Author Index

Aatov, T. 69, 84Abelson, R.P. 55, 60, 71f., 79,

84. 221,235. 237, 240,264

Abramson, L. Y. 112, 122.152,161 ,1 77, 247f., 260

Ach, N. 5, 89-98, 104, 107,122,136,142,148, 271,273,274

Adams, J.A. 237, 260Adams, N. E. 34, 37Adler, A. 75, 84Adler, N. E. 17, 38Aisenberg, R. 174,1 78Ajzen, I. 1,3- 5, 7. 12, 15, 16,

20-22, 26,28, 30, 35 , 3 ~

38. 41, 51- 57, 59, 70,83,84.93,98. 101, 122,267-269,271,273,274

Alloy, L. B. 113, 122Anderson, J. R. 90, 99. 103,

105, /22.190, 216.237,239, 260. 270,272, 274

Anderson, N. H. 26, 37Aristotle VII, VIII, 274Arkin, A.M . 170,180Aronson, E. E. 136, 147, 148,

150Arrowood, A.J. 135,150Astington, J.W. 104,124Atkinson, J.W. 1,2,8.47-49,

59, 89,93, 99.101,112,116,122.154,177.268,272,274

Atwood, M. 208, 209, 217Averill, J. R. 26, 27,37.115,

124

Bacharach, V.R. 105,122,272,274

Badhorn, E. 253, 262Baldwin, M. W.41, 59Bandura, A. 24, 34, 37.47,59.

154, 177, 258, 260Bart, P.B.169, 179Bar-Tal, D. 41, 59Bar-Tal, Y. 41,59Bastick, T. 272, 274Batson, C. D. 141, 142, 149Battin, D. 170, 180Beaman, A.L. 243, 260Beck, A.T. 168, 177,259, 260Beckmann, J. 5; 19,37.42,44,

49, 54, 59, 60,72,94, 99,105,109,11 8,119,122.123, 136,143 -146,148. 149

Belmont, J. M. 187, 216Bentler, P. M. 34, 37Berglas, S. 248, 260Berlyne, D. E. 108, /22Beyer J. 34, 37Biderman, A.D. 141,143,148Birch, D. 2, 7,47-49,59.93,

99.101,112,122.154, 177,272,274

Birkhan, G. 215, 216. 217Blaney, P. H. 246, 254, 258,

260.261Blank, A. 55, 56, 60Blankenship, V. 112, 122.

272, 275Boon, C. 152, 159, 160, 163,

164,170,172 ,173,1 79Bootzin, R. R. 247, 263

Bower, G. H. 103, 122, 187,216,239,260,263,272 ,274

Bowers, K.S. 57, 59Bradley, G.W. 250, 260Bramel, D. 147, 148Bransford,J. 202, 216Brehm, J. W. 129, 134-138,

144f., 148. 150.160,165 ,171,180, 247f., 265

Brewer, M. B. 239, 260Brewer, W.F. 239, 260Brickman, P. 165, 178. 250,

262Brockner, J. 247, 254, 258,

259, 260Brown, A. 188-190 , 202,213 ,

216Brown, J.S. 19, 37Brunson, B.I. 248, 260Bulman, R. 151, 152, 170,1 77Bumpass, L. 23, 37Burgio, K. L. 258, 260Busemeyer, J. R. 258, 262Buss, A. H. 71, 85. 242, 243,

252,260, 261. 264Buss, D. M. 71, 85. 243, 252,

264Butterfield, E.C. 187, 216

Calder, B.J . 117, 122Campione, 1. 202, 216Canon, L. K. 147, 148Cantor, N. 239, 260Capitman, J.A. 239, 265Carlsmith, J. M. 136, 144,

148.149Carr, T.H. 105, 122.272,274

278 Author Index

Carver, c.s.2, 7, 72 f., 84.112,234,235.238,239,241-247,249,252-257,259, 26/.262.264

Chambers, 239, 26/Chammah, AM. 28, 38Chanowitz, B. 55, 56, 60Ch apanis, A 141, /48Chapanis, N. P. 141, /48Chaplin, R. 145, /50Chi , M. 191,204,2/6.270,

274Clausewitz, e. 231, 234Cohen, E.A. 141, 143, /49Colby 195, 203, 204, 215, 2/6Collins, AM. 239, 26/Collins, B.E. 51, 59Cook, D. 71, 85Cooley, C. H. 64, 84Coombs, F.S. 20, 37Cornwell, J. 157, /77Coyne,J.e.115, /24.174,

/ 77. 258, 260Cranach, M. von 152, / 78Crane, K.A. 145, /49Crocker, J.e. 136-138, /48Csikszentmihalyi, M. 108,

