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AAIIGG NNEEWWSSQuarterly Newsletter No 86 November 2006

INSIDE THIS AIG NEWS:

• Insights from the AIG Membership Survey 1

• From your President 3

• 1st National Hydropolis Conference 5

• 180 Years Accurate CO2 Gas Analysis

— E-G Beck 6

• From the Editor's Desk 8

• Sample Preparation Issues 9

• Climate Change — Another View 9

• Analyses of CO2 and Other Atmospheric

Gases 10

• Climate Chaos? Don't Believe it 12

• Abiotic Oil 16

• 2006 Bursary Awards Presentation 16

• Peak Oil Scare Takes a Hit 17

• Victoria Crater on Mars 17

• Ethics and Standards Complaints

Management 20

• JORC Nominations Invited 22

• Branch News 23

• Education 24

• Know Your Councillor 26

• Topical Issue 27

• Membership News 28

Cont. Overleaf

Insights from the AIG Membership Survey

D.I. Young

The Institute carried out a survey of members, circulated with the July 2006

membership renewal. A total of 497 responses were received and the

following discussion is derived from statistics received from the survey.

The results of the survey have confirmed a lot of anecdotal evidence about

our membership but have also shown up some interesting aspects of our

profession.

Predominantly we are a group of males, classified as geologists, who are working

in a full or part-time salaried position in the metals exploration sector. A very large

proportion of our members are in the 35 to 64 age group but significantly, the

largest bracket is in the pre-retirement 55 to 64 year old age group. As we grow

older we are more likely to move out of a full time salaried position into either an

executive/management role or otherwise into a contract role. In our later years we

are also more likely to work overseas.

Interestingly, our female members are more likely to be under 34, probably a

student an/or moving into a career/sector in roughly the same proportions as their

male counterparts.

These demographics suggest the AIG must critically review the trends indicated

and plan accordingly.

Geographic spread

Responses to the survey on a geographic basis are generally in line with our

membership numbers by state, being dominated by Western Australia, followed by

NSW and Queensland. This also reflects the dominance of exploration geologists

in our membership and in particular from WA (52% of the respondents who

indicated they work in the exploration employment sector are from WA).

VOLUNTEERS NEEDED• JORC

• AIG Complaints Committee

• AIG Ethics & StandardsCommittee

See Page 22

AIG NEWS No 86, November 20062 GENERALMEMBERSHIP SURVEY

Contact: Ron Adams

Phone: (08) 9427 0820

Fax: (08) 9427 0821Email: aig@aig.org.au

c/- Centre for Association Management 36 Brisbane Street, Perth WA 6000

PO Box 8463, Perth Business Centre, Perth WA 6849

AIG Secretariat

Insights from the AIG Membership Survey Cont. from Page 1

Job classification

Overwhelmingly geologists form the major category in terms of job

classification with a very high score of 78%. Other categories are

fairly evenly spread. There is some overlap in job classification with

about 6% of members recording a dual classification with the most

common being a combination of geologist and the other categories

(except for hydrologist). There is limited overlap apparent between

the non-geologist fields.

Industry sector

Our members are overwhelming (67%) derived from the metals

sector. Put together with the employment sector results re-emphasises

the dominant position the metals exploration and production industry

has in our membership. The other sectors are fairly evenly

distributed.

Employment sector

The AIG has a history of representing geoscientists from the

exploration sector and in particular the self employed and consulting

area. This has been highlighted by the survey which reveals that 76%

of respondents represent exploration and industry services. If the

production sector is included these three groups account for 85% of

all responses. This emphatically shows the dominance of industry

over the government and research sectors within our membership and

possibly reflects the importance of our professional codes (Ethics,

JORC and Valmin). Government and research sector geoscientists

seem to be more attracted to the Geological Society of Australia or

perhaps do not belong to any such groups.

Interestingly the response from our student members has been poor.

While only 1.3% of respondents claim to be students, our membership

lists show that in fact 12% of our members are students. I can only

assume they are all flat out studying geoscience and don't have time

for surveys. The opposite must be said for our retired members, as we

had twice as many responses from members who claim to be retired

than are shown in our membership lists.

Demographics

The demographic split of respondents raises some interesting aspects.

Overwhelmingly we are middle aged group of males. 79% of all

respondents are in the groups aged 35 to 64, the largest of which is the

pre-retirement 55 to 64 group (32%).

I think we all knew this was the case as a quick survey of hair colour

at our technical meetings would show up a similar result.

However the story of our female members appears quite different.

Females are dominant (54%) in the under 25 group and also very

important (31%) in the combined under 34 group. This compares to

7% of the 35-64 groups who are female.

This indicates a markedly changing membership around the 35 year

mark. Surveys from 1995 show fairly similar results suggesting that

this is not a new phenomenon. The obvious explanation is that child-

bearing has a large impact. Cont. on Page 5

3AIG NEWS No 86, November 2006 FROM YOUR PRESIDENT

From Your President

AS PROMISED, THIS EDITION of AIG News includes results

of the survey sent out with membership renewals this year.

Thanks to your excellent response rate, Council now has a

clearer picture of you as members.

We now know for sure that the median member is likely to be a

male baby-boomer employed full-time in mineral exploration in his

home State. Although Council probably guessed this was the case

prior to the survey, the finer detail is more interesting so please read

Doug Young's article elsewhere in this AIG News.

Extraordinary General meeting to amend

AIG's Articles

By the time you read this, an Extraordinary General Meeting in

Perth on 28 November will be approaching, giving you the

opportunity to vote on a number of important amendments to AIG's

Articles and Code of Ethics. For those members unable to attend in

person, a proxy with a straightforward voting paper can be lodged

at least 48 hours prior to the meeting in order to have your say. The

bulk of the amendments relate to two initiatives Council is

proposing to improve how AIG handles complaints brought against

members and to simplify elections of its Council and officers

(President, Treasurer, Vice President, Secretary). The third

amendment is a minor one relating to the qualifications of graduate

members.

AIG receives a number of complaints each year from AIG members

and the Australian Stock Exchange (ASX) alleging breaches of the

AIG's Code of Ethics, the JORC Code and the VALMIN code. The

process for dealing with complaints has not changed since the early

1980s when AIG was formed. A trend towards more formal

approaches to complaints resolution by other professional

organizations has prompted AIG to review its process. As described

in a longer article elsewhere in The News, the revised complaints

resolution process, now incorporating a Complaints Committee, in

addition to the existing Ethics and Standards Committee, offers

members a higher level of procedural fairness when required to

respond to complaint allegations. Changes to AIG's Articles and

Code of Ethics required by the new complaints management

process are being put to members for approval in the Extraordinary

General Meeting. One of the changes provide for extending to

members of the Complaints Committee and Ethics and Standards

Committee who are not members of Council the same insurance

cover as Council members. Other changes relate to allowing a wider

range of penalties for breaches of AIG's Articles and Code of Ethics,

and introducing a vote by at least two thirds of eligible Council

members in order for a member to be expelled from AIG following

an adverse finding by the Ethics and Standards Committee in

relation to a serious or repeat complaint.

Under AIG's current Articles, expulsion of a member found guilty

of a serious offence is only possible by holding an Extraordinary

General Meeting. The proposed amendments to the Articles mean

that a member alleged to have breached the Articles or Code of

Ethics will now have three bodies - the Complaints Committee,

Ethics and Standards Committee, and Council (as a final appeal

body) — that have to be convinced that a complaint is justified. This

is more protection than currently, when the Ethics and Standards

Committee is policeman, judge and jury, with only a very public

appeal to the membership at large at

an Extraordinary General Meeting

saving a member from expulsion.

The other major initiative being put

to a member vote is a proposal to

simplify elections for Council by

allowing for direct election of

fourteen Councillors who in turn

elect the President and other office-

bearers. This would bring AIG into line with the normal corporate

approach to electing a Board. Currently, AIG members elect office

bearers, and when the Secretary is an employee as is the case

presently, only thirteen officers plus Councillors are permitted. If

members approve the amendments relating to this initiative, there

will always be fourteen Councillors, whether or not the Secretary is

an employee. Having fourteen Councillors also simplifies the

retirement provisions for Councillors - half must retire each year,

while simultaneously simplifying the election process.

The current Council urges you to vote yes on these initiatives.

AIG members belonging to other

geoscience organisations

With the cooperation of the Geological Society of Australia (GSA)

and the Australian Society of Exploration Geophysicists (ASEG),

AIG has determined that about 140 of its members are also

members of ASEG and 453 of its members are also members of

GSA. It appears most of us belong to at least one other geoscience

or mining organization and outlay a great deal in membership fees.

With the exception of AIG, geoscience organizations in Australia, at

least until recently, have been losing membership for a number of

years. Clearly it is younger members of our professional who see

little value in existing geoscience organizations and I would

welcome responses from them as to how we can provide more value

to generations X and Y.

Have you forgetten to pay your 2006

membership fee?

A recent check of membership renewals suggests there are about

200 members who are yet to pay 2006 fees. Council recognizes that

everyone is extremely busy but could you check the "lost members"

list elsewhere in this AIG News because we may have sent your

renewal notice to a previous home or employer address.

Alternatively, you may have been like me and suffered a seniors'

moment (lasting a few months)!

Council has given up on the annual audit

qualification

At the last Annual General Meeting, I committed to tightening up

our accounting systems for conferences and seminars so that AIG's

annual accounts no longer carried (and have done so for many

years) a qualification that the Auditor could not verify all income

from seminars and conferences. After discussions with a number of

accountants, it became obvious that even though receipts are issued

for seminar registration income, auditors cannot be sure that more

people did not attend the seminar than are shown on the books. The

intractable nature of this issue depressed me until I looked at theCont. Overleaf

AIG NEWS No 86, November 20064 FROM YOUR PRESIDENT

PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT TRAINING

FOR MORE DETAILS OR TO REGISTER ONLINE

Visit www.snowdengroup.com

or call Diana Titren on +61 8 9211 8670

or email training@snowdengroup.com

Reporting Resources and Reserves 29 November Perth

Practical Resource and Reserve Reconciliation 30 November Perth

SEMINAR: Mining Risk… and how to mitigate it! 23-24 November Sydney

Managing Mine Contracts 27-28 November Perth

Conditional Simulation 1 December Perth

Change-of-Support - getting to the high grade 4-5 December Perth

accounts of kindred organisations to AIG and found similar

qualifications in their audited accounts! Any member who thinks he

or she can solve this issue is welcome to stand for Council next May.

I give up!

ASIC cracks down on small- and mid-cap

miners

In early October this year, the Australian Securities and Investments

Commission released a report that concluded that up to 4% of small-

and mid-cap exploration and mining stocks could be using Australian

Stock Exchange announcements to ramp their share prices. The report

involved 449 listed small and mid-cap miners with market

R N (Sam) LeesBSc MSc DIC FAIG FAusIMM FAICD

Consulting Geologist

2 River Avenue Chatswood West NSW 2067

Phone 02 9419 8133 Fax 02 9413 3009

Email samlees@ozemail.com.au

- Corporate Management

- Exploration Management

- Project Generation and Assessment

- Over 30 years

Exploration & Mining Experience

capitalisation of $500 million or less, and looked at the type and

frequency of announcements and compared them to share price

movements during the 2006 financial year. ASIC said it was

concerned that in some cases disclosure of risks was inadequate in

some very promotional announcements.

Of course, no AIG member would be involved, as a JORC or

VALMIN competent person, in contributing to these substandard

announcements?

Ho Ho Ho

This is the last AIG News until January 2007. On behalf of the

Council and the Centre for Association Management I hope that you

have a great festive season and gain sufficient respite to tackle another

year of frenzied mineral exploration and stretched production targets.

My New Year wish is that the US current account deficit remains

manageable and the Chinese and Indian economies keep powering on

throughout 2007 and beyond.

Cheers

Rick Rogerson

From Your President Cont. from Previous Page

5AIG NEWS No 86, November 2006 THE JORC CODE

Whatever the reason, the AIG needs to address this fall off in female

membership and can do so by addressing the needs of this group who

if retained could make up nearly half of the membership of the AIG

in twenty years time.

