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Respiration & PhotosynthesisRespiration

Photosynthesis

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Respiration

A. Cellular Respiration

B. Glycolysis

C. Aerobic Respiration

E. The Mitochondrion

D. Chemiosmosis


1. Cellular respiration is redox reaction

2. C6H12O6 + O2 CO2 + H2O + E

3. Oxidation involves the loss of electrons from an element

a. frequently involves gaining oxygen or losing hydrogen

4. Reduction involves a gain of electrons

b. frequently involves losing oxygen or gaining hydrogen_

A. Cellular Respiration

Glucose

Carbon Dioxide

Water

Oxygen

Electrons & Hydrogen

Energy is Released


5. ATP (adenosine triphosphate) has phosphate groups that are “spring loaded”

a. ATP charged

b. ADP uncharged

6. ATP is continuously converted to ADP and recycled back

7. Phosphorylation is a process in which ATP is made_



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B. Glycolysis

1. Occurs in the cytoplasm in four stages:

2. Activation (Phosphorylation) of Glucose

a. 2 ATP molecules are needed to provide the energy (i.e. a “loss’ of 2 ATP)

b. some rearrangement of molecule

3. Lysis- splitting 6C compound into two 3C molecules_



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4. Oxidation- by the removal of hydrogen, picked up by NAD+ (a hydrogen-carrying co-enzyme)

a. 2 NADH + H+

5. ATP formation

a. 4 ATP are produced

6. Products of glycolysis:

a. 2 pyruvate

b. 2ATP

c. 2 NADH + H+ _


C. Aerobic Respiration

1. Aerobic respiration occurs in the mitochondria in eukaryotes

2. Events of respiration:

a. the link reaction

b. the Krebs cycle

c. the role of NADH + H+

d. the electron transport chain

e. the role of oxygen_

University of Arkansas at Little Rockhttp://www.ualr.edu/botany/plantcells.htmlaccessed 21.11.07


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http://www.ualr.edu/botany/plantcells.html

3. The link reaction

a. oxidative decarboxylation-each pyruvate is decarboxylated (CO2 removed)

b. removal of 2H and electrons to form one NADH + H+

c. the remaining two-carbon molecule (acetyl group) reacts with reduced coenzyme A_



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c. for each pyruvate, the result is:

1) 1 CO2

2) 1 acetyl-CoA

3) 1 NADH + H+ _


4. The Krebs cycle

a. each acetyl group (CH3CO) formed in the link reaction yields two CO2 (decarboxylation)

b. the hydrogen atoms removed are collected by “hydrogen-carrying coenzymes” (NAD+ and FAD)

1) each NADH + H+ results in 3 ATP

2) each FADH2 results in 2 ATP_



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5. One turn of the Krebs cycle yields:

a. 2 CO2

b. 3 NADH + H+

c. 1 FADH2

d. 1 ATP_


D. Chemiosmosis

1. Electron transport carriers are strategically arranged over the inner membrane of the mitochondrion

2. NADH + H+ and FADH2 are oxidized (by removal of H+ and e-)

3. e- pass from carrier to carrier (alternately oxidized- removal of e- and reduced- gain of e-)_


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4. Energy released pumps H+

from the matrix into the intermembrane space against a concentration gradient (the proton pump)

5. Intermembrane space volume very small so rapid build up of H+ concentration, more positive, more acid

6. H+ ions flow back into the matrix down a concentration gradient through special protein channels on stalked particles_


7. The energy drives the synthesis of ATP by ATP synthetase in the stalked particles

8. Final H+ and e- acceptor is oxygen making water_


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E. The Mitochondrion

1. The structure of the mitochondrion relates to its function

a. the cristae form a large surface area for the electron transport chain

b. the small space between inner and outer membranes allows for accumulation of protons

c. the fluid matrix contains enzymes of the Krebs cycle_


The End

Photosynthesis

A. Photosynthesis

B. Light-dependent Reactions

C. Chemiosmosis

D. Light-independent ReactionsE. Action & Absorption Spectra

F. Limiting Factors


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1. Photosynthesis consists of light-dependent and light-independent reactions

2. CO2 + H2O + E C6H12O6 + O2

3. Photosynthesis occurs in the chloroplast_

A. Photosynthesis

Electrons & Hydrogen

Oxygen Glucose

Water Carbon Dioxide

Energy from the Sun



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4. The structure of the chloroplast relates to its function.

a. the large surface area of thylakoids for light absorption

b. the small space inside thylakoids for accumulation of protons

c. the fluid stroma for the enzymes of the Calvin cycle_

Chloroplast (photosynthesis)

1. Large SA of thylakoid membranes for light absorption

2. Small space inside thylakoids for rapid accumulation of H+

3. Fluid (stroma) with enzymes for the Calvin cycle

Mitochondria (respiration)

