Auburn Elba

Hanceville Boaz

DG Pugh

Parasite ControlSmall Ruminants & Horses

Health

• Predators • Parasites

759 Small Ruminants 2017

Parasites >99% Dx GoatsParasites or Copper >99% Dx Sheep

• Nutrition is the basis for all health… goats/sheep similar to cows, lamas are cross between sheep and donkey’s

Gastro-intestinal Parasites

• Appetite suppression• Protein loss• Host expenditures

– Tissue repair– Mounting an immune

response

Worms and Germs•Even subclinical parasite infections can supress bovine immunity

Ostertagia ostertagi

•Parasitism can impair an animal’s ability to mount an immune response to infectious agents or vaccination

•It is important to coordinate vaccination and deworming to optimize immunization effortsGasbarre and Stromberg (1994)Topics in Veterinary Medicine, Vol 5, No 1, 4-16

Avoid or try to Minimize• Opportunistic deworming• Endectocide rotation• Sub-optimal nutrition• Pasture contamination & overstocking

• Suppressive deworming – selection for resistance (Meningeal worm prevention)

(Pugh, Hilton, & Mobini, Comp Cont Ed, 1998; Pugh & Navarre, Vet Clin North America, 2001)

How Resistance Happens

Poor Management (Fleming, J Vet Int Med 2006; Howell, JAVMA 2008; Kaplan, Essentials Vet Parasit, 2011; Miller, Pugh, Kaplan, Sheep & Goat Med 2, 2012)

Using cow doses for sheep & sheep doses for goats… !(Conder, Adv Parasit, 1995)

Route of MOX might effect efficacy (90% PO vs 58% SC) (Zarate, WAAVP, 2009)

Topical application on camelids not absorbed to therapeutic concentrations…..designed for cattle (Hunter, Small Ruminant Res, 2004; Hunter, J Vet Pharmacol Ther, 2004; Ballweber, Vet Clin NA, 2009)

Pasture Management Parasites – more animals => more feces

(more parasite eggs => larvae => more parasites)

Need grass to complete life cycle (kinda)HOTC

Haemonchus contortus (#1 with a bullet)

Multi-family ResistanceCraig, Pro West Vet Conf, 1998 (BZD, LEV + - Tx)Craig, Small Rumin Res, 1996 (all but MOX – Tx)

Zajac, Vet Parasitol, 2000 (all but MOX - Va)Mortensen, JAVMA, 2003 (all + MOX in 1/15 – south east)Kaplan, AAVP Proceed, 2005 (all- 1 farm - Arkansas)

Howell, JAVMA, 2008 (48% of all farms had resistance to all but MOX… 17% were resistant to all – 8 SE states)

Haemonchus contortus• Tremendous fecundity – 5000 –6000/eggs/female/day (T Craig – personal communication, 2006)

• Host develop poor immune response-animals

Haemonchus contortus• Transmission in goats is lowest during winter & improved by warmer temp & increasing moisture in spring

• Normal goat PCV is 30% &

Resistance – the ability of an animal to resist GIT parasite infection.

Demonstrated by low FEC and No signs of anemia (high PCV)

Resilience or Tolerance is ability to tolerate infection… moderate (high or low) FEC and no signs of anemia (high PCV)

More of tolerance in goat than resistanceSpanish & Kiko > Boer ( Spanish more than kiko)(Burke 2017)

Resistance to parasitesHeritability of resistance to some nematode

parasites in sheep might be as high as 0.3 to 0.4 (pretty high !!!!) for sheep…..