Our age demographic also reveals significant trends in terms of work

practices. Employment Type shows that in early years our members

are dominantly full time or part time salaried positions. This changes

as time progresses and we start to move out of salaried positions and

either move into director /executive roles or into what appears to be

less secure short term contract positions. There may be several

reasons for this change. It may reflect the move to consulting roles in

later years once a level of experience and seniority has been gained or

it may just reflect the reluctance of employing organizations to

employ experienced people in longer term positions.

The gaining of experience also appears to contribute to a move to an

overseas work location. The Area of Work chart shows a steady

increase in overseas work location with age. ▲▲

Surveys such as these provide important data to assist future

planning. The AIG needs to critically review these results to

appropriately cater for its current and future membership.

Insights from the AIG Membership Survey Cont. from Page 2

The 1st National Hydropolis Conference was held during 8-11

October 2006 Perth at the Burswood Convention Centre

HYDROPOLIS is Greek for Watercity and in 1993, an International

UNESCO-IHP Workshop, HYDROPOLIS, was held in the

Netherlands that brought together water technicians, ecologists,

urban designers and planners to exchange views on the role of water

in urban planning.

Water protection is a fundamental concern throughout the world.

For some countries, the problem is a shortage of drinking water and

for others, it is pollution in surface water systems. The vital question

is: How can water be planned for and integrated in design and

decision-making so as to minimize human impact and restore

ecological systems?

The first Australian National Hydropolis Conference examined

some of these concerns under a similar theme — “Rainwater as a

Resource: A Precious Commodity.”

1st National Hydropolis Conference

Keynote speakers included

• Sybrand Tjallingii

• Ignacio F. Bunster-Ossa, ASLA

• Herbert Dreiseitl

• Greg Walkerden and

• Merideth Laing

The Keynote address was "The Role of the Rain, Rainwater and

Urban Planning” by Sybrand Tjallingii from Delft University of

Technology.

Other papers included “Loving a River to Death”, “Mimic Natural

Drainage Processes”, and “Sharing Sweet Water: Culture and the

Wise Use of Perth's Wetlands”.

Further details of this conference will be published in later issues of

AIG News.

AIG NEWS No 86, November 20066 CLIMATE

180 Years of Accurate CO2 — Gas Analysis of Air by Chemical Methods

Ernst-Georg Beck,

Merian-Schule Freiburg — 2006

(This article is a very condensed version of a short paper received

from E-G Beck, a German biologist. A fully referenced, footnoted

paper is in preparation and available to interested readers in the near

future. Only the major conclusions are presented here — Editor).

Short summary on the knowledge about the

CO2 air gas analysis (2006)

In the IPCC's Climate Change 2001: Working Group I: The Scientific

Basis, the following statement is made in chapter 3: "The Carbon

Cycle…":3.1: "

"The concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere has risen from close to

280 parts per million (ppm) in 1800, at first slowly and then

progressively faster to a value of 367 ppm in 1999, echoing the

increasing pace of global agricultural and industrial development.

This is known from numerous, well-replicated measurements of the

composition of air bubbles trapped in Antarctic ice. Atmospheric CO2

concentrations have been measured directly with high precision since

1957; these measurements agree with ice-core measurements, and

show a continuation of the increasing trend up to the present."

However a thorough review of the existing literature (175 in this

study) revealed 90,000 accurate historical measurements of

atmospheric CO2 concentration by chemical methods from 1812 to

1957 with errors below 3%.

Accurate measurements were done, among others, by de Saussure

(1826), Pettenkofer/v.Gilm (1857), Schulze (1864/71), Farsky (1874),

Uffelmann (1886), Letts und Blake (1897), Krogh and Haldane

(1904), Benedict (1912), Lundegardh (1920), van Slyke (1929), Dürst

and Kreutz (1934/1940), Misra (1942) or Scholander (1946) with

measuring instruments through which from 1857 (Pettenkofer) an

accuracy of +/-0.0006 Vol% to under +/-0.0003 Vol% =~3 ppm

(Lundegardh 1926) was achieved. They show precise seasonal and

some diurnal variation.

Results of the literature review of this study

To reconstruct historic fluctuation of carbon dioxide, 137 yearly

averages from 175 technical papers from 1812 to 1961 were used (the

chemical technique for CO2 atmosphere measurement ceased in

1961).

Nearly all the selected data were obtained in rural areas or on the

periphery of towns under comparable conditions, with a measuring

height of approximately 2 m above ground and without large industrial

contamination. Evaluation of the chemical methods revealed a

systematic error ranging from a maximum of 3%, down to 1% in the best

cases, by Henrik Lundegard (1920), a pioneer of plant physiology and

ecology. Eleven principal measuring techniques (including gravimetric,

titrimetric, volumetric and manometric) had been used from 1812 to

modern times, from which the so-called Pettenkofer method (titrimetric)

was developed, as it was easy, fast and well understood and became the

optimised standard from 1857 for 100 years.

The available data used in this study can be researched in several

comprehensive bibliographies (see Table 1).

It can be shown that from 1800 to 1961, more than 320 technical

papers were published on the subject of air gas analysis containing

verified data on atmospheric CO2 concentrations.

Callendar, Keeling and the IPCC did not evaluate these chemical

methods despite being the standard in analytical chemistry, rejecting

the data as faulty and highly inaccurate. However from 1857, the

Pettenkofer process was used universally as a standard and was

accurate enough to develop all the modern knowledge of medicine,

biology and physiology (photosynthesis, respiration end energy

metabolism) taught today worldwide.

Year Authors

Cited authors andpapers with data

NotesTotal 19th

Century20th

Century

1900Letts and Blake

(53)252 252 - only 19th century

1912 Benedict (51) 137 137 -only 19th century; focus

on O2-determination

1940 Callendar (113) 13 7 6cited Letts & Blake and

Benedict

1951Effenberger

(54)56 32 24

cited Duerst, Misra undKreutz

1956 Slocum (128) 33 22 11

1958 Callendar (119) 30 18 12No citing of Duerst,Kreutz and Misra

1958 Bray (129) 49 20 19

1986 Fraser (149) 6 6 -

1986 Keeling (147 ) 18 18 -Only 19th century same

as Callendar

2006 Beck (this

study)152 82 73

Only chemicaldetermination until 1961

Table 1: Bibliographies and citation of papers

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7AIG NEWS No 86, November 2006 CLIMATE

Figure 1 shows 160 years air gas analysis by chemical means from

138 papers:

Figure 1: 138 yearly average from 1812 up to 1961 chemicaldetermination (raw data)

Some preliminary conclusions from the data show that

1. Atmospheric carbon dioxide fluctuates through the 19th and 20th

century contradicting the ice-core reconstructions.

2. In the 20th century, we notice one big maximum around 1942

with more than 420 ppm and several little maxima in 1915 and

1905; in the 19th century a big maximum occurred before 1870

and perhaps a big maximum in 1820 out of precise measurement

period. Little maxima appeared around 1876, 1880 and 1890.

3. CO2 concentrations rises from approximately 1880 to 1930 by

some 20 ppm as Callendar speculated in 1938.

The following graph (Figure 3) plots CO2 concentration with the

IPCC temperature anomalies.

Figure 2: 138 yearly averages of local effective atmospheric CO2

concentration from 1812 up to 1961 by chemical determination, smoothed

as 5 years average (raw data); icecore reconstruction.

The carbon dioxide maximum of 1942 perfectly fits the measured

temperature maximum at that time (Figure 4 below). Smaller maxima

cannot be seen because of 11 year smoothing.

Using the 5 year average, all 8 temperature maxima within 100 years

correspond accurately to CO2-maxima.

Figure 3: Global temperature (stations, IPCC 2001) from 1860 andatmospheric CO2 by chemical analysis

Summary

Accurate chemical CO2-gas analyses of air since 1800 show a

different trend compared to the literature of climate change actually

published. From 1829, the concentration of carbon dioxide of air in

the northern hemisphere decreased from a value of e.g. 400 ppm up to

1900 to less than 300 ppm then rising till 1942 to more than 400 ppm.

After that maximum, it fell to e.g. 350 ppm and rose again till today

(2006) to 380 ppm.

1. The CO2 chemical data show no constant exponential rising CO2-

concentration since pre-industrial times but a varying CO2-

content of air following the temperature. For example around

1940 there was a maximum CO2 of at least 420 ppm.

2. Historical air analysis by chemical means does not support a

pre-industrial CO2-concentration of 285 ppm (IPCC), as

modern climatology postulates. In contrast, the average in the

19th century in the northern hemisphere is 321 ppm and in the

20th century, it is 338 ppm.

3. Today's CO2 value of 380 ppm has appeared several times in the

last 200 years — in the 20th century around 1942 and before

1870 in the 19th century. The maximum CO2-concentration in the

20th century rose to over 420 ppm in 1942.

4. Accurate measurements of CO2 air gas contents had been done

from 1857 by chemical methods with a maximum systematic

error of 3%. These results were ignored in reconstructing the

CO2-concentration of air in the modern warm period.

5. To reconstruct the modern CO2-concentration in air, ice-cores

from Antarctica have been used. The reconstructions are

obviously not accurate enough to show the detailed variations of

carbon dioxide in the northern hemisphere. ▲▲

Figure 4: Comparing measured temperature in northern hemisphere (land)

from 1850 with CO2 fluctuation. (5 years difference by averaging corrected)

And now the same data with 5 years average smoothing:

AIG NEWS No 86, November 20068 FROM THE EDITOR’S DESK

IT'S THAT TIME OF THE YEAR again and your poor old

editor is juggling work, AIG News and a house move all before

Xmas. He also discovered the hidden dangers of using the new

Skype Voice over Internet program when he received a call at

night from the President after enjoying a banquet in China —

you cannot escape!

Some interesting articles this issue including the compilation of

historical CO2 data from various published historical sources by

German biologist Ernst Beck that seems to flatly contradict current

wisdom on historical CO2 levels. Scientist Brooks Hurd has written a

timely piece on sampling low gas concentrations and shows what

most of us suspected to be a problem with ice-core CO2 measurements

— the loss of volatiles due to ice-cracking and the consequent under-

estimation of historical CO2 levels. Then a disturbing discovery, the

data used to substantiate low CO2 levels in pre-industrial times were

from measurements of air passsed through dilute sulphuric acid —

Brooks Hurd made a brief technical comment on that — this

scrubbing removes CO2 from the sample. Finally, Lord Christopher

Monkton of Brenchley allowed AIG News to reproduce an article he

wrote recently for the UK Sunday Telegraph summarising the whole

global warming issue.

Other interesting issues include the somewhat serious debate over the

K-T boundary, literally fossils at 10 Paces! One wonders if both sides

of the argument have it wrong somewhere.

Of interest is the growing maturity of the New Concepts in Global

Tectonics Group (http://www.ncgt.org) and Dong Choi, who took

over its editing from the recently decedent Mal Dickie, needs help.

NCGT has to be registered as a not-for-profit organisation in Canberra

and needs an administrative committee. Interested AIG Members who

wish to become involved with NCGT should contact Dong Choi

direct or any of the editorial board listed at the NCGT website.

This year has been an exciting one starting with a fright in the first

issue that was quickly resolved. Some AIG members pointed out that

AIG News has some skew in its dealing with global warming but as

Monkton's article shows, that skew is not misplaced, especially when

a fundamental law of physics is repealed.

Of course we would like more contributions from members,

especially the branch activities so hopefully 2007 we will see more

reporting on that.

One final note — MEGWA, (AIG WA’s monthly technical get

together) has joined forces with the Society of Economic Geologists.

Finally the theme for the Issue 87 — it seems mineral explorers have

enormous amounts of green, red and brown tapes to unravel before

they can get on the ground. Any horror stories should be sent to the

editor. ▲▲

From the Editor’s Desk

Louis Hissink

9AIG NEWS No 86, November 2006 CLIMATE

E-G Beck (see page 6) sent a last minute reference to the sampling

methodology used by the French references both Callandar and

Keeling used to demonstrate low CO2 atmosphere levels since the

19th Century.

The technique seemed to clean the air sample by passing it through

dilute sulphuric acid.

