august 7, 2009 eugene litvinov senior director, iso new ... · • integrated power system control...

Smart Grid – New Industry Challenge

August 7, 2009Eugene LitvinovSenior Director, ISO New EnglandIEEE Region 1 Meeting, Springfield, MA

1

© 2008 ISO New England Inc.

Smart Grid Defined

Smart Grid is the tight combination of different infrastructures: – Power System– Communications– Information Technology implementing a new paradigm of power

system design and control


2


Smart Grid Objectives• For Reliability

– More capacity from transmission and distribution resources– Intelligent devices that automate monitoring and respond to

emergency situations– Efficient production, movement and consumption of electricity– Tools and training to support control room

• For the Environment– Reduction in Greenhouse Gases– Greater penetration of renewables, energy storage and demand

resources• For Consumer Control

– Transparency into electricity usage and prices– Opportunities for consumers to supply energy, capacity and

ancillary services

3



Smart Grid – There are many visions• EISA 2007 and DOE

– Describe several important characteristics• FERC

– Identified 4 key areas and 2 cross cutting areas • EPRI

– Created 23 MB of Use Case Documents• Vendors and Industry Analysts

– too many variations to mention• GridWise

– Describes an abstract interoperability framework• Standards Organizations and User Consortia

– Describe “slices” from the Smart Grid pie• NIST

– Establishing a Roadmap for standards development


4


Some Consistent Messages

• Support all types of generation• Consumer participation• Transparency of Cost and Quality of Electricity• Competitive Marketplace• Self-correcting: Automatic response to disturbances and

threatening situations• Security (physical and cyber) designed in upfront• Observable and Manageable• Flexible


5


Tight Integration with Other Infrastructures

ISO/RTO

© 2009 ISO New England Inc. Smart Grid Overview

6

@ 2008 Electric Power Research Institute.

© 2008 ISO New England Inc. © 2008 ISO New England Inc.

7

PHEVSolar

Smart Appliances

Home Area Network

Solar

GeoThermal Units

CHPEnergy

Management System

Demand ResponseEnergy, Capacity, Ancillary Services

Energy Management

System

Demand ResponseEnergy, Capacity, Ancillary Services

Traditional Generators

Wind FarmsSolar Farms

Solar

Residential

Industrial

Commercial

MicroGrids, Energy Storage Systems andDistributed Generation

Distributed Generators

Transmission and

Distribution Networks

CommunicationsNetworks Smart Meters, Intelligent

Control and Monitoring Devices

System Operators

DistCo’sMarkets

Standards based Interoperability

Framework

Legend:

DR Aggregators

Standards are also needed among Controlling Entities


Legislative Barriers


8


The lines between Transmission and Distribution are blurring• Increasing number of generating resources located on

the distribution network (e.g. wind turbines, solar arrays, microgrids, CHP)

• Demand resources playing larger role in traditional “transmission level functions” (e.g. energy, reserves and emergency response)

• Regional Power System Control entities need more granular locational and capacity information for both demand and supply resources located on the distribution network

• Operable Capacity analysis requires situational awareness of supply resources located within a region, regardless of which network they are connected to


9


More Choices and Uncertainty - Less time to react• Region wide System Operations and Planning become much more

complicated under the Smart Grid– Choice between using DR Negawatts, traditional generators, distributed

generators, variable renewables, imports, Electric Energy Storage to meet the next Megawatt of Load

– Load forecasting is further complicated with additional uncertainty (e.g. impact of EV’s, impact of consumer level generation capabilities such as solar panels)

– Automatic sense/respond devices to consider– Number, size and location of independently managed Microgrids– Other factors:

• Renewable Portfolio Standards (RPS)• Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiatives (RGGI)• NIMBY

• Requires more frequent interaction among system control entitiesand new optimization approaches


10


New Grid Control and Planning• Centralized vs. de-centralized

– Micro-grids vs. large grids– Market coordination vs. super-large markets– Energy Supply Resources connected “anywhere”– Distributed State Estimation– SPS/RAS– Frequent data exchange between system control entities

• Situational awareness• Visualization and Decision Support• Reliability standards: reliability vs cost-based approach to

planning• Deterministic vs. Probabilistic approach• Transition from Preventive to Corrective system design

philosophy© 2008 ISO New England Inc.

