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Aulanni’amAulanni’amBiochemistry LaboratoryBiochemistry LaboratoryChemistry DepartmentChemistry DepartmentBrawijaya UniversityBrawijaya University

aulani@brawijaya.ac.idaulani@brawijaya.ac.id

Bioethics as a basis for decision-making

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Why Bioethics?Why Bioethics?

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Current Bioethical IssuesCurrent Bioethical Issues

Check the local news paper Stem cells (state, national,

international) Genetically Engineered Organisms Knowing your genes In vetro fertilization – choosing your

child's genes and characteristics Global warming Chemicals exposures – human health Environmental health

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"A thing is right when it tends to preserve the integrity, stability, and beauty of the biotic community. It is

wrong when it tends otherwise." - Aldo Leopold, 1949, A Sand County

Almanac

The First BioethicistThe First Bioethicist

---------- 1887 - 1948 ----------

Aldo Leopold

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“An ethic, ecologically, is a limitation on freedom of action in the struggle for existence”

Aldo Leopold

Limits on FreedomLimits on Freedom

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““The Commons”The Commons”

The Tragedy of the CommonsBy Garrett Hardin, Science, 1968

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Technical SolutionsTechnical Solutions

“It is our considered professional judgment that

this dilemma has no technical solution.”

The Tragedy of the CommonsBy Garrett Hardin, Science, 1968

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Problems – Solutions?Problems – Solutions?

Lead and kids Fetal alcohol syndrome Nuclear disarmament Bioterrorism Ocean Fisheries Persistent chemicals The Commons

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"Biology combined with diverse humanistic knowledge forging a

science that sets a system of medical and environmental

priorities for acceptable survival.“Global Bioethics (1988)

BioethicsBioethics

-------- 1911 - 2001 --------

Van Rensselaer Potter

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1860’s - Scientific method in medicine, Gregor Mendel1928 - Penicillin discovered – widely used WWII1920’s - Lead in gasoline, lead in paint1931 - 30 states had sterilization laws on books1932 - Tuskegee syphilis study initiated 1947 - Nuremberg - The Doctors Trial1952 - First open heart surgery & Chlorpromazine1953 - Structure of DNA – Watson & Crick

Ethics and ScienceEthics and Science

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60’s - Thalidomide, mercury, chronic hemodialysis, amniocentesis, informed consent, IRB’s

70’s - Hastings Center founded, bioethics defined, Tuskegee noticed, Belmont Report (3 principles), Genentech Inc. founded, awareness of FAS, sensitivity of developing CNS

80’s - Recombinant microorganism could be patented, lead is harmful to developing brain

90’s - molecular biology, sequencing of human genome (other species), Jurassic Park

00’s - US stem cell research restricted03 - Human cloned?

Ethics and ScienceEthics and Science

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Question??Question??Who were the most influential people of

the past century?

James Watson (L) and Francis Crick (R), and the model they built of the structure of DNA (and Rosalind Franklin).

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ELSIELSI Ethical Legal / Regulatory Social Implications or Issues What is unsaid or missing? Science Values Politics

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TopicsTopics

Why this is topic important DNA to RNA to Proteins Stem Cells Cloning – Therapeutic and

Human