Aura OverviewAura OverviewAura OverviewAura Overview

Aura Instruments•MLS - Operating nominally

–Band 13 electronics (HCl) are degrading rapidly due to HBT slow failure - MLS will use Band 14 with occasional use of Band 13 to continue the measurement –Band 10 & Band 29 electronics (ClO) are degrading - seems to be a workmanship problem; the ClO measurement can be recovered from Band 5.

•OMI - Operating nominally • Solar measurement folding mirror anomaly has mostly been resolved. Instrument was off for three days (Feb 28-March 2).

• TES - Operating nominally –Increasing sign of bearing wear has caused some interruptions of operations. TES is no longer doing routine limb mode to preserve lifetime.

• HIRDLS - Operating with reduced aperture–A piece of Kapton® is blocking most of the optical path. – HIRDLS teamhas developed a model of the radiance contribution from the Kapton® piece and is beginning to produce data products

Aura AnnouncementsAura Announcements• Most of of the validation activities are behind us…

• Second validation meeting Sept. 11-15, ‘06 Boulder

• June ‘07 additional big Costa Rica mission with emphasis on Cloudsat - CALIPSO validation DC-8, ER-2, WB-57

• AVDC is working well.

• Many new data sets are arriving to the DAAC including OMI data, new algorithm version of MLS and TES

• HIRDLS data is coming to AVDC this month

• Special validation issue papers due date March 1, ‘07 - no delays allowed

• Aura Science team re-propose - proposals due ~June 15, ‘07

• Exception - Recently selected OMI ST members

• Emphasis on science use and new product generation

• Most of of the validation activities are behind us…

• Second validation meeting Sept. 11-15, ‘06 Boulder

• June ‘07 additional big Costa Rica mission with emphasis on Cloudsat - CALIPSO validation DC-8, ER-2, WB-57

• AVDC is working well.

• Many new data sets are arriving to the DAAC including OMI data, new algorithm version of MLS and TES

• HIRDLS data is coming to AVDC this month

• Special validation issue papers due date March 1, ‘07 - no delays allowed

• Aura Science team re-propose - proposals due ~June 15, ‘07

• Exception - Recently selected OMI ST members

• Emphasis on science use and new product generation

Aura Top 10 Discoveries

OMI: SOOMI: SO22 emissions from smelters and volcanoes emissions from smelters and volcanoesOMI: SOOMI: SO22 emissions from smelters and volcanoes emissions from smelters and volcanoes

•• Daily monitoring of SODaily monitoring of SO22 emissions is emissions is

possible with OMI.possible with OMI.

• The Peruvian copper smelters are among The Peruvian copper smelters are among the world’s largest industrial point sources of the world’s largest industrial point sources of SOSO22. .

Ecuador/S. Colombia volcanoes

Ilo copper smelter

La Oroya copper smelter

Ilo

La Oroya

Carn Carn et al.et al., in prep, in prep

Peru Daily SODaily SO22 burdens for 3 source regions burdens for 3 source regions

Sept. 2004 - June 2005Sept. 2004 - June 2005

Average OMI SOAverage OMI SO22 vertical column vertical column

Sep 2004 - June 2005Sep 2004 - June 2005

Equador

Colombia

OMI & MLS: Global Tropospheric Ozone ResidualOMI & MLS: Global Tropospheric Ozone Residual

Augmenting TES Augmenting TES tropospheric ozone tropospheric ozone measurements, OMI & measurements, OMI & MLS can produce a MLS can produce a tropospheric residual tropospheric residual product by subtracting product by subtracting the MLS stratospheric the MLS stratospheric ozone from OMI ozone from OMI column ozone.column ozone.

Augmenting TES Augmenting TES tropospheric ozone tropospheric ozone measurements, OMI & measurements, OMI & MLS can produce a MLS can produce a tropospheric residual tropospheric residual product by subtracting product by subtracting the MLS stratospheric the MLS stratospheric ozone from OMI ozone from OMI column ozone.column ozone.

Ziemke et al. JGR, 2006Ziemke et al. JGR, 2006

Coincident measurements of tropospheric ozone and carbon monoxide Coincident measurements of tropospheric ozone and carbon monoxide are critical for understanding chemical and dynamical processes. Note the are critical for understanding chemical and dynamical processes. Note the tropical high ozone coincident with CO which is associated with biomass tropical high ozone coincident with CO which is associated with biomass burning.burning.