/22Curtis, N. 114,/24

Darley, J. H. 141, 142, /49Davis , K. E. 26, 37Deci , E.L. 117,/22DelTenbacher, J. L. 253, 26/De Loache,J.S . 189, 2/6Dembo, T. 32, 38Diener, e. I. 248, 26/Diener, E. 243, 256, 260. 26/Dorner, 0.6,116, /22.183,

206,207,208,2/6.220,222,223,227,228,230,232,233,234.235

Dreistadt, R. 226, 235Diiker, H. 98, 99. 107, /22Duncker, K. 183,195,216Dunkel-Schetter, e. 151,176,

/ 78, /80Dull , V. 239, 260Durkin, H. E. 221, 235Duval, S. 72, 84. 237, 242,

243,253,26/ .265Dweck, c.s.248, 26/

Easterbrook,J.AI15, / 22Ebbesen, E.G. 105, /24Ebbinghaus, H. 90, 99

Eckblad, G. 108,117, / 22Edwards, W. 13, 37Ehrlich, D. 135, /49Einhorn, H.J. 258, 26/Eisenbeiser, T. 111, /23Endler, N.S.112,/22Epstein, S. 70, 84Erdel yi, M. H. 58, 59Ericsson, K.A. 205, 2/6Ernst, G .W. 229, 235

Faught, W.S. 195,204,215,2/6

Fazio , R.J . 22, 37. 39, 47, 59.71,84

Feather, N. T. 2, 7, 13, 37, 48,59,112,116, /22,135, /49

Fellner, e. H. 140, /49Fenigstein, 242, 243, 26/. 264Ferrara, R. 202, 2/6Ferster, e. B.161, /78Festinger, L. 5, 7. 32, 38, 129,

131,133,134,140,141,144,147, /49

Fikes , R. E. 197,2/6FischholT, B. 269, 275Fishbein, M. 1, 7,12, 15 f., 20,

28,30,35,37.38.51 -53,59.70, 83, 84.98.101, /22.268 f., 271,274

Fiske, S. T. 42, 60Flavell, J. H. 188-190, 2/6.

2/ 7Follansbee, D.J. 253-255,

26/Fortl age, K. 90, 99Frankel, A 112, /2 2. 248,

249,26/. 264Freedman,J.L.135, 141, /49Freedman-Letofsky, K. 176,

/79Freeman, L.e. 69, 84Freeman, S. I. I. 176, /79Frenkel-Brunswick, E. 42, 59Frese, M. 24, 38Freud,S. 58, 164, /78Freund, I. 44, 45, 59Frey, D. 72, 73, 85. 135, 136,

146,149, /59,163, /78,250, 26/

Friedrichsen, G. 6, 7, 215,2/6.2/ 7.270

Frierson, H.T. 254, 262Frieze , I. 26, 39Froming, w.J. 239, 244,

26/

Galanter, E. 2, 8. 31, 38. 46,60.91 f., 99, 132, /50 . 152,/ 79.194,199,201,2/ 7.238, 263

Galassi, J . P.254, 262Ganellen, R.J . 239, 258, 260.

26/Geiger, E. 110, 111, /23Gerber, I. 170, /80Gerdessen, H. 91, 99Gibbons, F.X. 70, 73, 84,

243,246,252,262. 264Glass, D.e. 251, 262Glazeski, R.e. 253, 262Glick, 1.0. 174, / 78Godfrey, K. 162, / 79Gotz, J. 72, 84Gotz-Marchand, B. 72, 84Goitein, G . 269, 275Goldin, S. E. 210, 2/7Gollwitzer, P.M. 4, 62, 65-67,

74-78,80,84.85.242,267Grabitz , H.-J. 145, /49Green, 0 .71,84Greenberg, J . 243, 262Greene, D. 117, /22Greenwald, AG. 240, 262Grosse, B. 114, 115, / 22Gugler, B. 152, / 78Guthrie, E. R. 2, 7Guttman , J. 135, /49

Hacker, W. 152, / 78Halisch, F. 248, 262Hamilton, D. L. 44, 59, 239,

262Hanusa, B.H. 247,250, 262Harriman, P. L. 90, 99Hartwick, J. 24, 32, 39Ha vemann, D. 163, /78Hayes-Roth, B. 195,200-203,

205,209-213, 2/7Hayes-Roth, F. 195, 200-203,

205,2/7Hebb, D.O. 90, 99Heckhausen, H. 1,2, 7. 93,

99, 101, 123, 152, 154, 169,/ 78,219,235,248,262.268, 275

Heider, F. 11,26,37.248,262Helle , P. 109, 120, 123Helmrath, T.A. 158, 174, 178Henle, M. 63, 84Herman, e. P. 1, 8Herrmann, e. 5,6,105,152,