Brooks Hurd, who wrote another important article on CO2

measurement offered the following opinion:

“I would therefore expect that more CO2 than O2 and N2 would

dissolve in the dilute cool acid, thus reducing the concentration of CO2

prior to analysis. From the data below, the solubility of CO2 is

considerably higher than the solubility of air in water at 20º C. It is

certainly not surprising that Reiset and Muentz reported low figures

for the concentration of CO2 in their samples.

Sample Preparation Issues

RECENT EDITIONS OF AIG News contained several

skeptical articles regarding evidence for global warming and its

link to human activity. The gist of these articles was that the

evidence for pre-historical climatic trends to compare with

historic climate records was equivocal. While this may indeed

be the case, does that necessarily mean that recent global

warming is not real and that it may not be due, in part, to

human activity? Is this a purely scientific debate, or is there an

ethical element as well?

Anecdotal evidence suggests that the climate in many parts of the

world is indeed warming. The Inuit in North America have reported

the unseasonably late formation of sea ice in recent years. Most

alpine glaciers appear to be in retreat, and the Greenland and

Antarctic ice caps are shrinking. Even in my own local area, north

east Victoria, there are some who recall ice skating on Lake Catani

50 years ago, whereas today Mt. Buffalo struggles to maintain a

decent cover of snow for skiing. While hardly scientific, these

observations suggest a very rapid (geologically speaking) rate of

climate change within our lifetime.

To me, the debate should not be about whether this recent warming

is simply part of a longer term climatic cycle, or has been brought

about solely by human activity, but whether human activities have

accelerated the natural rate of climate change. There can be no

doubt that humans have changed the planet in a geologically rapid

and dramatic fashion with our penchants for clearing forests and

burning fossil fuels, and increases in atmospheric CO2 levels since

industrialization are well documented in glacial ice cores. We are in

the midst of a global mass extinction event caused largely by

human activity. It is therefore reasonable to suggest that this level

Climate Change — Another View

Dennis Arne, Bright, VIC

dennis.arne@bigpond.com

of sustained activity has the potential to affect global climate.

At this point it is useful to introduce a much misunderstood word:

prudence. Prudence can be defined as "the disposition that makes it

possible to deliberate correctly on what is good or bad for man and

through such deliberation to act accordingly" (Comte-Sponville,

2003). If we take a prudent approach to the issue, we don't need to

have irrefutable scientific evidence of a link between the so-called

greenhouse gases and global warming before we act. The strong

possibility that human activities could lead to global climatic

change should be sufficient for us to respond. After all, you check

for traffic when you cross the road not because you know a car is

coming, but because of the possibility that there could be one

approaching, and therefore prudent to check.

To follow on from the exploration analogy favoured by previous

contributors on the subject, geologists don't know for certain

where the next ore deposit is to be found, but they focus their

efforts on an area that is likely to contain a deposit. In other words,

geologists, like climatologists, deal with high levels of uncertainty

(even though there are many in both groups who would never

admit it!). How many geologists are 100% certain of striking a

future orebody when they drill an exploration hole? Given the

strong possibility that aspects of modern human activity are

contributing to global warming, the prudent course would be to

minimize those activities that are likely to alter the climate, even

at the cost of short-term economic pain. We could of course wait

until we have irrefutable proof of a link between greenhouse gases

and global warming, but by then the changes to World climate may

be beyond our reach to influence. This debate is much more than a

scientific or statistical one. ▲▲

ReferencesComte-Sponville, A., 2003, A Short Treatise on the Great Virtues. The Uses of

Philosophy in Everyday Life, Vintage Press.

From the Matheson Gas Products gas data books the solubilities of

gases in water with the gas partial pressure equal to 1 atm:

The solubility of CO2 in water at 293.15º K is 0.878 cm3 CO2/cm3 H2O

The solubility of N2 at 293.15º K is 0.016 cm3 N2/cm3 H2O

The solubility of O2 at 293.15º K is 0.031 cm3 O2/cm3 H2O

The solubility of Air at 293.15º K is 0.0187 cm3 Air/cm3 H2O

These solubilities are based on the assumption that the particular gas

is 100% of the vapour phase in contact with the water. CO2 in air

would have a lower partial pressure than either O2 or N2; however the

solution mechanism is different for CO2 since it ionises in water. N2

and O2 dissolve as molecules. The Reiset and Muentz U tube was

filled with beads to enhance gas — liquid contact.

In my opinion, this would increase the amount of CO2 dissolved in the

dilute sulphuric acid which would reduce the CO2 concentration in the

gas which they analysed.” ▲▲

AIG NEWS No 86, November 200610 CLIMATE

Analyses of CO2 and Other Atmospheric Gases

Brooks Hurd

Introduction

Analysts who have experience with testing trace quantities of

atmospheric gases are well aware of the problems that sample

handling can cause on the results. They know that sample handling

methods can alter their analytical results. This means that sample

handling techniques must prevent loss or contamination of the sample

by absorption, desorption or diffusion. These concerns are typically

little known outside the group of people who routinely perform trace

atmospheric gas analyses.

What are the problems associated with trace atmospheric gas

analyses? There are two major problems which could effect gas

analyses. One is the adsorption and desorption of gases on sample

system surfaces. This process is most pronounced with polar

molecules such as H2O and CO2. This process occurs because there

are minute charges on the interior of the sampling system. These

charges attract either the positively or negatively charged poles of

bipolar molecules. Attracted molecules become loosely bound to the

surface. As molecules are bound to the interior surface, the sample

stream is depleted of bipolar molecules. This process continues until

the absorption onto the surface and desorption from the surface reach

equilibrium. A depleted sample stream will provide analytical results

which are lower than the concentration in the original sample. The

opposite result will occur when the sampling system has been exposed

to a high concentration of the gas being analyzed. In this case the

sampling system will release bipolar molecules into the sample stream

until the flux reaches equilibrium. In this case, the analytical result

will be higher than the concentration in the original sample.

A second mechanism which can effect the analytical result is diffusion

of gases into and out of the sample stream. The major diffusion

problem is not Fickian diffusion but rather Knudsen diffusion. The

significance of Knudsen diffusion is that it independent of pressure

differences, but rather depends upon concentration differences

between the sample and the ambient air

surrounding the sampling system. Knudsen

diffusion occurs when the mean free path of

the molecule is longer than the diameter of the

diffusion path. Knudsen diffusion can cause

an increase or decrease in atmospheric gas

concentrations inside a pressurized sampling

system if there are minute leak paths in the

sampling system.

To avoid these problems requires careful

design and care of sampling systems. Such

care is crucial to assure that analytical results

accurately reflect the true sample

concentrations whenever analysts measure

atmospheric gases such as H2O, O2, Ar, N2,

and CO2. Sampling system effects are

particularly problematic with polar molecules

such as H2O and CO2. Diffusion is a problem

with all atmospheric gases. Every effort must

be made to make certain that sample handling

does not add to or reduce the concentration of

the gas under analysis. These efforts include:

careful design of sample handling systems so as to preclude leakage

or inward diffusion of gaseous components; preparation of the

handling systems prior to use to remove traces of atmospheric

components which may be adsorbed onto the surface; and special

efforts to prevent losses of gas components during storage.

Although these concerns are well known among people who

specialize in the analyses of trace atmospheric gases, these concerns

are generally unappreciated outside of this area. It is not the expertise

of an analyst which is important, but rather their experience in

analyzing trace atmospheric gases. Those who typically analyze gases

which are not atmospheric components are seldom aware of these

problems because sample handling has a small effect on non-

atmospheric gas analyses.

Ice core issues

This brings us to the problems of analyzing CO2 levels in ice cores.

Ice cores are under pressures which increase with the ice depth. The

pressures under which these cores exist are roughly the same as

similar depths under water. Therefore deep cores from 1,000 meters

are under pressures of roughly 100 atmospheres. When these cores are

brought to the surface, they are exposed to a drop to 1/100th of the

original pressure. The internal pressure causes small cracks to appear

in the ice. These cracks are diffusion paths for trapped gases to leave

the ice as well as for some atmospheric gases to diffuse into the ice

cores. The mechanism is Knudsen diffusion which is analogous to the

problems that analysts face when dealing with gas analyses in the

semiconductor and other industries which deal with the analyses of

trace atmospheric gases.

Do ice cores undergo the same diffusional problems which one sees

in sampling handling in other industries? What would be the effect if

there were gas losses from ice cores combined with some diffusion of

atmospheric gases into the cores? One effect of loss would be that the

gas analyses would show reduced variation over time. An effect of

inward diffusion would be that the analytical result would be closer to

atmospheric concentrations of the air surrounding the cores when they

Figure 1

11AIG NEWS No 86, November 2006 CLIMATE

were brought to the surface. At the

high pressures in deep ice core

drilling, CO2 would quickly

dissolve in any water from ice

melted by the drill. The combination

of these effects would be that

variation over time would be

minimized and the maximums

would be greatly reduced from the

CO2 levels in the original ice cores.

Is there evidence that this is

happening? Leaf stomata indices are

a proxy for CO2 concentrations. If

we look at the leaf stomata indices

from Wagner et al, we see a

significant variation in SI which

would indicate a significant

variation of CO2 concentration over

that period of time. If we compare

the ice core CO2 levels for this same

time period from the Taylor Dome

(Fig 1), we see very little variation.

Between 7,700 and 8,400 years BP, the SI data indicates a variation of

50 ppm. This is 10 times the variation of the Taylor Dome CO2

analyses. This reduced variation supports the theory that CO2 may be

lost from ice cores through sample handling.

Ice core and gas ages for 8,000 years BP are approximately 200 m

below the top of the ice/firn interface. The pressure at this depth

would be at least 20 atmospheres. Older and deeper core samples

would undergo larger stresses from the pressure change. The Vostok

CO2 (Fig. 2) analyses extend back to 420,000 years BP. This equates

to an ice core depth of 3,300 m which would be at a pressure of more

than 320 atmospheres. The Vostok CO2 analyses do vary, but only

between 180 and 290 ppm. If a significant quantity of CO2 were lost

through sample handling, then the maximums would be much higher.

Therefore concerns about loss and contamination of atmospheric

components from sampling handling prior to analysis should be a

major issue in deep ice core CO2 analyses. Long term CO2 variation

is limited and short term variation is much less then what is indicated

by SI proxy data. ▲▲

ReferencesFriederike Wagner, Bent Aaby, and Henk Visscher, Rapid atmospheric CO2 changes

associated with the 8,200-years-B.P. cooling event, PNAS 2002;99;12011-12014;originally published online Aug 29, 2002; PNAShttp://www.pnas.org/cgi/reprint/99/19/12011.pdf

Thomas van Hoof, Thesis, NSG Publication No: 20040907, LPP CONTRIBUTIONSSERIES No. 18; Febodruk BV, Enschede

J. M. Barnola, D. Raynaud, C. Lorius; Historical CO2 Record from the Vostok Ice Core

Indermühle, A., B. Stauffer, T.F. Stocker and M. Wahlen, 1999, Taylor Dome Ice CoreCO2 Holocene Data. IGBP PAGES/World Data Center-A for Paleoclimatology

Data Contribution Series #1999-021 NOAA/NGDC Paleoclimatology Program,Boulder CO, USA.

Brooks Hurd has over a quarter century of experience with the

analysis of high purity gases used in the semiconductor and other

industries. He is recognized as an expert and problem solver in the

area of high purity gases and liquids. Mr. Hurd graduated from the

Ohio State University with a B. S. in Chemical Engineering.

He worked for AIR PRODUCTS AND CHEMICALS providing

technical support for the company's semiconductor industry gas

customers. This required trouble shooting high purity gas systems

in many locations around the world. He was hired by SAES PURE

GAS to create and manage a field service organization providing

part per trillion analytical services. He then worked as the Director

of Analytical Services and Vice President of Technology for AMA

CONSULTANTS. In these capacities, he provided leading edge

part-per-trillion services to customers worldwide. He founded

Sirius UHP in 1998 to provide services to customers in Asia,

Europe, and North America.

He has a member of the Semiconductor Safety Association. Mr.

Hurd has been an active member of several SEMI Standards

Groups and steering committees. He served as co-chairman of the

SEMI Particles in Gases Subcommittee. He was also invited to be

a member of the SEMATECH Clean Room Component

Evaluation Task Force.

