Aug 5, 2014, MNLA Pollinators and Pesticides a 360 Degree Perspective, An Entomological Perspective, Neonicotinyl and bees

Vera Krischik, Associate Professor, Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota and others

Arbo study: Nursery/greenhouse bedding plants compared to native plants are not visited by bees

Arbo study: Nursery/greenhouse bedding plants compared to native plants are not visited by bees

 Native Landscape Bedding Plants Statistics: F, df, P

Insect taxa Total Mean ± SEM Total Mean ± SEM

Cantharidae

4,8886 9.58 ± 0.72 221 0.39 ± 0.10 166.44, (1,364), 0.0001

Syrphidae

343 0.52 ± 0.12 359 0.62 ± 0.06 0.49, (1,364), 0.4845

Bombus spp.

336 0.68 ± 0.10 91 0.16 ± 0.02 26.95, (1,364), 0.0010

True bugs

275 0.52 ± 0.16 73 0.13 ± 0.03 5.86, (1,364), 0.0160

Other bees

185 0.38 ± 0.07 71 0.12 ± 0.02 12.19, (1,364), 0.0005

Totals

6,252   971   21.04,(1,364), 0.0001

Observations

189   191    

Arbo study: Nursery/greenhouse compared to native plants are not visited by beesAlternatives to systemic insecticides are contact insecticides, which are available to professional applicators. For the last 10 years the EPA has been registering selective insecticides that conserve beneficial insects and pollinators.

pymetrozine, Endeavor, stops mouthparts from feeding/working;flonicamid, Aria, stops mouthparts from feeding/working;pyriproxifen, Distance, diflubenzuron, Adept, Dimilin, or novaluron, Pedestal, IGR, insect growth regulator, stops larval growth;Beauveria bassiana, Botanigard, microbial;s-kinoprene, Enstar II, juvenile hormone mimic;spinosad, Conserve, Entrust, bee friendly when dried; Mites only, Akari, Floramite, Hexygon, Judo, ProMite, Sanmite

Contact insecticides: Many used; sprayed on foliage Insect must eat leaf or walk on leaf to be killed Toxicity lasts 1-3 weeks Flowers that open after spraying do not contain insecticides.

Systemic insecticides: Uncommon; treated-seed, soil drench, trunk-inject Insect must eat leaf, pollen, or nectar to be killed Toxicity can least for months to years, unknown Flowers that open will have the insecticide in pollen and nectar for months to years

Contact compared to systemic insecticides

Most insecticides kill bees

Organophosphates + Pyrethroids, are very toxic to bees.

•OP, Dimethoate is highly toxic, LD50 15 ng/bee

•OP, Chlorpyrifos is toxic, LD50 70 ng/bee

•OP, Methyl parathion is highly toxic, LD50 11 ng/bee

•Coumaphos is 180 times less than methyl parathion, with LD50 of 2030 ng/ bee

•P, Esfenvalerate is highly toxic, LD50 15 ng/bee

•P, Cyfluthrin is highly toxic, LD50 37ng/bee

•P, Zeta-cypermethrin is extremely toxic, LD50 2 ng/bee

•P, Lambda cyhalothrin is highly toxic, LD50 38 ng/bee

•P, Permethrin is extremely toxic, LD50 8 ng/bee

Controversy over neonicotinyls and bees 2013 June: European Union enacts a 2 year ban on neonicotinyl insecticides starting in December 2013 2013 January: EFSA (European Food Safety Authority) concludes neonicotinyl treated-seed are a bee risk 2012 March: US Beekeepers petition for clothianidin to be withdrawn from sale 2008-2011: Bee deaths are linked to neonicotinyl treated-seed crops by some 2009: California calls for a review of the effects of neonicotinyl insecticides on bees 2004-2009: New York restricts use of imidacloprid, thiamethoxam, dinotefuran, and clothianidin 1996: France bans imidacloprid use as treated-seed on sunflowers, Germany, Spain, Italy and Slovenia, follow

Neonicotinyl insecticide toxicity to bees.Sublethal dose >20 ppb (2ng/bee) reduces foraging, memory, and navigation by binding to nACHRs, N-nicotinic acetycholinesterase receptors. Bees have 40% more receptors. LD50 mortality, not foraging.