178. 270f. , 273

Hemnann, Th. 194, 215- 217,217

Hesse, F. W. 232, 235Higgins, E.T. 1, 8Hilgard, E. 187, 217Hill, K. T. 253, 263Hilton, J. L. 67, 84Hiroto, D.S . 247, 262Hiroto , D. W. 112, 123Hogarth, R. M. 258, 261Hollandsworth, J. G . Jr. 253,

262Holroyd, K.A 253, 262Holt , K.G. 237, 262Hoocker, D. 46, 59Hormuth, S. E. 70, 84, 243,

252, 262Hornik, J.A . 20,37Horowitz, M.H.158, 164,

175,178Hull , J.G. 256, 257, 262Hul ton , A J. B. 259, 260Hume, D. 46, 59Humphreys, M.S. 115, 123

Indermuhle, K. 152, 178Ide, M. 5, 44, 72, 84, 119, 131,

136,141 ,143, 149Izard, C. 105, 123,272, 275

Jaccard, J.J . 30, 38Jackson, D. N. 70, 84Jame s, W. 4, 5, 7,42, 59, 73,

85,89,90,92, 94,99.237Janis, I. L. 145, 150,1 58,164,

178Janoff-Bulman , R. 152, 165,

172, 178. 250, 262Jeffri es, R. 208, 209, 217Jenkins, H. M. 258, 262Jones, E. E. 26, 37, 248, 260Jones, G. E. 253, 262

Kahneman , D. 42, 44, 60,170,1 78

Kalberm atten, U. 152,1 78Kanfer, F. H. 154, 178. 258,

262Kaplan , R. M. 113, 123Kastenb aum, R. 174, 178Keele, S. W. 239, 263Kelley, H. H. 75, 85, 97, 99Kelly, G. 133, 136, 149Kelso, J .A S. 237, 262Kiesler, C. A. 51, 59, 95,99.

136,138, 149

Kintsch, W. 103, 123Kirkland, K. 253, 262Kirschenbaum, D.S . 257,

262Klar, Y. 4, 41, 44, 60,104 ,

142,267,269, 270Kientz, B. 243, 260Klinger, E. 95,99, 141, 149.

158,160, 178Klos, D. 152, 179Kluwe, R. H. 6, 7,188-190,

192,193, 201, 207, 211,213, 217.270

Koller, P.S. 113, 123Kreuzig, H. W. 116, 122,

206-208,216,227, 230,233,235

Kruglanski, A W. 4, 41, 44,45,57,59, 60,93 ,94,99,104,117,123.142,267,269, 270

Kubal, L. 113, 125, 247,250,263

Kulpe, O. 90, 99Kugler, P. N. 237, 262Kuhl , J.1 - 3, 5, 6, 7, 8,19,

24-27,30,37, 42, 44,48-50,53,54, 59, 60, 72,81,85, 90-95, 97, 99, 101,103-106,108-119, 122,123, 124, 130, 131, 134,136,142,143,145,146,148.149,151 -153,155,156,161 ,1 63,167-169,171,1 78,1 79, 224, 235,251,252,259, 262,269-272, 275

Kuiper, N.A. 239, 263Kukla, A 26, 39, 96, 99

Lalserge , D. 105,124Lacoursiere , R. 162, 179Lang, P. 259, 263Lange~E.55,56,60

La Pierre, R.T. 1, 8, 69, 85Lavelle , T.L. 115, 124Lazarus, R.S. 115, 124, 230,

235Lefcourt, H. M. 25, 38Lehman , D. 166, 174-176,

180Lenk , H. 215, 217Leonti ev, A N. 89, 99Lepper, M.R. 117, 124Lerman, D. 98, 100.247,

265

Author Index 279

Lewin, K. 4, 8, 11, 19, 32, 38.63, 64, 66,85,89, 91, 92, 99,133,149

Lewinsohn, P.M. 154, 161,179

Lichtman, R.R. 152, 179Liebert, R.M. 115,124Lindblom, C. E. 230, 235Linder, D. E. 145, 149, 150Lindworsky, J. 90, 98, 99,

107, 124Lissne r, K. 63, 64, 66, 85Loftus, E. F. 239, 261Lompsche~ H.J. 222, 235Lop yan , K.J . 244, 261Luchins, AS. 44, 60Luer, G. 183, 217Lui, L. 239, 260Luria, A R. 187, 188, 217Lyall, W.AL. 176, 179

MacKay, D.M. 237, 238, 263Maddison, D. 166, 174, 175,

179Magnu sson , D. 112, 122Mahler, W. 63-66, 85Mahoney, M.J. 102,1 06,125,

259,263Ma ier, S. F. 247, 264Mandler, G. 115, 124, 253, 263

Mann, L. 145, 150Manstead, AS.R. 17, 38March, J.G. 131, 150Markus, H. 239, 263Marshall , J . R. 140, 149Maslach, C. 244, 264Matthews, K.A 248, 251,