So….. Selection for resistance can help…a bunch

.Goats- Heritibility may be as high as 0.37(Madonnet, JAS 79:7, 2001)

Goat immune response in goats Goats strategy is ‘avoidance’ as they are browser

SheepSt Croix, GCN, Barbados blackbelly, Katahdin (wide range of

resistance of K’s)

Single lamb ewes are less stressed and have less parasitesTwin lamb ewes have more parasite problems … more

nutrition stress more worms (Burke, 2017)

Intense selection of flock retentionParasite resistance in Kathadins’s 0.18-0.46Parasite resilience or tolerance –FAMACHA -0.06-0.24 (Riley-Van Wyk)

- PCV 0.15-0.39

So……….. Select animals with lower FAMACHA, FEC or PCV (Rams) to breed (Burke, 2017)

Novel Worm Control Strategies in Development

The ram accounts for ~50% of flock genetics.- Perform multiple FEC in spring-summer, cull

highest count males- FAMACHA, cull highest scores

Goats develop low immune response against GI nematodes, compared to sheep

Goats – Kiko, Myotonic, Spanish

Drug Resistance Refugia – The proportion of the population

(Haemonchus) that is not selected by drug treatment

It provides a pool or reservoir of drug-susceptible genes and dilutes the prevalence of resistant genes, and maintains biodiversity within a species

(Martin, Int J Parasit 1981; Van Wyk, Onderstpoort J Vet Res 2001; Sissay, Vet Parasit 2006; Miller, Pugh, Kaplan, Sheep & Goat Med 2, 2012)

Deworming ProgramsTargeted Deworming- Treat only those that need deworming, contribute

the most to pasture contamination- Periparturient animals- Peak Lactation animals- Decrease resistance

Deworming Programs Tactical deworming- Deworm when the potential for parasites is

increasing….- EPG (>1000 EPG in spring and >2000 in fall in

the southern and >500 EPG in northern USA) T Craig, 2006

- 10-14 d post rain - When moving to new pastures

FAMACHAFAMACHA & PCV are negatively correlatedPCV is positively correlated to BCS FAMACHA and FEC

Goats mixed with cows have reduced FEC & FAMACHA scores & increased BCS & PCV.(R Marshall Proceed SU Ag Res Center, 2017)

FAMACHA Application

Example - $1/ tx (goat or sheep ??)

100 doses, 4x/yr = $400

FAMACHA reduced costs by $280and

Prolonged efficacy of de-wormers(Hale & Coffey, 2011)

“Mother worm can’t even differentiate (HOTC complex) eggs”Tom Craig DVM PhD Hero Scholar

Parasitologist of the Highest Order

Haemonchus eggs distinguishable with a Peanut Agglutination (Hillrichs WAAVP 2009 pg 81)

Equine Parasite Control - Colic

Only 3 parasites appear to be associated with colic in horses (Reinemeyer, Vet Clin North Am , 2009)

Strongylus vulgaris – Rare to Extinct (Nielsen , Vet Parasitol 2012; Tarigo-Martinie JAVMA 2001; Kaplan JAVMA 2004; MonahanCompanion & Exotic Animal Parasitology 2000)

Parascaris equorum

Anoplocephala perfoliata

ANTHELMINTIC USE IN HORSES HIGHEST PRIORITY - foals ~3 - 15 months of age; management of Parascaris equorum - pastured juveniles from 6 mos. To3 years of age - mature horses that are high contaminators

Ascarids• Eggs VERY resistant in the

environment

• Can cause physical occlusion impaction in young horses

• Horses develop resistance to this parasite by ~ 2 yrs, seldom a clinical problem after that age

• Benzimidazoles control well

Ascarids in Donkeys

Africa – 803 live donkeys & 112 post mortem donkeys

- high prevalence of P equorum, infection not related to age (51.1% in live donkeys & 55% in postmortem)

(Getachew + Vet Parasit 162 2008)

Ascarids are resistant to macrocyclic lactones

In foals (STB & TB – 3-8 mo) the relative efficacy in controlling P equorum was

ivermectin - 33%moxidectin – 47%

fenbendazole & strongid – 97 %(Slocombe et al, Vet Parasit 2006) + (Samson-Himmelstjerna Vet Parasit,

2007; Veronesi Vet parasit 2009)

Ascarids

Although there are reports of anthelmintic resistance in P. equorum, there are presently no reports that definitively link anthelmintic resistance with clinical problems in Foal (?)Publication ‘s are biased toward well managed horse farms. (Peregrine +, Vet Parasit 201:1-6, 2014)

Ascarid Control

• 2-2-2-2 Rule or ‘Taylor Rule’– Start at 2 months of age– Use one of the 2 effective treatments

• Pyrantel or 10 mg/kg fenbendazole– Administer every 2 months

• Do not take summer off!!!– Until they are 2 years old (18 mo ???)