Brooks H. HURD — Biography

Figure 2

AIG NEWS No 86, November 200612 CLIMATE

THE STERN REPORT LAST WEEK predicted dire economic

and social effects of unchecked global warming. In what many will

see as a highly controversial polemic, Christopher Monckton

disputes the 'facts' of this impending apocalypse and accuses the

UN and its scientists of distorting the truth

Last week, Gordon Brown and his chief economist both said global

warming was the worst "market failure" ever. That loaded soundbite

suggests that the "climate-change" scare is less about saving the planet

than, in Jacques Chirac's chilling phrase, "creating world government".

This week and next, I'll reveal how politicians, scientists and

bureaucrats contrived a threat of Biblical floods, droughts, plagues, and

extinctions worthier of St John the Divine than of science.

Sir Nicholas Stern's report on the economics of climate change, which

was published last week, says that the debate is over. It isn't. There are

more greenhouse gases in the air than there were, so the world should

warm a bit, but that's as far as the "consensus" goes. After the recent

hysteria, you may not find the truth easy to believe. So you can find all

my references and detailed calculations at this internet address

(http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/graphics/2006/11/05/warm-refs.pdf.

Climate Chaos? Don't Believe It

The Royal Society says there's a worldwide scientific consensus. It

brands Apocalypse-deniers as paid lackeys of coal and oil corporations.

I declare my interest: I once took the taxpayer's shilling and advised

Margaret Thatcher, FRS, on scientific scams and scares. Alas, not a red

cent from Exxon.

In 1988, James Hansen, a climatologist, told the US Congress that

temperature would rise 0.3C by the end of the century (it rose 0.1C), and

that sea level would rise several feet (no, one inch) by 2100. The UN set

up a trans-national bureaucracy, the Intergovernmental Panel on

Climate Change (IPCC). The UK taxpayer unwittingly meets the entire

cost of its scientific team, which, in 2001, produced the Third

Assessment Report, a Bible-length document presenting apocalyptic

conclusions well beyond previous reports.

This week, I'll show how the UN undervalued the sun's effects on

historical and contemporary climate, slashed the natural greenhouse

effect, overstated the past century's temperature increase, repealed a

fundamental law of physics and tripled the man-made greenhouse

effect. Next week, I'll demonstrate the atrocious economic, political and

environmental cost of the high-tax, zero-freedom, bureaucratic

centralism implicit in Stern's report; I'll compare the global-warming

scare with previous sci-fi alarums; and I'll show how the

environmentalists' "precautionary principle" (get the state to interfere

now, just in case) is killing people.

Christopher Monckton

(Reproduced with kind permission of

Lord Monckton of Brenchley)

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13AIG NEWS No 86, November 2006 CLIMATE

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So to the scare. First, the UN implies that carbon dioxide ended the last

four ice ages. It displays two 450,000-year graphs: a sawtooth curve of

temperature and a sawtooth of airborne CO2 that's scaled to look similar.

Usually, similar curves are superimposed for comparison. The UN

didn't do that. If it had, the truth would have shown: the changes in

temperature preceded the changes in CO2 levels.

Next, the UN abolished the medieval warm period (the global warming

at the end of the First Millennium AD). In 1995, David Deming, a

geoscientist at the University of Oklahoma, had written an article

reconstructing 150 years of North American temperatures from

borehole data. He later wrote: "With the publication of the article in

Science, I gained significant credibility in the community of scientists

working on climate change. They thought I was one of them, someone

who would pervert science in the service of social and political causes.

One of them let his guard down. A major person working in the area of

climate change and global warming sent me an astonishing email that

said: 'We have to get rid of the Medieval Warm Period.' "

So they did. The UN's second assessment report, in 1996, showed a

1,000-year graph demonstrating that temperature in the Middle Ages

was warmer than today. But the 2001 report contained a new graph

showing no medieval warm period. It wrongly concluded that the 20th

century was the warmest for 1,000 years. The graph looked like an ice

hockey-stick. The wrongly flat AD1000-AD1900 temperature line was

the shaft: the uptick from 1900 to 2000 was the blade.

Here's how they did it:

• They gave one technique for reconstructing pre-thermometer

temperature 390 times more weight than any other (but didn't

say so).

• The technique they overweighted was one that the UN's 1996

report had said was unsafe: measurement of tree-rings from

bristlecone pines. Tree-rings are wider in warmer years, but pine-

rings are also wider when there's more carbon dioxide in the air: it's

plant food. This carbon dioxide fertilisation distorts the

calculations.

• They said they had included 24 data sets going back to 1400.

Without saying so, they left out the set showing the medieval warm

period, tucking it into a folder marked "Censored Data".

• They used a computer model to draw the graph from the data, but

scientists later found that the model almost always drew hockey-

sticks even if they fed in random, electronic "red noise".

The large, full-colour "hockey-stick" was the key graph in the UN's

2001 report, and the only one to appear six times. The Canadian

Government copied it to every household. Four years passed before a

leading scientific journal would publish the truth about the graph. Did

the UN or the Canadian government apologise? Of course not. The UN

still uses the graph in its publications.

Even after the "hockey stick" graph was exposed, scientific papers

apparently confirming its abolition of the medieval warm period

appeared. The US Congress asked independent statisticians to

investigate. They found that the graph was meretricious, and that known

associates of the scientists who had compiled it had written many of the

papers supporting its conclusion.

The UN, echoed by Stern, says the graph isn't important. It is. Scores of

scientific papers show that the medieval warm period was real, global

and up to 3C warmer than now. Then, there were no glaciers in the

tropical Andes: today they're there. There were Viking farms in

Greenland: now they're under permafrost. There was little ice at the

North Pole.

The Antarctic, which holds 90 per cent of the world's ice and nearly all

its 160,000 glaciers, has cooled and gained ice-mass in the past 30

Cont. Overleaf

AIG NEWS No 86, November 200614 CLIMATE

years, reversing a 6,000-year melting trend. Data from 6,000 boreholes

worldwide show global temperatures were higher in the Middle Ages

than now. And the snows of Kilimanjaro are vanishing not because

summit temperature is rising (it isn't) but because post-colonial

deforestation has dried the air. Al Gore please note.

In some places it was also warmer than now in the Bronze Age and in

Roman times. It wasn't CO2 that caused those warm periods. It was the

sun. So the UN adjusted the maths and all but extinguished the sun's role

in today's warming. Here's how:

• The UN dated its list of "forcings" (influences on temperature)

from 1750, when the sun, and consequently air temperature, was

almost as warm as now. But its start-date for the increase in world

temperature was 1900, when the sun, and temperature, were

much cooler.

• Every "forcing" produces "climate feedbacks" making temperature

rise faster. For instance, as temperature rises in response to a

forcing, the air carries more water vapour, the most important

greenhouse gas; and polar ice melts, increasing heat absorption. Up

goes the temperature again. The UN more than doubled the base

forcings from greenhouse gases to allow for climate feedbacks. It

didn't do the same for the base solar forcing.

Two centuries ago, the astronomer William Herschel was reading Adam

Smith's Wealth of Nations when he noticed that quoted grain prices fell

when the number of sunspots rose. Gales of laughter ensued, but he was

right. At solar maxima, when the sun was at its hottest and sunspots

showed, temperature was warmer, grain grew faster and prices fell. Such

observations show that even small solar changes affect climate detectably.

But recent solar changes have been big. Sami Solanki, a solar physicist,

says that in the past half-century the sun has been warmer, for longer,

than at any time in at least the past 11,400 years, contributing a base

forcing equivalent to a quarter of the past century's warming. That's

before adding climate feedbacks.

The UN expresses its heat-energy forcings in watts per square metre. It

estimates that the sun caused just 0.3 watts of forcing since 1750. Begin

in 1900 to match the temperature start-date, and the base solar forcing

more than doubles to 0.7 watts. Multiply by 2.7, which the Royal

Society suggests is the UN's current factor for climate feedbacks, and

you get 1.9 watts - more than six times the UN's figure. The entire 20th-

century warming from all sources was below 2 watts. The sun could

have caused just about all of it.

Next, the UN slashed the natural greenhouse effect by 40 per cent from

33C in the climate-physics textbooks to 20C, making the man-made

additions appear bigger. Then the UN chose the biggest 20th-century

temperature increase it could find. Stern says: "As anticipated by

scientists, global mean surface temperatures have risen over the past

century." As anticipated? Only 30 years ago, scientists were anticipating

a new Ice Age and writing books called The Cooling. In the US, where

weather records have been more reliable than elsewhere, 20th-century

Climate Chaos? Don't Believe It Cont. from Previous Page

15AIG NEWS No 86, November 2006 CLIMATE

temperature went up by only 0.3C. AccuWeather, a worldwide

meteorological service, reckons world temperature rose by 0.45C. The

US National Climate Data Centre says 0.5C. Any advance on 0.5? The

UN went for 0.6C, probably distorted by urban growth near many of the

world's fast-disappearing temperature stations. The number of

temperature stations round the world peaked at 6,000 in 1970. It's fallen

by two-thirds to 2,000 now: a real "hockey-stick" curve, and an instance

of the UN's growing reliance on computer guesswork rather than facts.

Even a 0.6C temperature rise wasn't enough. So the UN repealed a

fundamental physical law. Buried in a sub-chapter in its 2001 report is

a short but revealing section discussing "lambda": the crucial factor

converting forcings to temperature. The UN said its climate models had

found lambda near-invariant at 0.5C per watt of forcing. You don't need

computer models to "find" lambda. Its value is given by a century-old

law, derived experimentally by a Slovenian professor and proved by his

Austrian student (who later committed suicide when his scientific

compatriots refused to believe in atoms). The Stefan-Boltzmann law,

not mentioned once in the UN's 2001 report, is as central to the

thermodynamics of climate as Einstein's later equation is to

astrophysics. Like Einstein's, it relates energy to the square of the speed

of light, but by reference to temperature rather than mass. The bigger the

value of lambda, the bigger the temperature increase the UN could

predict. Using poor Ludwig Boltzmann's law, lambda's true value is just

0.22-0.3C per watt. In 2001, the UN effectively repealed the law,

doubling lambda to 0.5C per watt. Arecent paper by James Hansen says

lambda should be 0.67, 0.75 or 1C: take your pick. Sir John Houghton,

who chaired the UN's scientific assessment working group until

recently, tells me it now puts lambda at 0.8C: that's 3C for a 3.7-watt

doubling of airborne CO2. Most of the UN's computer models have

used 1C. Stern implies 1.9C.

On the UN's figures, the entire greenhouse-gas forcing in the 20th

century was 2 watts. Multiplying by the correct value of lambda gives

a temperature increase of 0.44 to 0.6C, in line with observation. But

using Stern's 1.9C per watt gives 3.8C. Where did 85 per cent of his

imagined 20th-century warming go? As Professor Dick Lindzen of MIT

pointed out in The Sunday Telegraph last week, the UK's Hadley Centre

had the same problem, and solved it by dividing its modelled output by

three to "predict" 20th-century temperature correctly.

A spate of recent scientific papers, gearing up for the UN's fourth report

next year, gives a different reason for the failure of reality to keep up

with prediction. The oceans, we're now told, are acting as a giant heat-

sink. In these papers the well-known, central flaw (not mentioned by

Stern) is that the computer models' "predictions" of past ocean

temperature changes only approach reality if they are averaged over a

depth of at least a mile and a quarter. Deep-ocean temperature hasn't

changed at all, it's barely above freezing. The models tend to over-

predict the warming of the climate-relevant surface layer up to

threefold. A recent paper by John Lyman, of the US National Oceanic

and Atmospheric Association, reports that the oceans have cooled

sharply in the past two years. The computers didn't predict this. Sea

level is scarcely rising faster today than a century ago: an inch every 15

years. Hansen now says that the oceanic "flywheel effect" gives us extra

time to act, so Stern's alarmism is misplaced.

Finally, the UN's predictions are founded not only on an exaggerated

forcing-to-temperature conversion factor justified neither by

observation nor by physical law, but also on an excessive rate of

increase in airborne carbon dioxide. The true rate is 0.38 per cent year

on year since records began in 1958. The models assume 1 per cent per

annum, more than two and a half times too high. In 2001, the UN used

these and other adjustments to predict a 21st-century temperature

increase of 1.5 to 6C. Stern suggests up to 10C.