260,263McDermott, D. 203, 205, 217Mead , G. H. 64, 65, 85Meichenbaum, D. 253, 259,

263Melendez,J.117,123Mendez, R. 77, 78, 84Merluzzi, T.V. 258, 260Mervis, C. 97, 100.239 ,263Messer, A. 90, 99Metalsky, G. I. 115, 124Meyer, W.U. 96, 98, 100Michotte, A 4, 5, 8, 89, 93,

94, 99Miller, D. T. 152, 179Miller, G.A 2, 8, 31, 38, 46,

60,91 ,92, 99. 132, 15~152,1 79,194, 199,201,217, 238, 263

280 Author Index

Miller, J. W. 247, 248,263Miller, N. E. 19, 38, 51, 59,

133,150Mills, J. 135, 145, 147, 149,

150Mischel, H.N. 104,124Mischel, W. 27, 38, 102, 104,

105,107,112,124,239,260Montmann, V. 143, 150Morgan,M. 117, 124Morris, L.W. 115, 124Muller, E. 91,99Miinsterberg, H. 90, 99

Neely, H.N.107, 124Neisser, U. 187, 217Newell, A. 116, 124,183 ,187,

195-197,205,215,21~

223,228,229,235Nilsson, N.Y. 197, 216Nisbett, R.E. 57, 60,94,99.

117,124Norman, D.A. 90,100.103,

124,185,217,240,263Norman, W.H. 247, 248, 263Nottelman, E. D. 253, 263Nurcombe, B. 157,177

Oakes, W.F. 114, 124Oesterreich, R. 229, 235Olson, D.R.104, 124Olson, J. M. 22, 39O'Neal, E. 145, 150Ortony, A. 42, 60Osterloh, W. 228, 235Overmier, J. B. 247, 263Ovsiankina, M. 63, 64, 66, 68,

85

Pallak, M.S. 71, 85Parkes, C. M. 156-158,

162-164,170-176,179Parkinson, R.e. 195,204,

215,216Pascual-Leone, J. 188, 217Peterson, L. M. 253-255, 261Piaget, J. 104, 124, 188Plutchik, R. 272, 275Polson, P. E. 208, 209, 217Pomazal, R.J. 30, 38Popper, K. R. 45, 60Porter, c.x. 152, 179Posner, M. I. 105, 124,239,

263Powers, W.T. 237, 238, 240,

241,250,263

Prentice-Dunn, S. 256, 263Pribram, K . H. 2, 8, 31, 38, 46,

60,91 f., 99, 132,150,152,179, 194, 199,201,21~238,263

Profitt, e. 17, 38Priim,E.4,5,89,90,93,94,99

Pryo r, J . B. 258, 260Pylyshyn, Z.W. 186, 218

Rapoport, A. 28, 38Reed, L. 26, 39Rees, W.D. 158, 179Reh , H. 227, 235Reis, H.T. 22, 39Reiss, S. 117, 124Reither, F. 116, 122. 206-208,

216,218.227,230,232,233,235

Reitman, J. S. 239, 263Reitman, W. 187, 195, 196,

201,203,218Rest, S. 26, 39Revelle , W. 115, 123Robinson, H. 147. 150Rogers , I. 176, 179Rogers , P.J . 239, 263Rogers, R. W. 256, 263Rogers, T.B. 239, 263Rogner, O. 163, 178Rohracher, H. 90, 100Rosch,E.97,100,239,263Rosen,S. 135, 141, 147, 150Rosenbaum, R. M. 26, 39Rosenberg, M.J. 13, 38, 141,

150Rosenfield, D. 248, 250, 264Roth, S.112, 113,124.125,

247,250,263Rotter, 1.B. 25, 38Rubin, P. 237, 262Ruby, L. 162, 179Rumelhart, D. E. 42, 60, 103,

124Rumpelstilzchen 231Russell, D. 98, 100,247,265Ryle, G. 190, 218

Sacerdoti, E. D. 195-199,203,205,209,218

Sample, J. 21, 38Santee, R.T. 244, 264Sarason, S. B. 115, 124, 253,

264Schank, R. e. 55, 60. 221,

235,237,240,264

Scheele, B.233, 235Scheier, M. F. 2, 7, 71-73,

85,112,234,235,238,241-244,246,247,249,252-257,259,261,264

Scheppele, KL. 169, 179Schiebler, K 207, 217Schlosberg,H. 121, 125Schmidt, R.A. 237, 264Schonbach, P. 135, 149Schonborn, C. 143,150Schoenfeld, A. 190,211,214,