Lethal dose Oral LD50

ng/bee in 20µL

Pollen/nectar ppb ng/.1gbee

Reference

imidacloprid 4-40 37-400Schmuck et al. 2001,EFSA 2013

clothianidin 3-22 30-220Iwas et al. 2004, EFSA 2013

dinotefuran 23-47 230-470EFSA 2013

thaimethoxam 5-30 50-300EFSA 2013

US neonicotinyl insecticide use in 2011

143/442 US million acres use neonicotinyl insecticides83+ million acres of corn have neonicotinyl treated-seed and honeybees use corn for pollen

Active ingredient (ai) in lbs

imidacloprid clothianidin thiamethoxam

MN 52,048 43,663 68,876CA 348,247 3,812 30,687US 700,000 1,2000,000 990,000

Imidacloprid, USGS map, EPA registered 1994

Thiamethoxam, USGS map, EPA registered 2000

Clothianidin, USGS map, EPA registered 2003

Dinotefuran, USGS map, EPA registered 2004

IncidentAround 25,000 bumblebees and others were found dead under trees at the Target store in Wilsonville, Oregon on Monday, June 17, 2013. The neonicotinyl insecticide dinotefuran (label Safari) was applied pre-bloom according to label.

Dead in the parking lot, Bombus vosenesenskii

Residue data confirmed dinotefuran, but data was not released by Oregon Depart. Agriculture. Another bee kill occurred in Hillsboro, OR. Trees were covered in nets and dinotefuran use is banned for 6 months in Oregon.

Incident

Incident: 2009 Imidacloprid residue in linden trees.Report from 2009Imidacloprid soil injection at a golf course

State of California, Department of Pesticide Regulations, Evaluation report on Merit 2F applied to 11 Tilia cordata linden trees at a golf course in Willimington DE in 2006 and 2007 and hundreds of dead bees found at the trees in 2008

Imidacloprid in leaves was 2,600 -11,700 ppbImidacloprid in dead bumblebees was 146 ppbFor regulatory purposes, the LD50 of imidacloprid to the honey bee is 3.7 ng/bee=37 ppb. Bayer CropScience indicated the amount in the bees exceeded the LD50.

Duration of imidacloprid from 1X application

12 months on linden (Frank et al. 2007, Johnson and Williamson 2007)12 months on poplar (Tenczar and Krischik 2007)12 months on ash (McCullough et al. 2003)24 months on hemlock (Cowles et al. 2006)24 months cotoneaster (Szczepaniec and Raupp 2007

SiteImidacloprid

Treatment Rate

Seed treatment Gaucho*

0.11 mg AI/seed canola0.625 mg AI/seed cornEFSA 2012

Field crops 4 mg/sg ft Dively and Kamal 2012, Stoner and Eitzer 2012

Greenhouse/nursery pot

300 mg AI/potKrischik et al. 2014

Landscape, rose

600 mg AI/plant (2 times)Krischik et al. 2015

10 in DBH24 in DBH

28 g AI67 g AIKrischik et al. 2014

0.11 mg/canola seed0.625 mg/ corn seed300 mg 3 gal pot480 times more in pot compared to corn seed2,700 times more in pot compared to canola seed

Landscape Ornamental tree label:Used 29 g on basswood tree and 33 ppb found in Flowers (Krischik et al. 2015).

Agricultural citrus tree label: Used 4 g on citrus tree and 10 ppb found in nectar (Byrne et al. 2013).

Comparing seed treatment, agricultural rates, and landscape rates.

