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This article appeared in a journal published by Elsevier. The attached copy is furnished to the author for internal non-commercial research and education use, including for instruction at the authors institution and sharing with colleagues. Other uses, including reproduction and distribution, or selling or licensing copies, or posting to personal, institutional or third party websites are prohibited. In most cases authors are permitted to post their version of the article (e.g. in Word or Tex form) to their personal website or institutional repository. Authors requiring further information regarding Elsevier’s archiving and manuscript policies are encouraged to visit: http://www.elsevier.com/copyright

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Page 1: Author's personal copy · Author's personal copy maintained that, in contrast to conventional appliances fea-turing elastic or metallic ligatures, self-ligating brackets per-

This article appeared in a journal published by Elsevier. The attachedcopy is furnished to the author for internal non-commercial researchand education use, including for instruction at the authors institution

and sharing with colleagues.

Other uses, including reproduction and distribution, or selling orlicensing copies, or posting to personal, institutional or third party

websites are prohibited.

In most cases authors are permitted to post their version of thearticle (e.g. in Word or Tex form) to their personal website orinstitutional repository. Authors requiring further information

regarding Elsevier’s archiving and manuscript policies areencouraged to visit:

http://www.elsevier.com/copyright

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SummaryAlthough evident advances have certainly been made, not onlyin the use of brackets, but also in the mechanics and type of wiresand accessories employed, the most recent systematic review ofthe literature on this topic stated despite claims regarding theclinical superiority of self-ligating brackets, evidence is gener-ally lacking. Thus, the aim of this study was to show, by meansof four clinical case reports, that conventional brackets, used inconjunction with relatively recently introduced thermal nickel-titanium archwires of reduced diameter and extremely lightnickel-titanium springs, give results comparable with thoseachieved via the use of self-ligating brackets.

� 2012 CEO. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rightsreserved

Key-words

·Ectopic canine.·Nickel-titanium wire and spring.

·Light forces.Introduction

Despite the fact the self-ligating brackets were first introducedin the early 1930s [1], it is only in recent years that this type ofbracket has become popular among orthodontists worldwide[2]. Self-ligating brackets users state the main advantage ofthis type of appliance is reduced friction [3–5]. It is also

R�esum�e

Malgr�e des progr�es notoires, non seulement dans l’utilisationdes brackets mais �egalement en ce qui concerne lam�ecanique et le type de fils et d’accessoires utilis�es, la revuesyst�ematique la plus r�ecente a ce sujet dans la litt�erature a fait�etat d’un manque g�en�eral de preuves dans ce domaine mal-gr�e les affirmations de certains revendiquant la sup�eriorit�eclinique des brackets autoligaturants. Ainsi, l’objectif de cette�etude �etait de d�emontrer, au moyen de quatre �etudes de cas,que les brackets conventionnels, utilis�es en association avecles fils relativement r�ecents en nickel-titane thermique de petitdiam�etre et des ressorts extremement l�egers en nickel-titane,donnent des r�esultats comparables a ceux qu’on obtienta l’aide de brackets autoligaturants.� 2012 CEO. Edite par Elsevier Masson SAS. Tous droitsreserves

Mots cl�es

·Canine ectopique.

·Fil et ressort en nickel-titane.

·Forces l�eg�eres.

Introduction

Bien que les brackets autoligaturants aient �et�e introduits d�es led�ebut des ann�ees 1930 [1], ce n’est que r�ecemment que cetype de bracket a �et�e adopt�e par de nombreux orthodontistesa travers le monde [2]. Les utilisateurs des brackets autoliga-turants affirment que l’avantage principal de ce type de

Original articleArticle original

� 2012 CEOPublished by / Edite par Elsevier Masson SAS

All rights reserved / Tous droits reserves

Ectopic canine control with conventionalbrackets

Controle des canines ectopiques avec desbrackets conventionnels

Luca LOMBARDO

Postgraduate school of Orthodontics, University of Ferrara, Via Montebello, 31,Ferrara 44100, Italy

Available online: 15 November 2012 / Disponible en ligne : 15 novembre 2012

*Correspondence and reprints / Correspondance et tir�es a part.

e-mail address / Adresse e-mail : [email protected]

International Orthodontics 2012 ; 10 : 377-403 377doi:10.1016/j.ortho.2012.09.012

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maintained that, in contrast to conventional appliances fea-turing elastic or metallic ligatures, self-ligating brackets per-mit reduction of the resistance to sliding, consequently con-senting the use of lighter forces to achieve dental movements[6,7]. This means that the risk of compromising the periodontalvasculature is avoided, the musculature of the patient is notdamaged and the arches can be expanded in a physiologicalfashion [3]. Badawi et al. created a laboratory-based humanmouth model capable of measuring forces and moments actingon teeth with multibanded orthodontic fixed appliances. Theysimulated a high canine situation and using a 0.01800 CuNiTihe found the passive self-ligation method produced a moreaccurate force system for this malocclusion, with fewerunwanted forces and moments compared with elastic conven-tional ligation [8].

Nonetheless, although evident advances have certainly beenmade, not only in the use of brackets, but also in the mecha-nics and type of wires and accessories employed [9,10], themost recent systematic review of the literature on this topicstated despite claims regarding the clinical superiority of self-ligating brackets, evidence is generally lacking [2].

Thus, the aim of this study was to show, by means of fourclinical case reports, that conventional brackets, used in con-junction with relatively recently introduced thermal nickel-titanium archwires of reduced diameter and extremely lightnickel-titanium springs, provide results comparable withthose achieved via the use of self-ligating brackets.

Case no. 1

Diagnosis

Skeletal Class I malocclusion in short face patient (22 yearsold) of normal profile (fig. 1). Intra-oral clinical examinationshowed dental Class I on the left side and a head-to-headrelationship on the right. Slight crowding was present in theanterior sector of the lower arch. The upper dental median linewas severely displaced towards the right with respect to thefacial and lower dental medians. The right upper canine wasectopic and located far above the occlusal plane (fig. 2).

Teleradiography showed sagittal skeletal Class I relationshipsin a hypodivergent subject and protrusion of the upper andlower incisors (fig. 3).OP confirmed the presence in the arch of all teeth except forthe third molars, which were impacted (fig. 4).

