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INTERNATIONAL BUILDING EXHIBITION HAMBURG

Smart Material House

Smart is Green August 2013

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Published by:

IBA Hamburg GmbH

Am Zollhafen 12

20539 Hamburg

TEL. +49(0)40.226 227-0

FAX +49(0)40.226 227-315

www.iba-hamburg.de

[email protected]

Date:

August 2013

Project coordinator:

Hubert Lakenbrink

Concept and design:

IBA Hamburg GmbH

Jens-Phillip Petersen

Text and editing:

IBA Hamburg GmbH

Jens-Phillip Petersen

Christian Roedel

Imprint

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A INTRODUCTION

A.1 SMART MATERIAL HOUSES

A.2 SMART IS GREEN PROJECT OUTLINE

B SMART IS GREEN PROJECT DETAILS

B.1 ARCHITECTURAL CONCEPT

B.2 SMART MATERIAL CONCEPT

B.3 BUILDING SERVICES CONCEPT

B.4 PLANNING PROCESS

B.5 ASSESSMENT

PICTURE CREDITS

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6

8

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11

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24

Contents

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“Smart materials” are materials, material

systems, and products that can be derived from

them which behave not in a static but a dynamic

way, in contrast to conventional building mate-

rials. In other words, because of their nature,

these materials react to changing environmental

conditions and adapt to them. These special

characteristics result from physical or chemical

influences, such as varying temperatures or sun-

light falling on the building material.

The building envelope is one of the most crucial

elements: the use of smart materials in the

façade can enable energy and material flows to

be improved and kept as small as possible, since

a large proportion of these materials draw

energy directly or indirectly from the surround-

ing environment.

Smart materials can be found in nature.

Microalgae, for example, can be bred in the glass

sections of façades: they then use photosynthe-

sis to turn solar thermal energy into heat energy,

biomass, and heat. The façade itself becomes

part of the building services.

A “Smart Material House” is a new form of

residential building in which adaptable architec-

tural designs can be combined with intelligent

technologies and construction materials. As one

of the main themes of the “Building Exhibition

within the Building Exhibition”, these constitute

an architectural pilot project, using four exempla-

ry building types to show how new technological

approaches can be translated into a forward-

looking architectural language, and traditional

techniques reinterpreted.

As its starting point for the “Smart Material Hou-

ses” theme, the International Building Exhibition

Hamburg (IBA) presented the following basic

ideas. Smart materials are active, with a transfor-

mative character. They respond to changing envi-

ronmental conditions. In an intelligent interaction

with “smart technologies”, this process can be

extended to the level of networked building ser-

vices, and can monitor and optimise the energy

and material maintenance.

For this purpose, the existing categories of mate-

rials must be considered afresh, because smart

materials, being active, take on opposing proper-

ties and functions at different times. Material and

technological innovations in architectural history

were always associated with a fundamental

change in what architecture could and should be.

These days, it can be observed that sustainability

is the background to many design decisions.

• Smart materials and smart technologies,

through their adaptive functions, make it

possible to control energy and material

flows sustainably.

• The adaptability of smart materials endows

time processes with great significance.

• A performative understanding of materials

and technologies enables and fosters a

new approach to the architectural design

process.

A paradigm shift towards decentralised infra-

structure systems is becoming apparent. By

decentralisation we mean the integration of

urban functions into building technology. Water

systems, power generation, the use of waste

heat, miniature pumps, and combined heat and

power are installed and deployed locally or in

the immediate vicinity. Much of the energy

consumed in buildings is to be recovered in the

future from existing local anergy, to reduce the

proportion of high exergy.

The infrastructures of the city need to be re-

thought and reorganised in this context.

• Through the integration of urban functions

into building technology, the house becomes

an actor in a (communicative, i.e. feedback)

network. Accordingly, it performs additional

functions, such as being a “power plant”,

providing “energy storage” or comprising a

“communicative place” in the urban context.

A Introduction

A. 1 Smart Material Houses

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• The building envelope is the central element

of the energy exchange between inside and

outside. It controls inflowing and outflowing

currents of energy and the circulation of

material. Using smart materials and smart

technologies, building envelopes can

• actively regulate energy and material flows.

• Since the beginning of the modern period,

building services have been bundled away,

centralised and thus often rendered invisib-

le. With the proliferation of smart materials,

the material surface can itself become a

medium carrying energy and information.

• The new technologies make it possible to

multiply building services and distribute

them to various surfaces. Materials become

dynamic infrastructures that can produce

variable, partly contradictory effects.

• With the extension of multifunctional sur-

faces, the time factor becomes an integral

part of the design and simultaneously

makes it possible to use space and buildings

in hybrid ways.

• Along with the increasing importance of

time processes, an “open layout” can be

changed into a “reconfigurable layout”.

• Reconfigurable layouts are generated from

the mutability of the space, the transform-

ability of the materials, and the adaptabi-

lity of the technologies, no longer solely

through their (static) openness to different

uses.

• There is an emphasis on the “aesthetics of

the phenomena”, which mainly focuses on

the behaviour of materials. It is not impor-

tant how the material presents itself, but

when it makes its appearance.

The architectural and building services concepts

underlying the “Smart is Green” will be set out

in detail in this booklet. The planning process will

also be explained precisely, as various changes

were made between the design stage and the im-

plementation of the model project. The reasons

behind these changes were technical, financial,

or functional, meaning that some of the original

targets had to be adjusted.