Residues of neonicotinyls in pollen and nectar

Plant Imidacloprid ppb ReferenceSunflower(treated-seed)

2 ppb nectar4 ppb pollen

Schmuck et al. 2001

Pumpkin (soil drench)

4 - 12 ppb nectar37 - 87 ppb pollen

Dively & Kamal 2012

Milkweed nectar (soil drench)

20076,030 ppb (1X) 10,400 ppb (2X)

Krischik and Rogers 2014

Milkweed nectar(soil drench)

20111,568 ppb (1X)2,950 ppb (2X)

Krischik et al. 2015

Buckwheat nectar(soil drench)

6,600 ppb (1X)12,300 ppb (2X)

Krischik et al. 2015

Anise hyssop (soil drench)

1,973 ppb (1X) 5,265 ppb (2X)

Krischik et al. 2015

Clover nectar (soil drench)

171 ppb (1X, clothianidin) Larson et al. 2013

Residues of neonicotinyls in pollen and nectar

Plant Imidacloprid ppb Reference

Maple tree 199 ppb flower USDA APHIS 2003

Eucalyptus tree (soil drench)

550 ppb nectar Paine et al 2011

Horsechestnut (trunk injection)

5-283 ppb flower Bayer, Maus et al. 2004b

Serviceberry (soil drench)

1,038- 2,816 ppb flower

Bayer, Doering et al. 2005a,b

Rose outside (soil drench)

95-1175 ppb pollen Krischik et al. 2015

Rose GH(soil drench)

32 ppb pollen Krischik et al. 2015

Yellow bells (soil drench)

106 nectar ppb Krischik et al. 2015

Insect Species Level

Kills lady beetle, lacewing, parasitic wasp, and bumble bees

1X label rateKrischik 5 papers

Kills honeybees in one sip

185-192 ppb (CA EPA290, Fischer and Chalmers 2007)

Foraging behavior 6-100 ppb

Foraging behavior reduced, which results in less colony weight and fewer queens produced

6-100 ppb

Bee ppb Reference

Honey bee recruit to food

20 ppb imidacloprid Schmuck et al. 2001; Schmuck 1999

Honey bee orientation

25 ppb clothianidin Lambin et al. 2001

Honey bee foraging

6 ppb Colin et al. 2004

Honey bee foraging

50 ppb Colin et al. 2004

Honey bee dance effectiveness

50 ppb Schneider et al. 2012

Honey bee directionality during flight

75 ppb imidacloprid25 ppb clothianidin

Menzel et al. 2014

Other aspects of foraging and neonicotinyls

Bee ppb Reference

Honey bee foraging

15 ppb imidacloprid Schneider et al. 2012

Honey bee foraging

5 ppb clothianidin Henry et al. 2012

Honey bee foraging

67 ppb thiamethoxam Schneider et al. 2012

Bombus terrestrisforaging

10 ppb imidacloprid Mommaerts et al. 2012; Gill et al. 2012

Bombus impatiensforaging

30 ppb imidacloprid Morandin and Winston 2003

Bombus impatiensforaging

10 ppb imidacloprid, 50% did not return

Gill et al. 2012

Foraging and neonicotinyls

Bee ppb Reference

Bombus terrestris 0.7 nectar and 6 ppb pollen imidacloprid Colony weight lower 8% - 12% Queen production lower 85%.

Whitehorn et al. 2012

Bombus terrestris 10 ppb, Pollen collecting efficancy and brood care reduced

Gill et al. 2012

Bombus impatiens 114 ppb, reduced colony weight, no queen production

Larson et al 2012

Bombus terrestris 10 ppb, reduced pollen foraging

Gill and Raine 2014

Bombus terrestris 0.7 nectar and 6 ppb pollen imidacloprid, reduced pollen foraging

Feltham et al. 2014

Foraging and neonicotinyls

Conclusions1. Most bedding plants and hanging baskets contain cultivars not visited by bees. 2. So neonicotinyl use in nurseries and greenhouse do not affect beneficial insects as they do not feed on these plants.3. Many new EPA registered insecticides can be used on native and heirloom plants visited by bees.4. Seed treatments result in the lowest levels of neonicotinyl insecticide in nectar and pollen. Few studies demonstrate that seed treatments reduce honeybee health.5. However, greenhouse and landscape applications use higher rates compared to agriculture.6. However, many, many papers demonstrate that neonicotinyl insecticides affect foraging, learning, and orientation at sub lethal levels below 192 ppb.7. The n-nicotinic acetylcholinesterase receptors are 40% higher in bees that use dancing, navigation, and learning to find food.