MANAGEMENT RECOMMENDATIONS P. equorum

Initiate foal deworming no sooner than 60 days of age

Schedule anthelmintic treatments at maximum intervals that prevent patency ( 60 to 70 days )

Use non-M/L anthelmintics (White De Wormers)

Remove feces

ANTHELMINTIC USE IN HORSES

MODERATE PRIORITY - mature horses that are moderate

contaminators

- miscellaneous equine parasitisms with modest pathogenic potential (e.g., tapeworm infection)

ANTHELMINTIC USE IN HORSES LOWEST PRIORITY - foals

CYATHOSTOMES Mild pathogens in well-nourished, unstressed horses that are confined or grazed at acceptable stocking rates

May decreased feed efficiency and performance

Poor Management: weight loss, poor growth, hypoproteinemia, anemia, larval cyathostominosis

Reducing efficacy of fenbendazole against hypobiotc (?) forms of cyathostomins

(Chandler Vet Rec 2000; Lyons Parasit Res, 2008; Kaplan Vet Parasit, 2004)

MOX (0.4mg/kg ) vs Panacur (10mg/kg q 24 hr - 5d)Mares used had >200epg, 82 horses.EPG was evaluated at 14, 45, & 90 d post Tx14 d - MOX=> 99.9% reduction

FEN=>41.9% reduction45d - FEN FEC exceeded pre Tx counts

- MOX remained low MOX remained low through 90 d(Mason – Kaplan, JAVMA 245:944-951, 2014)

Factors Contributing to Antiparasitic Resistance

Parasite biology, genetics, and pathogenicity

Immune status of the host animal

Treatment factors, such as dose and frequency of dosing

Drug factors, such as mechanism of action and half-life

Certain livestock management practices

Moxidectin resistance Reduced activity of MOX was evident on farms

(14) with rare or no apparent previous use of MOX but use of IVM. Most of the horses were yearlings but a few were weanlings and mares(Lyons, Parasit Res, 2011)

Reduced ERP for MOX(Rosano, Vet Parasit, 2010)

No documented Resistance on a group of 200 pastured, draft horses, treated quarterly & exclusively w/ Mox for 5 yrs, in Alabama (Now 14 yrs) (Schumacher & Tainter, Vet Rec, 2009)

(Steinbach, Vet Parasit, 2006)

• FBZ at 7.5mg/kg for 5 days Induces significant colon wall inflammation in association with disintegration of L4 larvae (May Mimic Larval Cyathostomiasis)

• MOX at 0.4mg/kg for 1 doseMinimal tissue reaction

Inflammatory responses were evaluated post treatment.Anthelmintic treatment of cyathostomin infection are minimal

It is possible that this response is ‘buffered’ by anti-inflammatory products of the parasites and/or the anti-inflammatory effects of the macrocyclic lactones.

(Nielsen, + Vet J, 198:457-462,2013)

SignalmentA two year old stallion and 2 yr old gelding. The owner

moved to Alabama 2 & 3 months ago. The animal has dropped weight over the last three weeks and developed severe diarrhea. The horse was treated with Naxcel and metronidazole

Identify horses that are the highest fecal egg shedders or target treatment toward animals at greatest risk parasitic infections Becher +, Vet Parasit, 171:116–122, 2010; Dopfer +, Vet Parasit, 124:249–258, 2004; Nielsen +, Vet Parasit

,135:333–335, 2006... Or... Uhlinger, Comp Cont Ed 15:742-749, 1993; Samson-Himmelstjerna +, Pferdeheilk, 27;127–140, 2011)

(Duncan & Love, Eq Vet J 23:226-228,1991; Krecek +, J S Afr Vet Assoc, 65:97–100, 1994; ….