215,218Schulz, R. 247, 250, 262Sears , D.O. 135, 141,149,150

Sears, P.S. 32, 38Sejwacz, D. 20, 30, 38Seligman, M. E. P. 112, 113,

125,152,161,177,247,248,260,262,263,264

Selz, O. 183, 192, 193, 218,222,235

Semmer, N. 19,24,38Sergejew, J. 226, 235Shapira, Z. 269, 275Sharer, R. 254, 262Sheppard, B. H. 24, 32, 39Sherman, S.J. 21, 38Shibutani, T. 65, 85Shontz, r.c.167, 179Shtilerman, M. 17, 38Silver, R. L. 151, 152, 159,

160,163, 164, 166, 167,170-174,179

Simon, D. P. 205, 207-209,218

Simon, H.A . 116, 124, 131,150,183,187,195-197,203,205,207-209,216,217,218,223,228,235,245,264

Simoneit, M. 91, 100Singer, J. L. 160, 179, 259, 264Smart,J.L. 17, 38Smetana, J.G. 17, 38Smock, D. e. 42, 60Smoller, B. 249, 264Snyder, e.R.R. 105,124Snyder, M. 22, 38. 53 f., 60,

71,85,269, 275Snyder, M. L. 42, 60, 112,

122,248-250,261,264Sogin, S. R. 71, 85Solomon, R.e. 27, 38Songer-Nocks, E. 19, 38. 141,

150

Speckart, G. 34, 37Spence, K. W. 253, 264Spence, J.T. 253, 264Staudel, T. 116, 122,206-208,

216,227,230,233, 235Stasz, C. 206, 207, 210, 218Staw, B.M. 117, 122Steinitz , E.M. 158, 174,1 78Stelmach, G. E. 240, 264Stepha n, w.G. 248,250,264Sternberg, R 188, 195,201,

207,213,214,215,218Stevens, L. 157, 177Stones , M.H. 152, 159, 160,

163,164,170,172,173,1 79Stot land , E. 246, 264Strack, S. 258, 260Strenta, A. 249, 264Strickland, B. R. 25, 38Sushinsky, L.W. 117, 124Svanum, S. 243, 260Swann , W.B. 22, 38, 269, 275

Taylor, S. E. 42, 60, 152, 179Teasdale, J.D. 112, 122,152,

161, 177, 247, 248, 260Tho resen, C. E. 102, 106, 125Thorndyke, P. W. 206, 207,

210,212,21 7,218Timko, C. 17,21 ,22,37,54,

55, 59Tirrell 26Tomarken, A.J . 257, 262Towson, S. 41,59Treyens, J.C. 239, 260Triandis, H.C. 31, 38Turner, A.A. 208, 209, 217

Turner, R G. 243, 252, 265Tversky, A. 42, 44, 60, 170,

178Tyhurst, J.S. 166,1 79

Vachon,M.L.S. 176, 179Van Norman, L.R. 253, 262Vinokur-Kaplan, D. 17, 38Volpert, W. 152,1 79Vroom , V.H. 93, 100, 268,

275

Walker, G. R. 244, 261Walker, L. 135, 150Walker, W. 166, 174, 175,1 79Walster, E. 144, 150Warland, R. 21, 38Ward, W.C. 258, 262Warshaw, P. R. 24, 32, 39Wassiljew, I. 108, 109, 116,

123Watson, D. L. 253, 263Weiner, B. 2, 8, 26, 39, 97 f.,

99, 247, 265Weiss,J.M.165,180Weil3, M. 108, 109, 113, 114,

124Weiss, RS. 156, 158,

162-164,171 -175, 179Wellman, H. 189, 190, 217Westbrook, T. 253, 262WestolT, C. 23, 37White ,J.B. 17,21,22, 37, 54,

55,59White, R.W. 134, 147, 150Wicker, A.W. 1, 8.51,58 ,60.

69-71 ,85

Author Index 281

Wicklund, R.A. 4, 42, 60, 62,66,67,72,73, 75,79,80,84,85, 129, 135, 144, 146, 148,150, 237, 242, 243, 253,261,265,267

Wiegand, J. 229, 235Wiener, A. 170, 180Wiene r, N. 237, 265Wilensky, R 195,202,203,

218Williams, C. C. 159, 162,175,

180Wilne r, N. 175, 178Wilson, T. D. 57, 60, 94, 99,

239, 265Wine, J. D. 115, 125,253,265Wolf, M. 253, 262Wood,J.V.152,1 79Woodworth, R.S. 121, 125Wortman, C. B. 5,6, 105, 145,

150, 151, 152, 160,165-167,170-176,1 78,180, 247f., 265, 270, 271,273

Wundt, W. 90, 100

Yarkin, K. 41, 59Young, R. D. 256, 257, 262Younger, J .-C. 135, 150

Zajonc, R. B. 98, 100Zanna, M. P. 1, 8, 22, 39, 47,

59,71 , 84Zeigarnik, B. 64, 85Zeiss, A. R 105,124Ziehen, Th . 90, 100Zuckerman, M. 22, 39