Dick Lindzen emailed me last week to say that constant repetition of

wrong numbers doesn't make them right. Removing the UN's

solecisms, and using reasonable data and assumptions, a simple global

model shows that temperature will rise by just 0.1 to 1.4C in the coming

century, with a best estimate of 0.6C, well within the medieval

temperature range and only a fifth of the UN's new, central projection.

Why haven't air or sea temperatures turned out as the UN's models

predicted? Because the science is bad, the "consensus" is wrong, and

Herr Professor Ludwig Boltzmann, FRS, was as right about energy-to-

temperature as he was about atoms. ▲▲

(Reproduced with kind permission from the Author).

Chicxulub impact event is Cretaceous/Paleogene boundary in age:

New micropaleontological evidence.

Ignacio Arenillas a), José A. Arz a), José M. Grajales-Nishimura

b), Gustavo Murillo-Muñetón b), Walter Alvarez c), Antonio

Camargo-Zanoguera d), Eustoquio Molina a) and Carmen

Rosales-Domínguez b)

a) Departamento de Ciencias de la Tierra (Paleontología),

Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain

b) Instituto Mexicano del Petróleo (Exploración y Producción),

Eje Lázaro Cárdenas # 152, Mexico D.F., 07730, Mexico

c) Department of Earth and Planetary Science, University of

California, 307 McCone Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720-4767, USA

d) Petróleos Mexicanos, Exploración y Producción (retired), Blvd.

A. Ruiz Cortines 1202, Villahermosa, Tabasco, 86030, Mexico

Abstract

High-resolution and quantitative planktic foraminiferal

biostratigraphy from two SE Mexico stratigraphic sections

(Bochil, Guayal) shows that the Chicxulub-related Complex

Clastic Unit (CCU) is synchronous with the ejecta-rich airfall layer

and the Cretaceous/Paleogene (K/Pg) catastrophic mass extinction

horizon in the El Kef (Tunisia) and Caravaca (Spain) sections. The

lowermost Danian H. holmdelensis subzone (= Biozone P0) was

identified in both sections in a thin dark clay bed just above the

CCU, proving that such bed is chronostratigraphically equivalent

to the K/Pg boundary clay of the El Kef stratotype. These new

micropaleontogical data confirm that the K/Pg impact event and

the Chicxulub impact event are the same one. This contradicts the

suggestion by others that the Chicxulub impact predated the K/Pg

boundary by about 300 ka.

Article in Press, Corrected Proofhttp://tinyurl.com/nv539

Earth and PlanetaryScience Letters(More Ammo for the Forams at 10 Paces Mob)

AIG NEWS No 86, November 200616 GRIST FOR THE GEO MILL

THERE IS A WIDELY-HELD BELIEF that coal and oil are

formed following burial of biotic carbonaceous matter for long

periods in subsiding sedimentary basins.

An alternative theory proposes that coal and oil are abiotic in origin and

derived from upper mantle processes. This theory, named the Russian-

Ukrainian theory of abiotic oil, was popularised by the late Tommy

Gold in his controversial book, "The Deep Hot Biosphere". A full

account of the Abiotic oil theory is presented at http://

www.gasresources.net. Geologist C. Warren-Hunt (http://www.

polarpublishing.com/) has offered another origin for petroleum.

The only reason petroleum is called a fossil fuel is because it contains

organic debris, but if petroleum is abiotic and an excellent solvent of

organic material, up-welling hydrocarbons will naturally incorporate

the organic debris found in sedimentary rocks. This does not mean it

is biotic, for that is much like saying that elephants evolved tusks from

eating piano keys.

A principal argument against abiotic oil is that no oil has been found

in the crystalline basement regions of the earth. Really? Not so in the

case of Vietnam where:

"Since its foundation, VIETSOVPETRO has drilled over 140

thousand meters of exploration and 800 thousand meters of

production wells. As a result of this seven oil fields were discovered,

the largest are White Tiger, Dragon and Dai Hung that are already

operated by the Joint Venture.

White Tiger is so far the largest oil field on the continental shelf of

Vietnam. Main reserve of this oil field is concentrated in fractured

granite basement that is unique in the world oil and gas production

practice".(http://www.vietsov.com.vn/wps/portal/!ut/p/.cmd/cs/.ce/7_

0_A/.s/7_0_GC/_s.7_0_A/7_0_GC)

And...

"No wonder the non-organic theory is slowly gaining wider

acceptance as an alternative to the organic theory. Robert O. Russell,

Abiotic Oil

a well site geologist at the first well in North America (at Fort

McMurray, Alberta, Canada) drilled into crystalline basement

granitic shield rocks for the express purpose of commercial

hydrocarbon exploration, has pointed out that there are more than

400 wells and fields worldwide, both off-shore and on-shore that

produce or have recently produced oil from igneous rocks. This fact

alone indicates that many aspects relating to the origin of petroleum

need to be revised. Thomas Gold, a distinguished proponent of the

non-organic theory, has expanded the application of the non-organic

theory to all hydrocarbons, including coal.

In this connection, an international conference on 'Oil in Granite' was

held recently in Kazan, Tatarstan, Russia. One of the papers by

Kosachev et al. from the Institute of Organic Physics and Chemistry,

Russian Academy of Sciences, Kazan, concluded that much evidence

existed in favour of the theory, and that viable mechanisms for the

creation of migration pathways existed.

Recently, C. Warren Hunt, a geologist of the Anhydride Oil

Corporation, Calgary, Canada, has proposed a variant of the non-

organic theory. This novel theory sets forth the notion that up-welling,

deep, non-organic methane is bacterially modified into petroleum at

shallow depths.

In conclusion, although an organic origin of primordial Archaean

petroleum is possible, it is far more natural within the non-organic

framework. In recent years, the non-organic theory has been gaining

wider acceptance. The discovery of the 'Deep Biosphere', the new

world of underground bacteria, is another interesting development

which may help to shed more light on the origin of petroleum" (Source

http://www.ias.ac.in/currsci/aug25/articles7.htm)

There is one other difficulty with the fossil-fuel theory — the violation

of the second law of thermodynamics. The only hydrocarbon that can

be created at the pressures and depths of the sedimentary basins is

methane. No one has yet demonstrated experimentally how

hydrocarbons like Saudi Crude, basically grease, can be produced

from organic matter at the P & T conditions typical of geosynclines or

sedimentary basins. ▲▲

Louis Hissink

2006 AIG Bursary Award Ceremony

Hot off the press — Sam Lees presenting the 2006 AIG Bursary

Awards to Heather Cunningham and Nicole Harb. Our

congratulations to both

Heather and Nicole!

(Editor has a suspicion the

venue is his old Alma

Mater — Macquarie Uni

Bistro)

17AIG NEWS No 86, November 2006 GRIST FOR THE GEO MILL

GLOBAL OIL PRODUCTION will

increase for at least the next 25 years as

new drilling and refining techniques

make it possible to tap heretofore

untouchable reserves, according to

Cambridge Energy Research Associates,

the consulting firm run by Daniel Yergin.

The world probably has 3.7 trillion barrels

of oil left, more than twice the estimates of

geologists and analysts such as Matthew

Simmons, of the investment bank Simmons

& Co., who argue global output is close to

a peak, said Peter Jackson, director of oil-

industry research for the Cambridge,

Massachusetts, firm. ``The peak-oil theory

causes confusion and can lead to

inappropriate actions and turn attention

away from the real issues,'' Jackson said in

remarks prepared for a conference call

today with analysts, investors and reporters.

``Oil is too critical to the global economy to

allow fear to replace careful analysis about

the very real challenges.''

The late geologist M. King Hubbert,

working for a unit of Royal Dutch Shell Plc, first put forward in 1956

the theory that output from a specific oil deposit or region would peak

and then start to decline following a predictable curve. His ideas have

gained currency as oil prices tripled in the past five years and producers

struggled to keep pace with rising demand in China. The theory is

``misleading'' and based on incomplete data, according to today's report

from Cambridge Energy. Worldwide oil production will rise by more

Peak Oil Scare Takes a Hit

than 50 percent to about 130 million barrels a day around 2030 before

output plateaus, the report said. Yergin, the firm's founder, wrote ``The

Prize,'' a Pulitzer-winning history of the oil industry.

When global crude output begins to fall around 2050, the decline

probably will be gradual, giving policy makers, industry and energy

producers time to develop new alternatives to petroleum-based fuels,

the report said. ▲▲

Sharply scalloped walls, together with cleanly cut ridges and

valleys on its floor, make Mars' Victoria crater an ideal test of the

electric discharge model of crater formation.

The image to the right was taken by the High Resolution Imaging

Science Experiment on NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter. It

shows "Victoria crater," whose features can only deepen the growing

mysteries of cratering patterns on Mars. It certainly does not look

anything like the effect of an impact event, but that is the

interpretation given it by NASA. The NASA release, though referring

to "a distinctive scalloped shape to its rim," can only explain this

remarkable configuration in terms of "erosion and downhill

movement of crater wall material."

Physicist Wal Thornhill commented that "Victoria crater appears to be

a short-duration anode scar, or 'spark' crater, where melting is

insignificant. In laboratory experiments it is found that the anode

spark scar on a 'contaminated' surface develops many arc 'spots' at the

center of a roughly circular scar. In a very short time the central arc

spots move out to form a ring. The spots enlarge and join into a ring.

For a time the entire arc current passes through the annular ring. If it

were to continue, melting would occur, obliterating the fine scalloped

Victoria Crater on Mars

structure of the crater wall. In experiments there may be a hundred or

more spots.

And what of the remarkable "ridge and valley" complexes in the

center of the crater? According to NASA, this feature is explained as

"sand dunes," supposedly formed by winds in an atmosphere less than

one percent as dense as Earth's.

Louis Hissink

AIG NEWS No 86, November 200618 GRIST FOR THE GEO MILL

THE GALLIPOLI CAMPAIGN OF 1915, enshrined as foremost

of our national myths, has geological aspects that are little realised

but were crucial to its course. Indeed, the very geological nature

of the battlefield permitted the battles to occur; with different

geology there, such as the bare limestone terrains typical of much

of the region, the Campaign would have died at its nascence.

In early 1915, the allied British and French thought it possible to force

Turkey out of the war by a naval demonstration against Istanbul. For

this they needed to pass their battleships through the Dardanelle's

Strait, east of the Gallipoli Peninsula. However, Turkish mines and

land based artillery thwarted attempts to do this in March 1915. The

Allies then decided that troops, landed on the Gallipoli Peninsula,

should take control of the western side of the Dardanelle's. This would

overcome the Turkish artillery there and permit naval movement

towards Istanbul. The British general, Sir Ian Hamilton, took

command of the land operations. While perhaps not the sharpest

arrow in the quiver, Hamilton was not the bluntest either and,

operating under a chain of incompetence in the British command

structure, he had to do the job with whatever he had available at short

notice. Certainly, what was available in intelligence of the ground on

the Gallipoli Peninsula was very limited. It mostly came from

guidebooks — the equivalent of today's Lonely Planet — that his staff

could find in Alexandria. These did not emphasise geological

observations, even if Hamilton had thought to look for them.

The landings on the Gallipoli Peninsula on 25 April were monumental

stuff ups. British troops, going ashore on the southerly point of the

Peninsula, found the Turks waiting for them and were slaughtered.

The Anzacs, their boats caught by an unexpected current, landed at the

wrong place. This put them among rugged terrain rather than as

planned at the low pass to the east coast where the Turkish guns were.

Undiscouraged, they scaled the ridges and advanced easterly till they

encountered substantial Turkish forces that had been rushed to the

area. Here, the advance stopped and both sides went to ground. By

evening the commander on shore of the Anzac forces requested orders

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Spring, Gallipoli, November 1915. Source: Australian History Museum, Macquarie University.

Gallipoli

Bill McGee

19AIG NEWS No 86, November 2006 GRIST FOR THE GEO MILL

from Hamilton on whether to re-embark and

abandon the position. Hamilton replied that this

could not be done and finished his message with

the memorable exhortation, "You have got

through the difficult business, now you have only

to dig, dig, dig until you are safe". This, of course,

was an admission of failure: the aim of landing

was to take the guns on the east side of the

Peninsula to allow the fleet to pass. Holding

ground on the west side served no purpose.

