition rate was high in the Abids branch in the month of January. It was at this month when a

new HR executive was appointed. And his adaptation to the Retail HR practices might have taken

time for which the next few months have witnessed higher percentage of employees exiting the

company continuously.

The attrition rate for the year is 4.32%. In general, the staffs selected for job roles viz. salespersons,

cashiers, beauticians, Insurance marketing personnel, maintenance personnel require a PUC

graduation or lesser, their job nature is very common and they may keep switching their job roles

when they need as per their need for change to a different job role. So, they have a lot of options and

opportunities to choose within and outside the industry. So, it was found that in this store staffs had

work experience of a completely different job role in the past and therefore they do not mind shifting

to a different one as wider options exist.

Kachiguda Branch

The attrition rate was high in Kachiguda branch in the month of June and it is also seen that the rate

is intermittently higher in the next few months. The reason may be due to the additional burden of

controlling and maintaining two branches of Big Bazaar by a single HR executive(other unit being

that of Ameerpet).

The attrition rate for the year is 8.02%, and is relatively higher than the other two branches. This rate

is a huge figure when it comes to the retail industry. One of the major reasons for this high rate in this

branch, as gathered by an interview with the store manager suggests that this store is located in the

heart of Bangalore, and therefore wider opportunities are available within this area with better

compensation. Therefore staffs quit their jobs from the store and move towards neighboring malls

within the vicinity.

Ameerpet branch

The attrition rate was high in the month of November, which is higher than any of the other following

months. The reason as collected from the interview with the store manager suggests that few staffs

were terminated due to disciplinary and integrity issues at this month.

The attrition rate for the year is 5.48%. One major reason for employees leaving, with regards to

Ameerpet store is its location. This store is located few miles away from the main city and is

currently emerging as a developing city, where high class customers reside. This location becomes a

major concern for travel especially when returning after their work hours (store closes at 10 p.m)

specifically to the female staffs.

RESPONSES GATHERED THROUGH QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS-(Interview method)

The qualitative analysis was also conducted in our project so as to complement the

research and get deeper and thorough insights over additional unknown factors which may not have

been addressed in the questionnaire or those which may not have been answered in the questionnaire

due to fear that existed amongst the floor staffs who perceived questionnaires to be an opinion form

from the HR department. But the interview with group of team members, store managers and team

leaders scrutinized few reasons specific to the store which would thereby help the HR executives to

sort them out in the near future. Since most of the factors seemed to be common, all of them have

been clustered and presented below;

Issues for the attrition of floor staffs:

1. Indisciplinary attitudes of some of the staffs had to be dealt with severely which directly impacted the

attrition rate of the store.

2. No due recognition given, low salary, better prospects outside, integrity issues, high work pressure

and timings

3. Most of the employees are not goal oriented

4. With respect to training, focus has to be given over the product knowledge especially for the food

bazaar staffs.

5. Overload of offers confuse the team functioning

6. Employees feel that the training programs have to be more consistent. Computer training pertaining

to retail sector may be provided. Communication trainings and various programs have to be

introduced

7. Manpower handling ‘print and production’ not enough as other inter departmental activities like sales

also done by VM.

8. Performance appraisal should be done fairly and carried out once in three month.

9. The superiors listen others words about their subordinates progress, rather monitoring their

performance.

10. Very importantly, there is red tapism and bias. Favoritism influences the promotion policies of staffs.

11. Staffs from the food bazaar-staples feel heavy work .The department requires homilies (separate

staffs for carriage of goods) to be employed.

12. With regards to Compensation, employees feel newly employed staffs are paid more than the existing

on

Issues for the attrition of managerial staffs:

13. Timings and lack of sufficient time is not available for their personal lives.

14. Core values of the company such as “respect and humility” are not followed properly.

15. Staffs feel that they do not receive equal treatment.

16. Implementations of plans do not occur as planned.

17. Some members want more number of part time employees to be employed.

6) RECOMMENDATIONS:

Retention strategy:

Post-recruitment:

After recruitment it is necessary that the new joinee feels calm and comfortable with his new role.

The initial stages of the employee in the job are a tougher phase and they must be treated properly

and in a friendly manner to avoid their exit. As per the analysis, a significant portion of respondents

have responded that the attrition is also caused due to the difficulty in adapting to the organizations

after joining.

20%

40%

40%

Chart 6.1: Attrition influenced by difficulty in adapting to organization

Welcome Wagon

Before they even have their first day on the job HR manager may send them a welcome basket or a

card signed by the entire team they will be working with. This will go a long way in making them

look forward to meeting everyone. It may also have one of the team members give them a call to

welcome them on board.