Soil-applied imidacloprid alters predator and parasitoid survival and behavior:

1. Coleomegilla maculata, Harmonia axyridis, Hippodamia convergens (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)

2. Anagyrus pseudococci (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae)

3. Chrysoperal carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae)

4. Bombus impatiens (Hymenoptera: Apidae)

Soil-applied imidacloprid alters survival and behavior of Coleomegilla maculata by 14 d

sunflower dandelion chrysanthemum

Fecundity P < 0.010 ns ns

Walk rate P < 0.010 P < 0.010 P < 0.010

Flip time P < 0.010 P < 0.010 P < 0.010

Day 3

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Coleomegilla Hippodamia Harmonia

% S

urv

ival

C-C

1X-C

1X-1X

2X-C

2X-2X

a abaa

c

c

c

b

a

ababbb

abb

F= 23.177P<0.0001 df= 4, 149

F= 3.506 P= 0.0097df= 4, 117

F= 2.756P= 0.033df= 4, 84

Soil-applied imidacloprid alters behavior and survival of Coleomegilla, HippodamiaHarmonia

Day 12

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

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100

Coleomegilla Hippodamia Harmonia

% S

urv

ival

C-C

1X-C

1X-1X

2X-C

2X-2X

bc

c

abc

ab

a

cc

c

b

a

c

bc

c

b

a

F= 33.921P<0.0001 df= 4, 117

F= 4.907P= 0.001 df= 4, 84

F= 44.066P <0.0001df= 4, 149

Soil-applied imidacloprid alters behavior and survival of Coleomegilla, HippodamiaHarmonia

Soil-applied imidacloprid alters survival and behavior of Anagyrus pseudococci (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae)

0

25

50

75

100

% S

urv

ivors

hip

Experiment 2

Day 1

**

0

25

50

75

100

2X 1X AZ UF UFS LVS S N

Treatments

% S

urv

ivors

hip

Experiment 3

Day 1

*

*

0

25

50

75

100

% S

urv

ivors

hip

Experiment 1

Day 1

*

*

*

% survivorship of Anagyrus pseudococciat 1 d

Soil-applied imidacloprid alters behavior and survival of Anagyrus(Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae)

% survivorship of Anagyrus pseudococciat 7 d

0

25

50

75

100

% S

urv

ivors

hip

Experiment 2

Day 7

**

0

25

50

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2X 1X AZ UF UFS LVS S N

Treatments

% S

urv

ivors

hip

Experiment 3

Day 7

0

25

50

75

100

% S

urv

ivors

hip

Experiment 1

Day 7

*

*

Soil-applied imidacloprid alters behavior and survival of Anagyrus (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae)

Soil-applied imidacloprid alters behavior and survival of Chrysoperal carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae)

Soil-applied imidacloprid alters behavior and survival of Chrysoperal carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae)

Chrysoperla carnea mean percent trembling (Day 6)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

10/3/2005 10/24/2005 11/7/2005 CombinedReplicate Start Date

% t

rem

bli

ng

C

1X

2X

F= 384.0df= 2,5p<.0001

b

bF= 11.7df= 2,4p= 0.0186

a

ab

F= 7.6df= 2,9p= 0.0118

a

b b

F= 16.4df= 2,24p<.0001

a a

b b

Soil-applied imidacloprid alters behavior and survival of Chrysoperal carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae)

Chrysoperla carnea mean percent survival (Day 10)

0

10

20

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100

10/3/2005 10/24/2005 11/7/2005 CombinedReplicate Start Date

% s

uvi

val

C

1X

2X

F= 83.3df= 2,5p= 0.0051

F= 1512.3df= 2,9p= <.0001

F= 195.5df= 2,9p= <.0001

F= 456.91df= 2,24p= 0.0246

a

b

b

a

b b

a

b

c

a

b

b

Bumble bee colonies with flight box

Flight boxBrood box

Colony consumption

A

A: Week 2: F = 52.51, DF = 4, 16, p < 0.001 Week 4: F = 27.40, DF = 4, 14, p < 0.001 Week 6: F = 22.61, DF = 4, 12, p < 0.001 Week 8: F = 7.67, DF = 3,17, p = 0.002