Subject Index

Abstrips, 195-199Achievement motivation, 93,

110f., 112, 116Ach-Lewin controversy, 91Action control, 2, 5, 26, 48,

49,53,83, 102,104,122,134,137,148,159,160,161, 163, 165, 166, 169,170,172,173,177,219,267,271 ,274

- - , theory of, 5, 93, 94, 119,120, 121, 130, 142, 151,152, 153, 155, 167, 168,172, 175, 176, 177

- , mindless vs. thoughtful,41,48,55,56,58,59

- orientation , 5,6,27,30,49,53,54,72,93,94,97,102,107-111 ,114,117-121 ,130, 140,142-147,153,155,156, 158,160,161 ,163,166,171,173-176,251,252,259

- - , negative effects of, 164f.- plan, see plan of action- planning, 223, 228, 229,

230,234- , rational vs. irrational, 48,

51,56,58- schema, 4, 46-59, 220, 221- tendency, 3, 91, 130- -, competing VII, 2, 81,91 ,

97, 101, 102, 104, 106,107,118,119,121 ,136-139,271,272,273

Affect , see emotion- mechanism, 204

Aggregate intentions, 23Aggression, 230, 231, 243Alcohol use and abuse, 162,

256,257,259Alienation effect, 111Altrui sm, 110, 111Analogical thinking, 226f.Anxiet y, 153, 159, 171, 245Arou sal, 253Associationism, 90, 91Associationistic models, 267,

272,273Associati ve network, 90Attention, 92, 113, 116- adjustment, successive, 97- , selective, 95, 97, 104, 106,

118,121Attitude-behavior relation­

ship, VII, 1,2,3,5,6, 11,22,41 ,51 ,52,54,61,68,69,70-72

- - toward a behavior, 3,12-19,26,28,31,32,35,36,52,53,70,83,269

Attribution of success andfailure, 248, 249

Aufforderungscharakter, 91Automatic behavior, 219,

220,221Availability (in memory),

169,170

Behavior change, 252Behavioral belief, 14, 15, 16,

18,19,32,36- expectation, 4, 5, 33, 34- goal, 24, 27, 34, 35

- intention, 3, 4, 11, 18, 29,30,35,36,46,47,50,52,53,102,251

- standard, 238, 239, 243,244,258

Behaviorism, S-O-R, VII, 272Bezugsvorstellung, 95

Catastatic vs, metastaticmode of control, 102, 107,108, 109, 111, 113, 118,120,121 , see also action­vs. state-orientation

Causal attribution, theoriesof, 97

Central processor, 187Choice motivation, 134Cognition, 237- , behavior consistency,

185ff.Cognitive control, 186, 187,

201,213- domain-specific 190, 194,

198,199- knowledge, general, and- therapy, 258 f.Commitment, 20, 21, 42, 63,

64,67,68,72,78,82,103,106, 109, 136, 138

Competence - incompe-tence, 7,227,228,229,230,231,233,234

- motivation, 134, 147Comprehension , 237Compulsions, 27Conclusion al need, see need

for conclusional contents

284 Subject Index

Confidence in an intention,20,21

Conflict, predecisional, 4- theory, 133Conformity, 244Conscious and unconscious

action planning, 222 f.Consistency theories, VIIControl motivation, 134- theory, 237Convergency effect, 144-146Cooperation, 28, 29Coping, 5, 6, 151, 152, 155,

156, 159-163, 165-167,176,177

Curiosity, 110, 111Current concern, 95,141,

142, 147Cybernetics, 237, 238

Decision, tactical and strate­gic, 190,211,215

Decision-making, 4, 89, 90,106,107,109,118,121,134,183,184,212,213,269

Deci sional conflict, 93Deindividuation, 256Delay of gratification, VII,

27Depression, 120, 121, 159,

160,161,167,171,230,246,258,259

Determining tendencies,theory of, 91, 94

Difficulty of enactment, 93,96,104,107,121see also intention, enact­ment of

- , law of, 96Disengagement from a task,

246,248-250,252-256Dissonance, cognitive, 137,

227- , reduction of, 5, 72, 119,

132,134-136,139,140,144, 146, 147

- , theory of, 5,71,72,129-132,136,139-144,146-148

Distancing, 175Distres s, 152, 153, 160,

162-165,173,175Divergency effect , 134-136,

144-146Dyn amics of action, 2

Effort , 31, 93, 96- calculation, 96Ego-strength, 102Egotism, 248, 250f.Emotion, 27, 73, 90, 97, 98,