Coincident measurements of tropospheric ozone and carbon monoxide Coincident measurements of tropospheric ozone and carbon monoxide are critical for understanding chemical and dynamical processes. Note the are critical for understanding chemical and dynamical processes. Note the tropical high ozone coincident with CO which is associated with biomass tropical high ozone coincident with CO which is associated with biomass burning.burning.

Carbon MonoxideCarbon MonoxideOzoneOzone

Su

mm

er

05

Su

mm

er

05

Fa

ll 05

Fa

ll 05

Wi n

ter

05

-06

Wi n

ter

05

-06

TES: First Maps of Tropospheric Ozone & Carbon MonoxideTES: First Maps of Tropospheric Ozone & Carbon MonoxideTES: First Maps of Tropospheric Ozone & Carbon MonoxideTES: First Maps of Tropospheric Ozone & Carbon Monoxide

MLS: First Global Measurement of Cloud Ice in Upper Troposphere MLS: First Global Measurement of Cloud Ice in Upper Troposphere

MLS: First Global Measurement of Cloud Ice in Upper Troposphere MLS: First Global Measurement of Cloud Ice in Upper Troposphere

UT cloud ice from MLS, ECMWF analyses, and various GCMs

Li et al., GRL 32, L14826, 2005

Cloud ice increase with sea surface temperature >300 K leads to convective moistening of UT, and H2O feedback above that implied solely by thermodynamics

Su et al., GRL 33, L05709, 2006

UT cloud ice from MLS, ECMWF analyses, and various GCMs

Li et al., GRL 32, L14826, 2005

Cloud ice increase with sea surface temperature >300 K leads to convective moistening of UT, and H2O feedback above that implied solely by thermodynamics

Su et al., GRL 33, L05709, 2006

Aura MLS: Jan 2005 mean

ECMWF analyses: Jan 2005 mean

UCLA-Liou GCM: 5-year Jan mean

GFDL-RAS GCM: 18-year Jan mean

NCAR CAM3 GCM: 10-year Jan mean

GFDL-Donner GCM: 20-year Jan mean

sea surface temperature (K)

300K

UT H2Oconvective cloud ice

Cloud ice measurement will improve global circulation models used for weather and Cloud ice measurement will improve global circulation models used for weather and climate forecasts. The measurements will also help quantify the upper tropospheric climate forecasts. The measurements will also help quantify the upper tropospheric (UT) hydrological cycle, including water vapor feedbacks on climate change(UT) hydrological cycle, including water vapor feedbacks on climate change

Cloud ice measurement will improve global circulation models used for weather and Cloud ice measurement will improve global circulation models used for weather and climate forecasts. The measurements will also help quantify the upper tropospheric climate forecasts. The measurements will also help quantify the upper tropospheric (UT) hydrological cycle, including water vapor feedbacks on climate change(UT) hydrological cycle, including water vapor feedbacks on climate change

300K 300K

greenhouse parameter

‘greenhouse parameter’ is the fraction of radiation emitted by Earth’s surface that is not radiated to space ‘greenhouse parameter’ is the fraction of radiation emitted by Earth’s surface that is not radiated to space

HIRDLS: First Maps of Sub-Visual Cirrus HIRDLS: First Maps of Sub-Visual Cirrus in the Upper Tropical Troposphere in the Upper Tropical Troposphere

• These cirrus layers play an important These cirrus layers play an important role in the earth’s radiative balance as role in the earth’s radiative balance as well as in dehydrating the UT/LSwell as in dehydrating the UT/LS

• HIRDLS observes these layers at many HIRDLS observes these layers at many latitudes, 2 times each day, permitting latitudes, 2 times each day, permitting seasonal and inter-annual variations in seasonal and inter-annual variations in this critical parameter to be determinedthis critical parameter to be determined

• Note movement from SE Asia to India Note movement from SE Asia to India to Indonesia and from Central to South to Indonesia and from Central to South America. This movement is related to America. This movement is related to the change in the location of deep the change in the location of deep convection. convection.