B: Week 2: F = 42.05, DF = 4, 17, p < 0.001 Week 4: F = 91.96, DF = 4, 14, p < 0.001 Week 6: F = 42.77, DF = 4, 28, p < 0.001 Week 8: F = 48.52, DF = 4, 8, p < 0.001

Colony weight A: Week 0: F = 1.84, DF = 4,16, p = 0.170 Week 11: F = 16.20, DF = 4,35, p < 0.001B: Week 0: F = 0.87, DF = 4,37, p = 0.492 Week 11: F = 16.10, DF = 4,37, p < 0.001

Syrup pots added A: F = 2.72, DF = 4,35, p = 0.045

B: F = 12.07, DF = 4,37, p < 0.001

Systemic neonicotinyl insecticides reduce foraging and survival in beneficial insects and beesImidacloprid first reduces movement and foraging. Sublethal dose: 20 ppb (2ng/bee) reduces foraging, memory, and navigationLethal dose: LC50 for honey bees of 185 ppb (EPA CA) or 192 ppb (Bayer)

Bees have 40% more n-acetylcholinesterase receptors that are associated with memory and foraging.

In 1990 goal was IPM in 75% of the US crop. Neonicotinyl insecticides were considered compatible with IPM due to lower mammalian toxicity and reduced spray drift as the insecticides were applied to the soil. Bayer researcher Schmuck et al. 1999 said, 1 ppb was in pollen only. We now know that was an under estimation. Systemic neonicotinyl insecticides kill beneficials and are not compatible with IPM.

2012 Imidacloprid residue in basswood treesBasswood trees 10 in DBH, 28g/tree2012 June Aug leaves 554 ppb 1,023 ppbsoil 15,436 ppb 5,956 ppbflowers 33 ppb (n=8, 11-72 ppb)

Landscape Ornamental tree label:QualiPro or Xytect label0.1 to 0.4 fl/oz per inch DBH, 0.3 to 0.4 fl oz trees >15 in DBHUsed 29 g on basswood tree and 33 ppb found in flowers

Agricultural label: Admire Pro, Bayer CropScience imidaloprid labelByrne et al. 2013Used 4 g on citrus tree and 10 ppb found in nectar

Plant Imidacloprid ppb Reference

Sunflower(treated-seed)

2 nectar4 pollen

Schmuck et al. 2001

Pumpkin(soil drench)

4 - 12 nectar37 - 87 pollen

Dively & Hooks 2010

Milkweed(soil drench)

6000 ppb nectar Krischik 2013

Eucalyptus tree (soil drench)

550 ppb nectar Paine et al 2011

Horsechestnut tree

(trunk injection)5-283 blossom Bayer, unpulished,Maus et

al. 2004b

Serviceberry (soil drench)

1,038- 2,816 blossom

Bayer, unpublished, Doering et al. 2005a,b

Residue in pollen and nectar, very few papers

SiteImidacloprid

Treatment Rate

Seed treatment Gaucho*

0.11 -0.625 mg AI imidacloprid/1 plantFRENCH RESEARCH

Field crops 4 mg/sg ft NOT RESEARCHED

Greenhouse/nursery pot

300 mg AI/potKRISCHIK

Landscape, rose

630 mAI/plantNOT RESEARCHED

15 in DBH24 in DBH

50 g AI76 g AINOT RESEARCHED

penick.net

2011 Imidacloprid residue plants

Dose in mg/soil Dead bees on Agastache

Agastache spp.nectarppb

Asclepias spp.nectarppb

Esperanza spp.nectarppb

Rosa spp.pollenppb

0 0.6b 6b 3c 0c 26b25 0.6b 52b 80c 8c 36b50 0.5b 133b 175bc 21c 30b300 1X 3 gal pot