Model projects are particularly liable to undergo

planning changes; indeed, besides presenting

innovative end products, building exhibitions

seek to test construction methods and processes.

Only when the planning process is examined is it

possible to ascertain whether a model building

project can serve as a good example of the use of

“smart” materials in the twenty-first century, or

if the concept needs to be reworked. In addition

to setting out technical details for experts, this

booklet is intended to provide an objective as-

sessment of whether the model project “Smart is

Green” fulfils this aim, and whether and to what

extent it has ultimately succeeded in achieving

the goals set out before the planning stage.

After this short introduction the “Smart is Green”

apartment block will be presented in brief, and

then explained in detail. The architectural and

building services concepts will be introduced

first, followed by a description of the planning

process, and then the evaluation of the model

project. The presentation will focus in particular

on the energy concept and the materials used for

storing energy.

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FEATURES

• Energy generation units on the roof and façades as part of the architectural concept

• Use of phase-change materials (PCMs) to store energy

• Flexible layout configurations that are adaptable to the needs of the residents

Each of the four family-friendly terraced houses

“The aim of the building is to make the aest-

hetics of energy transformation visible, and

to create flexible building structures that can

be used by people of all ages.” Michael Ziller,

architect

The façades and roof of the “Smart is Green”

structure are an active part of the innovative

building services concept. They use different

technologies to generate energy that can be

used directly by the building, or even fed into

the Wilhelmsburg energy grid. The focus here

is on the use and storage of thermal energy to

supply heat to the block.

In addition, the development and ground plans

are designed to be flexible, and can be adapted

to the individual requirements of the residents.

Structure follows function to suit everyday

needs. The building can be adapted to follow

changing technological needs and the residents’

requests, as the demand arises.

Fig. 1: View from the southeast, June 2013

Fig. 2: View from the southwest, May 2013

A. 2 Smart is Green Project Outline

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PROJECT PARTNERS

Architecture

• zillerplus Architekten und

Stadtplaner, Michael Ziller

Architekt BDA, München

Investor

• Behrendt Wohnungsbau

KG, Hamburg

• Sparda Immobilien GmbH,

Hamburg

Technical Building Services

• PINCK Ingenieure Consul-

ting GmbH, Hamburg

• Ingenieurbüro Hausladen

GmbH, Kirchheim

Construction Materials Part-

ners

• Christian Fischbacher

GmbH, St. Gallen

• Outlast Europe GmbH,

Dörken

• Oliver Wagner Innenein-

richtung GmbH, Hamburg

Other Project Partners

• Hamburg Energie GmbH,

Hamburg

• Realisation: Andresen

Garten und Landschafts-

planung, Hamburg

• Competition: Burger

Landschaftsarchitekten,

München

PROJECT DATA

Project Costs

• approx. € 4.4 million

Plot Size

• 1,250 m2

Gross Floor Area

• 1,990 m2

Size of the functional units

• 86 - 127 m2

Energy Standard

• Efficiency House Plus,

built to a Passive House

standard

Energy Supply

• Solar thermal energy,

PCM energy storage, and

photovoltaic system, “Wil-

helmsburg Central Energy

Network” district heating

Construction Period

• December 2011 - March

2013

Structural Design/Fire safety

• Wetzel & von Seht Ingeni-

eurbüro für Bauwesen VBI,

Hamburg

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The “Smart Material House” by zillerplus

Architekten grapples with a wholly modern

theme – the systematic separation between the

supporting framework, shell, and fitout elements

– in a new way.

The compact structure, a solid construction,

has long-span ceilings in order to ensure that

the apartments are separated as flexibly as

possible. On the southern side is a continuous

balcony area, which forms its own layer, like a

multi-storey veranda. The south façade has a

large proportion of glass surfaces for a passive

house, endowing the building with high resi-

dential value. The east and west façades have

an open appearance, while the north façade

appears more closed, with the surface broken

up by coloured sheet metal panels. Features

of the design are the vertical gardens on the

south façade (climbing hydrangea on trellises),

which are echoed by the sheet metal panels of

the same size on the other sides, so that all four

façades are brought together by these rectangu-

lar elements.

The south side is arranged in three layers from

the outside to the inside: a planted façade

element serves as protection against the heat in

summer, insulated glazing protects against heat

and cold, and a PCM curtain acts as a short-term

heat reservoir. Central to the architectural con-

cept here are the way in which the roof and fa-

çade have been upgraded into sources of energy

for the building, as well as the opening up of the

interior space to provide versatile ground plans.

The shell of the building thus not only provides

heat protection, but also supplies it with energy

via its “harvesting” function. The highly insulated

façade consists of two levels. The first, the

basic level ensuring heat protection, is formed

by a thermal insulating system with integrated

mineral plaster. The second level, which has a 3D

design and indicates its location with its colour

and a stacked appearance, like a container, is

formed of green curtain façade elements made

of aluminium. This allows the north façade on

Neuenfelder Strasse – which, unlike most deve-

lopments adjoining the street, does not have its

entrance on the street side, and is not used for

harvesting energy – to be incorporated into the

overall design.