• These cirrus layers play an important These cirrus layers play an important role in the earth’s radiative balance as role in the earth’s radiative balance as well as in dehydrating the UT/LSwell as in dehydrating the UT/LS

• HIRDLS observes these layers at many HIRDLS observes these layers at many latitudes, 2 times each day, permitting latitudes, 2 times each day, permitting seasonal and inter-annual variations in seasonal and inter-annual variations in this critical parameter to be determinedthis critical parameter to be determined

• Note movement from SE Asia to India Note movement from SE Asia to India to Indonesia and from Central to South to Indonesia and from Central to South America. This movement is related to America. This movement is related to the change in the location of deep the change in the location of deep convection. convection.

Daily global measurements of the location, height and optical thickness of Daily global measurements of the location, height and optical thickness of subvisible cirrus show seasonal movementssubvisible cirrus show seasonal movementsDaily global measurements of the location, height and optical thickness of Daily global measurements of the location, height and optical thickness of subvisible cirrus show seasonal movementssubvisible cirrus show seasonal movements

H2O (103ppmv)H2O (103ppmv) HDO/H2O (delta-D)HDO/H2O (delta-D)

Lower HDO/H2O ratio with latitude due to condensation along with poleward transport

Lower HDO/H2O ratio with latitude due to condensation along with poleward transport

High H2O and HDO/H2O ratio over land indicates strong evapo-transpiration water vapor source

High H2O and HDO/H2O ratio over land indicates strong evapo-transpiration water vapor source

Relatively Low HDO/H2O ratio with high H2O

indicates re-evaporation of precipitation

(Diamonds) in tropical cloud systems

Relatively Low HDO/H2O ratio with high H2O

indicates re-evaporation of precipitation

(Diamonds) in tropical cloud systems

Water isotopes trace the history of an air parcel.

Lighter isotopes preferentially evaporate and heavier isotopes preferentially condense thus more condensation leads to more isotope depletion.

The TES measurements show that in the tropics, re-evaporation of precipitation is an important process controlling cloud formation. Up to 70% of precipitation is re-evaporated into the cloud.

Water isotopes trace the history of an air parcel.

Lighter isotopes preferentially evaporate and heavier isotopes preferentially condense thus more condensation leads to more isotope depletion.

The TES measurements show that in the tropics, re-evaporation of precipitation is an important process controlling cloud formation. Up to 70% of precipitation is re-evaporated into the cloud.

TES: First Observations of HDO/H2O ratio - A Tracer of Global Hydrological Processes*

TES: First Observations of HDO/H2O ratio - A Tracer of Global Hydrological Processes*

*submitted to Nature (John Worden, Kevin Bowman, David Noone, TES team members, and Christopher Webster)

~700 hPA~700 hPA

MLS: Measurement of CO in Upper Troposphere

Detection of CO pollution lofted to the upper troposphere and temporarily ‘trapped’ in anticyclone over south Asia

Filipiak et al., GRL 32, L14825, 2005Li et al., GRL 32, L14826, 2005Fu et al., Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., April 2006

Detection of ‘CO tape recorder’ in lower stratosphere which is linked to seasonal changes in biomass burning Reproduced by GMI chemical transport model

Schoeberl et al., GRL, 2006

MLS 150 hPa CO: 25 Aug – 6 Sep 04

orange is ~120 ppbv green is ~60 ppbv

CO deviation from mean vs. time and heightCO Perturbation

Convective Loftingof CO

Convective Loftingof CO

Deep Convection

Zone

MLS: Continuous measurement of HCl in stratosphere MLS: Continuous measurement of HCl in stratosphere

The continuous measurement of HCl in the stratosphere shows the rapid recovery of this major chlorine reservoir after polar ozone loss, and continues the long-term measurements from UARS HALOE

The continuous measurement of HCl in the stratosphere shows the rapid recovery of this major chlorine reservoir after polar ozone loss, and continues the long-term measurements from UARS HALOE

First continuous view of chlorine partitioning through polar winter MLS simultaneously measures reservoir

(HCl) and active (ClO) chlorine

Santee et al., GRL 32, L12817, 2006; Santee et al., to be submitted to JGR

Decrease in upper atmospheric HCl MLS global data are consistent with rate

at which anthropogenic chlorine is expected to be cleansed from stratosphere

Pre-CFC values of HCl are <2 ppbv Stratospheric ‘cleansing’ will take ~50

years

Froidevaux et al., submitted to GRL

First continuous view of chlorine partitioning through polar winter MLS simultaneously measures reservoir