Adult Horse Parasite Control- Time of the day collecting fecal samples does

not constitute a source of error in FEC(Carstensen +, J Eq Vet Sci 33:161-164, 2013)

AU - Adult Horse Parasite Control

SEP: Mox/PRZ -- Treat All FEC all horses (Identify high, moderate& low egg shedders)

DEC: MOX --Treat high egg shedders

MAR: MOX/PRZ -- Treat high & moderate (?) (ML Bots)

JUN: – Monitor/ Tx high group (ML)

Deworming- Parasite control in horsesKentucky survey:- 26% responded (N = 112)Conclusions:-Traditional approaches for parasite control are still widely used- Respondents were only willing to make these changes if they could be provided assurance that the surveillance-based approach would prevent anthelmintic resistance and decrease health risks significantly for the horses.(Robert +, Eq Vet J, Accepted Article, 2014)

Most Influential Source on Deworming Plan

Q24. Which source has the most influence on your deworming plan?

Chart1

Veterinarian

Horse owner

Barn manager / Yard schedule

Other horse owners

Horse publications (magazines)

Friend / Family member

US Horse Owners (n=289)

Percent of Horse Owners Who Use Dewormers

0.436

0.266

0.1

0.062

0.042

0.038

Sheet1

Total (n=710)US Horse Owners (n=289)UK Horse Owners (n=136)France Horse Owners (n=146)Germany Horse Owners (n=139)

Veterinarian41.10%43.60%17.60%43.20%56.80%

Horse owner26.50%26.60%34.60%28.10%16.50%

Barn manager / Yard schedule13.40%10.00%25.00%10.30%12.20%

Other horse owners6.30%6.20%3.70%5.50%10.10%

Horse publications (magazines)3.50%4.20%5.90%0.70%2.90%

Friend / Family member3.40%3.80%2.90%6.20%

Trainer2.40%2.80%2.20%2.70%1.40%

Animal health company1.70%1.00%6.60%

Farrier1.50%1.40%1.50%3.40%

Other0.10%0.30%

Tips for managing antiparasitic resistance: Use clinical signs and diagnostic test results to determine which parasites are on the farm and level of resistance.

Base management and treatment decisions on this information.

Use only antiparasitic drugs that are effective based on recent diagnostic test and approved for the particular parasites present

Always follow the directions on the drug’s label

Horses of various ages and breeds on 11 horse farms were assigned randomly to treatment with OBZ, PYR, or both together.

FECR rates were 90.03%, 81.10% and 96.35% for horses treated with OBZ, PYR, and the 2 drugs in combination. Combination treatment with OBZ and PYR can be an efficacious and viable treatment choice

(Kaplan, et al, Eq Vet Ed, 26, 2014)

Use management practices along with antiparasitic drugs to treat and control parasites. Some good management practices include: -Preserving refugia within the herd. -Quarantining new livestock. -Rotating pastures with other livestock species or horses. -Dragging or harrowing pastures to break up manure piles.

Organic Adj or·gan·ic (ôr-g n k) 1. Of, relating to, or derived from living

organisms: organic matter. 2. Of, relating to, or affecting a bodily organ:

an organic disease.Noun 1. A substance, especially a fertilizer or

pesticide, of animal or vegetable origin. 2. Chemistry An organic compound. 3. Carbon-based chemistry

Nutrition & ParasitesFeeding to meet nutritional requirements for optimal

growth/production are more prone to have better resistance and resilience

(Wallace Res Vet Sci, 1996; Coop Vet Parisit, 1997)

Providing supplemental protein improves resistance & resilience, particularly with protected protein

(Kyriazakis, 1996; Coop, 1999; Houdijk, 2009)

• Protein Supplementation before kidding/lambing– 250 gm cottonseed meal per day (Kyriazakis, 1996; Coop, 1999)

Dietary Management Supplemental soybean meal and energy

can improve resilience. Dietary supplementation appears is more effective when targeted. (NRC, 2007)

Ex- additional of protein during early pregnancy =>immunity to parasites at parturition (sheep ?) (Kindane, Vet Parasit, 2009; Valderrabano, Vet Parasit, 2006; Kahn, Vet Parasit, 2003)

Nutrition & Parasites

SBM is effective (Torres-Acosta, 2004)

SBM -1/4# / lamb increased ‘parasite resistance’ (Resilience ?) (Ross 1989)

“Sheep that prioritize their protein toward survival, (rather than immune responses that ensure maximal productivity), may have high parasite burdens and little effect on production, and are resilient.”