Aims and treatment plan

The aims were correction of the upper and lower crowdingwithout excessive proinclination of the incisors or profile

dispositif est de r�eduire la friction [3–5]. Ils soutiennent,�egalement, que les brackets autoligaturants, a la diff�erencedes appareils conventionnels utilisant des �elastiques et desligatures m�etalliques, diminuent la r�esistance au glissement,ce qui permet l’utilisation de forces plus l�eg�eres afin ded�eplacer les dents [6,7]. Cela signifie que le risque de compro-mettre la vascularisation parodontale est �ecart�e, que les mus-cles du patient ne sont pas endommag�es et que les arcadespeuvent etre �elargies de facon physiologique [3]. Badawi et al.ont cr�e�e en laboratoire un mod�ele de la bouche humaine cap-able demesurer les forces et les moments qui agissent sur lesdentsmunies d’appareils orthodontiques fixes a brackets mul-tiples. Ils ont simul�e la situation d’une canine ectopique et,a l’aide d’un fil 0,01800 CuNiTi, il a trouv�e que la m�ethoded’autoligature passive cr�eait un syst�eme de force plus pr�ecispour ce type de malocclusion, avec moins de forces et demoments ind�esirables par rapport a la ligature conventionnellefaisant appel aux �elastiques [8].N�eanmoins, malgr�e les progr�es notables r�ealis�es, non seule-ment pour l’utilisation de brackets mais aussi en ce quiconcerne la m�ecanique et le type de fils et d’accessoiresemploy�es [9,10], la revue syst�ematique la plus r�ecente de lalitt�erature fait �etat d’un manque g�en�eral de preuves a ce sujeten d�epit des affirmations de certains auteurs revendiquant lasup�eriorit�e clinique des brackets autoligaturants [2].Ainsi, l’objectif de cette �etude �etait de d�emontrer, au moyen dequatre �etudes de cas, que les brackets conventionnels, enassociation avec des fils relativement r�ecents en nickel-titanethermique de petit diam�etre et des ressorts extremementl�egers en nickel-titane, donnent des r�esultats comparablesa ceux que l’on obtient a l’aide de brackets autoligaturants.

Cas no 1

Diagnostic

Malocclusion de Classe I chez une patiente hypodivergente(22 ans) avec un profil normal (fig. 1). L’examen clinique endo-oral r�ev�ele une Classe 1 dentaire du cot�e gauche et une rela-tion de Classe II en bout a bout du cot�e droit. Un l�eger encom-brement est not�e dans le segment ant�ero-inf�erieur. La lignem�ediane sup�erieure est s�ev�erement d�evi�ee vers la droite parrapport aux lignes m�edianes faciale et dentaire inf�erieure. Lacanine droite sup�erieure est ectopique et tr�es haute par rap-port au plan occlusal (fig. 2).La t�el�eradiographie r�ev�ele des relations squelettiques sagit-tales deClasse I chez ce sujet hypodivergent et une protrusiondes incisives sup�erieures et inf�erieures (fig. 3).L’OPT confirme la pr�esence de toutes les dents a l’exceptiondes troisi�emes molaires, qui sont incluses (fig. 4).

Objectifs et plan de traitement

Les objectifs �etaient : correction de l’encombrementmaxillaireetmandibulaire sans vestibulo-version excessive des incisives

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deterioration, maintaining good occlusion on the left whileachieving Class I on the right, and creating space for the rightupper canine, centring the upper median line with those of thelower and face.

ou d�et�erioration du profil, maintien d’une bonne occlusiona gauche tout en r�ealisant une Classe I a droite, cr�eationd’espace pour la canine sup�erieure droite, et centrage de laligne m�ediane sup�erieure par rapport aux lignes m�edianesinf�erieure et faciale.

[(Fig._2)TD$FIG]

Fig. 2: a–d: intra-oral initial photos.Fig. 2 : a–d : vues intra-orales de d�ebut de traitement.

[(Fig._1)TD$FIG]

Fig. 1: a–c: extra-oral initial photos.Fig. 1 : a–c : vues extra-orales de d�ebut de traitement.

International Orthodontics 2012 ; 10 : 377-403 379

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A brief outline of treatment alternatives andmotivation for the plan selected

The patient was offered the choice of two treatment options,the first of which entailed the extraction of four premolars andthe use of a fixed multibracket appliance. In particular, thefirst upper and lower premolars on the left were selected forextraction in order to preserve correct molar occlusion. On theright side, the first upper premolar required extraction to makeroom for the canine, and likewise the second lower premolar tofacilitate mesialization of the first lower molar into a Class Iposition.

As the patient refused to undergo extraction, however, thesecond treatment option was selected. This involved creationof space for the ectopic canine by re-establishing the torque onthe upper right molars and premolars, thereby correcting thearch form, and performing interproximal reduction. The uppermolars and premolars were scheduled for distalization via

Bref survol des diff�erentes options de traitement etexplication du choix du plan adopt�e

Nous avons propos�e au patient le choix entre deux traitementspossibles. Le premier pr�evoyait l’extraction de quatre pr�emo-laires et l’utilisation d’un appareil multi-attaches fixe. Pluspr�ecis�ement, les premi�eres pr�emolaires sup�erieures etinf�erieures gauche auraient �et�e extraites pour conserver labonne occlusionmolaire. Du cot�e droit, la premi�ere pr�emolairesup�erieure aurait �et�e extraite pour cr�eer un espace pour lacanine. De meme, l’extraction de la seconde pr�emolaireinf�erieure aurait facilit�e la m�esialisation de la premi�ere molaireinf�erieure vers une relation de Classe I.Cependant, la patiente refusant les extractions, la deuxi�emeoption a �et�e adopt�ee. Celle-ci pr�evoyait de cr�eer de l’espacepour la canine ectopique en r�etablissant le torque desmolaires et pr�emolaires sup�erieures droites, ce qui permettraitde corriger la forme de l’arcade, et de r�ealiser une r�eductionam�eloproximale. Les molaires et pr�emolaires sup�erieures

[(Fig._3)TD$FIG]

Fig. 3: a, b: initial cephalometric analysis.Fig. 3 : a, b : analyse c�ephalom�etrique de d�ebut de traitement.

[(Fig._4)TD$FIG]

Fig. 4: Initial orthopantomography.Fig. 4 : Orthopantomographe de d�ebut de

traitement.

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correction of their excessive positive tip using Class II elas-tics, thereby permitting achievement of molar Class I.

Appliances

A straight-wire fixed multibracket appliance with slot0.022 � 0.02800 was applied to all teeth.To create space for the right upper canine, a 150-g nickel-titanium spring on a 0.01400 NiTi archwire was employed(fig. 5). After space creation, a 0.01200 NiTi wire was fittedin order to reduce binding and to avoid the upper premolarand lateral incisor displacement [10](fig. 6). For the samereason a metal ligature was positioned from the upperright molar and the ectopic canine during the extrusionmovement. Subsequently, a superelastic 0.019 � 0.02500

devaient etre distal�ees en corrigeant leur m�esioversion exces-sive a l’aide d’�elastiques, ce qui devait permettre d’obtenir uneClasse I molaire.

