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Auditing Asset-Liability Management (ALM) Functions Presentation to ACUIA Region 6 October 7 – 9, 2015 Presented by: Harvey L. Johnson, CPA, CGMA Partner

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Page 1: Auditing Asset-Liability Management (ALM) Functions 15 - Session 3... · o Interest Rate Risk Defined • Measurement of Interest ... • Pricing is critical in managing risk when

Auditing Asset-Liability Management (ALM) Functions

Presentation to ACUIA Region 6

October 7 – 9, 2015

Presented by: Harvey L. Johnson, CPA, CGMAPartner

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Session Outline

• Economic Environment & Credit Union Balance Sheet Structure

• Understanding ALM o Interest Rate Risk Defined

• Measurement of Interest Rate Risko Income Simulationo Net Economic Value Analysis

• Auditing ALM

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Resources

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Resources

• Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) – Advisory Letter on IRR Management (January 2010)

• Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) – Interagency Advisory on IRR Management FAQ (January 2012)

• Federal Reserve Bank (FRB) – Interagency Guidance on Funding and Liquidity Risk (March 2010 Vol. 75, No. 54)

• FDIC: Interest Rate Risk Series on YouTube• NCUA – IRR (2014)• NCUA Guidelines 

http://www.ncua.gov/Legal/Documents/Regulations/FIR20120126InterestRateRiskProg.pdf

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Overview

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IRR – Why Such A Big Deal?

• One of the NCUA’s top concerns• Key threat to financial stability

o Given the current environment, there is potential for rapid rate changes to occur

o If rates do change rapidly it will stress earnings, potentially close credit unions who are unprepared.

o Huge impact on members!  Less purchasing power, available cash flow, 

o Expect increases in foreclosures, TDRs, modified loans, and nonaccrual loans

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Top Economic Concerns

• How will the economy and markets respond to rising interest rates?

• How fast will they risk?  How long?• Inflation….it’s coming!  • How will members be able to handle the combination of rising interest rates and inflation? 

• What happens to IRR if (when) the stock market bubble bursts?  Bond market is going to be hit much harder than stock market when rates rise.

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What Is INTEREST RATE RISK?

Threat that a change in market interest rates may:• Reduce net interest income

o Adversely affect the economic values of financial assets and liabilities

• Impair capital, elevating the risk of insolvency• Impair liquidity

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Interest Rate RiskWhy Is It Important?

• The majority of our assets and liabilities are financial instruments

• We buy and sell money:o Income We sell loans and receive interesto Expense We buy shares and pay a dividend

Financial Performance is therefore affected by future economic circumstances

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Sources of Interest Rate Risk

Repricing Risk Basis Risk Yield Curve 

Risk Option Risk

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Repricing Risk

• Repricing risk is the risk resulting when assets and liabilities have different average maturities or repricing dates

• Earnings change when there is a change in the level of rates

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Basis Risk

This is the risk from unequal movements in interest rates on a credit union’s assets and liabilities with the same maturity or repricing.

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Balance Sheet Year 1Year 2 

1CMT  1%Year 3 

1CMT  1.5%

Rate Income/ Expense

Rate Income/ Expense

Rate Income/ Expense

$5M 1 YR ARM 4.25% $212,500 5.25% $262,500 3.75% $187,500

$5M 1 Year Certificate

1.50% $75,000 2.00% $100,000 1.25% $62,500

Net Interest Income

2.75% $137,500 3.25% $162,500 2.50% $125,000

Basis Risk Example

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• Risk of short‐term rates changing by more or less than the change in long‐term rates

• Rule of Thumbo Short term rates are often more volatile than intermediate and long‐term rates

Yield Curve Risk

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Yield Curve Risk

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Option Risk arises whenever credit union products give customer the right, but not the obligation, to alter the quantity or 

the timing of cash flows

Causes of Option Risk

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• Contractual Optionso Call/Put options in securitieso Interest rate caps, floors

• Ambiguous Optionso Loan prepayments/payoffso Revolving balance accounts, credit cards, lines of credito Withdrawal of shareso “Implicit” rate caps and floors

Examples of Option Risk

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Measurement Systems

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NCUA – Measurement Systems

• Management should utilize the results of the credit union’s IRR measurement systems in making operational decisions such as changing balance sheet structure, funding, pricing strategies, and business planning.