(M Stear, Parasitol Today,1996; S Bisset, Int J Parasitol, 1996)

Improved nutrition may improve resilience in goats. However, the effects on immunoregulation and host resistance remain less clear

(Hoste, Parasite Immunology, 2007)

Feeding protein at 130% of the required level to ewes will actually abolish the periparturient rise (PPR) in fecal egg count.Donaldson J, van Houtert MFJ, Sykes AR.The effect of nutrition on the peri-parturient status of mature ewes. Animal Science 1998; 67:523-33.

. Ewes that were fed high quality protein early in pregnancy developed more body fat. Near lambing time, ewes supplemented with protein early in their pregnancy were able to prevent establishment of an experimental larval challenge better than the unsupplemented counterparts, even though their nutritional plane at time of challenge was the same. The “fatter” more resistant ewes had higher serum leptin levels, suggesting that leptin might be a link between nutritional status and

immune function. . Valderrabano J, Gomez-Rincon C, Uriarte J. Effect of nutritional status and fat reservs on the periparturient immune response to Haemonchus contortus infection in sheep. Vet Parasitol 141:122-131, 2006.

Overall nutritional enhancement (focus => E, CP, minerals, water) will help reduce parasitism

(Knox +, Int J Parasit 26:963-970, 1996)

“Controlled studies have shown that plant remedies have in most instances resulted in reductions in the level of parasitism much lower than those observed with anthelmintic drugs.”

(Githion, Vet Parasit 139:308-320, 2006)

Nutrition & ParasitesFeeding forages with condensed tannins may

help prevent parasitic disease (Min, 2003; Niezen, 1995; Min & Hart, 2003; Athanasidou, 2001 …. Shaik, Vet Parasitol, 2006 etc)

Condensed tannin containing forageS. lespedeza, Quebracho extract, Sanfoin hay

(Min JAS 2003; Shaik South Africa JAS 2004)

Nutrition & ParasitesFeeding sericea lespedeza forages (graze, hay,

pelleted hay) reduced FEC sheep & goats

Feeding a tannin-rich browse (Pistacia lentiscus foliage) near weaning can improve lamb health and can reduce the incidence of coccidiosis. (Markovics +, Vet Parasit 186:165-169, 2012)

High tannin Grain Sorgham no consistent effect Quebracho tannin powder not effective (Hale & Coffey, 2011)

Protein / Energy / Vitamins

Excessive tannin intake =>depression of food intakebinding dietary proteins and digestive enzymes injury to parts of the GI tract (Zafar, 2002)

Thus… balance must be drawn to maximize the positive effects on GI parasite control, while minimizing some of the deleterious effects

Pasture Management

Parasites – more animals => more feces (more parasite eggs => larvae =>

more parasites) (Hale & Coffey, 2011)Need grass to complete lifecycle (kinda)SoDry Lot / Zero Grazing to break cycle,

(fall ?) (Hale & Coffey, 2011)

Management Practices - Reduce Stocking Rate- Rotation grazing (long rest – 70 d ?))- Graze forage >4” above ground…ONLY- Graze tannin-rich crops (sericea lezpedeza, chicory,

birds foot trefoil, )- Graze/Browse sorgham, sudan, eastern gama, etc- Alternate grazing with (cows etc) row crops, hay- Strategic, Tactical, Targeted- Cull repeat Offenders

Pasture Management Rotation

• Rotate to pastures used for small grain, hay horses, cows…..etc…NO small ruminants for a while

• Soil test and fertilize accordingly (burn, etc)

• Graze when grass is 6-8” tall …stop grazing when grass is 3-4” from the ground

• Legumes (protein, organic content of soil, good bacteria, increase water retention, improved digestibility of forages)

Novel Worm Control Strategies in Development

Copper-wire bolus (COWP)- copper oxide- OK for Haemonchus ~ 60% effective ????