Appareils

Un appareil straightwire fixe multi-attaches avec une gorge0,022 � 0,02800 a �et�e pos�e sur toutes les dents.Pour cr�eer de l’espace pour la canine sup�erieure droite, unressort 150 g en NiTi a �et�e utilis�e sur un fil 0,01400 en NiTi(fig. 5). Une fois l’espace cr�e�e, un fil 0,01200 en NiTi a �et�e plac�eafin de r�eduire le frottement et d’�eviter le d�eplacement despr�emolaires sup�erieures ainsi que des incisives lat�erales [10](fig. 6). Pour la meme raison, une ligature m�etallique a �et�eplac�ee entre lamolaire sup�erieure droite et la canine ectopiquependant l’�egression. Ult�erieurement, un fil 0,019 � 0,02500 en

[(Fig._5)TD$FIG]

Fig. 5: a, b: 150 g nickel-titanium spring on a 0.01400 NiTi archwire.Fig. 5 : a, b : ressort de 150 g en nickel-titane sur un arc 0,01400 en NiTi.

[(Fig._6)TD$FIG]

Fig. 6: a, b: 0.01200 NiTi wire was fitted in order to reduce binding.Fig. 6 : a, b : un fil 0,01200 en NiTi a �et�e plac�e afin de r�eduire le frottement.[(Fig._7)TD$FIG]

Fig. 7: a, b: 0.019 � 0.02500 NiTi archwire.Fig. 7 : a, b : fil 0,019 � 0,02500 en NiTi.

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rectangular-section NiTi wire permitted torque control andrefinement of the levelling (fig. 7). Finally, Class II elasticsin conjunction with 0.019 � 0.02500 steel archwires wereapplied to the left side (fig. 8).

Results

Space for the ectopic canine was effectively created and theupper and lower median lines were centred. Correction of themolar class on the right side was achieved with minimalproinclination of the upper and lower incisors (figs. 9–12).

Retention

Splinting of lower incisors and canines and Hawley retainer onthe upper arch.

NiTi super �elastique rectangulaire a permis de controler letorque et d’affiner le nivellement (fig. 7). Enfin, des �elastiquesde Classe II en association avec des fils en acier0,019 � 0,02500 ont �et�e mis en place du cot�e gauche (fig. 8).

R�esultats

Nous avons pu effectivement cr�eer l’espace de la canine ecto-pique, et les lignes m�edianes sup�erieure et inf�erieure ont �et�ecentr�ees. Nous avons corrig�e la Classe molaire du cot�e droittout en limitant au maximum la version coronovestibulaire desincisives sup�erieures et inf�erieures (fig. 9–12).

Contention

Fil lingual coll�e sur les incisives et les canines inf�erieures etplaque de Hawley a l’arcade sup�erieure.

[(Fig._8)TD$FIG]

Fig. 8: a–c: class II elastics in conjunction with 0.019 � 0.02500 steel archwires.Fig. 8 : a–c : �elastiques de Classe II avec des arcs 0,019 � 0,02500 en acier.

[(Fig._9)TD$FIG]

Fig. 9: a–c: extra-oral final photos.Fig. 9 : a–c : vues extra-orales de fin de traitement.

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[(Fig._10)TD$FIG]

Fig. 10: a–e: intra-oral final photos.Fig. 10 : a–e : vues intra-orales de fin de traitement.

[(Fig._11)TD$FIG]

Fig. 11: Final orthopantomography.Fig. 11 : Orthopantomographe de fin de

traitement.[(Fig._12)TD$FIG]

Fig. 12: a, b: final cephalometric analysis.Fig. 12 : a, b : analyse c�ephalom�etrique de fin de traitement.

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Final considerations on the case

Substantial modification of the arch form and re-establishingthe tip and torque of the upper molars and premolars permittedthe occlusion to be corrected without resorting to extraction.Stripping in the anterior and middle sectors of both arches andslight proinclination of the upper and lower incisors contri-buted to the success of the orthodontic treatment. The shortfacial type of the patient, as well as the thick peridontium andshape of the teeth, permitted this type of treatment to beperformed successfully in 19 months.

Case no. 2

Diagnosis

Skeletal Class I and dental Class II (head-to-head) in a nor-modivergent patient (15 years old) (fig. 13). No crowding waspresent in the lower jaw, although the upper right first premo-lar was rotated more than 60� in a mesial direction. The upperright canine, despite a lack of rotation, showed considerablelabial and distal displacement. Both median lines were devia-ted; in particular the upper median showed a deviationtowards the right (fig. 14).Extraoral examination revealed poor exposure of the teethduring smile, in addition to a flat profile and a lack of lipprominence.OPT performed several months prior to the intra-oral photo-graphs showed the presence of all the teeth in the arch,

Derni�eres r�eflexions concernant le cas

Une modification importante de la forme de l’arcade et ler�etablissement de l’inclinaison et du torque des molaires etpr�emolaires sup�erieures ont permis de corriger l’occlusionsans avoir recours a des extractions. Le stripping dans lessegments ant�erieurs et lat�eraux des deux arcades et la l�eg�erevestibulo-version des incisives sup�erieures et inf�erieures ontcontribu�e au succ�es du traitement orthodontique. Le sch�emahypodivergent de la patiente, aussi bien que le parodonte�epais et la forme des dents, ont permis de traiter efficacementce type de traitement en 19 mois.

Cas no 2

Diagnostic

Classe I squelettique et Classe II dentaire (bout a bout) chezune patiente normodivergente de 15 ans (fig. 13). Nous nerelevons pas d’encombrement a la mandibule malgr�e unerotation m�esiale de plus de 60� de la premi�ere pr�emolairesup�erieure droite. Les deux lignes m�edianes sont d�evi�ees,en particulier la ligne m�ediane sup�erieure qui pr�esente uned�eviation vers la droite (fig. 14).

L’examen extra-oral r�ev�ele une faible exposition des dentspendant le sourire de meme qu’un profil plat et une absencede proch�eilie.L’OPT r�ealis�e plusieurs mois avant les clich�es intra-orauxconfirme la pr�esence de toutes les dents sur l’arcade,

[(Fig._13)TD$FIG]

Fig. 13: a–c: extra-oral initial photos.Fig. 13 : a–c : vues extra-orales de d�ebut de traitement.

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excepting all four third molars and the right upper secondpremolar. Furthermore, despite the lack of clarity in theimages, partial transposition of the ectopic canine was visible(figs. 15 and 16).

Aims and treatment plan

The primary objective was to correctly align the teeth in theupper arch via derotation of the right first premolar and mesia-lization of the left canine. The secondary aim was to correct thedental Class II (head-to-head) on both sides in order to guidethe canine into position and improve the occlusion.

The treatment plan involved aligning the teeth in the upperarch by means of a fixed straight-wire multibracket applianceand correction of the molar and canine Class using Class IIinter-arch elastics.

a l’exception des quatre troisi�emesmolaires et de la deuxi�emepr�emolaire sup�erieure droite. Par ailleurs, malgr�e le flou auniveau des images, la transposition partielle de la canine ecto-pique est visible (fig. 15 et 16).