B Smart is Green Project Details

B.1 Architectural Concept

Fig. 3: Section of a horizontal garden, south façade

Fig. 4: South façade, April 2013

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SinglePaar

Familie

Generationen-wohnen

SingleWohngemeinschaft

Grundriss_Konfigurationmöglichkeitenim Lebenszyklus 1_200

BalkoneGärten am Geschoss

Im LebenszyklusKonfigurierbare Grundrissstruktur

Der MenschBekleidung und PCM

Smart Living

Barrierefreier Zugang zu allen Wohnungen

Elektromobilität gespeist über eigene PV-Anlage

SinglePaar

Familie

Generationen-wohnen

SingleWohngemeinschaft

Grundriss_Konfigurationmöglichkeitenim Lebenszyklus 1_200

BalkoneGärten am Geschoss

Im LebenszyklusKonfigurierbare Grundrissstruktur

Der MenschBekleidung und PCM

Smart Living

Barrierefreier Zugang zu allen Wohnungen

Elektromobilität gespeist über eigene PV-Anlage

In the lifecycle configurable plot structure

Balconies story gardens

Barrier-free access to all appartments

Human beingapparel and PCM

E-mobility fed through PV

Single Couple

Family

Generation living

SingleFlat-sharing community

Floor plan with possible configura-tions in the apartments lifecycle

The curtain elements are attached to the mason-

ry using special high load-bearing plastic faste-

ners, in order to prevent heat bridges. The space

between the planted second layer and the first

layer of the façade on the southern side is used

as a “garden for each floor” in the form of balco-

nies. These thermally decoupled balcony areas

in front of the building thus create their own se-

parate layers of space. The balconies are clad on

the outside with vertical garden elements. Parts

of the entrance area are designed as community

and meeting space.

The base plate rests on auger piles. In order to

prevent the auger piles from acting as thermal

bridges, interior thermal insulation has been

added between the base plate and the floor fill (2

× 10 centimetres). There is an additional 16 cen-

timetres of thermal insulation between the auger

piles. The roof has been constructed as a warm

roof with sloping screed and 35 centimetres of

thermal insulation.

The outer walls have been built as pure solid

construction. The gaps are insulated with 16

centimetre thick thermal insulating material,

with an additional 12 centimetre thick exterior

insulation. Rockwool Aerowolle is built into the

walls to provide exterior insulation, permitting

extremely low U-values for parts of the building

with normal thickness. Thermally insulating triple

glazing with an argon filling was inserted into the

window frames.

The upper floors of the solid concrete and ma-

sonry construction are designed to have three

apartments each. Access is from the northern

side, via a staircase and a lift. In addition to

the extra rooms, the ground floor contains a

community area for the residents alongside the

entrance. The two ground-floor apartments and

the twelve on the four upper floors have been

sold owner-occupiers apartments. The interior

finishes of the apartments are therefore applied

according to individual taste.

The access areas and ground plans have been

conceived in such a way that the apartments

have versatile layouts that can be adapted to suit

the residents’ requirements. Structure follows

function in order to meet everyday needs. This

allows the building to be “readjusted” to fit with

changes in use and technological developments.

The building has a gross floor area of 1,900

square metres and has been built to a Passive

House standard, according to the Passive House

Planning Package. The apartments vary between

86 and 127 square metres, and are heated by

panels in the flooring.

The 127 square metre apartments can be divided

up, so that it is possible to set up a granny flat.

The apartments are devised and arranged in

such a way that they allow a plethora of spatial

configurations which are also adaptable and can

therefore meet any new demands placed on the

residents’ lives. The lifestyle and living needs

Fig. 5: Smart living – versatile spatial configurations inside the building

10

of young singles or couples are fundamentally

different from those of a family, elderly couples,

or single senior citizens.

The versatile configuration of spaces or purposes

is taken into account here: while single people

or couples without children often need only one

bedroom, while the rest of the apartment can

be an open space that fulfils different purposes,

families with children generally need several

bedrooms that are separated from one another.

The 127 square metre apartments can therefore

house up to three bedrooms. Senior citizens in

turn have different requirements, and issues

such as accessibility may play a more impor-

tant role. The positioning of staircases, baths,

and doorways can be changed in apartments to

make them suitable as retirement housing, while

the larger units can house people of several

generations thanks to the possibility of creating

a granny flat. Due to the way in which the space

can be divided up, such changes are easy to

make, allowing residents to adapt the apartments

to their current lifestyles.

This flexibility is wholly due to the construction

method behind “Smart is Green”. While the

load-bearing outer walls of the building and the

apartments are brick-built, and the ceilings are

solid constructions, the walls within the apart-

ments are installed as components in a light-

weight design.

Fig. 6: South façade, April 2013

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In the lifecycle configurable plot structure

Balconies story gardens

Barrier-free access to all appartments

Human beingapparel and PCM

E-mobility fed through PV

B.2 Smart Material Concept

The most important feature of the smart materi-

als used in “Smart is Green” is the phase-change

material (PCM) used as an energy storage

medium. This includes the PCM heat storage unit

and the PCM curtains. In addition, photovoltaic

elements are incorporated into the façade, while

there is a solar thermal system on the parapet

wall, and green elements in the façade. The

building’s automated features are also innova-

tive – its prime focus is its “smart technology”

approach to the building services concept and

the overall energy supply and control. This is

explained in detail in the following section.