(Bang Res Vet Sci 1990; Burke Vet Parasit 2004)

Alternatives to commercial anthelmintics

• Copper oxide wires

Copper oxide wires in lambs and kids• Dose

– 0.5 gm or 2 gm PO• Frequency

– repeated as soon as 6 weeks not to exceed 4 Txin a worm season or 2 Tx for 2 gm dose

• extra label/compounding• potential for toxicity – know dietary intake

and forage analyses including Mb, S, and Cu• potential for worm resistance ??

http://www.sheepandgoat.com/ACSRPC/Resources/PDF/COWPlambskids.pdf

Natural / Holistic / New Wave

Cu sulfate - ~60% effective ???? poorly effective for Haemonchus

Cu oxide less toxic than Cu sulfateSheep - >25 ppm toxic (???)Goats – require 15-25ppm

( Cu toxicity- Scharko ACVIM 2006; Van Saun – numerous, JungeJAVMA 1989, Mullaney Am Assoc Vet Lab Diag 1996, Weaver Can Vet J 1999, Carmalt Can Vet J 2001, Pugh J Camel Prac Res 1999)

Novel Worm Control Strategies in Development

• Dilution of resistance– Re-introduction of susceptible strains of parasites

• Nematophagous (nematode-trapping) fungiDuddingtonia flagrans

Must be fed daily & used in tight plots

Novel Worm Control Strategies in Development

• Vaccines - Vax short shelf life, needs to be fresh

Barbervax® injected SC - 3 priming doses 21 days apart followed by boosts every 6 weeks.

The protection was ‘useful’ for management of Haemonchus infection in dairy goats by reducing egg counts. (Small Ruminant Research, 151:1-4, 2017)

Results reported are variable in goats ?(Smith, MLA, February, 2016)

Holostic Parasite Control

Onions

Garlic – garlic Juice, garlic extract, garlic bulbs, & garlic product- No effect

Black Locust, Curley Dock, no effect on parasite burdens (Diet ?? )(Hale & Coffey, 2011)

Diatomaceous earths

Using Spanish & Spanishx Boer goats treated for 8 d w/ 1.77g, 3.54g, or 5.31g in a drenchBody weights, FEC, PCV, WBC, & RBC counts were measured weekly for six weeks. Over the duration of the study, increases in fecal egg counts were observed, and PCVdecreased in all groups. All groups exhibitedincreases in WBC and decreases in RBCcounts.

An anthelmintic effect of DE was not observed, as there were no significant reductions in fecal egg count as a result of DE administration.

(The Effects of Diatomaceous Earth on Parasite Infected Goats. Bulletin of the Georgian Academy of Agricultural Sciences - 2009)

& Ditto(The Inclusion of Diatomaceous Earth in the Diet of Grazing Ruminants and its effect on Gastrointestinal Parasite bburdens. International Society of Organic Agricultural Research - 2005)& DittoEvaluation of diatomaceous earth as an adjunct to sheep parasite control in organic farming. Leopold Center for

Sustainable Agriculture. Competitive Grant Report - 1995)

& Ditto(The Inclusion of Diatomaceous Earth in the Diet of Grazing Ruminants and its

effect on Gastrointestinal Parasite burdens. International Society of Organic Agricultural Research - 2005)

& DittoEvaluation of diatomaceous earth as an adjunct to sheep parasite control in organic

farming. Leopold Center for Sustainable Agriculture. Competitive Grant Report - 1995)

The results of these and similar unpublished studies are consistent:

1) DE does not have an effect on parasites loads as measured by fecal egg counts

2) DE does not reduce anemia, as measured by packed cell volume and other blood parameters.