Objectifs et plan de traitement

L’objectif principal visait le r�ealignement des dents a l’arcadesup�erieure par la d�erotation de la premi�ere pr�emolaire droiteet la m�esialisation de la canine gauche. Le second objectifconsistait a corriger la Classe II dentaire (bout a bout) desdeux cot�es afin de guider la canine vers son emplacementd�efinitif et d’am�eliorer l’occlusion.L’alignement dentaire a l’arcade sup�erieure serait obtenu aumoyen d’un appareil multi-attaches fixe de type straightwire etla correction de laClassemolaire et pr�emolaire le serait a l’aided’�elastiques intermaxillaires de Classe II.

[(Fig._14)TD$FIG]

Fig. 14: a–e: intra-oral initial photos.Fig. 14 : a–e : vues intra-orales de d�ebut de traitement.

[(Fig._15)TD$FIG]

Fig. 15: Initial orthopantomography.Fig. 15 : Orthopantomographe de d�ebut de

traitement.

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A brief outline of treatment alternatives andmotivation for the plan selected

The idea of extracting the first upper premolars to create spacefor the ectopic canine and achieve canine Class I was rejected,as cephalometric analysis revealed retro-inclination of anupper incisor that would have been difficult to resolve bymeans of extractive treatment. Moreover, extraction couldhave worsened the already flattened profile of the youngpatient.For these reasons, a non-extractive treatment that would allowspace creation in the arch by means of slight proinclination ofthe upper incisors was preferred. Despite the conservativenature of this treatment plan, biomechanical difficultieslinked to movement of the canine root and right upper premo-lar were thorny issues. In fact, poor management of the posi-tion of the canine root could have led to its contact with that ofthe adjacent first premolar or the labial cortex, thereby slow-ing the dental movement or resulting in root resorption. Thus,derotation of the right upper first premolar was postponed untilthe canine had been mesialized.

Appliances

A straight-wire appliance with 0.022 � 0.02500 slot was fittedto both arches. Derotation of the first premolar was performedby means of an elastic chain stretching between the firstpremolar and first molar. Medial rotation of the first molarwas executed using an open-coil spring stretching from thecanine. In this way, first premolar derotation and caninemesialization were achieved with minimal adverse effects.

Bref survol des diff�erentes options de traitement etexplication du choix du plan adopt�e

L’option pr�evoyant l’extraction des premi�eres pr�emolairessup�erieures pour cr�eer de l’espace pour la canine ectopiqueet l’obtention d’une Classe I canine a �et�e �ecart�ee puisquel’analyse c�ephalom�etrique a r�ev�el�e la r�etroversion d’une inci-sive sup�erieure qu’il aurait �et�e difficile de corriger au moyend’extractions. De plus, des extractions auraient aggrav�e leprofil d�eja plat de cette jeune patiente.De ce fait, nous avons pr�ef�er�e un traitement sans extractionsqui permettrait de cr�eer de l’espace par le biais d’une l�eg�erevestibulo-version des incisives sup�erieures. Malgr�e le car-act�ere conservateur de ce plan de traitement, les difficult�esbiom�ecaniques li�ees au d�eplacement de la racine de la canineauraient pu aboutir a un contact entre cette dent et la racine dela premi�ere pr�emolaire voisine ou avec la corticale vestibu-laire, ce qui aurait pu ralentir le mouvement dentaire ou pro-voquer une rhizalyse. Ainsi, la d�erotation de la premi�erepr�emolaire sup�erieure a �et�e report�ee en attendant lam�esialisation de la canine.

Appareils

Un appareil straightwire avec une lumi�ere de 0,022 � 0,02500 a�et�e pos�e aux deux arcades. La d�erotation de la premi�erepr�emolaire a �et�e r�ealis�ee a l’aide d’une chaınette �elastiqueentre la premi�ere pr�emolaire et la premi�eremolaire. La rotationm�esiale de la premi�ere molaire a �et�e corrig�ee en utilisant unressort h�elicoıdal ouvert comprim�e en distal de la canine. Decette facon, la d�erotation de la premi�ere pr�emolaire et lam�esialisation de la canine ont pu etre obtenues avec un mini-mum d’effets ind�esirables.

[(Fig._16)TD$FIG]

Fig. 16: a, b: Initial cephalometric analysis.Fig. 16 : a, b : analyse c�ephalom�etrique de d�ebut de traitement.

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Alignment was performed initially with a 0.01400 NiTi arch-wire (fig. 17) and subsequently with a 0.01600 NiTi archwire(fig. 18). Levelling was obtained using 0.019 � 0.02500 NiTiarchwires (fig. 19). OPT performed before the subsequentapplication of steel wires indicated the need for rebracketingon teeth 13, 14, 23 and 25 (fig. 20).Correction of the Class II was achieved using Class II elasticson 0.019 � 0.02500 steel archwires. Correct torque wasobtained on the right upper canine and first premolar bymeans of third-order bends on the wire.

L’alignement a �et�e r�ealis�e initialement avec un fil 0,01400 enNiTi (fig. 17) et ult�erieurement avec un fil 0,01600 en NiTi (fig.18). Le nivellement a �et�e achev�e utilisant des fils0,019 � 0,02500 NiTi (fig. 19). L’OPTobtenu avant l’applicationdes fils en acier a montr�e qu’il �etait n�ecessaire de reposition-ner les brackets des 13, 14, 23 et 25 (fig. 20).La correction de la Classe II a �et�e r�ealis�ee en utilisant des�elastiques de Classe II accroch�es sur des arcs en acier. Letorque appropri�e a �et�e obtenu a la canine droite sup�erieure eta la premi�ere pr�emolaire en r�ealisant des pliures du troisi�emeordre sur le fil.

[(Fig._17)TD$FIG]

Fig. 17: 0.01400 NiTi archwire.Fig. 17 : Fil 0,01400 en NiTi.

[(Fig._18)TD$FIG]

Fig. 18: 0.01600 NiTi archwire.Fig. 18 : Fil 0,01600 en NiTi.

[(Fig._19)TD$FIG]

Fig. 19: 0.019 � 0.02500 NiTi archwires.Fig. 19 : Fils 0,019 � 0,02500 en NiTi.

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Results

Correct alignment of the two arches was achieved, and theupper incisors were slightly pro-inclined so that the correct tiphad been obtained by the end of treatment. The median lineswere centred and a correct Class I relationship was achievedwithout significant alterations in profile (figs. 21–24).

Retention

Splinting of lower incisors and canines, Hawley retainer on theupper arch.

R�esultats

L’alignement des deux arcades a �et�e r�ealis�e correctement etles incisives sup�erieures ont �et�e l�eg�erement vestibulo-vers�eespour obtenir une inclinaison correcte en fin de traitement. Leslignes m�edianes ont �et�e centr�ees et une bonne relation deClasse I a �et�e obtenue sans modification significative du profil(fig. 21–24).