Assign them a Mentor

Mentoring is one low cost means of transferring skills, knowledge, culture and vision.In this

program, an experienced staff(acting as a mentor)could be assigned

to every new joinees joining the company. This would help the employees to get easily adapted to the

organization and learning the job role quickly and practically. This would also enhance their career

development and emotional attachment to the organization.

Advertise

Post a picture of the new employee in the lunchroom or common area with some fun facts about their

likes, hobbies, and family. This can act as a great discussion starter. “You like the movie Ishtar? I

thought I was the only one, let’s grab lunch!”

Inform the team.

Make sure everyone on the team knows the day that your new hire arrives. Give specific instructions

on how you want the new hire to be welcomed.

Have a performance review after the first 30 days.

This will help still the insecurity of “I wonder how I’m doing?” that most new employees feel. A

performance review after one month will also let you find out how they are adjusting and expose any

needs that might need to be met.

They say you only have one chance to make a first impression. Take the extra time to make your new

hire feel pulled in and part of the team.

Other strategies:

Training programmes:

Because employees involved in ongoing training feel that their employer

is interested in them doing a better job and cares enough about them to

make an investment in their development, a direct link exists between

training and employee retention. The training programs in all the three stores have received positive

responses with respect to its effectiveness in improving productivity. But the company may develop

cross-functional training programs which could break the silos in the work environment. Nothing will

de-motivate an employee more than doing the same thing every single day. Apart from these, the

store managers suggest that employees have to be trained and updated on product

knowledge(specially for food bazaar and electronics department staffs). This also is a HUGE

advantage to your organization if you start to have

Turn-over.

Good monetary package:

Compensation is the top ranked reason for employees leaving the job. Loss of human capital, lower

productivity and dismal performance levels are the negative consequences of high turnover. An

increase in compensation package according to impact on profit, experience and in relation with other

formats of Future Retail India limited could be done so that we can attract and retain employees.

Work-life

The analysis states that “long working hours” and “denial of leave” has a greater impact on attrition,

as the work-life is not balanced. The organization may arrange for shifts and split the workers into

general shift and second shift. As the store has a practice of recruiting part time staffs, they may be

allowed to work during the last 3-4 hours of the day and on week-ends.

Autonomy: Giving employees responsible tasks, while giving them the freedom to work in their own

style and motivates them to stay on. As per a planned schedule, a team member may act as the leader

of the day once in a week.

7) CONCLUSION

From our detailed analysis, the attrition rate was determined to be (4.3%, 8%, 5.48%) respectively.

From our analysis we have determined the current average attrition rate to be 5.5% per month. The

major reasons responsible for attrition were – less salary (when compared with the market standards),

better opportunity elsewhere in the market place, long working hours, work pressure in various

departments and stringent leave policies. Some of the primary data collected through interviews with

the store managers of individual units revealed information such as termination due to integrity

issues, in-disciplinary attitude of staffs, harassment issues.

REFERENCES:BOOKS:Uma Sekaran, Research methods for business, (4th edition; New Delhi;

Wiley publications)R.Nandagopal et.al., Research methods in business, ( 1st edition; New Delhi;

excel books)Charles R. Greer, Strategic Human Resource Management, ( 2nd edition; New Delhi;

Pearson education)V S P Rao, Human Resource Management, (2nd edition; New Delhi; Excel books)

ARTICLES:Aylin and Webber, Turnover, retention, and the employment relationship of the future.

Team Development, vol. 7, pp. 161-171.Jonathan winterton, a conceptual model of labour turnover

and retention, human resource development international 7:3 (2004), pp. 371–390Miles M. Finney

and Janet E. Kohlhase, The effect of urbanization on labour turnover, Journal Of Regional Science,

Vol. 48, NO. 2, 2008, pp. 311–328Muhammad sani umar, Non-Work Factors and Labour Turnover

among Female Employees in Kebbi State Civil Service, Bangladesh e-Journal of Sociology. Volume

4, Number 2. July 2007.Smith et al, Labour turnover and management retention strategies,

International journal of Human Resource Management 15:2 March 2004 371-396Tove Helland

Hammer And Ariel Avgar, The Impact of Unions on Job Satisfaction, Organizational Commitment,

and Turnover, Journal of labour research, vol. 26, No. 2, pp. 241-

261.WEBSITES:www.futurebytes.com www.search.ebscohost.com www.citehr.com

http://www.citehr.com/

http://www.search.ebscohost.com/

http://www.futurebytes.com/

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