General Health CareHeifers gained an average of 20.2, 16.4, and 20.4 kg for

control, DE, and CT, respectively, during the six-weeks study

(Alternative Anthelmintics for Organic Dairy Cattle; Project Leader: Dr. Jean Bertrand, Professor, Animal and Veterinary Science)

DE

Mean fecal egg counts (FEC) ± SE for heifers on control, diatomaceous earth and condensed tannin (CT) treatments. -------x------DE

(Alternative Anthelmintics for Organic Dairy Cattle; Project Leader: Dr. Jean Bertrand, Professor, Animal and Veterinary Science)

Natural / Holistic / New Wave

Onions, Garlic, Diatomaceous earths will work if you mix them with Dextomax or Cydectin

“Although in many cases the active compounds in the herbal remedies have not been fully identified, plant enzymes, such as cysteine proteinases, or secondary metabolites, such as alkaloids, glycosides and tannins have shown dose-dependent anti-parasitic properties. However, as some of the active compounds may also have anti-nutritional effects, such as reduced food intake and performance, it is essential to validate the anti-parasitic effects of plant products in relation to their potential anti-nutritional and other side effects.”

(Githion, Vet Parasit 139:308-320, 2006)

PRINCIPLES OF SENSIBLE USE OF ANTHELMINTICS 1. Know what works through anthelmintic sensitivity testing every 2-3

years.

2. Weigh animals and use a treatment chart to ensure proper dosing.

3. Use oral anthelmintics (NOT topical or injectable products) for worm control

4. Dose deep into the oral cavity using a calibrated dispenser with a nozzle that can reach to the back of the throat. Administer the dose slowly and steadily.

5. Goats require 2X the sheep does for most anthelmintics. Levamisole is the exception to this rule: use a 1.5 times increase over the sheep dose in goats. Camelids require 2X the sheep dose for most anthelmintics, but the sheep dose for levamisole use in camelids is sufficient.

6. Withhold feed for 12-24 hours prior to treatment with benzimidazolesand/or ivermectin.

PRINCIPLES OF SENSIBLE USE OF ANTHELMINTICS

7. Use a combination of anthelmintics from different classes when low-level resistance is present. Treatment with a high-efficacy combination of anthelmintic delays the progression of anthelmintic resistance. The dose of each medication used in the combination drench should not be decreased, and medications are administered sequentially. Use meat and milk withdrawals for anthelminitc with longest withdrawal time in the combination.

8. Don’t use long acting preparations for worm control: they hasten anthelmintic resistance.

9. Avoid treating all (or even most) of the animals, especially if this practice is followed by moving the animals to a “safe” (low level of worms) pasture. Field trials have demonstrated that this practice assures that the pasture will be re-populated mainly with anthelmintic resistant worms, since little refugia in the form of eggs or larvae are on the pasture.

Classes of DewormersAvermectins - ivermectin, doramectin,

eprinomectinMilbemycins - moxidectin

Benzimidazoles - albendazole, fenbendazole, oxfebendazole, oxibendazole

Cholinergic Agonists - levamisole, morantel, pyrantel

Amino-Acetonitrile Derivatives (AADs)

Pour on Eprinomectin - GoatsEfficacy of topical 0.5% EPX (1mg/kg BW) in 16 male castrated goats (< 1yr old) vs untreated controlsNematode counts at necropsy 14 d post TX

Efficacy - adult H. contortus-100% Nematodirus battus, Nematodirus spathiger, Oesophagostomum venulosum, Teladorsagia circumcincta & Dictyocaulus filaria was >94% (Hamel +, Small Ruminant Research 127 (2015) 74–79)

Pour on Eprinomectin - GoatsPour-on eprinomectin in goats and at double the cattle doseIndicated a reduction in egg counts with Haemonchus but at necropsy similar numbers of worms(Australian Veterinary Journal 86: 444, 2008)

In Switzerland eprinomectin is licensed for use in goats with a zero milk withdrawal (Murri +, Frequency of eprinomectin resistance in gastrointestinal nematodes of goats in canton Berne, Switzerland Veterinary Parasitology 203:114–119, 2014)