1.1ab 1973b 1568bc 106c 95b

600 2X 3 gal pot

2.4a 5265ab 2950b 276b 332b

1200 2.4a 9335a 8337a 9162a 720aF=3.2, 0.01 F=3.7, 0.017 F=25.8, 0.0001 F=166, 0.0001 F=5.7, 0.0025

penick.net

Imidacloprid residue and bee kills in field

Dose in mg/soil

Dead bees on Agastache

Agastache spp.nectarppb

0 0.6b 6b25 0.6b 52b50 0.5b 133b300 1X 3 gal pot

1.1ab 1973b

600 2X 3 gal pot

2.4a 5265ab

1200 2.4a 9335aF=3.2, 0.01 F=3.7, 0.017

2009, 2010, 2011 Imidacloprid residue rose

Dose in mg/soilMarathon 1%G

Rose 2009field

Rose 2010GH

Rose 2011field

0 9d 0c 26b25 na 5c 36b50 na 7c 30bHomeowner 1X 270 mg

812c na na

Homeowner 2X 270 mg

1648a na na

300 1X 3 gal pot 1175b 32bc 95b600 2X 3 gal pot na 161ab 332b1200 na 268a 720a

F=256, 0.0001 F=4.9, 0.0045 F=5.7, 0.0025

2005, 2007, 2011 Imidacloprid residue buckwheat, milkweedDose in mg/soilMarathon 1%G

Buckwheat 2005Nectar ppb

Milkweed 2007Nectar ppb

2011 MilkweedNectar ppb

0 3c

25 na na 80c

50 na na 175bcHomeowner 1X 270 mg

na na na

Homeowner 2X 270 mg

na na na

300 1X 3 gal pot 6000 6000 1568bc

600 2X 3 gal pot 12000 12000 2950b

300 21 days later na 20000 na

600 21 days later na 34000 na

1200 na na 8337a

F=25.86, (2,22)0.001

F=22.72, (2,6) 0.0016

F=25.8, 0.0001

2012 Imidacloprid residue canola pollenDose in mg/soil April 5 2010, E

June 1 flowers1 appApril

May 19, 2010, WJuly 2 flowers1 appMay

July 2, 2010, EAugust 18 flowers2 appApril+July

July 29, WSept 15 flowered1 appMay

Black WI aust 0 0Ponchoblue invigor 601

0 0

Gaucho red invigor 701

0 0

0 0c 0b 0b 0b4 0c 0b 313b 5b8 14c 7b 179b 8b

80 461b 15b 342b 24b

160 2072a 341a 3860a 162a

F=410, 0.0001 F=271, 0.001 F=7.5, 0.0002 F=70.6, 0.0001

2012 Imidacloprid residue canola soilDose in mg/soil April 5

June 1 flowers1 appApril

May 19July 2 flowers1 appMay

July 2August 18 flowers2 appApril + July 6

July 29Sept 15 flowered1 appMay 7

Seed trt no insect

51

Poncho na na na 4Gaucho na na na 770 na na 0 13164 na na 1552 1998 na na 743 25780 na na 1816 517

160 na na 9727 3913

F=2.8, p=0.07 F=5.3, p=0.0009

Insect Species Level

Kills beneficial insects: lady beetle, lacewing..

15 ppb

Kills honeybees in one sip

158-185 ppb

Altering honey bee behavior

6-100 ppb

Altering bumblebee behavior

10-30 ppb .

LD50 imidacloprid LD50 clothianidin

40 ng/bee = 400 ppb43 ng/bee

Table 1. Level applied for commodities and level detected in nectarCommodity Treatment

rate (AI)Residue in nectar/pollen

Research Paper

Seed Treatment Gaucho*

*most research on this treatment level

0.11mgAI/seed

0.6-0.8 ppb canola nectar1.9ppb sunflower nectar6 ppb bee pollen loads in France

Scott-Dupree and Spivak, 2001Schmuck et al, 2001Chauzat et al, 2006

Field cropsFormulas Admire Pro, etc.