Contention

Fil lingual coll�e sur les incisives et les canines inf�erieures etplaque de Hawley a l’arcade sup�erieure.

[(Fig._20)TD$FIG]

Fig. 20: OPT performed before the subse-quent application of steel wires.Fig. 20 : OPT r�ealis�e avant la pose des fils en

acier.

[(Fig._21)TD$FIG]

Fig. 21: a–c: extra-oral final photos.Fig. 21 : a–c : vues extra-orales de fin de traitement.

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[(Fig._22)TD$FIG]

Fig. 22: a–e: intra-oral final photos.Fig. 22 : a–e : vues intra-orales de fin de traitement.

[(Fig._23)TD$FIG]

Fig. 23: Final orthopantomography.Fig. 23 : Orthopantomographe de fin de

traitement.

[(Fig._24)TD$FIG]

Fig. 24: a, b: final cephalometric analysis.Fig. 24 : a, b : analyse c�ephalom�etrique de fin de traitement.

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Final considerations on the case

Non-extractive treatment gave good occlusal and aestheticoutcomes in 20 months. Favourable growth simplified correc-tion of the Class II relationship. The greatest difficulty, i.e.managing the torque on teeth 13 and 14, was resolved using a0� torque prescription on the canine and labial root torquebends on the archwire at the first premolar.

Case no. 3

Diagnosis

Skeletal Class III malocclusion in a long face patient (18 yearsold) with maxillary retrusion and mandibular protrusion.Facial photographs showed maxillary and mandibular asym-metry (fig. 25). Intra-oral clinical examination showed dentalClass I on the left side and a head-to-head relationship (ClassII) on the right. Slight crowding was present in the anteriorsector of the lower arch, while the upper arch was constrictedand there is no space for upper right canine. The upper dentalmedian line was severely displaced towards the right withrespect to the facial but it is correct relative to the lower dentalmidline. The right upper canine was ectopic and located farabove the occlusal plane (fig. 26).

Derni�eres r�eflexions concernant le cas

Le traitement sans extractions a donn�e de bons r�esultatsocclusaux et esth�etiques en 20 mois. La croissance a favoris�eet simplifi�e la correction de la relation de Classe II. La difficult�ela plus importante, a savoir le controle du torque des 13 et 14,a �et�e surmont�ee a l’aide d’une prescription de torque de 0� surla canine et des pliures de torque radiculo-vestibulaire plac�eessur le fil au niveau de la premi�ere pr�emolaire.

Cas no 3

Diagnostic

Une malocclusion de Classe III squelettique chez un patienthyperdivergent (18 ans) avec r�etrusion maxillaire et protru-sion mandibulaire. Les vues de face montrent une asym�etriemaxillaire et mandibulaire (fig. 25). L’examen clinique intra-oral r�ev�ele une Classe I dentaire du cot�e gauche et unerelation en bout a bout de Classe II du cot�e droit. Un l�egerencombrement est visible sur le secteur ant�erieur de l’arcadeinf�erieure alors que la contraction de l’arcade sup�erieurene laisse pas d’espace pour la canine sup�erieure droite. Laligne m�ediane sup�erieure est s�ev�erement d�evi�ee a droite parrapport au visage mais est align�ee par rapport a la lignem�ediane dentaire inf�erieure. La canine droite sup�erieure estectopique et se trouve positionn�ee tr�es au-dessus du planocclusal (fig. 26).

[(Fig._25)TD$FIG]

Fig. 25: a–c: extra-oral initial photos.Fig. 25 : a–c : vues extra-orales de d�ebut de traitement.

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OPT confirmed the presence in the arch of all teeth except forthe upper and left lower third molars, which were still noterupted (fig. 27).

Teleradiography showed sagittal skeletal Class III relation-ships in a hyperdivergent subject with a correct inclination ofthe upper and lower incisors (fig. 28).

Aims and treatment plan

The aims were correction of the transversal upper arch con-striction and the upper right canine space creation withoutexcessive proinclination of the lower incisors or profile dete-rioration, achieving Class I on the right side, and centring theupper median line with face.

L’OPT confirme la pr�esence a l’arcade de toutes les dentsa l’exception des troisi�emes molaires sup�erieures et de latroisi�eme molaire gauche inf�erieure qui n’ont pas encore faitleur �eruption (fig. 27).La t�el�eradiographie r�ev�ele des relations sagittales de ClasseIII squelettique chez ce patient hyperdivergent avec une incli-naison satisfaisante des incisives sup�erieures et inf�erieures(fig. 28).

Objectifs et plan de traitement

Les objectifs �etaient de corriger la constriction de l’arcadesup�erieure dans le plan transversal et de cr�eer de l’espacepour la canine droite sup�erieure en �evitant de trop vestibulo-verser les incisives inf�erieures et de d�egrader le profil. Nouscherchions �egalement l’obtention d’une Classe I du cot�e droitet le centrage de la ligne m�ediane par rapport au visage.

[(Fig._26)TD$FIG]

Fig. 26: a–e: intra-oral initial photos.Fig. 26 : a–e : vues intra-orales de d�ebut de traitement.

[(Fig._27)TD$FIG]

Fig. 27: Initial ortopantomography.Fig. 27 : Orthopantomographe de d�ebut de

traitement.

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A brief outline of treatment alternatives andmotivation for the plan selected

The patient was offered the choice of two treatment options,the first of which entailed a combined surgical orthodontictreatment after the extraction of four premolars. Upper andlower first premolar extraction would create the space fordental alignment without incisor proinclination.

Even if the combined surgical orthodontic treatment was thebest solution, the patient refused it, and the second treatmentoption was selected. This involved a dental compensation: thecreation of space for the ectopic canine by upper arch expan-sion re-establishing the torque on the upper right molars andpremolars, thereby correcting the arch form, and performinginterproximal reduction. The upper molars and premolarswere scheduled for distalization via correction of their exces-sive positive tip using Class II elastics, thereby permittingachievement of molar Class I on the right side.