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• GAP Analysis

• Income Simulation o Measurement of short‐term risko Earnings Perspective

• Net Economic Value Analysiso Measurement of long‐term risko Value Perspective

Interest Rate Risk Measurement Tools

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GAP Analysis

• Simplest, easiest to understand• Identifies repricing mismatches within various time bucketso Models static balance sheeto Eliminates growth distortiono Captures only repricing risko Uses basic data inputs and simple assumptionso Dynamic Model uses baseline assumptions

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• Income simulation models project future net interest income and how it changes as interest rates move  

• The amount that it changes from current market rates to higher and lower market rates determines the level of risk

Income Simulation Modeling

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Income Simulation

• Static and Dynamic Modelingo Static = current, no growth projectedo Dynamic = repricing, option, basis risko More data inputs and assumptions = greater risk of uncertainty, inaccuracy

o Scenarios should be severe, yet plausible (worst case)o Minimum of two‐year time frame

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(000’s) Rates Down 100 Flat Rates Rates Up  300

+ Interest Income $2,900 $3,000 $3,100

‐ Interest Expense $940 $1,300 $1,620

= Net Interest Income $1,960 $1,700 $1,480

$ Change from Flat $260 ‐ $‐220

% Change from Flat 15.3% ‐ ‐12.9%

Policy Limit 20% 20%

Income Simulation

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• Measurement of the future (long‐term) earnings potential of today’s balance sheet

• Risk is measured by the change in value  of the credit union’s assets and liabilities due to interest rate movements  and the impact these changes have on the capital position

Net Economic Value (NEV) Models

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EVE or NEV

• Long term IRR valuation model• Longer term analysis• Models static balance sheet using NPV, no growth• Capture multiple types of IRR• Data assumptions are significant• Difficult to accurately predict and subject to multiple assumptions, so focus is on EVE volatility, % change from base case

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+The value today (present value) of future amounts the credit union will receive, such as loan principal and interest payments, and investment principal and interest.

‐The value today (present value) of future amounts the credit union will pay for its funds, such as deposit principal and interest payments.

= Net Economic Value

Net Economic Value Formula

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Period Cash Flow 5% 6% 7%

1 60.00 57.14 56.60 56.07

2 60.00 54.42 53.40 52.41

3 60.00 51.83 50.38 48.98

4 60.00 49.36 47.53 45.77

5 1,060.00 830.54 792.09 755.77

Total 1,300.00 1,043.29 1,000.00 959.00

% Change 4.33% ‐4.10%

Amount: $1,000 | Coupon: 6% | Life: 5 years | Payments: Annual

Value Changes With Interest Rates

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70

80

90

100

110

120

130

‐300 ‐200 ‐100 0 100 200 300

AssetsLiabilities

Price Sensitivity

Page 36: Auditing Asset-Liability Management (ALM) Functions 15 - Session 3... · o Interest Rate Risk Defined • Measurement of Interest ... • Pricing is critical in managing risk when

• For a Given Rate Change:o Shorter Maturities Have Smaller Value Changes

o Longer Maturities Have Larger Value Changes

Price Sensitivity & Maturity

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Change in Interest Rates Increase /Decreasein PV Impact on NEV 

Asset  ‐ Decrease

Liability ‐ Decrease

Unfavorable 

Favorable 

Asset – Increase

Liability – Increase

Favorable 

Unfavorable 

NEV Impact of Changes in Interest Rates

Page 38: Auditing Asset-Liability Management (ALM) Functions 15 - Session 3... · o Interest Rate Risk Defined • Measurement of Interest ... • Pricing is critical in managing risk when

(000’s) Rates Down 100 Flat Rates Rates Up  300

+ PV Assets $148,500 $146,400 $139,600

‐ PV Liabilities $125,000 $123,400 $119,200

= Net Economic Value $23,500 $23,000 $20,400

$ Change from Flat $500 ‐ $(2,600)

% Change from Flat 2.1% ‐ (11.3)%

Policy Limit 25% 25%

NEV Ratio 15.8% 15.7% 14.6%

Policy Limit 6.0% 6.0% 6.0%

Net Economic Value

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Prospective IRR Considerations

• Pricing is critical in managing risk when rates begin to increase – especially share pricing

• Managing levels of loan vs. share growth

• Potential changes in share mix to more rate sensitive funds and/or share attrition

• Impact of changing yield curve

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Assumptions

• Rate changes• Prepayment estimates• Uncertain Maturities

o Deposit assumptions (run‐off, decay, etc.)