Use of PCM as a Storage Medium to Cover the

Building’s Heat Requirement

The latent energy stored during the phase tran-

sition between solid and liquid aggregate states

is used for managing heat in the surrounding

environment. Essentially, heat can be stored as

sensitive or latent heat. If a material is heated, it

absorbs the heat and its temperature rises. We

call this sensitive heat. During phase transiti-

on, latent heat storage materials absorb heat

without undergoing a corresponding increase in

temperature. The amount of heat stored during

phase transition is described as latent heat.

Storing energy in the form of latent rather than

sensitive heat has a number of advantages. As

heat storage is not associated with a tempera-

ture increase, the downtime losses are lower than

those with a sensitive storage method, which

always loses heat to its surroundings due to its

increased temperature. It is possible to mitiga-

te temperature peaks, whereby the amount of

energy absorbed during the heating phase is

stored without causing an increase in tempera-

ture and can be discharged to the surrounding

area with a time delay. Modern architectural

concepts attempt to streamline the amount of

building components, so as to offer versatile and

cost-effective options for design. With the aim of

preventing overheating in summer, PCMs can be

used in two different ways:

Firstly, the passive use of PCMs increases the

thermal performance of buildings, and allows

temperature peaks to be mitigated, especially

in lightweight constructions. In the solid-liquid

phase transition about 100-600 kilojoules per ki-

logram can be stored within a small temperature

interval, depending on the material. The specific

heat capacity in sensitive storage media (mason-

ry, concrete) is approximately 0.5-4 kilojoules per

kilogram kelvin ). If there is a temperature gap

Fig. 7: Building services concept

Green curtains, Summery heat protection,Triple glazed windows

PCM curtains Thermal comfort along façade

Parapet with PV, 3,500kWh 20 per cent electricity is used in the building residue goes to mains or e-mobility

solar heating 42.000 kWh/ahot water and heating

PCM storageConnection to mains2.800 kWh/a energetic recovery systemor PV e-mobility station

District heating Summer: 16.000 kWh/a abundantWinter: 33.000 kWh/a purchase

InverterHeat transfer

PCM storage

Heating

Hot water

12

of 10°C, this corresponds to 5-40 kilojoules per

kilogram of stored heat, which is markedly below

the storage capacity of a latent heat storage

material. The amount of heat absorbed per

millimetre of PCM layer thickness corresponds

to the heat absorbed by the equivalent of 10-40

millimetres of concrete.

Secondly, heat and cold storage can also be

connected with active systems. Load peaks can

be deferred using the storage, enabling climate

control systems in buildings to be scaled down,

or a cap to be placed on load peaks in the power

supply.

PCM storage elements are set to account for a

considerable amount of the heat supply in the

“Smart is Green” building. Such elements are

undergoing tests, and are not yet mass-produced.

While they are being used, their effectiveness is

being evaluated. Energy storage at low tempera-

tures is crucial for supplying energy efficient buil-

dings with heat, and the effective use of space

because less room is required by such storage

has tipped the balance in favour of this option,

as when more space is required by the building

services the storage facilities take up increasing

room, so that some other means of storing ener-

gy must be found. Three storage elements with

different building units and technical components

are to be coordinated with one another as part

of the project, and are explained in greater detail

below.

1. Short-term Storage: Improving Residential

Comfort (3-6 hours)

Curtains with a PCM filling act as protection

against the sun in summer, and serve as a short-

term store by discharging the absorbed heat at

night, when the air is cooler. Temperature peaks

can be calculated and balanced in summer and

winter alike. The curtain acts in the same way as

a “heavy” building component.

Coated with paraffin-encapsulated PCM, this acts

as solar protection and can absorb some of the

sun’s energy, before discharging it again at times

when there is no sunlight.

As the curtain is positioned next to the faça-

de and windows, and in modern buildings and

passive houses there are no static heaters near

the façade, the PCM curtain supports a pleasant

climate in this area. Together with an external

sunscreen built according to energy conservation

regulations (EnEV) − balcony overhang, exterior

blinds, etc. − the curtain is intended primarily to

contribute towards additional comfort during the

transitional period in spring, when the sun hangs

low in the sky and does not shine much on the

façade or the windows. Glass has a lower storage

capacity than a solid wall. The curtain allows this

capacity to be increased, while retaining a certain

level of transparency.

Fig. 8: Structure and efficiency comparison of PCM storage

Water

13

Another advantage of PCM curtains over PCM

walls is that they can hang freely, without being

cluttered up by furniture. The mass of the PCM

material applied to the curtain is very small com-

pared to solid or filled construction materials, so

it can be applied on both sides of the curtain or

corrugated (allowing approximately 1.5-2 times

the window surface). This can be covered directly

by the sun or the controlled ventilation, and

thus be fully charged and discharged. Tempe-

rature peaks can be balanced in this way, while

there is an increased feeling of comfort near the

windows.

The amount of PCM required for the curtains was

determined in laboratory tests carried out by the

company Outlast. The custom-built curtains were

imprinted on both sides with PCM. The white

base material, made of 100 per cent PES Trevira

CS (tested for harmful substances according

to Oeko-Tex Standard 100, weight approx. 200

grams per square metre), is printed in green on

one side, and then printed and surface-coated on

both sides in a dot pattern with a total of at least

130 grams per square metre of paraffin-bound

PCM.

During a two-year monitoring phase, the Techni-

cal University of Braunschweig will take mea-

surements near the curtains in order to assess

the results of their use. The impact of the users’

behaviour on the curtains’ efficiency and their

acceptance are to be reviewed.