Appliances

A straight-wire fixed multibracket appliance with slot0.022 � 0.02800 was applied to all teeth after a first phase ofslow dental maxillary expansion was realized by a palatalexpander.After obtaining the right torque on upper molar and premolarsa 150-g nickel-titanium spring on a 0.01400 NiTi archwire wasemployed to create space for the right upper canine (fig. 29).After space creation, a 0.01200 NiTi wire was fitted in order toreduce binding [10](fig. 30). Subsequently, a superelastic0.01600 (fig. 31) and 0.019 � 0.02500 rectangular-section

Bref survol des diff�erentes options de traitement etexplication du choix du plan adopt�e

Nous avons propos�e deux options de traitement au patient. Lapremi�ere consistait en un traitement combin�e chirurgie/ortho-dontie apr�es l’extraction de quatre pr�emolaires. L’extractiondes premi�eres pr�emolaires sup�erieures et inf�erieures auraitcr�e�e l’espace n�ecessaire pour permettre l’alignement desdents sans vestibulo-version des incisives.Malgr�e le fait que ce traitement combin�e chirurgie/orthodontieoffrait lameilleure solution, le patient l’a d�eclin�e en faveur de ladeuxi�eme option. Celle-ci consistait en une compensationdento-alv�eolaire selon laquelle l’espace cr�e�e pour recevoir lacanine ectopique par l’expansion de l’arcade sup�erieure per-mettrait de r�etablir le torque des molaires et pr�emolaires dusegment sup�erieur droit, corrigeant ainsi la forme de l’arcade.Une r�eduction am�elo-proximale �etait �egalement pr�evue. Il �etaitpr�evu aussi de distaler les molaires et pr�emolairessup�erieures en corrigeant leur inclinaison m�esiale excessivea l’aide d’�elastiques de Classe II, ce qui permettrait d’obtenirune relation de Classe I molaire du cot�e droit.

Appareils

Un appareil multi-attache fixe de type straightwire avec unelumi�ere en 0,022 � 0,02800 a �et�e mis en place sur toutes lesdents apr�es une premi�ere phase d’expansion lente de l’arcademaxillaire obtenue grace a l’utilisation d’un disjoncteur palatin.Une fois obtenu le torque appropri�e aux molaires et pr�emo-laires sup�erieures, un ressort 150 g en NiTi attach�e a un fil0,01400 en NiTi a �et�e employ�e pour cr�eer l’espace de la caninedroite sup�erieure (fig. 29). Apr�es cr�eation de cet espace, un fil0,01200 en NiTi a �et�e plac�e afin de r�eduire le frottement [10](fig. 30). Ult�erieurement, un fil 0,01600 (fig. 31) super �elastique

[(Fig._28)TD$FIG]

Fig. 28: a, b: initial cephalometric analysis.Fig. 28 : a, b : analyse c�ephalom�etrique de d�ebut de traitement.

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NiTi wire permitted torque control and refinement of thelevelling (fig. 32). Finally, Class II elastics in conjunctionwith 0.019 � 0.02500 steel archwires were applied to the leftside (fig. 33). Five degree of radicular labial torque was addedon the 0.019 � 0.02500 SS arch wire to upper right lateralincisor in order to correct the excessive crown proinclinationdue to the tooth initial position.

et un fil 0,019 � 0,02500 rectangulaire en NiTi ont permis decontroler le torque et de parfaire le nivellement (fig. 32). Enfin,des �elastiques intermaxillaires de Classe II, en associationavec des fils 0,019 � 0,02500 en acier, ont �et�e plac�es du cot�egauche (fig. 33). Cinq degr�es de torque radiculo-vestibulaireont �et�e ajout�es au fil 0,019 � 0,02500 en acier au niveau del’incisive lat�erale sup�erieure droite afin de corriger la versioncorono-vestibulaire excessive due a la position initiale de cettedent.

[(Fig._29)TD$FIG]

Fig. 29: a–c: 150 g nickel-titanium spring on a 0.01400 NiTi archwire.Fig. 29 : a–c : ressort de 150 g en nickel-titane sur un arc 0,01400 en NiTi.

[(Fig._30)TD$FIG]

Fig. 30: a–c: 0.01200 NiTi wire.Fig. 30 : a–c : fil 0,01200 en NiTi.

[(Fig._31)TD$FIG]

Fig. 31: A superelastic 0.01600 NiTi wire.Fig. 31 : Fil super �elastique 0,01600 en NiTi.

[(Fig._32)TD$FIG]

Fig. 32: 0.019 � 0.02500 NiTi wire.Fig. 32 : Fil 0,019 � 0,02500 en NiTi.

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Results

Maxillary and mandibular asymmetry remained. Mandibularprotrusion was not changed (fig. 34) but space for the ectopiccanine was effectively created and the upper and lowermedian lines were centred respect to the face. Correction ofthe molar class on the right side was achieved with littleproinclination of the upper and lower incisors after 24 monthstreatment (figs. 35–37).

R�esultats

L’asym�etrie maxillo-mandibulaire a persist�e. La vestibulo-ver-sion mandibulaire n’a pas chang�e (fig. 34) mais l’espacerequis pour la canine ectopique a �et�e effectivement cr�e�e etles lignes m�edianes sup�erieure et inf�erieure ont �et�e centr�eespar rapport au visage. Nous avons pu corriger la Classemolaire du cot�e droit avec peu de vestibulo-version des inci-sives inf�erieures apr�es 24 mois de traitement (fig. 35–37).

[(Fig._33)TD$FIG]

Fig. 33: a–f: 0.019 � 0.02500 steel archwires.Fig. 33 : a–f : fils 0,019 � 0,02500 en acier.

[(Fig._34)TD$FIG]

Fig. 34: a–c: extra-oral final photos.Fig. 34 : a–c : vues extra-orales de fin de traitement.

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[(Fig._36)TD$FIG]

Fig. 36: Final Orthopantomography.Fig. 36 : Orthopantomographe de fin de

traitement.

[(Fig._35)TD$FIG]

Fig. 35: a–f: intra-oral final photos.Fig. 35 : a–f : vues intra-orales de fin de traitement.

[(Fig._37)TD$FIG]

Fig. 37: a, b: final cephalometric analysis.Fig. 37 : a, b : analyse c�ephalom�etrique de fin de traitement.

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Retention

Splinting of lower incisors and canines, Hawley retainer on theupper arch.

Final considerations on the case

Even if the patient refused the combined surgical orthodontictreatment and a good aesthetic facial result was not obtained,the orthodontic treatment allowed to obtain a functional occlu-sion without the premolar extraction and the smile appearancewas improved.

Case no. 4

Diagnosis

Skeletal Class III malocclusion in a young male patient (11,8years old) with maxillary retrusion (fig. 38). The patientshowed a mixed dentition and a bilateral Class III molarmalocclusion. There is a lateral and anterior cross bite.Upper right canine was ectopic erupted near the upper centralright incisor while left upper canine was only partially erupted(fig. 39). Upper dental midline seems to be shifted toward theleft side. Intra-oral occlusal photos showed the amount of thecrowding especially in the upper arch. Also upper lateralincisors were ectopic erupted in the palate just behind centralincisors (fig. 40). Teleradiography showed sagittal skeletalClass III relationships in a normofacial subject whit upperand lower incisors lingual inclination (fig. 41).

Contention

Fil lingual coll�e sur les incisives et les canines inf�erieures etplaque de Hawley a l’arcade sup�erieure.