1. Large SA of inner membranes

2. Small space inside IMS for rapid accumulation of H+

3. Fluid (matrix) with enzymes for the Krebs cycle

B. Light-dependent Reactions

1. The light-dependent reactions

a. the photoactivation of photosystem II

b. photolysis of water

c. electron transport

d. photoactivation of photosystem I

e. reduction of NADP+

f. cyclic and non-cyclic photophosphorylation_


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THE LOLLIPOP APPARATUS USED TO WORK OUT THE BIOCHEMICAL DETAILS OF THE CALVIN CYCLE SHOWS CONSIDERABLE CREATIVITY. TO WHAT EXTENT IS THE CREATION OF AN ELEGANT PROTOCOL SIMILAR TO THE CREATION OF A WORK OF ART?

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2. Light energy is trapped in PSII and boosts electrons to a higher energy level

a. the electrons are received by an electron acceptor

3. The electrons which have been removed by the chlorophyll are replaced by pulling in other electrons from a water molecule

a. the loss of electrons from the water molecule causes it to dissociate into H+ and oxygen gas_


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4. The electrons are passes from the electron acceptor along a series of electron carriers to PSI

a. the energy is captured converting ADP to ATP

b. light energy is thereby been converted to chemical energy

5. Light energy absorbed by PSI boosts electrons to an even higher energy level

a. the electrons are received by another electron acceptor_


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6. The protons from the water molecule combine with the electrons from the second electron acceptor and these reduce NADP+

7 Some electrons from the second acceptor may pass back to the chlorophyll molecule by the electron carrier system, yielding ATP as they do so

a. the process is called cyclic phosphorylation_


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C. Chemiosmosis

1. Photophosphorylation can be explained in terms of chemiosmosis

2. Electron transport causes the pumping of protons to the inside of the thylakoids

3. Protons accumulate (pH drops)

4. Protons move out to the stroma, down a concentration gradient through protein channels in the ATP synthetase enzymes

5. This provides energy for ATP synthesis_author unknown

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1. Roles of ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP) carboxylase

2. Reduction of glycerate 3-phosphate (GP) to triose phosphate (TP)

3. NADPH + H+

4. ATP

5. Regeneration of RuBP

6. Subsequent synthesis of more complex carbohydrates_

D. Light-independent Reactions



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E. Action & Absorption Spectra

1. Absorption spectrum- displays wavelengths of light that a particular photosynthetic pigment can absorb

2. Action spectrum- displays wavelengths of light that bring about photosynthesis in a particular plant_


3. In green plants, the action spectrum and the absorption spectrum of photosynthesis pigments coincide very closely

a. provides evidence of the involvement of chlorophyll in photosynthesis_



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1. The rate of photosynthesis is determined by limiting factors

a. light intensity

b. temperature

c. concentration of carbon dioxide_

F. Limiting Factors



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2. Light intensity

a. directly proportional to rate of photosynthesis

b. levels off due to the pigments being saturated with light_



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3. Temperature

a. has little effect on light reactions

b. enzymes of the Calvin cycle are effected

c. optimum temperature varies (25˚C-30˚C)_


4. CO2 concentration

a. average CO2 content is 0.04%

b. increase to 0.5% usually increases photosynthesis

c. concentrations above 0.1% can damage leaves_


IF WE WANT TO INVESTIGATE THE EFFECT OF ONE FACTOR, ALL OTHER FACTORS THAT COULD HAVE AN INFLUENCE MUST BE CONTROLLED. IN PHOTOSYNTHESIS THE SITUATION IS RELATIVELY SIMPLE, AND WE CAN ENSURE THAT FACTORS OTHER THAN THE ONE WE ARE INVESTIGATING ARE MAINTAINED AT A CONSTANT AND OPTIMAL LEVEL. IN OTHER AREAS THERE ARE MUCH GREATER PROBLEMS. IN THE MANY INVESTIGATIONS OF HUMAN HEALTH, THERE ARE ALMOST ALWAYS COMPLICATING FACTORS. FOR EXAMPLE, VEGETARIANS HAVE A LONGER LIFE EXPECTANCY THAN MEAT EATERS. WE WOULD BE WRONG TO CONCLUDE THAT EATING MEAT LOWERS LIFE EXPECTANCY UNLESS WE COULD SHOW THAT THE ONLY DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE VEGETARIANS AND THE MEAT EATERS IN OUR TRIAL WAS THE MEAT EATING

Theory of Knowledge

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The End

author unknown address unknown accessed unknown respiration photosynthesis

Documents

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aerobic respiration

atp molecules

atp formation

events of respiration

chemiosmosis slide