Pour on Eprinomectin - Goats43 randomly chosen farms from Berne.Required Protocol: No anthelmintic Tx in past 6wks & pooled fecal w/ mean FEC > 600 epg Pre- and 14–16 days post- Tx. Goats Tx w/ EPN (1 mg/kg bw)

Mean FECRT - 40%. No risk factors (production type, stocking rate, animal traffic and quarantine) showed association with the level of EPN resistance(Murri +, Frequency of eprinomectin resistance in gastrointestinal nematodes of goats in canton Berne, Switzerland Veterinary Parasitology 203:114–119, 2014)

Amino-Acetonitrile Derivatives (AADs)Monepantel (Novartis) promising, safe (if properly

dosed), moderate to poor efficacy against Nematodirus & Trichuris, good against resistant parasites (MOX ???)

(Rufner PLoS Path 2009; Malikides NZ Vet J 2009; Malikides NZ Vet J 2009; Mason NZ Vet J 2009; Hosking Vet Parasit 2009; Sager NZ Vet J 2009; Kaminsky Int J Parasit 2009; kaminsky Parasit Res 2008)

In an Austrian Study (46 llamas, 4 locations) monepantel was highly effective at a dose rate of 7.5mg/kg BW ( sheep does is 2.5mg/kg)

(Dadak et al, Vet Rec 172(6), 2013)

Facebook PageAlabama State Veterinary Diagnostic Lab System

www.labs.alabama.gov

DG Pugh DVM MS MAGDipl ACT, ACVN, & ACVM

334-844-4987dgp0003@auburn.edu

dgp0003@auburn.edu

dgpugh@southerntraxx.com

DG Pugh DVM, MS, MAGDipl ACT, ACVN, ACVM, and Certified Small Engine Mechanic

Small Engine Repair and Large Animal Herd Health‘We will handle your 2, 4, and reproductive Cyle needs’

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Slide Number 1HealthGastro-intestinal ParasitesWorms and Germs Avoid or try to MinimizeHow Resistance HappensPasture Management Slide Number 8Haemonchus contortusHaemonchus contortusSlide Number 11Resistance to parasitesSlide Number 13Slide Number 14Novel Worm Control Strategies in DevelopmentSlide Number 16Drug Resistance Deworming ProgramsDeworming Programs Slide Number 20Slide Number 21Slide Number 22Slide Number 23Equine Parasite Control - ColicSlide Number 25AscaridsAscarids in DonkeysAscarids are resistant to macrocyclic lactonesSlide Number 29Ascarid ControlMANAGEMENT RECOMMENDATIONS P. equorumSlide Number 32Slide Number 33CYATHOSTOMES Slide Number 35Slide Number 36Moxidectin resistance (Steinbach, Vet Parasit, 2006)SignalmentSlide Number 40Adult Horse Parasite ControlAU - Adult Horse Parasite ControlSlide Number 43Most Influential Source on Deworming PlanSlide Number 45Slide Number 46Slide Number 47 Organic Nutrition & ParasitesDietary Management Nutrition & ParasitesSlide Number 52Slide Number 53Slide Number 54Nutrition & ParasitesNutrition & ParasitesSlide Number 57Protein / Energy / Vitamins Pasture Management Management Practices Pasture Management RotationNovel Worm Control Strategies in DevelopmentAlternatives to commercial anthelminticsSlide Number 64Copper oxide wires in lambs and kidsNatural / Holistic / New WaveNovel Worm Control Strategies in DevelopmentNovel Worm Control Strategies in DevelopmentHolostic Parasite ControlSlide Number 70Slide Number 71General Health CareDENatural / Holistic / New WaveSlide Number 75Slide Number 76Slide Number 77Classes of DewormersPour on Eprinomectin - GoatsPour on Eprinomectin - GoatsPour on Eprinomectin - GoatsAmino-Acetonitrile Derivatives (AADs)���Facebook Page�Alabama State Veterinary Diagnostic Lab System�����Slide Number 85Slide Number 86Slide Number 87dgp0003@auburn.edu��dgpugh@southerntraxx.comAny Questions?