Derni�eres r�eflexions concernant le cas

Malgr�e le refus par le patient du traitement combin�e chirurgie/orthodontie et l’absence d’un bon r�esultat esth�etique facial, letraitement orthodontique a permis d’obtenir un sourire plusagr�eable de meme qu’une occlusion fonctionnelle sansextraction des pr�emolaires.

Cas no 4

Diagnostic

Une malocclusion de Classe III squelettique chez un jeunepatient de 18 ans et huit mois pr�esentant une r�etrusion maxi-llaire (fig. 38). Le patient est en dentitionmixte et pr�esente unemalocclusion molaire de Classe III bilat�erale. On rel�eve�egalement une occlusion invers�ee lat�erale et ant�erieure. Lacanine droite sup�erieure est ectopique ayant �evolu�e pr�es del’incisive centrale sup�erieure droite alors que la caninesup�erieure gauche n’a fait qu’une �eruption partielle (fig. 39).La ligne m�ediane sup�erieure semble s’etre d�eplac�ee vers lagauche. Les clich�es intra-oraux de l’occlusion montrent las�ev�erit�e de l’encombrement, surtout a l’arcade sup�erieure.Les incisives lat�erales sup�erieures sont ectopiques ayant�emerg�e en palatin, juste derri�ere les incisives centrales(fig. 40). La t�el�eradiographie montre les relations de Classe

[(Fig._38)TD$FIG]

Fig. 38: a–c: extra-oral initial photos.Fig. 38 : a–c : vues extra-orales de d�ebut de traitement.

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Aims and treatment plan

The aims were to extract deciduous teeth and to expand theupper arch in the first phase of the treatment. After obtainingthese results, teeth alignment and archwire coordination mustbe realised in order to compensate the skeletal Class IIImalocclusion and improve facial and dental aesthetic appea-rance of the patient.

Appliances

After the maxillary expansion by RPE, the anterior cross bitespontaneously disappeared and fixed multibracket appliancewith slot 0.022 � 0.02800 was applied in the upper arch. Tocreate space for the upper lateral incisor and to distalize the

III squelettique dans le plan sagittal chez ce patient normodi-vergent avec des incisives sup�erieures et inf�erieures en lin-guo-version (fig. 41).

Objectifs et plan de traitement

Les objectifs �etaient d’extraire les dents de lait et d’�elargirl’arcade sup�erieure en premi�ere phase de traitement. Une foisces objectifs atteints, il fallait aligner les dents et coordonnerles arcs orthodontiques afin de compenser la Classe III sque-lettique et d’am�eliorer l’esth�etique faciale et dentaire dupatient.

Appareils

Apr�es l’expansion maxillaire utilisant un appareil de disjonc-tion rapide, l’articul�e invers�e ant�erieur a disparu spontan�e-ment et un appareil multi-attaches fixe avec une lumi�ere en0,022 � 0,02800 a �et�e mis en place a l’arcade sup�erieure. Pour

[(Fig._39)TD$FIG]

Fig. 39: a–e: intra-oral initial photos.Fig. 39 : a–e : vues intra-orales de d�ebut de traitement.

[(Fig._40)TD$FIG]

Fig. 40: Initial orthopantomography.Fig. 40 : Orthopantomographe en d�ebut de

traitement.

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upper canines, a 150 g nickel-titanium spring on a 0.01400NiTi archwire was employed (fig. 42). The alignment wasobtained by a 0.01200 NiTi wire and upper right lateral incisorwas ligated only on the distal tie wing of the bracket in order toreduce binding [10](fig. 43). Subsequently, brackets were

cr�eer de l’espace pour recevoir l’incisive lat�erale sup�erieure etpour distaler les canines sup�erieures, un ressort de 150 g enNiTi ins�er�e sur a un fil 0,01400 NiTi a �et�e install�e (fig. 42).L’alignement a pu etre r�ealis�e avec un fil 0,01400 en NiTi etl’incisive lat�erale droite maxillaire a �et�e ligatur�ee uniquement

[(Fig._41)TD$FIG]

Fig. 41: a, b: initial cephalometric analysis.Fig. 41 : a, b : analyse c�ephalom�etrique de d�ebut de traitement.

[(Fig._42)TD$FIG]

Fig. 42: 150 g nickel-titanium spring on a0.01400 NiTi archwire.Fig. 42 : Ressort de 150 g en nickel-titane sur

un arc 0,01400 en NiTi.

[(Fig._43)TD$FIG]

Fig. 43: 0.01200 NiTi wire.Fig. 43 : Fil 0,01200 en NiTi.

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applied also on the lower arch and in 8 months from the start ofthe treatment a superelastic 0.019 � 0.02500 rectangular-sec-tion NiTi wire started torque control. Brackets on upper lateralincisor were rotated of 180� to create a labial root torque (fig.44). Class III elastics were used on 0.019 � 0.02500 SS arch-wire and, after an OPT (fig. 45), some finishing bends weremade to change upper and lower canines tip (fig. 46).

Results

Facial aesthetic improved. The smile is quite nice and profileis acceptable (fig. 47). Intra-oral view shows the Class I molarand canine, the correct dental alignment and the correction ofmidline deviation (fig. 48). OPT showed the root parallelismwhile the cephalometric tracing demonstrated the improve-

par l’ailette distale du bracket afin de r�eduire le frottement [10](fig. 43). Ensuite, les brackets ont �et�e pos�es a l’arcadeinf�erieure et 8 mois apr�es le d�ebut du traitement, un fil0,019 � 0,02500 super �elastique rectangulaire a pu initier lecontrole du torque. Les brackets sur les incisives lat�eralesmaxillaires ont �et�e tourn�es de 180� afin de cr�eer un torqueradiculo-vestibulaire (fig. 44). Des �elastiques de Classe III ont�et�e utilis�es sur un fil 0,019 � 0,02500 en acier et, a la suite d’unOPT (fig. 45), quelques pliures de finition ont �et�e ajout�eespour modifier la version des canines sup�erieures et inf�erieures(fig. 46).

R�esultats

L’esth�etique faciale est meilleure. Le sourire est assez beau etle profil est acceptable (fig. 47). Les vues endo-orales mon-trent une Classe I molaire et canine, un alignement dentairesatisfaisant et la correction de la d�eviation de la ligne m�ediane(fig. 48). L’OPTmontre le parall�elisme radiculaire alors que le

[(Fig._44)TD$FIG]

Fig. 44: a–c: brackets on upper lateral incisor were rotated of 180� to create a labial root torque.Fig. 44 : a–c : les brackets sur les incisives lat�erales sup�erieures ont �et�e retourn�es de 180� pour cr�eer un torque radiculo-vestibulaire.

[(Fig._45)TD$FIG]

Fig. 45: OPT after SS archwire.Fig. 45 : OPTapr�es le fil en acier.

[(Fig._46)TD$FIG]

Fig. 46: a–c: finishing bends were made to change upper and lower canines tip.Fig. 46 : a–c : pliures de finitions plac�ees pour modifier l’inclinaison des canines sup�erieures et inf�erieures.