The latent heat temporarily stored in the curtains

in the area surrounding the glass façades on

the south, east, and west sides of the building

enables higher levels of comfort to be achie-

ved around large window surfaces, while also

reducing radiative cooling. The larger window

surfaces on the south side, which have a greater

thermal intensity, allow more heat to be absorbed

over the course of the year. It should therefore be

possible to ensure both highly transparent faça-

des in residential buildings, and their acceptance

by the users.

2. Medium-Term Storage: PCMs as Central

Storage for Heat Supply

Excess solar thermal energy is stored in a buffer

tank (PCM tank). Using PCMs allows the volumes

handled by the tank to be halved in comparison

with conventional storage (see Figure 8). Energy

Fig. 9: PCM curtains on the ground floor

14

is stored at the temperature required for use in

underfloor heating; it is not necessary to mix

sources in order to achieve the desired flow

temperature. Further research should lead to in-

creased efficiency, with the aim of more efficient

heat transfer.

The solar thermal module is installed on the pa-

rapet wall and the flat roof in the form of vacuum

tube collectors. The collectors on the roof are

mounted at an angle of 15°. The collectors in the

parapet wall facility are mounted at 90° to the

parapet wall railings. This system generates an

output of approximately 75 kilowatts.

This produces a large amount of heat in the

summer months, which is stored in three hot

water tanks. Due to the high input temperature

generated by the solar thermal energy, the PCM

storage unit needs to be designed to cope with

such high temperatures. This prevents the solar

thermal system from coming to a standstill and

causing yield losses. The storage tank, manu-

factured by the company FSAVE, is designed

to withstand these high temperatures from the

solar thermal system, and can be adjusted to suit

the installation. The storage system – two hyd-

raulically connected storage tanks, each holding

a cubic metre – consists of reinforcing and highly

insulated plastic containers. The highly corrosi-

ve storage medium – a salt hydrate – precluded

metal from being used as the receptacle. The

material is therefore held by two cube-shaped

plastic containers.

Table 1: Dimensions of PCM storage (FLEXSAVE MONO PCM)

Outside measurements Length 1250 mm

Width 900 mm

Hight 2200 mm

Outside volume 2,475 m2

Interior Length 970 mm

Width 620 mm

Hight 1.940 mm Inside volume 1,167 m2

Bellow DN25 130 m

Surface 22,62 m2

Volume 83,72 dm3

Volume of girder 18,06 dm3

Filling volume 1,00 m3

Density of storage 159 kWh/m3

(20 – 90 °C)

Number of storages 2

Storage capacity overall system 319,53 kWh

Insulation PU foam

Tickness 120 mm

Termoconductivity 0,027 W/(m K)

Connecting Number 4 -

Measure 1 ''IG

Thermowell Number 5 -

Measure 1/2 ''IG

15

The generated heat energy is distributed to the

building services rooms and the heat storage

tanks for the three applications (water heating,

underfloor heating, district heating recovery

system) as required. The energy is distributed by

the in-house building management system. Most

of the generated heat energy is to be used within

the building for underfloor heating and water

heating.

The underfloor heating system is supplied with

heat energy by the PCM storage tank. This tank

is fed primarily by the solar thermal unit, and

can also be supplied by the local Wilhelmsburg

energy grid if required. Outside heating times,

the PCM storage tank preheats the cold drinking

water. The maximum operating temperature is

85°C.

Technically pure sodium acetate trihydrate with a

melting point of 58°C is used as the PCM materi-

al. This has a shelf life of over fifteen years. The

storage system consists of two cascade-connec-

ted tanks. This has the benefit that the smaller

storage tank does not require a stabilising outer

frame, which would reduce the storage volume.

The storage tanks have a usable total inner

volume of 2 cubic metres. The outer volume is

4.95 cubic metres. The storage capacity has an

average temperature of 60 kelvin (20-80°C) 280

kilowatt-hours . In comparison, water has a value

of 140 kilowatt-hours.

3. Long-Term Storage (Seasonal): Wilhelmsburg

Central Energy Grid

As the medium-term storage system is housed

within the building, excess heat can be fed into

the Wilhelmsburg Central energy grid and used

directly by other consumers or kept for the

future. If the apartment block’s stored heat is

discharged, any required heat can be obtained

from the local heat grid. In addition, the heat

from the PCM storage is transferred to a buffer

storage unit via a heat exchanger, and conveyed

from there to the handover station of the local

heat grid, or transferred the other way and remo-

ved from the local heat grid.

Thin-Film Solar Collectors on the South Façade

Photovoltaic elements based on thin-film tech-

nology have been used for the façades. They are

particularly suitable for this building, as they

offer better performance yields when light con-

ditions are not optimal, and they are attractive

in appearance. The collectors are necessary not

only from a technical point of view, but also as

elements of the façade design. The aim is to use

20 per cent of the electricity generated by the

building’s own photovoltaic elements, and to

feed the remaining 80 per cent into the distri-

bution grid. The building generates a total of

3,500 kilowatt-hoursh per annum, so it uses 700

kilowatt-hours per annum, which covers the total

power required by the appliances (see Section

B.3, page 18).