(HCl) and active (ClO) chlorine

Santee et al., GRL 32, L12817, 2006; Santee et al., to be submitted to JGR

Decrease in upper atmospheric HCl MLS global data are consistent with rate

at which anthropogenic chlorine is expected to be cleansed from stratosphere

Pre-CFC values of HCl are <2 ppbv Stratospheric ‘cleansing’ will take ~50

years

Froidevaux et al., submitted to GRL

Southern Hemisphere lower stratosphere

(2005, 490K, 70-75o EqL)

Northern Hemisphere lower stratosphere

(2004-05, 490K, 70-75o EqL)

ClO

ClO

HCl

HCl

1 Jun 1 Aug 1 Oct 1 Dec 1 Feb 1 Apr

3

2

1

0

pp

bv

Expected HCl trend

MLS precision (±2σ) for monthly global means shown here

Jul 04 Jan 05 Jul 05 Jan 06

pressure/ hPa

3.50

3.45

3.40

3.35

pp

bv

HC

l

1%

In the polar vortex regions HCl is converted to ClO which destroys ozone

In the polar vortex regions HCl is converted to ClO which destroys ozone

HCl is slowly decreasing due to ban on CFC’sHCl is slowly decreasing due to ban on CFC’s

MLS: First Measurement of OH in the Middle Stratosphere

MLS: First Measurement of OH in the Middle Stratosphere

The MLS measurements of OH and HO2 have provided the first tests of global stratospheric hydrogen chemistry and resolved the disagreement between model estimates of OH and earlier observations - these data suggest earlier observations are suspect.

The MLS measurements of OH and HO2 have provided the first tests of global stratospheric hydrogen chemistry and resolved the disagreement between model estimates of OH and earlier observations - these data suggest earlier observations are suspect.

Comparison of MLS (red) with balloon (green, blue) correlative measurements and model (dashed black line) over diurnal cycle

Pickett et al., GRL 33, L101808, 2006

Comparison of MLS (red), model (black) and balloon (green) for different seasons. There is now reasonable agreement between measurement and model values.

Canty et al., GRL, in press

Comparison of MLS (red) with balloon (green, blue) correlative measurements and model (dashed black line) over diurnal cycle

Pickett et al., GRL 33, L101808, 2006

Comparison of MLS (red), model (black) and balloon (green) for different seasons. There is now reasonable agreement between measurement and model values.

Canty et al., GRL, in press

OH HO2

0 6 12 18 24 local time / hour

0 6 12 18 24 local time / hour

37 km 37 km

32 km 32 km10

5

0

20

10

0

20

10

0

20

10

0

106 m

ole

cule

s / c

m3

Sep 2004 Dec 2004 Mar 2005 Jun 2005

HO2 / OH

0 2

2 4

0 2 4 OH + HO2 (107 cm-3)

0.1 1 10

0.1 1 10

1

1

hei

gh

t / k

m

60

40

60

40

0 2 4

HIRDLS: First Global Measurement of Small Scale Gravity Waves in the Stratosphere

HIRDLS: First Global Measurement of Small Scale Gravity Waves in the Stratosphere

The temperature cross-section (over S. America) and enlarged view (right) depicts an alternating series of + and - wave fronts propagating from mid-latitude tropopause toward the mid-stratosphere tropics.

This is a gravity wave with short vertical (~ 4 km) and horizontal (500 km) wavelength and small amplitude (1-2K) that can not be observed with other techniques.

Analyses of HIRDLS data allow determination of momentum input from small scale waves which can be used in global circulation models.

The temperature cross-section (over S. America) and enlarged view (right) depicts an alternating series of + and - wave fronts propagating from mid-latitude tropopause toward the mid-stratosphere tropics.

This is a gravity wave with short vertical (~ 4 km) and horizontal (500 km) wavelength and small amplitude (1-2K) that can not be observed with other techniques.

Analyses of HIRDLS data allow determination of momentum input from small scale waves which can be used in global circulation models.

HIRDLS high resolution temperature measurements show short vertical wavelength gravity waves, permitting assessment of gravity wave forcing in the stratospheric circulation

HIRDLS high resolution temperature measurements show short vertical wavelength gravity waves, permitting assessment of gravity wave forcing in the stratospheric circulation

2008

2008

KNMI