• Assumptions should be clearly documented and periodically reviewed.o Key assumptions should be communicated to the ALCO and the Board

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Modeling Considerations

• Non‐parallel Rate Shocks/Rate ramps

• Dynamic Balance Sheet

• Change in Deposit  Composition

• Share Attrition

• Stress Assumptionso Non‐Maturity Shares

o Prepayments

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Measurement Systems

• Downloads from loan/deposit systems• External feed for investment portfolio• Integration with the general ledger• Mapping of GL to IRR system 

o Key! If mapped wrong, data will cause errorso Aggregated data: break down of portfolio (fixed rate vs. variable, terms, etc.)

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NCUA – Components of IRR Measurement Models

• Chart of Accounts –• Credit unions with significant holdings of adjustable‐rate mortgages should differentiate balances by periodic and lifetime caps and floors, the reset frequency, and the rate index used for rate resets. 

• Similarly, credit unions with significant holdings of fixed‐rate mortgages should differentiate at least by original term, e.g., 30‐ or 15‐year, and coupon level to reflect differences in prepayment behaviors.

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NCUA Requirements

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NCUA Requirements

• 12 CFR Part 741 o Requires FICUs to develop and adopt a written policy on interest rate risk management and a program to effectively implement that policy.

• Who does the rule apply to? o Effects FICUs with assets > $50 million o Only 45% of FICUs but 96% of FICU assets

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NCUA Requirements

All FICUs are required to have an IRR policy and program which should incorporate the following five elements into their IRR program:

1. Board‐approved IRR policy.

2. Oversight by the board of directors and implementation by management.

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NCUA - Board Oversight

• The Board of directors is responsible for oversight of their credit union and for approving policy, major strategies, and prudent limits regarding IRR.

• The Board should annually assess if the IRR program sufficiently identifies, measures, monitors, and controls the IRR exposure of the credit union.

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NCUA – ManagementResponsibilities

• Management should:o Develop and maintain adequate IRR measurement  systems;

o Evaluate and understand IRR risk exposures;o Establish an appropriate system of internal controls (e.g. separation between the risk taker and IRR measurement staff);

o Allocate sufficient resources for an effective IRR program. For example, a complex credit union with an elevated IRR risk profile will likely necessitate a greater allocation of resources and focus on IRR exposures;

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NCUA Requirements

3. Risk measurement systems assessing the IRR sensitivity of earnings and/or asset and liability values.

4. Internal controls to monitor adherence to IRR limits.5. Decision making that is informed and guided by IRR 

measures.

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Risk Mitigation and Limits

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Risk Limits & Mitigation

• Effective risk limits should permit management to:o Control IRR exposureo Initiate discussions about risko Take appropriate action as identified in IRR policies and procedures

• Risk limits should be re‐evaluated for reasonableness• Management should develop effective risk mitigation strategies when exposure approaches or exceeds risk limits

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Risk Controls & Limits

• Policies and procedures

• Authority and responsibility

• Risk limits (concentrations on types of assets and liabilities, rate floors, etc.)

• Risk mitigation 

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Risk Limits

• Earnings & Capital Based

• Earnings (NII and NI)

• Loan to deposit mix

• Concentrations in assets and liabilities

• Graduated risk limits

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NCUA Policy Limit Examples

• Examples of limits are as follows:o GAP: less than 10% change in any given period, or cumulatively 

over 12 months.o Income Simulation: net interest income after shock change less 

than 20% over any 12‐month period.o Asset Valuation: after shock change in book value of net worth 

less than 50%, or after shock net worth of 4% or greater.o Net Economic Value: after shock change in net economic value 

less than 25%, or after shock net economic value of 6% or greater.

• NCUA emphasizes these are only for illustrative purposes, and management should establish its own limits that are reasonably supported.

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Monitoring & Reporting

• Management & Board Reporting

• Assess Reports

• Risk Limits Compliance

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Identify & Measure

• Model selection

• Data inputs

• Assumptions*

• Documentation*

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Risk Limits and Mitigation Strategies

• Risk tolerance and profile o Consider complexity, earnings and capital

o Change with risk profile and conditions 

o Ensure action plans are devised in appropriate

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Mitigation Strategies

• Asset sales and purchases• Product mix and structure alterations• Strategic growth and initiatives• Hedging (swaps, options, floors, caps, etc.)