116,117,151,152,159,160,162,167,171,204,215,223,224,231-234,252,259,270,272

- control, 105, 106,119,121,162,246

Encoding control, 104, 106,121

- , selective, 97Environment control, 106, 121Epistem ic freezing, 44, 48, 56,

58Equity nonn, 243Ethnic stereotyping, 44, 45Executive control, 184, 186,

190,207,209,213-216- decision, 191, 201, 202,

210-212- - rule, 193- or operational schema, 188- processes, 190-192, 195,

214execution monitor, 199Expectancy, assessment of, 7,

244-249, 258f.- deficit. 112expectancy-value models of

mot ivation, VII , 1,3,4,41 ,48-51 ,53,55,58,59,93,94,119,219,267

Failure, fear of, see fear offailure

- , responses to, 246- , uncontrollable (noncon-

tingent),112-117Fear of failure, 49- of invalidity, see need for

validityFeedback loop, negative, 2,

7,46,238,239,242Feelings after success and

failure , 97, 98-, determining, 97, 98Figurative schema, 188Forced compliance, 135fFreezing of on action tenden-c~4,54,58,91 , 133,273

- of an intention, see epis­temic freezing

Functional helplessness, 251

General problem solver(GPS), 194-197, 201-203

Goal analysis, 222-224 f.,226,234

Helplessness, functional, 251-, learned, 93, 112f., 161,225,

247-251Heuristic competence, 227,

231- methods, 195, 197- processes, 7, 214, 215, 219,

220-222Hierarchical organization of

control, 241, 242, 250,251

Ideal self, 241Ideation, 92 f.Ideo-motoric action, 92Incentive-disengagement

cycle, 160- escalation, 94, 119Incongruence, perceived,

108, 109Inconsistency, cognitive, 5,

44,45,72, 129, 227f.see also dissonance, cogni­tive

Indecisiveness, 94,109,131 ,137, 159

Information accumulation,223,226,227,228, 234

- overload, 224- pro cessing , 3, 4, 13, 14,56,

90,91 ,97,101,104,106,116,118,122,131,141,187,189,191,202,207,213,270

- - , capacity of, 3, 45,107,133,143,191

- -, extensiveness of, 3, 118,191,207

- -, parsimony of, 106, 118,119,121,130,142, 143

- - , selective , 130, 131, 135,140,142,143

Intelligence, 189,213- , componential theory of,

188,213Intention, 3, 4, 11- 15, 18, 20,

29-31,35,41 ,45-48,52-54,57,77,91,92,95,98,103,104,106,107,118

- , change of, 12, 18-22,24,

28,29,34,47,53-55,58,225

- , degenerated, 6, 81, 108,109,113,120,121,156,157, 168

-, determinants of, 12, 13, 16- , enactment of, VII, 2, 3, 5,

6,94,95,98,102,111,115,118,119,153-156,160,161,164,176

-, formation of, 2, 3, 4,45-48,93,167,168

-, ill-defined, 6, 81,108-, maintenance of, VII, 2, 3,

105-, perseverating, 113-, propositional representa-

tion of, 103Interrupt system, 220Intrinsic task involvement,

108,116,117Introspection, 57, 94, 95

Knee, artificial VKnowledge, declarative 189,

190,192-, organization of, 239-, procedural, 189, 190, 191,

192,193,198,201 f., see al­so cognitive knowledge

- structures, 103,239,270

Lay epistemology, theory of41,43,44,46,58,59

Learned helplessness seehelplessness

Level of aspiration, 32Locus of control, internal vs.

external, 25

Means-end-analysis, modelof, 183, 195, 196

Memory structures, 272- visual, 158Metacognition, 184, 188, 189Metacognitive skills, 189,

213,214- strategies, 189Metaplan, 6, 201, 202, 203,

210Meta-script, 240Meta-volitional operations,

215Mindless vs. thoughtful ac­

tions, see action, mindlessvs. thoughtful

Molar and molecular level ofanalysis, 267, 269f.

Moment, objective (ge­genstandliches) 95, 97

- - , ego-related (aktuelles)95,97

- - , state-related (zustand­liches) 95

- -, subjective (an schau­liches) 95

Motivation control, 106, 118,119,121,136,137,138

- deficit , 113, 114, 117- doctrine 93Motivational stability vs.

flexibility, 273f.- states, 2, 3, 101- tendency, 3Motive -behavior consisten­

cy,110Muddling-through behavior,

230

Need for conclusional con­tents, 42, 47, 48, 56-58

- for structure, 4, 42, 45, 47,48,56,58,94,142

- for validity, 4, 42, 45, 47,48,56,58

NOAH (Network of Organ­ized Action Hierarchies),195f., 198f., 202-206, 209

Nonvolitional behavior, 24Norm, subjective, 3, 12-19,

28,29,32,33, 35,36,52,53Normative belief, 14-16, 18,

19,36

Objective self-awareness,theory of, 72, 73, 79

Obsessive-compulsive pat­tern of monitoring, 257

Opportunistic PlanningModel (OPM), 195,200-203,209,210,212

Opportunity to perform a be­havior, 27-29, 35

Overjustification effect, 117Overplanning, 230

Pandora-model,195Paranoia-model, 195,

203-205Pattern-matching mecha­

nisms,270Perceptual tuning, 105

Subject Index 285

Performance deficits, 112,113,114,115,248,249,251

Perspicuous representationof a problem, 208f.