11


New Technologies• Synchronized Phasor Measurement Units (PMU)• Intelligent Electronic Devices (IED)• AMI• Renewable Resources• Storage• New regulation devices: flywheels, PHEV, etc.• Microgrids and Smart Grid• Wide Area Monitoring Systems (WAMS)• Wide Area Protection Systems (WAPS)• Multi-Agent technology• Distributed computer systems

12



13

New Technologies Affecting Control

• Microgrids– Microgrid is a comparatively

small network with distributed generation and storage capable of both supplying its own loads and buying electricity from the grid

– It is an alternative to transmission and requires new approaches in control and market integration

Source:


Smart Home


14

© Copyright 2008, Southern California Edison


Example: Smart AppliancesConsumers appliance receives peak price notification from Utility/ISO and displays on their appliance console. Appliance automatically reacts by reducing energy consumption.

Price Signal


15


Example: PHEV

Gas ElectricGreenhouse Gas emissions 6.3 tons 1.1 tonsAnnual Fuel Cost $1,538 $270Equivalent Cost per gallon $2.87 .75


16

Present unprecedented challenges to the Distribution System Infrastructure


Distributed Resources


17


A Paradigm Shift in Power System Control is REQUIRED for the Smart Grid to succeed• Power System Control functions will be significantly impacted by the

Smart Grid• More granular control of supply and demand is needed• Supply Management (wherever it is located)• Demand Management• Network Management (both transmission and distribution levels)• Markets Management – wholesale and retail integration• Integrated Power System Control across the supply chain will require

more frequent interaction among controlling entities• Need for coordination among controlling entities under time critical

situations will require greater automation between entities• Thus far there has been insufficient attention to standards and

protocols for Control functions among controlling entities


18


EPRI Conceptual Diagram


19

©EPRI 2009


Generation


20

©EPRI 2009


Customer


21

©EPRI 2009


Service Provider


22

©EPRI 2009


High Level Smart Grid Architecture Overview


23

Supply Resources

Demand Entities

Delivery Network

Markets

System Control


Example:NIST I2G Interactions


24

BulkGeneration

Station

Aggregator

ISO

Utility

Bid into Capacity Market

Industrial Site

OnSiteCoGeneration

Station

ControlCenter2ControlCenter

Dynamic Wholesale PricingDynamic Retail Pricing

Industrial Reliability Notification

Energy Management System

Distributed Generation

Station

Electrical Metering

Industrial Metering Data

Direct Generator ControlIndirect Generator Control

Source: NIST I2G Draft Roadmap V 0.5 dated 4/9/2009

Current Standards workgroups “view” control as a single cloud with multiple entities


Need for More Granular Control

• More Supply Resources locating on Distribution Network• Pinpoint Locational Control of Demand Response

Resources• Mobility of PHEV’s enable them to shift load and supply

around system dynamically• PHEV’s will receive energy payments for whichever

dispatch zone they supply energy within (locational pricing)


25


Shift to more granular control is underway in NE


26


ISO-NE and FERC SG Policy Alignment

FERC Priority Areas

ISO-NE Projects CyberSecurity

Inter-SystemCommunications

Wide-area situational awareness

•Wide Area Monitoring Systems with Phasor Measurement •Situational Awareness/Visualization•Real Time Stability Analysis and Control

X

XX

X

Demand Response •Demand Response (DR) Reserves Pilot •Demand Response Programs•Integration of DR Resources in ISO/RTO Operations for 2010

XXX

XXX

Electric Storage •Alternative Technology Regulation Pilot•Advanced Grid Simulator

X X

Electric Transportation

•Alternative Technology Regulation Pilot•Advanced Grid Simulator

X X


27


Manage Network


28


Wide Area Monitoring

• Requires sub-second insight by Operators:– NASPI– Phasor Data Concentrator at ISO-NE– More PMU installations

• Requires more granular spatial data on Supply and Demand– This will require more frequent interaction between Controlling

Parties than exists today


29


Wide Area Monitoring contLoad Concentrations – Generation Resources


30


Wide Area Monitoring cont


31


Inter-Control Area Monitoring


32


View Reserves


33


34

CT Generator Trips

and

the ENTIRE Grid Responds!