Fig. 10: Thin-film solar collectors

16

Building Management System

The close interaction between the technical

components for energy production and storage

means that good coordination is required. Energy

can be provided only in the same way as it is

in a conventional building, on demand from a

heat generator. This is only possible thanks to

sophisticated control systems engineering that

constantly monitors the possible energy sources

and consumers, and thus uses the energy as

effectively as possible. The special feature of this

system is not the technical performance of the

automated building components, but rather the

control concept. Central building automation is

required in order to adapt the different energy

generation components on the building’s outer

shell and the use of energy within the building

to one another in a smart way, and to increase

efficiency. Likewise, accessing energy from and

feeding it into the local heat grid is only possible

if the building is automated.

The block’s automated features are integrated

into a programmable, configurable building ma-

nagement system. This consists of one or several

digital-to-digital converter automation stations or

controllers, which undertake control, monitoring,

regulation, and management functions for the

following areas: heating technology, ventilation

(via meter only), and solar thermal energy. The

regulating system and control processes within

the appliances operate independently within

the respective automation stations or control-

lers. Important information is displayed next to

the appliances, on the power switch cabinets.

The override operating level is shown on the

control cabinet door (touch screen). Alarms and

malfunctions are displayed on the input modules.

Programs and other features can be accessed

via the integrated display or via a maintenance

and operator controlled laptop. This is connected

to the automation station or controller via an

attachment plug.

How the “Green” Curtain Works in Conjunction

with Heat Protection for the Building as Part of

the Façade

In addition to the photovoltaic elements contai-

ned in the railings, vertical gardens are integ-

rated into the façade in order to provide shade.

With climbing hydrangea on trellises, in summer

these offer leafy green curtains that provide

protection from the sun and filter solar radiati-

on. At the same time, this natural façade design

element absorbs carbon dioxide. The cooling

evaporation from the plants acts as a positive in-

fluence on the microclimate around the building.

The greenery of the vertical gardens serves as a

feature that changes with the seasons, and offers

seasonal protection against the sun: they are

closed against the summer sun, but remain open

for the winter sun. In construction terms, this is

a unitised system. The pre-grown climbing hyd-

rangeas are hooked onto the prefabricated tray

elements on the façade. The plants are watered

in the normal way, by rainwater, and are fed auto-

matically. With its design incorporating greenery,

photovoltaic elements, solar thermal energy,

and smart curtains, the south façade not only

showcases energy production, but also uses its

Fig. 11: Vacuum tube collectors on the parapet wall

17

dynamic power generation and solar protection

components to demonstrate climatic conditions

over the course of the year.

Fig. 12: How the “green” curtains work

Summer

Autumn

Winter

Night

18

B.3 Building Services Concept

The building’s heat requirement, according to

Passive House guidelines, is roughly calcula-

ted at 19,250 kilowatt-hour per annum or 12

kilowatt-hour per square metre per annum. The

apartment block is primarily heated by the solar

thermal unit. The second source of heat, which is

used if there is not enough heat produced by the

building, is the Wilhelmsburg Central energy grid

district heat network. This heat is made available

by two PCM storage tanks that can hold 2 cubic

metres. The PCM storage tanks are operated as

latent heat stores using salt hydrate. The solar

energy produced by the solar thermal units (inte-

grated into the parapet wall area of the façades

and the roof surfaces) is fed into these storage

tanks. The solar units are integrated into the

parapet wall railings in the façade and on the re-

maining roof surfaces by vacuum pipe collectors

or flat-plate collectors.

The heat for the space heating is removed from

the PCM tank by a heat exchanger. The underf-

loor heating system is set up to provide system

temperatures of 35/25°C. If there is an excess of

solar energy, it is fed into the local heat grid. This

ensures that the heat supply is not interrupted in

long periods of cold, as it is provided by the local

heat grid. The building also receives renewable

energy from the local heat grid.

The building has a photovoltaic unit integrated

into the parapet wall railings on the south façade.

It is also possible to integrate photovoltaics

into the curtain elements on the east and west

façades. This would meet the goal of generating

all of the energy required by the block’s applian-

ces through the photovoltaic modules, providing

all of the domestic electricity, and, if necessary,

supplying two electric cars with charging current.

These supply options will allow the building to

achieve the status of a zero-energy house, which

means that almost all of the energy that it requi-

res is generated by itself.

The block also has a ventilation unit, and the

exhaust air from this is used to pre-heat the fresh

air. It is separate from the rest of the building

services. There is a separate ventilation unit for

each apartment. These supply the apartments

with the minimum hygienic air change. This form

of heat recovery has an efficiency of 91 per cent

for an electric power input for air conveyance of

0.31 watt-hour (very good Passive House stan-

dard). Additional air is not conditioned, except for

a defrosting function.

The building services concept is closely con-

nected to the extended transport concept. The

building concept was supplemented by a separate

local transport concept, with the result that the

Fig. 13: “Smart is Green” energy flow diagram

Solar energy collectors

Solar energy of collectors

Losses

Losses in pipes

Losses in storage

Solar energy of collectors

District heatingDistrict heating

Energy demand Amount of solar power

19

bicycle storage room on the ground floor has

charging stations for e-bikes. These are supplied

by the energy generated by the building itself.

There is also an on-site charging station for cars.

In addition, two electric cars are available and

can be used by any of the building’s residents.

This initiative was devised and funded by

SPARDA Bank and is a DENA model test in using

self-generated energy in-house and deploying car

batteries as storage for the energy produced.