Planned behavior, theory of,3,12,29,33,35-37

Planning, 184, 193-197,199-202,205,208-214,223,228-231,234

Plans ofaction, 2, 6, 7, 11, 24,31,34,36,117,184,197

Predictive models, 267-269Primacy effect, 44f.Priming, 239Primitive terminal reactions,

230Principle control, 240Problem-solving, VII, 2, 3, 6,

116, 117, 183f., 186-198,200-203,205-210,213-215,221 ,222,225,228,230-233,250,267

Procedural net, 198f.Process-oriented (explanato­

ry) models, 269Program control, 240

Quasi-need, 91

Rational vs, irrational, seeaction, rational vs. irratio­nal

Reactance, 160, 244Reasoned action, theory of,

3,11 -18,24, 30r, 35f.,267f.

Reassertion effect, 250Recording memory, 221Regression, 230f.Relational idea (Bezugsvor-

stellung), 95Resignation, 230f.

Salience, 269f.Schema, 7, 188,239

see also action schemaScript, 221, 240

see also action schemaSelective exposure to infor­

mation,see information proces­sing, selective

Self, private vs. public, 243 f.,255

Self-attention, 234self-awareness 256, 257

286 Subject Index

self-awareness, theo ry of,237

Self-completion, 61, 74, 77,80see also symbolic self­completion, theory of

Self-confidence, 227Self-consciousness, 71, 250,

255,257- -Scale, 242,243, 257Self-control, 106Self-definition al goals, 5, 61,

62,66,68,74,77,7 8, 82, 83- -, symbols of self-defini­

tional completeness, 5, 62,64-67,75, 80- 82

Self-deprecato ry rumin ation,253

Self-efficacy, 34, 154Self-esteem, 7,161 ,162,225,

226, 248-251,258Self-focused attention, 242,

243,246-248,251- 257Self-management, ineffec­

tive, 252, 257Self-mon itoring, 22, 53-55,

71, 244Self-reflection, 65, 66,

232- 234Self-regulation, 237f., 241,

247f., 250, 256, 258, 260,271

Self-regulatory mechanisms,VII, 2, 3, 5, 7, 89-91, 96,102-104, 106f., ll1f., 115,118,1 21 f., 222f., 232-234,267see also volitional control

Sequential-an alytic vs. holis­tic-intu itive mode of pro­cessing, 116, 117

Social anxiety, 258- learning theo ry, VII

- pressure, 104- reality, 63, 75-79Solut ion processes, 190-192Specific determination, law

of,98Spreading apart of alterna­

tives,see divergen cy effect

State orient ation, 5f., 27, 30,49 f., 53f, 72, 93, 97,102,104,107-11 2,114-1 21,130,140,142- 147,155f.,158-163, 169- 177, 251f.

Strategic plan, 197Strategy shift, 192Stress, 27, 224, 225STRIPS, 197Sudden inspiration, 223Switching goals, 192Symbolic self-completion,

theory of, 62, 63, 65, 75see also self-completionand self-definitional com­pleteness

System concept, 241, 250

Task-irrelevant cognitions,115

Tension system, 63, 65, 66, 91Test-anx iety, 115, 253-256,

259Thematic vagabonding, 225Thinking , 6, 183f., 186, 188f.,

202, 205-207 ,219,221-226, 228, 232, 234

-, intuiti ve-holistic vs. se-quential-an alytic, 224

Time pressure, 45, 47,142,211,224f.

Type A - Type B coronary­prone behavior pattern,251

Unconscious determin antsof action, 41, 43, 44, 57, 58, 59

Undesirable life event,151-153 ,156-1 61,163-167,172,176

Unemployment, 162

Validity, ecological and psy­chological, 271

Value instrumentality andvalue importance, 141

Volition, 14, 16, 73, 90 f., 93,98, 102, 105, 136

- , phenomenological aspect sof,95

- , psychology of, 2, 5, 89-91,93

- , efficiency of, 92Volitional control, VII, l1f.,

16,18,24,29, 35,96,102,107,119-122

- - , individua l differencesin, 25, 93

- processes, 2, 3, 5, 89, 91,95- 97see also self-regulatorymechanisms

Voluntary regulation, 89see also volitional control

Will, see volition- , efficiency of, 98, 273- , freedom of, 90- , heterogenetic vs, homo-

genet ic theory of, 90- , paralysis of the, 168- , power of, 26, 30, 34-3 6,

102Wishful thinking, 107Working memo ry, 91, 107,

120Worry work, 164Wiirzburg School, 90

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