4mgAI/sqft 10 ppb nectar, 14 ppb pollen squash

122 ppb pollen pump17 ppb nectar

2012 Stoner + Eitzer

2012 Dively + Kamal

Greenhouse/nursery pots before planting outdoors; can reapply Marathon

300mgAI/3gal pot

20 to 54 ppb Krischik et al, 2007, 2012

3ft plant in landscape, rose

630mg AI Not researched  

Table 1. Level applied for commodities and level detected in nectar?DBH apple-tree method

?DBH eucalyptus method

16 in DBH tree-soil drench

24in DBH tree-soil

Maple flowers

Rhododendron

AmelanchierCornus mas

Tilia chordata

Aesculus

Unknown

Unknown

50g AI

76g AI

Soil

SoilSoilSoilSoilsoil

Soil

Trunk inject

4000 ppb

550 ppb

Not researched

Not researched

130 ppb

19 ppb 3 - 6 yrs post application27-850 ppb 6 mo66-4560 ppb18 mo1038-2816 ppb 17 mo

146 ppb dead bees134 ppb olefin5-283 ppb 7dy

Bayer, unpublished

Tim Payne, UC Riverside

2003 USDA APHIS

Doering et al 2004

Doering et al 2005

CA DPR 2009

Maus et al. 2004

Insect Species Effect Research PaperGreenhouse research Kills beneficial insects: ladybeetle predator (4sp), green lacewing predator, parasitic wasp

 15 ppb Krischik et al 2007

Kills honey beesin one sipNOEC Acute oralAcute contact

 158-185 ppb<5ppb20 ppb

40 ng/bee = 4-400 ppb40-102 ng/bee

Bayer report 2007Pan-Europe 2009 letterMaus et al, 2003Suchail et al, 2001Nauen 2001

honey bee behavior 24 ppb disrupts learning and olfactory conditioning

Decourtye et al 2004

6 ppb disruption of feeding

Colin et al. 2004

100 ppb decrease in foraging

Kirchner 1999

ppb Effect Research paper

honey bee behavior

       

 All bees show abnormal forage behavior100- 37%200 -34%400-74%600-78% (34% missing bees)800-83% (51% missing bees)Ingest 36.3 to 86.5 microl/bee1.82ng/bee=18 ppb 4.33 ng/bee =43 ppb 8 ppb-50 ppb bees in free flightsig dif in mortality except at 4ppb, but sig decline in PER learning for all concentrations 24 ppb1/3 decrease syrup consumption, decrease brood production, strong decrease in no. of foraging bees, sig. lower responses PER

Yang et al 2008 

Bortolotti et al 2003

 Decourtye et al et al. 2004  

  

Efficacy and duration imidacloprid in Efficacy and duration imidacloprid in field grown poplarsfield grown poplars at at 12 mo12 mo

• Cottonwood leaf beetle, Chrysomela scripta (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

• 4 generations occur in MN, >8 in southern US.

• Adults overwinter under bark and leaf litter.

Whitney Cranshaw, Colorado State University, Lacy L. Hyche, Auburn University, www.forestryimages.org

Efficacy and duration imidacloprid in Efficacy and duration imidacloprid in field grown poplarsfield grown poplars at at 12 mo12 moTreatment 1 mo 10 mo 12 mo

Control 90.0±3.0 a 100.0±0.0 a 91.2±4.3 a

Granular 0.12x 3.3±2.6 ef 33.3±16.7 bc 55.6±6.7 bcd

Granular 0.25x 0.0±0.0 f 16.7±16.7 bc 41.7±7.3 cd

Granular 0.5x 0.0±0.0 f 0.0±0.0 c 0.0±0.0 e

Drench 0.25x 30.8±8.5 cd 50.0±12.9 abc 73.6±7.4 ab

Drench 0.5x 0.8±0.8 f 25.0±17.1 bc 36.1±8.9 d

Drench 1x 3.3±2.6 ef 0.0±0.0 c 24.1±8.2 de

Tablet 0.12x 15.0±7.2 def 16.7±16.7 bc 68.5±9.3 abc

Tablet 0.25x 20.8±9.3 cdef 0.0±0.0 c 2.8±2.8 e

Tablet 0.5x 54.2±9.7 b 0.0±0.0 c 2.8±2.8 e

Stick Soak 0.5x 55.0±8.6 b 100.0±0.0 a 76.5±7.9 ab

Stick Soak 1x 42.5±8.8 bc 75.0±17.1 ab 70.3±6.9 abc

Stick Soak 2x 22.8±9.2 cde 75.0±17.1 ab 70.1±8.1 abc

F (df), P ANOVA 17.6 (12, 182), <0.001 10.1 (12, 65), <0.001 21.8 (12, 216), <0.001