Fig. 15: Building services operations room

Fig. 14: “Smart is Green” technology concept diagram

Schema TechnikkonzeptStand: 20.09.2012

H:\148 IBA Wohngebäude, Am Inselpark, HH-Wilhelmsburg (Neubau)\Zeichnung\Pinck\Visio\IBA Schema Technikkonzept.vsd Druckdatum: 20.09.2012/Jo

IBA Am Inselpark

PCM-Speicher

Fußbodenheizungca. 14.500 kWh/a

Solarthermieanlage

Wärmeüber-gabestation

Fernwärme-Einspeisung

ca. 33.000 kWh/a

Fernwärme-Rückspeisung

ca. 16.000 kWh/a

Warmwasserbereitungca. 35.500 kWh/aPhotovoltaik-

Fassadenanlage

Wechsel-richter

Strom-Rückspeisung

ca. 2.800 kWh/a

AnteiligeStromeigennutzung

ca. 700 kWh/a

Sommerfall

Winterfall

Sommerfall Winterfall

Produzierte Strommenge: ca. 3.500 kWh/a

Produzierte Wärmemenge:ca. 42.000 kWh/a

solar heating

PV in façade

Produced heat:

Hot waterapprox.

approx.

approx.approx.

approx. approx.approx.

Produced electricity approx.

summer

winter

PCM storage

inverterheat transfer

Summer: Abundance transfered to district heating

Winter: Purchased heat from district heating

self used electricity

Floor heating

Electricity transfered to mains

20

In the first phase of the three-stage competition

launched in mid-2009 a planning team composed

of architects, building technicians, and lands-

cape designers developed a concept that made

“energy harvesting and storage” the apartment

block’s main design principle. The ideas put for-

ward by the selected teams were refined during

the second stage. It was intended that all of the

walls and the roof would be able to harvest and

store energy (using photovoltaic collectors and

PCMs), and these features were integrated into

the design of the building as much as possible.

Parallel to this, a smart concept was developed

for the building’s internal design, which would

allow adaptable apartments.

several generations. The number of units on each

floor was also lowered from four to three in order

to ensure that two large apartments on each

floor could be divided, in the interests of greater

versatility.

Bringing the number of apartments on each floor

down from four to three allowed the staircase to

be placed adjacent to one of the exterior walls.

The apartments cover a larger area as a result,

making them more family-friendly. This made it

possible to situate a spacious and freely accessib-

le foyer and communal area at the entrance to

the building, without having to apply additional

fire safety measures.

The ground-floor commercial zone incorporated

in the original design also proved to be unfeasible

in terms of both building regulations and trade.

The play areas originally planned for the roof

were therefore integrated into the ground floor,

as greater upgrading of the solar thermal system

alongside the photovoltaic units was required to

B.4 Planning Process

Fig. 16: Image from the competition design

The third stage involved finding investors for the

concept that won the second phase. Behrendt

Wohnungsbau KG (GmbH+Co.) and Sparda

Immobilien GmbH were finally chosen. Construc-

tion work began in March 2013, once a number

of changes had been made to the competition

design. This progression from idea to detailed

design and, ultimately, the finished building, in-

volved mostly technical changes and, to a lesser

extent, architectural adjustments.

Due to the elimination of the height difference

on every second floor, the apartments can be

divided up in a flexible way, to allow for changes

within a generation cycle. All of the apartments

are now therefore accessible, although this was

not envisioned by the original design, which was

contrary to the aim of providing living space for

Fig. 17: Staircase in Smart is Green

21

safeguard the energy concept. Due to various

technical conditions and changes, spaces for

energy generation were reallocated during the pl-

anning stage. When the building services concept

was developed in conjunction with businesses,

the positioning of the solar thermal units within

the balcony railings was shown to be impractical.

The high cost of installation, due to the extensive

cable lengths, could not be squared with the desi-

red energy efficiency (line losses) and the design

requirements. In addition, the probable high

temperatures meant that there would be a risk

of injury in the open outdoor areas around the

building. The solar thermal system was therefore

replaced with photovoltaic units, which could be

simply integrated. These are now positioned bet-

ween the planted elements in the balcony areas

on the south, east, and west façades. The idea of

fitting all of the sun-facing façades with photo-

voltaic modules was not followed up for technical

reasons (the convection sizes of the modules)

and due to very limited efficiency coupled with

high costs. As a result, the intended generation

level of 7,000 kilowatt-hours per annum could not

be achieved: the current performance is 3,500

kilowatt-hours per annum. Thanks to progress in

technological development, especially in terms of

increased efficiency, the east and west façades

can be retrofitted with photovoltaic units.

As the roof surfaces were not large enough to

allow all of the building’s hot water and appliance

electricity needs to be met, the parapet wall was

added to the design. A solar thermal system in

the form of visually appealing pipe collectors is

located in the parapet wall area visible above the

balconies, and finishes off the roof surface.

The excess energy that cannot be fed into the

fully loaded PCM storage tanks is not stored in a

geothermal probe, as specified in the competition

design, but, rather, made available to the Wil-

helmsburg Central energy grid. In return, during

periods when the building is undersupplied with

its own energy, it receives heat from the energy

grid. It must be said that the solar thermal areas

are oversized for the building and its needs. By

connecting to the existing district heat network

the excess energy can be virtually cached and

bring the carbon balance sheet back to neutral.