However, Hamilton had no plan for evacuation,

despite British army regulations that any

amphibious landing should have such a plan ready,

and so had no choice.

"Dig, dig, dig," was the exhortation. But could the

Anzacs dig? Hamilton certainly had no idea. The

causal visitor to the Aegean region — or at least

the casual visiting geologist — is struck by the

barren hard rock (commonly limestone) of much

of the terrain. One author, for instance, has

claimed that Greece is 45% limestone. This would

be remarkably unpromising ground for digging

cover. Further, the Anzacs had come ashore with

only meagre tools for digging. Had the ground

been hard rock, as one sees in so much of the

region, the Anzacs would have been in a sorry

position on the 26 April. The Turks were rushing

in reinforcements and had already secured the

commanding heights. With no cover the Anzacs

would have been shot to pieces.

But the Gallipoli Peninsula is atypical of the

region in that it is composed largely of soft labile

sediments of a Tertiary basin. Fortuitously, then,

the Anzacs found themselves on ground that is

easily dug. In the accompanying photograph the

dark desiccation cracks in the foreground face

show the clay rich nature of the sediments. The

Anzacs dug, dug, dug furiously all night and by

morning were well entrenched. The Turks were

also well entrenched and in subsequent months of

fighting neither side was able to dislodge the other.

Thus, the geology, knowledge of which played no

part in the planning for the operation, allowed the

campaign to develop beyond the landings of 25

April, and so created our premier national myth.

References.M. Hickey, Gallipoli, London, Murray, 1995.

P. Doyle and M. R. Bennett, "Military Geography: the influenceof terrain in the outcome of the Gallipoli Campaign,1915", The Geographical Journal, Vol. 165, No. 1, 1999,pp. 12-36.

K. Erguvanli, "Outline of Geology of the Dardanelles",Geological Magazine, Vol.XCIV, No. 1, 1957, pp. 47-53.

Denis Winter, 25 April 1915: The Inevitable Tragedy,Queensland University Press, St Lucia, 1994.

Right: Geological Map of the Dardanelles andAdjoining Area. From K. Erguvanli, Outline of

Geology of the Dardanelles.

AIG NEWS No 86, November 200620 IMPORTANT ISSUES

The Council of the Australian Institute of Geoscientists (AIG)

receives a number of complaints each year from AIG members and

the Australian Stock Exchange (ASX) alleging breaches of the AIG's

Code of Ethics, the JORC Code and the VALMIN code (collectively

named "the codes"). One of the main reasons AIG was established in

the early 1980s was to provide a strong code of ethics that would bind

professional geoscientist members and minimise the unethical

behaviour that was evident in the late 1970s mineral exploration

boom.

After a complaint is received, AIG will use the system described

below to resolve complaints, which could lead to the imposition of

one or more in a range of penalties on a member found to have

breached one of the codes. The revised complaints resolution process,

now incorporating a Complaints Committee, in addition to the

existing Ethics and Standards Committee, offers members procedural

fairness when required to respond to complaint allegations.

Procedural fairness includes:

• an absence of bias;

• an inquiry into matters in dispute;

• a hearing appropriate to the circumstances; and

• evidence to support the decision.

There is also an appeal mechanism involving members of Council

who had no previous role in hearing the complaint.

The process is largely confidential, with all efforts made to protect the

identity of both complainants and respondents. However, published

apologies may be considered in some circumstances and penalties for

repeat offences or major offences against the codes can include

publication of names of offenders.

Overview of the process

The process outlined in Figure 1 is a generic one

most suited to breaches of the JORC and VALMIN

codes (Clause 19 of AIG's Code of Ethics), and

more serious complaints under other clauses of the

Code of Ethics. Less serious complaints under the

Code of Ethics may be dealt with in a more

informal process involving mediation.

The process involves three main groups within

AIG — the Complaints Committee, the Ethics and

Standards Committee, and the Council. The

Complaints Committee has an investigative role,

the Ethics and Standards Committee makes

findings and decisions in relation to the offence

and penalties, and the Council hears appeals

against decisions. The Ethics and Standards

Committee or the Council will decide in

consultation with the respondent and complainant

the most suitable form of proceedings.

Penalties range from cautions and reprimands for

minor offences, through to demotion to a lower

membership grade, suspension of membership,

naming of members found guilty in an AIG

publication, and expulsion from membership in

more serious cases. An apology, published, or

written or verbal may form part of the penalty.

Ethics and Standards Complaints Management

Complaints Committee

Constituted under Clause 55 of the Articles of AIG, the Complaints

Committee is a permanent committee of the AIG Council of up to five

members, whose cumulative experience covers reporting of

exploration results, valuation of mineral properties, estimates of

resources and ore reserves, and broad professional geoscience

practice. Only one or two members are required to investigate a

particular complaint.

Ethics and Standards Committee

Membership of the Ethics and Standards Committee would be drawn

from up to five senior members of the AIG, one of whom, ideally,

would have some legal or administrative procedure experience. Up to

three members would be required to sit on a particular complaint.

This permanent committee of Council has a judicial role involving:

• review of the information and recommendations in the complaint

file provided by the Complaints Committee;

• an opportunity, including if requested by the respondent or the

Ethics and Standards Committee; a hearing for the respondent;

• dismissal of the complaint, if appropriate;

• making findings relating to the admissibility of evidence, degree

of negligence versus intent to breach one or more of the codes,

and appropriate penalty taking into account previous professional

history of respondent and early admissions of culpability; and

• referring the investigation file back to the Complaints Committee

if insufficient information was available to make a finding.

Complaints procedure

The Complaints Process is illustrated in Figure 1 (above) and is

summarised below.

Figure 1

21AIG NEWS No 86, November 2006 IMPORTANT ISSUES

stephen@torridon.com.auwww.torridon.com.au

TORRIDON EXPLORATIONStephen Turley

MSc MAIG Consultant Geologist

• Exploration Management• Project Evaluation• Nickel, Base Metals, Tin & Gold• Field Programmes

29 Hillsden Road

Darlington WA 6070

Ph: 08 9299 6980

Mob: 0417 173 646

Fax: 08 9252 0005

1. Investigation by Complaints Committee

Once a complaint is received by the AIG, it is referred to the

Complaints Committee. Any member of the Complaints Committee

who has an interest or potential interest must declare it and that

member will not participate in the investigation of a complaint where

a conflict arises.

The Complaints Committee will then:

1. investigate the complaint received;

2. seek additional information from the complainant(s), respondent

member, and other persons, if required; and either

a. advise the complainant that there is insufficient documentary

evidence to proceed with the complaint; or

b. notify the respondent in writing that an allegation of breach

has been made and seek a response.

A member is given 21 days to respond to an allegation, after which the

Complaints Committee has 14 days to make a recommendation to the

Ethics and Standards Committee.

2. Referral to Ethics and Standards Committee

If a complaint is referred by the Complaints Committee to the Ethics

and Standards Committee, the latter must inform the respondent of its

decision within 21 days of receipt of the recommendation of the

Complaints Committee, or within 21 days of a formal hearing by the

Ethics and Standards Committee if this is requested by either the

respondent or the Ethics and Standards Committee.

A member of the Ethics and Standards Committee must declare any

interest or potential interest to the AIG Council and will not participate

in the consideration of a complaint where a conflict arises.

3. Appeal process

An appeal must be made within 14 days of the respondent being

advised of the penalty, and at least 14 days notice will be given of the

date of the Council meeting at which the appeal will be heard.

A respondent could appeal on any aspect of the process, the decision

and the penalty - not just a decision involving expulsion. For a penalty

not involving expulsion, or if the respondent facing expulsion waived

his/her rights to appeal to Council, the Ethics and Standards

Committee decision would, if ratified by Council, be final.

Council members who served as members of the Complaints

Committee and Ethics and Standards Committee, and any Council

members with a conflict of interest in relation to the matter must

absent themselves from the Council meeting when the appeal is

considered. The respondent can make a verbal appeal to Council, as

well as making a written submission. Normally, Council will make its

decision within seven days of a written or verbal appeal being made.

For an appeal involving expulsion from membership, the votes of at

least two thirds of Council members eligible to vote is required to

confirm expulsion.

Penalty guidelines

AIG has a range of penalties that can be applied to members who

breach the codes. The penalties imposed will be determined according

to the following guidelines:

1. the seriousness of the offence which reflects the question "to

what extent the offence was unbecoming of a member and/or

prejudicial to the interest of the AIG?";

2. whether the offence was negligent or wilful (degree of intent

involved);

3. early admissions of culpability and offers to apologize;

4. history of previous offences.

The Ethics and Standards Committee would decide on penalty, and ask

for comment on the penalty from the member found guilty of an

offence. Broadly, penalties range from cautions, reprimands, and

mandatory attendance of a JORC or VALMIN seminars for minor

offences, through to demotion to a lower membership grade,

suspension of membership, naming of members found guilty in an AIG

publication, and expulsion from membership in more serious cases. An

apology, published, or written or verbal may form part of the penalty.

The Ethics and Standards Committee has wide discretion to decide on

one or penalties fitting the circumstances of each offence. ▲▲

Independent Geologist

- 30 years resource experience

- base and precious metals

- 10 years practise in Lao

MIKE HARRIS

M.Sc Mining & Exploration Geology

MAIG, MSEG, MSME

MINERAL EVALUATION & EXPLORATION

Email: mikeh@laopdr.com

Tel: +856 21 415-773

Fax: +856 21 414-870

&Colin Nash

Associates

PHOTOGEOLOGICAL MAPPINGGEOLOGICAL IMAGE INTERPRETATION

30+ years experience (Australasia, Africa, South America, Asia)

PO Box 519, Mt Gravatt Plaza Qld 4122+61 7 3395 3222

colnash@bigpond.net.auwww.colnash.com.au

Pty

Ltd

Principal:Colin Nash PhD FAusIMM(CP) MAIG

AIG NEWS No 86, November 200622 IMPORTANT ISSUES

For the latest in Geoscientist news, views, codes, events,

employment and education visit the AIG website:

wwwwww..aaiigg..oorrgg..aauu

Expressions of Interest

THE UNIVERSITY OF MELBOURNE, through its new

AMIRA project P874 being managed by Professor Allan White

and Dr Amarendra Changkakoti, is developing a complete listing

of all Australian geoscience theses in collaboration with all other

Australian universities. The listing currently contains about

10,000 titles and sponsored by 18 companies and government

agencies.

This listing will ultimately be lodged in the global

not-for-profit mineral deposits database Data Metallogenica

(www.datametallogenica.com), owned and operated by AMIRA

International on behalf of the minerals industry and associated

institutions. DM is sponsored by the AIG with individual members

having the right to access at a 50% discount rate.

To maximise the value of this database, the University of

Melbourne is seeking permission from authors to also include

copies of as many thesis abstracts as possible (particularly those

relating to economic geology and key regional studies) and, if

available, full digital copies of the theses.

The value of such a database to researchers, industry andgovernment personnel would be very high through:

• Making known the existence and general substance of the

research work

• Indicating the primary location of the original theses

• Minimising repetition of previous research.

AIG will have the Adobe PDF permission form placed on the AIG

website for members to fill in and send. ▲▲

Australian GeoscienceThesis Database

Applied Hydrogeophysics

Vereecken, H. Binley, A. Cassiani, G..2006 | Springer | book | hbk. |

1402049102 | AUD $261.63 inc GST

This book focuses on how hydrogeophysical methods can be applied

to solve problems facing environmental engineers, geophysicists,

agronomists, hydrologists, soil scientists and hydrogeologists. It

present applications of hydrogeophysical methods to the

understanding of hydrological processes and environmental problems

dealing with the flow of water and the transport of solutes and

contaminants. The majority of the book is organized as a series of

process-driven chapters, each authored by leading experts.