Efficacy and duration of imidacloprid in Efficacy and duration of imidacloprid in container grown container grown poplarspoplars at at 12 mo12 mo

Efficacy and duration of imidacloprid in Efficacy and duration of imidacloprid in container grown poplarscontainer grown poplars at at 12 mo12 moTreatment 1 mo 8 mo 12 mo

Control 88.8±2.79 a 76.2±8.8 a 86.4±7.0 a

Granular 0.12x 0.0±0.0 c 0.0±0.0 b 0.0±0.0 c

Granular 0.25x 0.0±0.0 c 0.0±0.0 b 0.0±0.0 c

Granular 0.5x 0.0±0.0 c 0.0±0.0 b 0.0±0.0 c

Drench 0.5x 0.0±0.0 c 0.0±0.0 b 0.0±0.0 c

Drench 1x 0.0±0.0 c 0.0±0.0 b 0.0±0.0 c

Drench 2x 0.0±0.0 c 0.0±0.0 b 0.0±0.0 c

Tablet 0.25x 27.9±8.0 b 0.0±0.0 b 0.0±0.0 c

Tablet 0.5x 13.9±7.3 bc 0.0±0.0 b 0.0±0.0 c

Tablet 1x 13.9±6.1 bc 0.0±0.0 b 0.0±0.0 c

Stick Soak 0.5x 0.0±0.0 c 0.0±0.0 b 20.8±11.4 bc

Stick Soak 1x 0.7±0.7 c 0.0±0.0 b 20.8±9.6 bc

Stick Soak 2x 0.0±0.0 c 0.0±0.0 b 8.3±5.6 c

Root Dip 1x 0.0±0.0 c 0.0±0.0 b 39.4±13.2 b

Root Dip 2x 0.0±0.0 c 0.0±0.0 b 7.1±7.1 bc

Root Dip 4x 0.0±0.0 c 0.0±0.0 b 5.0±5.0 c

F (df), P ANOVA 49.8 (15, 269), <0.001 62.6 (15, 81), <0.001 15.3 (15, 165), <0.001

Rose ‘Mr. Lincoln’Rose ‘Mr. Lincoln’

Efficacy and duration imidacloprid in Efficacy and duration imidacloprid in container grown container grown rose at rose at 12 mo12 mo

Japanese beetle adultJapanese beetle adult(Coleoptera: Scarabidae)Adults feed on foliageAdults feed on foliageGrubs feed on grass rootsGrubs feed on grass roots

Treatment % Mortality±SEM

Mean flip time±SEM (s)

% Leaf eaten area±SEM (cm2)

2006 2007 2006 2007 2006 2007

Control 2.6±0.4 e 0.7±0.7 e 30.4±2.e 29.5±2 e100.0±0.0

a89.4±1 a

GR 1x 35.9±4 b 25.0±4 bc 101.9±3 bc 74.4±7 cd 3.4±0.3 cd 12.1±1 de

GR 3x 42.7±4 b 37.5±5 b 106.0±3 ab 61.5±7 d 2.7±0.cd 11.8±1 de

DR 1X 30.1±3 bc 2.1±2 de 98.6±3 bc 57.6±4 d 2.1±0.3 cd 38.6±6 b

Tab 1X 9.1±2de 20.8±3 cd 82.0±3 d 109.7±2 a 11.8±2 b 7.5±1 de

Tab 2X 10.6±2.de22.2±3

bcd95.5±3 bcd

100.9±3 ab

7.1±1 bcd 5.0±0.3 de

IRt Dip,3.1 ml

21.3±3cd 36.1±3 b 95.9±3bcd 106.9±3 a 2.3±0.3 cd 23.9±3 c

Discus 83.3±2.a 75.0±4a 120.0±0 a 112.7±2 a 0.2±0.1 d 2.9±0.7 e

F (df), P treatment

66.3(9, 218),

<0.0001

41.7 (9, 302),

<0.0001

72.5 (9, 218),

<0.0001

47.4 (9, 302),

<0.0001

631.4 (9, 218),

<0.0001

180.1 (9, 302),

<0.0001