Quebec HVDC Tie –

No Initial ResponseNB Ties - Limited Response

Over 95% Initial Response from/to NY and PJM

When a Resource Moves or Trips…


Situational Awareness/Visualization

• Requires enhanced decision support capabilities and timely, accurate insight and advice to operators– Intelligent Alarm Processing

• Employing Complex Event Processing tools• Provide System Operator with Visual display of conditions• Enhance decision support ability of operators

– EMS/DSM integration• Requires more granular spatial data on Supply and

Demand– Requires greater interaction between System Control Entities

than exists today


35


36

PMUPMU SCADASCADA State Estimator State Estimator

Physical and Operational

Margins (POM) software

Physical and Operational

Margins (POM) software

•On-line Region Of Stability Existence (ROSE)

•Operating point trajectory within ROSE

•On-line Region Of Stability Existence (ROSE)

•Operating point trajectory within ROSE

Sampling rate: 20…60 per sec 4…10 sec 3 min

New level of on-line situational awareness by incorporating high rate PMU and SCADA data into calculation of stability

margin and visualization

Outcome:

Situational Awareness/Visualization cont


37

PMU and SCADA data will be used for on-line calculation and visualization of Operating Point proximity to Stability

boundary

Update Trajectory of Operating Point with PMU data rate

Power flow or Angle

Power flow or Angle Update Stability Boundary

with SCADA data rate

Situational Awareness/Visualization cont


Situational Awareness cont


38

Visual SamplesISO/RTO Visualization Project 2006


New Technology

Visualization:


39


New Technology

• Virtual Utilities and Virtual Plants


40

@ Siemens AG 2007.


RT Stability Analysis and Control

• Includes transient, voltage and thermal analysis• Objective: Make the existing grid infrastructure more

efficient• Perform dynamic line ratings• Operate system closer to real limits; increases overall

capacity without any capital investment


41


Manage Supply


42


Tiverton MicroGrid

• 160-acre historic town center – New Hope Village; Carbon Neutral Community

• 400 Townhouses – 75 Affordable Housing Units – 80 single family houses

• Historic electric trolley service connecting community

• 12 land based commercial wind turbines will be of the current technology having a rated nameplate capacity between 2.5 & 5 MW

• Seventy-Eight Thousand (78K) Annual MWh Wind Turbine Energy Generation

• Twenty-Four Thousand (24K) Annual MWh Solar Energy Generation

• Community-Wide Geothermal HVAC Support Infrastructure

• Green Biodiesel Processing Plant will be operated entirely under roof of a 175’ X 275’building

• Will prevent 2,859,795 tons of CO2 from entering the atmosphere over the next 25 Years


43


Areas Requiring Immediate Attention• Power System Control

– Among Power System Control entities• Network Model Updates• Control Coordination (e.g. voltage control coordination)• Status and Monitoring (Situational Awareness)• Planning Functions/Activities

• Manage Demand– PHEV charging control– Dynamic Price Communication– Load Forecasting

• Manage Supply– MicroGrid and DER management/monitoring/control– Electronic Dispatch Standards– Measurement/Verification Standards for DR– DR Control standards– Supply Forecasting

• Manage Network– EMS/DMS Integration


44


Conclusions• New Challenges and Technology require new look at the

future of System Operations, Planning and Markets• Many changes must take place without negative impact to

customers and overall grid performance• Both Operations and Planning will have to change to

accommodate new Grid and Decentralized Control among multiple control entities

• Interoperability at all levels – from regulatory to computer and communication systems is a key to success of new grid

• Public pressure spawned by the Stimulus package is requiring ISO’s to implement what’s available now – can’t wait for standards to emerge

45