Encyclopedia of European and Asian regionalgeology

Moores, E.M. Fairbridge, R.W.2006 | Springer | book with web access

| 1402048653 | AUD $908.57 inc GST, AUD $825.97 ex GST

This unique volume, organized alphabetically by country, provides a

current overview of the general geology of Europe and Asia,

excluding the Arab countries and Israel. Articles primarily contain

information about the stratigraphy, structure, tectonics and natural

resources of each country, as well as a history of geological

exploration and other issues unique to each country. Additional

articles cover international subjects such as Europe, Asia, the Alps,

Caucasus, Himalayas and Tien Shan mountains. Many articles are

new syntheses, e.g. those on Iceland, Burma and the Philippines;

some are first-time descriptions in English, e.g. those on Estonia,

Moldova, Bosnia and Turkmenistan; others are published for the first

time ever in any language e.g. those articles on Italy, Korea and

Vietnam.

New Texts

As advised by DA Books in Melbourne

APPLICATIONS ARE INVITED from

members wishing to serve on the following

committees. All that is required is an email

to ceo@aig.asn.au with a CV and a maximum

100 word statement of your interest in applying.

Applications close 24 December 2006.

Joint Ore Reserves Committee (JORC)

AIG's has four members on JORC (see http://www.jorc.org/). A

vacancy currently exists for a suitably qualified and experienced

AIG member to join JORC.

AIG Complaints Committee

The Complaints Committee investigates allegations concerning

breaches of the Code of Ethics, JORC or VALMIN codes and if

sufficient evidence exists, makes a recommendation to the Ethics

and Standards Committee that there is a case to be answered.

Council is seeking expressions of interest from members to serve on

a panel from which one or two members with experience relevant to

a particular complaint will be drawn to form the Complaints

Committee in that instance. Ideally, the panel would encompass

experience in a wide variety of commodities and fields of practice.

AIG Ethics and Standards Committee

The Ethics and Standards Committee has a judicial role involving:

• review of the information and recommendations in the

complaint file provided by the Complaints Committee;

• if necessary, conduct of a hearing into the allegation;

• making findings relating to the admissibility of evidence,

degree of negligence versus intent, and deciding an appropriate

penalty taking into account previous professional history of

respondent and early admissions of culpability

Council is seeking expressions of interest from experienced

professionals (up to 5) to serve on the Ethics and Standards

Committee. An application from a member with administrative law

experience would be very welcome. ▲▲

23AIG NEWS No 86, November 2006 BRANCH NEWS

Vector Research Pty Ltd

ABN 80 086 727 273

Stephen T. Mudge

BSc (Hons), Dip Comp Sc, FAusIMM, FAIG

Consulting Geophysicist

• Geophysical data processing for exploration targetting

• TargetMapTM

targets linears, patterns, textures; maps

through overburden: magnetics, gravity and radiometrics

• TargetTEMTM

targets conductors in transient electro-

magnetics (TEM): GEOTEM, TEMPEST, HOISTEM etc

PO Box 1133, Nedlands WA 6909, Australia

Web: www.vecresearch.com

Phone/Fax: +61 8 9386-8894

Email: smudge@vecresearch.com

AGM Report — AIG Victorian Branch

THE VICTORIAN BRANCH recently held its Annual General

Meeting in the historic mining town of Ballarat. It was well

attended, attracting 28 geologists from across Victoria

representing roles in mining, exploration, hydrogeology,

government, consulting and education (lecturers and students).

Separate presentations were made by this year's Victorian winners of

the AIG Bursarys (Laura Gow, Rebecca Turnbull and Alex Farrar)

and these were well received by the audience.

The 2006 WH Cundy Medal (our local prize for recognising

outstanding professional contributions to a geoscientific development,

project or problem) was presented to SKM hydrogeologist Ryan

Morris for his role in providing professional geoscientific knowledge

in a number of groundwater projects.

The Chairman reviewed the past year's activities, which included

GPIC meetings, social events and the successful running of a field

excursion to gold operations in Victoria as part of the Australian

Earth Sciences Convention held here in July. He also mooted the

developments underway for holding another local workshop on

exploration based on the successful Core Logging Workshop held

last year.

The 2005-2006 Committee retired and the usual nominations and

elections held which returned all office bearers demonstrating the

strength of the current committee and the support that it receives from

Victorian members.

The incoming committee comprises Chairman Rod Fraser, Secretary

Don Cherry, Treasurer Rod Boucher supported by general committee

members Martin Robinson, Geoff Turner, Rowland Hill, Tim Evans

and Phil Kinghorn.

cheers

Don Cherry, Natural Resource Analyst — Geologist

Australian Institute of Geoscientists

Victorian Branch Committee

Mineral ExplorationUndercover

A one-day seminar with emphasis on problems and practice

in the south east of Australia

Friday, 23rd February, 2007

Spring Street Conference Centre, Melbourne

Themes:

1. New Developments & Methods: state of current research,

CRC LEME, CRC PMD, etc

2. Proven Methodologies: surface geochemistry, geophysics,

drilling methods

3. Industry Developments: targeting, case histories

4. Problems: deep aquifers, basalt cover, communities,

environment

Corresponding with these themes will be 4 sessions, of 3

presentations of 30 minutes (total) each. The sessions will have 30

min and 1 hour breaks. There will be provision for poster displays.

Further information from:

Don Cherry, Secretary, AIG Victoria Branch

PO Box 1124 Strathfieldsaye, Victoria, 3551

Email: dpcherry@hotkey.net.au Mob: 0428 57 1945

Registration forms and program to be posted on

http://www.aig.org.au/Events.asp

If your name is not on the current Victorian Members email list,

send an email to Don Cherry so you can be sent registration forms

and program.

AIG NEWS No 86, November 200624 EDUCATION

New Post Graduate Geostatistics Course atUniversity of Adelaide

The University of Adelaide advises a new postgraduate course of

Master of Geostatistics will be offered in 2007.

The Master of Geostatistics provides theoretical background and

intensive practical training in geostatistics with particular emphasis on

its applications to mineral resource evaluation, geological modelling,

geo-technical modelling, hydrocarbon reservoir characterisation and

the modelling and prediction of environmental variables. The

program is based on practical applications and a major aim is to equip

graduates with the techniques necessary for immediate application to

problem solving in industry and applied science. This is a 36-unit

program comprising 24 units of coursework and 12 units of project

work. Study mode can be traditional or short-course mode.

Students will choose one of the following specialisations:

• Mineral Resource Evaluation

• Hydrocarbon Resources & Reservoir Modelling

• Environmental Engineering & Groundwater Modelling

• Geotechnical Engineering

The course runs for one and one half years and will cost $18,000.

Study can be internal/external, full/part-time or short-course study,

with either a February or July start to the course.

This course is considered a desirable requisite for younger members

Louis Hissinkof AIG to achieve professional competence as well as for older

members not familiar with geostatistics.

Prof Ian Plimer also advises that the university has started a new

undergraduate mining engineering course starting in 2007. The

university's year 10-12 promotion campaign exceeded expectations and

will probably not have enough places for all the interested students.

Only 30 places have been allocated for the 2007 academic year.

The only other places offering mining engineering course are The

Kalgoorlie School of Mines, The University of New South Wales and

The University of Queensland.

As we all are aware, there is a chronic shortage of all professions in

the mining and exploration industries. One of the more interesting

aspects of the current mining boom is the absence of young geologists

in the field — most if not all the geologists manning the drilling rig

programs are the last boom's dinosaurs, your editor included.

Another worrying development is the belief that modern exploration

can be done solely within the computerised GIS environment. A

recent WA AIG committee meeting discovered that previous skills of

underground mapping, let alone surface mapping, are being lost with

the principal reason for this being the growth industry of safety and

occupational health. No more climbing up and down stopes or in open

pits to map the rocks.

These days it seems all to be done with remote sensing equipment.

AIG hopes to run mapping courses in Kalgoorlie next year to address

this serious loss of skills in the geological profession. ▲▲

EDUCATION ACTIVITIES IN the last few weeks have focussed

on the presentation of AIG bursaries to the 2006 bursary winners.

Winners in Victoria were invited to give presentations at the Victorian

state branch AGM in Ballarat in September. Members of the NSW

state branch will be presenting bursaries to students at the Macquarie

University Geoscience Society dinner in November. In addition, Ed

Saunders, winner of the 2006 SMEDG-AIG Honours bursary will

give a presentation on the Tropicana Gold Deposit, WA, at a SMEDG

meeting in Sydney on the 23rd November (5.30 for 6.00 pm, Rugby

Club, Rugby Lane — see the SMEDG website for details

http://www.smedg.org.au/).

Our colleagues in other organisations have also

been busy with education activities. The GSA will

be attending CONASTA (Conference of the

Australian Science Teachers Organisation) in

Perth next year, and will operate a booth and

launch a range of new and reworked teacher-

student geoscience resources. Greg McNamara

from the GSA has organised a number of speakers

for the conference on topics such as uranium,

geothermal energy, biogeochemical exploration,

groundwater, and oil and gas. In addition, the

Mining Hall of Fame and GSWA have put

together proposals for geology and mining-related

conference excursions.

For further information on geoscience activities at

the conference contact Greg McNamara from the

GSA (geoservices@geoed.com.au) or Leanne

Gunther from the Mining Hall of Fame in Perth

(lgu91816@bigpond.net.au).

Best wishes for a happy and relaxed Christmas

season. ▲▲

25AIG NEWS No 86, November 2006 EDUCATION

SP

ON

SO

RS

of

the

AIG

GE

OS

CIE

NC

E B

UR

SA

RIE

S

Diamond Sponsor

Chris Bonwick

ssppoonnssoorriinngg tthheeBonwick-AIG Geoscience Student Bursaries

Platinum Sponsors

Cryptodome Pty Ltd

ssppoonnssoorriinngg tthheeCryptodome-AIG Geoscience Student Bursary

Office of Minerals & Energy PIRSA

ssppoonnssoorriinngg tthheePIRSA-AIG Geoscience Student Bursary

Sydney Mineral Exploration Discussion Group

ssppoonnssoorriinngg tthheeSMEDG-AIG Geoscience Student Bursary

Terra Search Pty Ltd

ssppoonnssoorriinngg tthheeTerra Search-AIG Geoscience Student Bursaries

Gold SponsorsGnomic Exploration Services Pty Ltd

Silver SponsorsActivEx Limited

Lantana Exploration Pty Ltd

TThhee AAIIGG wwiisshheess ttoo tthhaannkk tthhee ffoolllloowwiinngg iinnddiivviidduuaallss aanndd oorrggaanniissaattiioonnss

ffoorr tthheeiirr ssuuppppoorrtt ooff tthhee GGeeoosscciieennccee SSttuuddeenntt BBuurrssaarriieess

Education Report

Kaylene Camuti (Chair, Education Committee)

Brabham Award

Long time AIG member Garry Brabham accepts the AIG bursary

from AIG WA Branch Marcus Harris on behalf of his daughter Ria

Brabham whose project abstract appeared in AIG News 85 and

who is currently working for BHP Billiton.

AIG NEWS No 86, November 200626 KNOW YOUR COUNCILLOR

Know Your Councillor: Geoff Turner

GEOFF GREW UP IN ADELAIDE, and after a brief stint as

science teacher in the Northern Territory decided that there was

an easier way to live life — so he became a Powder Monkey in a

remote barytes mine on the WA-NT border, followed by drilling

and blasting in a tin mine north of Pine Creek.

Thus kindling a strong interest in rocks, he went back to Adelaide

University to get some qualifications in Geology — just in time to

experience the first post-nickel boom recession in the mid 70s. But

experience as a Field Assistant with a large exploration company in

the uranium industry proved invaluable in later life as a Project

Geologist (learning such tricks as collecting a whole series of

stream sediment samples from one

site under the shade of a Snappy

Gum in some remote creek outside

of Alice Springs). Geoff quickly

learnt that exploration geology

involved more than just rocks - axe

and chain saw maintenance, camp

construction, repairing 4 punctures a

day and more.

The late 1970s and its either uranium

or tin. Geoff remembers picking up a

rock near the abandoned The Granites

Mine, returning a gold assay of 8.5

gm/t and asking his supervisor what

sort of gold grades would be

important — "Oh, at least 1/2 oz per

tonne" was the reply, so they left the

site for others to come in!

Since 1981, its been gold, with

the occasional dip into base

metals. Gold took Geoff to

Victoria, Qld, NSW, Ghana,

Kalgoorlie and back to Victoria.