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ment in the upper and lower inclination and in the profile ofupper jaw (figs. 49 and 50).

Retention

Removable retainer on the lower arch, Hawley retainer on theupper arch.

trac�e c�ephalom�etrique illustre l’am�elioration des inclinaisonssup�erieure et inf�erieure ainsi que celle du profil maxillaire((fig. 49 et 50).

Contention

Contention amovible a l’arcade inf�erieure, plaque de Hawleya l’arcade sup�erieure.

[(Fig._47)TD$FIG]

Fig. 47: a–c: extra-oral final photos.Fig. 47 : a–c : vues extra-orales de fin de traitement.

[(Fig._48)TD$FIG]

Fig. 48: a–e: intra-oral final photos.Fig. 48 : a–e : vues intra-orales de fin de traitement.

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Final considerations on the case

In spite of the crowding and ectopic position of upper caninesand lateral incisors, a good alignment and an improvement ofaesthetic appearance was obtained only with a conventionaltreatment by RPE and fixed appliance. The NiTi coil springand the 0.01200 NiTi wire align the teeth without side effects onthe anchorage teeth. The final result is quite good even if thetorque control on upper lateral incisor is not perfect due to theinitial ectopic position.

Discussion and conclusion

Numerous authors have stated that the main advantages ofself-ligating brackets are: creation of alveolar bone, lessproinclination of the incisors, less need for extraction [9],more efficient sliding mechanics [7], reduced treatmenttimes, reduced chair-side times [11], better infection

Derni�eres r�eflexions concernant le cas

Malgr�e l’encombrement et la position ectopique des caninessup�erieures et des incisives lat�erales sup�erieures, un aligne-ment satisfaisant et une am�elioration de l’esth�etique ont puetre obtenus grace au seul traitement conventionnel par dis-jonction rapide et un appareil fixe. Le ressort h�elicoıdal en NiTiet le fil 0,01200 en NiTi ont permis d’aligner la denture sanseffets ind�esirables au niveau des dents d’ancrage. Le r�esultatfinal est assez bon meme si le controle du torque des incisiveslat�erales sup�erieures n’est pas parfait en raison de la positionectopique initiale.

Discussion et conclusion

De nombreux auteurs ont affirm�e que les avantages princi-paux des brackets autoligaturants sont : la cr�eation d’osalv�eolaire, moins de vestibulo-version des incisives, moinsd’extractions [9], une m�ecanique de glissement plus efficace[7], des temps de traitement r�eduits, un temps pass�e au

[(Fig._50)TD$FIG]

Fig. 50: a, b: final cephalometric analysis.Fig. 50 : a, b : analyse c�ephalom�etrique de fin de traitement.

[(Fig._49)TD$FIG]

Fig. 49: Final orthopantomography.Fig. 49 : Orthopantomographe de fin de

traitement.

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Ectopic canine control with conventional bracketsControle des canines ectopiques avec des brackets conventionnels

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control [12], less patient discomfort [13] and better oralhygiene [12,14].

Nevertheless, Stephanie Shih-Hsuan Chen et al. [2], in theirsystematic review, concluded that scientific evidence provingthe clinical superiority of self-ligating appliances is lacking,except in the case of a demonstrated lesser labial proinclina-tion of the incisors (1.5�). Furthermore, the same reviewreported several infrequently mentioned disadvantages ofself-ligating brackets: greater cost, potential clip breakage,larger labiolingual profile and greater difficult in the finishingphase. Moreover, Morina et al. [15] provided experimentalevidence that self-ligating brackets express torque less effi-ciently than their conventional counterparts.

However, the recent boom in popularity of self-ligating brack-ets has also been accompanied by innovations in nickel-tita-nium archwires, offering different shapes and greater elastic-ity, and new aesthetic ideals [16]. Nowadays, the use of nickel-titanium springs and very thin wires in the first stages oftreatment, the reduced dimensions of modern brackets [17]and new insights into friction and binding [18] allow faster andmore efficient alignment. Thus, in the absence of scientificproof of the superiority of self-ligating brackets, it is good toknow that the association of these new tools and the newdiagnostic criteria with conventional brackets and elastic ormetallic ligatures give excellent results to be achieved in arational and relatively cheap fashion.

Disclosure of interest

The author declares that he has no conflicts of interest con-cerning this article.

fauteuil r�eduit [11], une maıtrise plus efficace des infections[12], une r�eduction de l’inconfort pour le patient [13] et unemeilleure hygi�ene buccodentaire [12–14].N�eanmoins, Stephanie Shih-Hsuan Chen et al. [2], dans leurrevue syst�ematique, ont conclu que la preuve scientifique de lasup�eriorit�e clinique des appareils autoligaturants n’a pas �et�eapport�ee, sauf dans le cas de la r�eduction de la vestibulo-version des incisives qui a �et�e effectivement d�emontr�ee(1,5�). Par ailleurs, la meme revue a rapport�e plusieurs incon-v�enients rarement soulev�es concernant les brackets auto-ligaturants : cout additionnel, possibilit�e de fractures des clips,�epaisseur labiolinguale plus importante, et des difficult�es sup-pl�ementaires lors de la phase de finition. De plus, Morina et al.[15] ont fourni des indications exp�erimentales montrant queles brackets autoligaturants expriment le torque moins effica-cement que les boıtiers conventionnels.Cependant, l’explosion de popularit�e r�ecente des bracketsautoligaturants a �egalement �et�e accompagn�ee d’innovationsen mati�ere de fils nickel-titane, qui offrent plus de formesdiff�erentes et une �elasticit�e plus grande ainsi que de nouveauxcanons esth�etiques [16]. De nos jours, l’utilisation de ressortsen nickel-titane associ�es a des fils ultrafins pendant les pre-miers stades du traitement, les dimensions r�eduites desbrackets modernes [17] et les nouvelles d�ecouvertes enmati�ere de friction et de frottement [18] permettent d’obtenirun alignement dentaire plus rapide et plus efficace. Aussi, enl’absence de preuves scientifiques de la sup�eriorit�e des brac-kets autoligaturants, il est utile de savoir que l’association deces nouveaux outils et des nouveaux crit�eres diagnostiquesaux brackets conventionnels et aux ligatures en m�etal ou en�elastique fournit d’excellents r�esultats obtenus d’une mani�ererationnelle et a un cout relativement abordable.

D�eclaration d’int�erets

L’auteur d�eclare ne pas avoir de conflits d’int�erets en relationavec cet article.

References/R�ef�erences

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14. Forsberg CM, Brattstrom V, Malmberg E, Nord CE. Ligature wires and elastomeric rings:two methods of ligation, and their association with microbial colonization of Streptococcusmutans and lactobacilli. Eur J Orthod 1991;13:416–20.

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