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Reporting

• Evaluate trends and IRR exposure• Evaluate compliance with policies and limits• Evaluate key assumptions• Evaluate various stress scenarios, including those involving breakdowns of key assumptions and parameters

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• Noncompliance with risk limits• No risk limits• Frequent exceptions to the interest rate risk policy• Significant changes in the level and trends of interest 

rate risk exposure• Reports are not provided by management that identify 

and quantify the level of interest rate risk

Interest Rate Risk Red Flags

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Internal Controls

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Internal Control Structure

• System to Ensure Integrity of IRR Management Process

Internal Control System

Adequate Corporate Governance

Policy Guidance Management 

and Measurement 

Systems

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Internal Control System

• Enforces roles, responsibilities and lines of authority• Segregation of duties• Adequacy of System Inputs & Measurement Systems

o Data inputs and assumptions are accurate and complete prior to running simulations, reports, etc.

• Policy Compliance • Independent Review and Validation 

o Test integrity of system and models used• Corrective Action Procedures

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Auditing ALM

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Objective of ALM Review

• Review the Credit Union’s IRR and ALM functions to ensure sound risk management practices are in place to measure, monitor, and control funding and liquidity risk. 

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Specific Objectives of an ALM/IRR ReviewThe objectives of an internal review of ALM/IRR are to determine that: • The quality of the risk management process and level of interest rate 

exposure are part of the Credit Union's IRR profile. • Management has identified and quantified the level of IRR assumed by 

the Credit Union. • Credit Union officers and employees are operating in conformance 

with established IRR management guidelines. • Corrective actions are taken when either the Credit Union's processes 

to identify and manage IRR exposures or the level of capital to support its risk are deemed inadequate. 

• The Credit Union has adequate corporate governance, including active involvement by the board of directors and management in liquidity‐risk management.

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Specific Objectives of an ALM/IRR Review• The Credit Union has identified strategies, policies, procedures, and 

limits for controlling interest rate and liquidity risk.• The Credit Union has employed adequate systems and processes for 

measuring, monitoring, and reporting interest rate and liquidity risk.• There are comprehensive contingency funding plans (CFPs) for 

addressing potential adverse liquidity events and meeting emergency cash‐flow need.

• There are appropriate internal controls for liquidity‐risk management. 

These objectives are accomplished through physical inspection of detailed records, inquiry of management and other Credit Union personnel, review of minutes of the asset‐liability committee (ALCO), observation and inspection of the third‐party software utilized, and a review of the Credit Union's system of internal controls. 

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ALM / IRR

• Not a one size fits all, nature and complexity of institution determines how robust your ALM function needs to be.

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Areas to Review

• Corporate Governance & Risk Management• Policies & Procedures• Contingency Funding Plans• Internal Controls

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IRR Audit Process

1. Adequacy of internal control system2. Compliance with internal control system 3. Adequacy of measurement systems 4. Accuracy of data inputs

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IRR Audit Process

5. Adequacy of assumptions 6. Validation of calculations 7. Backtesting8. Annual report to the Board

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CFP

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CFP

• A compilation of policies, procedures, and action plans for responding to contingent liquidity events. 

• The objectives of the CFP are:o to provide a plan for responding to a liquidity crisiso identify contingent liquidity sources that the institution can use under adverse liquidity circumstances

o describe steps that should be taken to ensure that the institution’s sources of liquidity are sufficient to fund operations

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CFP Testing/Consideration

• Determine the Credit Union has a CFP• Determine whether the CFP has identified levels of liquidity events

• Determine whether the CFP has identified strategies to implement during liquidity events

• Determine whether the Credit Union has tested lines and other sources of liquidity credit 

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Questions and 

Answers

Please use the chat pane to submit your questions.

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Three‐Part Webinar Series On IRR/ALMPart Two – Developing Appropriate Assumptions For Your Credit Union

November 4, 2015Watch your Inbox for your invitation.

Mark Your Calendars

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Contact

Please Contact:Harvey Johnson, CPA, CGMAPartnerLeader, Credit Union Services TeamPBMares, LLP

150 Boush Street, Suite 400Norfolk, VA 23510Phone: (757) 355–6006 or (757) 304–1160 [email protected]

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