By this stage Geoff realised that

he had been getting quite a lot

from the profession, so decided

to put something back. In

Bendigo, he was founding member of GPIC-Bendigo, a

professional interest discussion and social group, organised along

similar ideals as SMEDG. GPIC

is still active, but these days with

work pressures does not meet

often enough.

The success of GPIC led to the re-

establishment of the Victorian

branch of the AIG and a number

of conferences organised in the

"Recent Developments in

Victorian Geology" series, as

well as the HEMI (Heritage,

Environment and Mineral

Industry) conference in 2000.

Geoff became AIG Councillor in

May 1999, Treasurer in 2000 and

was Vice President from 2002-

2004. Geoff represents the

interests of the AIG on the

Recognition of Overseas

Professional Organisations (ROPO) Committee which reports to

JORC and ASX.

Geoff married Judith Jones almost 30 years ago, and two boys

encouraged them to settle in one place - 13 years now! Bendigo is

an ideal city for a geologist, being only a few hours from anywhere

else in the civilised world. The invaluable support from Judith and

the boys has allowed Geoff to pursue his career interest,

culminating in the creation of his successful service company,

Exploration Management Services P/L. EMS has played a key role

in the discovery of gold mineralisation under thick sequences of

Murray Basin cover north of Bendigo.

New Challenge ResourcesPty Ltd

Details: http://users.bigpond.net.au/newchall/

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COPPER - ZINC - TIN - GOLD

27AIG NEWS No 86, November 2006 GENERAL

Ross Logan and AssociatesAIG, GSA, SEG

Geological ConsultantsABN 87 082254457

• Hands-on project management and evaluation fromgrass roots to feasibility

• Target generation, brown and greenfields exploration• Extensive exposure to Carpentarian Sedex lead-zinc• Copper and gold experience throughout Australia• 30 years in the resource sector, Australia and Argentina

P.O. Box 1277Coorparoo DC Qld 4151Phone +61 7 3891 7075

Email: rsquared@bigpond.comwww.users.bigpond.com/rsquared

(This article was recently published by Spiked-Online)

“I could put you with a family and you count how many times in

a day that family smile, if you could measure stress. Then I put

you with a family well off, or in New York or London, and you

count how many times people smile and measure stress… Then

you tell me who is rich and who is poor.”

These are the words of Mark Fenn, World Wide Fund for Nature's

American representative in southern Madagascar, arguing that poverty-

stricken people are often happier and more content than rich people.

This jaw-dropping example of the low horizons informing the work of

many environmentalists is captured very well in a new documentary,

Mine Your Own Business, by Phelim McAleer and Ann McElhinney.

McAleer, a journalist from Northern Ireland, began to question his

own environmentalist sympathies when posted to Romania by the

Financial Times in 2000, especially when he investigated the

campaign to prevent the opening of an opencast gold mine in the

village of Rosia Montana in the Transylvanian mountains. I have

also been to the village and my research on the proposed goldmine

and the environmentalist opposition to it echoes many of the

findings of McAleer's film (see 'If the gold mine doesn't happen,

our village will die').

The film, which had its European premiere in London last week, is a

welcome antidote to the increasingly one-sided, anti-development

polemic one hears in debates over projects in the developing world. It

investigates three mega mining projects in Romania, Madagascar and

Chile. The film also manages to give the often environmentalist-led

opposition to the projects enough space to argue their case, and as

with Fenn, enough rope to hang themselves.

Fenn, in attempting to explain to Gheorghe Lucian, an unemployed

Romanian miner, that Lucian didn't really understand what poverty

was, displays the often hidden and insidious side of the

environmentalist worldview. Lucian, who lives in Rosia Montana,

was flown to Madagascar and Chile by McAleer and McElhinney to

confront environmental activists seeking to prevent development

projects that could alleviate real poverty.

Fenn's Madagascan hairshirt lecture comes soon after we are shown

the building site for Fenn's proposed luxury new house and his newly

purchased £20,000 catamaran. But Fenn's argument, that the proposed

new mine would destroy the harmony and traditions of local village

life and would have a detrimental impact on the environment, is not

new to Lucian. This mantra is being used to halt the similar project in

his village back in Romania.

Lucian knows all about those

who romanticise poverty. The

campaign against the mine in

his village promotes a

romantic and idealised view

of the traditional 'lifestyles'

of the community. In Mine

Your Own Business,

Françoise Heidebroek, a

Belgian opponent of the

Rosia Montana gold

mine, argues that

villagers prefer to use

horses rather than cars,

and prefer to rely on

'traditional cattle raising, small agriculture, wood

processing' to live.

What she leaves out of her valorisation of village 'lifestyles' is the fact

that there is 70 per cent unemployment in Rosia Montana, and average

income levels are just one-third of the national average. Over one in

10 people survive on the equivalent of 85p per day. Two-thirds of

local people have no running water and rely on an outside toilet in

winters where the temperature can plummet to minus 25 degrees

Celsius. This is rural poverty writ large. Yet for many of those

opposing the mine and similar projects, as Mine Your Own Business

shows, this 'lifestyle' is portrayed as preferable to the life realised from

a working mine and billions of dollars of investment in the valley.

The film suggests that many of those opposing these projects don't

actually live in the villages they are trying to 'protect'. Whilst true in

most cases, in a sense it doesn't matter whether they live there or not.

These back-to-the-land advocates believe they know best and they are

determined to prevent any development that can alter a lifestyle they

wish to preserve in mud, if not stone.

Mine Your Own Business is also a timely retort to the film New

Eldorado, directed by the Hungarian Tibor Kocsis. That documentary,

filmed in and around Rosia Montana over a number of years, purports

to let people in the area speak for themselves, as it makes its case

against the mine.

Perhaps the most outrageous statement in New Eldorado comes from

Françoise Heidebroek: 'This region which is probably one of the last

paradises in Europe, where we have wild animals, we have wolf, we

have bears, extraordinary birds here, this place should be a natural

park. All around the world everybody has [fallen] in love with his

place and everybody comes here says I want to have a place in that

incredible paradise.'

Rosia Montana is no paradise; it's an area dependent on, and scarred

by the mono-industry of gold mining. Such mining is exhausting and

thankless work, and would hardly be anybody's idea of an ideal job.

Yet, the desire among the locals to see the mine opened illustrates their

belief that this new mine is the last chance the village has to escape its

imminent decline. The valley certainly deserves better than the

travesty of the truth that is New Eldorado - and it's got it with Mine

Your Own Business.

For further information, visit the Mine Your Own Business website.

Kirk Leech

Mine Your Own Business — a Provocative Documentary

AIG NEWS No 86, November 200628 MEMBERSHIP NEWS

2563 Michael J Turbott Member

3238 Stacey Rina Adams Graduate Member

1266 Richard Amoako Adofo Member

1269 David Ibrahim A-Izzeddin Member

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Members not Heard from Lately

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Member First Names Surname MemberID No. Type

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TThhee ffoolllloowwiinngg lliisstt ddeettaaiillss mmeemmbbeerrss wwee hhaavvee nnoott hheeaarrdd ffrroomm llaatteellyyaanndd aannyy hheellpp ffrroomm eexxiissttiinngg mmeemmbbeerrss iinn rreenneewwiinngg ccoonnttaacctt wwoouullddbbee aapppprreecciiaatteedd..

AimEx GeophysicsGeophysics and Remote Sensing

Mexico South Pacific Middle East Australia

PETER SWIRIDIUKExploration Consultant

(MAIG, ASEG)

QueenslandPhone: (61) +411 643 199

aimexplor@bigpond.com

29AIG NEWS No 86, November 2006 MEMBERSHIP NEWS

1683 Stefan Pawel Gawlinski Member

2924 Christopher Gerteisen Member

1700 Joseph John Edmund Glover Member

1701 Anthony Brendon Goddard Member

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1724 Ian Douglas Grieve MAIG RPGeo

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Member First Names Surname MemberID No. Type

Member First Names Surname MemberID No. Type

Cont. Overleaf

AIG NEWS No 86, November 200630 MEMBERSHIP NEWS

2192 Daniel Joseph Noone Member

2193 Neil David Norris Member

2198 Geoffrey Michael Oakes Member

2203 Ian Robert O'Grady Member

2204 William Alan Oliver Graduate Member

2205 Peter Edward Olubas Member

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Member

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Member First Names Surname MemberID No. Type

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Members not Heard from Lately Cont. from Previous Page

PROSPECTIVITY MAPPING SERVICES

A.B.N. 78 956 215 312

8 Denic Rise LEEMING, WA 6149

Telephone: (+61 8) 9310 9320

Mobile: 0408 844 985

Email: lyle.burgess@prospectivity.com.au

Website: www.prospectivity.com.au

Lyle A. Burgess B.Sc Adv, FAusIMM, MAIG

33 years geological & technical experience

• Specialising in exploration targeting with GIS

• Expertise in ArcInfo, ArcView, MapInfo and ER Mapper

• Prioritise targets for better planning & more efficient exploration

31AIG NEWS No 86, November 2006 MEMBERSHIP NEWS

Membership Update

FELLOWS

COX Roy

MEMBERS

BELL Jonathan

BUSBRIDGE Michael

CAHILL Justine

DAVID Katarina

DE LARGIE Dean

DUERDEN Peter

EASTWOOD Anne

FAULKNER Leon

FERGUSON Grant

GREEN Deborah

HARVEY Marianne

HAWLEY Aaron

HILL Andy

INGRAM Trevor

JONES Michael

JUPP Ruth

KALINAJ Miroslav

LEGG Justin

LYONS Karyn

MABESERE Titus

MANENJI Nhamoinesu

MAY Richard

MWALE Giddy

NEMATADZIRA Chiedza

PRESTON Bruce

PRIOR Toby

PUGH Stephen

SAUL Gordon

SHEEHAN Emma

• 18 years experience - porphyry

Cu/Au, epithermal Au and PGM

• Grass roots to advanced projects

• Digital map production and on-screen

interpretation

Burrell Exploration Services Pty Ltd(Established 1998)

Paul Burrell - Contract Geologist

10416 Mid Western

Highway

PO Box 31

Cowra NSW 2794

AUSTRALIA

Phone/Fax: 02 6342 5124 Mobile: 0418 441 585

Email: burrell@westserv.net.au

SILVIO Nathaniel

URBANIAK Suzy

VAN DER WESTHUIZEN Carel

WALDING Daniel

WILLSON Marcus

GRADUATE MEMBERS

GREEN Geoffrey

KAZMIERCZAK Lidia

TIZZARD Amy

STUDENT MEMBERS

AULD Kane

BERKETT-SALEH Arman

DE VRIES Maryanne

EAGLE Ryan

GAMBLE Nathan

HENDERSON kendrea

HOGAN Lynette

HORWOOD David

JOHNSTON Sandi

KELSEY Louise

KEOGH Thomas

LUCAS Thomas

MATTHEWS Cleve

MCIENNAN Iain

MCINTOSH Sarah

MONG Michael

ROSS Steven

SLATER Paul

SVEDAS Rhiannon

TURVEY Cassandra

WHITE Stephanie

WINDSOR Mary

New Members and Upgrades at the September Council Meeting 2006

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AIG AIG NEWS No 86, November 200632

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AADDVVEERRTTIISSEEMMEENNTTSSAIG News provides an ideal opportunity to advertise yourcompany and services to the AIG membership throughoutAustralia (and some overseas),There are about 1,300 memberswho receive the newsletter four times per year. Please contactthe Editor for further details or to book advertising.

Prices are inclusive of GSTSSiizzee (Dimensions – w x h) PPeerr IIssssuueeFull page (18 x 26.4 cm) $545Three quarter page (18 x 20 cm) $458Half page (18 x 13 cm or 9 x 26.4 cm) $372Third page (l8 x 9 cm) $273Quarter page (18 x 7.5 cm or 9 x 13 cm) $198Business card - Members (9 x 5.5 cm) $25Business card - Non Members (9 x 5.5 cm) $125IInnsseerrttssPre-printed (1 page) $453Pre-printed (2 pages) $495Pre-printed (3 or more pages) By negotiation and weightIncluding printing By negotiation

The AAIIGG WWeebbssiittee in currently undergoing a majorupdate. Comments on content suggestions or new

features should be directed to Andrew Waltho(andrew.waltho@bigpond.com