The very latest technologies were planned for

“Smart is Green”, to support the aim of energy

generation. The integration of the photovoltaic

and solar thermal elements into the building’s

façades presented a challenge. The crisis in the

photovoltaics manufacturing market severely re-

stricted custom design options (convection sizes,

special sizes, module colour). No material could

be found in the field of PCM technology that

could be incorporated into a storage tank and

would also be suitable for a temperature range

around 40°C. A PCM that was suited to high tem-

peratures around 80°C was ultimately selected,

but it was difficult to find a manufacturer that

could offer the appropriate storage technolo-

gy, combining high temperatures and the high

corrosiveness of the salt hydrate. The solution

was found at the company FSave, whose activi-

ties were otherwise concentrated in the field of

energy and heat transport. FSave had sufficient

experience in creating plastic storage tanks for

use with salt hydrate and high temperatures.

Fig. 18: Building site, summer 2012

22

The PCM storage tanks caused particular prob-

lems, as there was a lack of suitable manufactu-

rers. The technology is still in its infancy; while

there is a great deal of research, not much of it

has been put into practice.

The project has led to increased information

about PCM storage on the part of the building

service engineers who worked on it. This tech-

nique was previously unfamiliar to them, but it

will now come into play on future projects. PCM

technology has been “all the rage” for some time,

but there were few practical examples in which

this material had been used for storage tanks. Up

until now, PCMs have been used in construction

materials for heat storage, but not as containers

that act as a substitute for water storage tanks.

As they can store twice as much heat as a water

tank, the PCM tanks have a crucial space-saving

advantage, as heat transfer is easier to achieve.

As the use of renewable forms of energy increa-

ses, the building services areas also must be able

to grow, particularly due to the need for energy

storage facilities, and PCM storage tanks require

much less room in comparison with conventional

storage units. The space left over can therefore

be put on the market. At present, as the sale

of the recovered areas fetches more than the

additional costs of building a PCM storage tank,

the use of this technology makes sense on a

large scale.

“Smart is Green” has made ample use of this

space advantage. It must be acknowledged that

many of the materials employed in the private

sector would not have been used to the same

extent for building projects that did not receive

funding. Often the costs were not commensurate

with the actual use, as the technologies show-

cased as part of the project – the PCMs or the

photovoltaic units on the walls – are not yet suf-

ficiently mature in technological terms to offer

reasonable payback periods. However, as “Smart

is Green”, as a model, is aimed at demonstrating

the possibilities of energy generation and storage

from various renewable sources, this does not

present any problems, as the project is focused

on gathering experience about the way in which

the materials interact, in order to make the struc-

tures used here suitable for mass production and

applicable to other types of buildings.

Not all of the ideas put forward in the competi-

tion were implemented regardless of their pro-

fitability, however Many of them were adjusted

for financial reasons, so that the energy concept

was changed from a plus energy house to a zero

energy house. There were also some difficulties

in executing the technology concept, as the va-

rious parties involved had a different understan-

ding of what the planned energy concept would

entail. In short, there was a lack of experience

in dealing with the materials used, and with the

completely renewable energy concept as a whole.

On an administrative and political level, there

is still a lack of knowledge about how to handle Fig. 19: First floor interior view

B.5 Assessment

Fig. 20: View from the west, May 2013

23

smart materials – the environment often does

not seem quite ready for the use of innovative

technology beyond conventional design.

The east and west façades are not ideal for

vertically placed photovoltaic units, as optimum

efficiency cannot be achieved. It was also impor-

tant to demonstrate the possibilities of integra-

ting photovoltaic modules into the building. Cost

is a particularly pertinent factor here – high-

quality photovoltaic elements with an attractive

appearance have a high price to match. Due to

the low level of efficiency, the payback period

corresponds to almost the entire building cycle.

Further research was required before photovol-

taic units could be used as an element of the

façade design. In order to increase the profitabi-

lity of the photovoltaic units on the façade, addi-

tional tweaks would have had to be made to the

architectural design, which proved impossible in

this case due to the location of the construction

site and other restrictions.

Increasing the supply of renewable energy in

the future means increasing the energy storage

facilities within the building. The technology for

this needs to be perfected, as in many cases it is

not yet really economically viable. The payback

periods are still too long. Yet there is no known

approach to the storage technology that would

enable PCMs to solve storage problems in the

absence of natural underground storage (e.g.

rock, stone) below the building. Due to various

constraints the building services room is quite

small, at only 20 square metres. Given the large

amount of space required by the use of solar

thermal energy (transfer station, collecting

buffer, expansion vessels), such a small space

was able to serve this function only by using PCM

technology.

With its holistic approach and use of e-mobility,

decentralised self-sufficiency, and connection

to a central heat supply, this apartment block

demonstrates how climate change can be

actively addressed in housing construction, so

that residential buildings no longer act as a drain

on energy, but as energy generators and stores

in their own right. Architecture and structural

engineering are used to join up function and

form, making versatile use of the space possible,

and the result acts as an example of construction

that will meet the requirements of inner-city

urban housing in the years to come.

Fig 22: View from first-floor balcony, May 2013Fig. 21: First floor interior

24

Cover:

Figure 1:

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Picture Credits

zillerplus Architekten und Stadtplaner, München

IBA Hamburg / Bernadette Grimmenstein

IBA Hamburg / Martin Kunze






PINCK Ingenieure Consulting GmbH, Hamburg




Burger Landschaftsarchitekten, München




IBA Hamburg







august 2013€¦ · water systems, power generation, ... photovoltaic system, “wil- ... paar...

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