autism
TRANSCRIPT
AutismAutism
By Jack and JustinBy Jack and Justin
What is Autism?What is Autism?
Autism is a brain development Autism is a brain development disorder (Geschwind DH (2008). )disorder (Geschwind DH (2008). )
First appears during infancy or First appears during infancy or
childhoodchildhood
Generally follows a steady course Generally follows a steady course without remission (without remission (World Health World Health Organization (2006).Organization (2006). ) )
CausesCauses
The causes of autism are still The causes of autism are still unclearunclear
Probably caused by a combination of Probably caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. genetic and environmental factors. (Jo Rudy, 2009)(Jo Rudy, 2009)
CausesCauses
Two theories link autism and vaccines. Two theories link autism and vaccines. MMR (Mumps-Measles-Rubella) MMR (Mumps-Measles-Rubella)
vaccine may cause intestinal problems vaccine may cause intestinal problems leading to the development of autism. leading to the development of autism.
The second theory suggests that a The second theory suggests that a mercury-based preservative called mercury-based preservative called thimerosal, used in some vaccines, thimerosal, used in some vaccines, could be connected to autism. could be connected to autism.
(Jo Rudy, 2009)(Jo Rudy, 2009)
SymptomsSymptoms
Impairments in social interactionImpairments in social interaction Impairments in communicationImpairments in communication Restricted interestsRestricted interests Repetitive behavior. (Repetitive behavior. (Filipek, Filipek,
Accard, Baranek 1999)Accard, Baranek 1999)
CharacteristicsCharacteristics
Stereotypy -Stereotypy - is repetitive movement, is repetitive movement, such as hand flapping, making such as hand flapping, making sounds, head rolling, or body rocking. sounds, head rolling, or body rocking.
Compulsive behavior -Compulsive behavior - is intended is intended and appears to follow rules, such as and appears to follow rules, such as arranging objects in a stacks or lines. arranging objects in a stacks or lines.
Sameness - Sameness - is resistance to change; is resistance to change; for example, insisting that the for example, insisting that the furniture not be moved or refusing to furniture not be moved or refusing to be interrupted. be interrupted.
Ritualistic behavior -Ritualistic behavior - involves an involves an unvarying pattern of daily activities, unvarying pattern of daily activities, such as an unchanging menu or a such as an unchanging menu or a dressing ritual. dressing ritual.
Restricted behavior -Restricted behavior - is limited in is limited in focus, interest, or activity, such as focus, interest, or activity, such as preoccupation with a single preoccupation with a single television program, toy, or game. television program, toy, or game. Lam, Aman (2007)Lam, Aman (2007)
Types of AutismTypes of Autism
Autistic DisorderAutistic Disorder Asperger's DisorderAsperger's Disorder Pervasive Developmental Pervasive Developmental
Disorder-Not Otherwise SpecifiedDisorder-Not Otherwise Specified Rett's DisorderRett's Disorder Childhood Disintegrative Childhood Disintegrative
DisorderDisorder (American Psychiatric Association 1994)(American Psychiatric Association 1994)
Implications of Implications of developmentdevelopment
Social/EmotionalSocial/Emotional
Social interactionSocial interaction
Communication skills (verbal and Communication skills (verbal and non verbal)non verbal)
Leisure and play activities (Leisure and play activities (http://www.ourspecialkids.org/http://www.ourspecialkids.org/ 22/8/2009) 22/8/2009)
PhysicalPhysical Repeated body movementsRepeated body movements
Hand flappingHand flapping
Rocking (Rocking (((http://http://www.ourspecialkids.orgwww.ourspecialkids.org// 22/8/2009)) 22/8/2009))
CognitiveCognitive
Difficulty with the mental lives of others;Difficulty with the mental lives of others; autistic children typically treat others, autistic children typically treat others,
including caregivers, as "objects." including caregivers, as "objects." Have little understanding that others Have little understanding that others
may have different beliefs about the may have different beliefs about the world from their own world from their own Baron-Cohen et. Baron-Cohen et. al., 1985 Currie, 1995 al., 1985 Currie, 1995 http://www.stanford.edu/group/SHR/4-1/http://www.stanford.edu/group/SHR/4-1/text/currie.commentary.htmltext/currie.commentary.html 24/8/2009. 24/8/2009.
LanguageLanguage
Cause of speech and language Cause of speech and language problems in autism is unknownproblems in autism is unknown
difficulties result from a variety of difficulties result from a variety of conditions that occur either before, conditions that occur either before, during, or after birth affecting brain during, or after birth affecting brain development. development. http://autism.emedtv.com/autism/lanhttp://autism.emedtv.com/autism/language-development-in-autistic-childrguage-development-in-autistic-children.htmlen.html 24/8/2009 24/8/2009
Structural Modifications Structural Modifications
Check the location of the children Check the location of the children frequently frequently
Make sure all poisonous items are Make sure all poisonous items are stored securely. stored securely.
Attempt to offer the child a variety of Attempt to offer the child a variety of other materials to play with, such as other materials to play with, such as play dough, finger paints. play dough, finger paints. http://www.spiritlakeconsulting.com/http://www.spiritlakeconsulting.com/COPT/earlychildhood/classmod2.htmCOPT/earlychildhood/classmod2.htmll 24/8/2009 24/8/2009
Structural ModificationsStructural Modifications Repetition of instruction Repetition of instruction Rephrasing questionsRephrasing questions Redirection to activitiesRedirection to activities Modeling of task Modeling of task ReinforcementReinforcement Visual cues Visual cues Visual learning strategiesVisual learning strategies Sensory input Sensory input Verbal & visual prompts and cues, allow for Verbal & visual prompts and cues, allow for
movement, picture schedule and models movement, picture schedule and models http://www.bellaonline.com/articles/art35123.asphttp://www.bellaonline.com/articles/art35123.asp 23/8/200923/8/2009
Modifications to ProgramModifications to Program
Group time -Group time - Allow children to Allow children to learn the social rules and gradually learn the social rules and gradually be introduced to group time be introduced to group time routines.routines.
Outdoor play -Outdoor play - Check the location Check the location of the children frequently. Make of the children frequently. Make sure they are wearing hat, gloves sure they are wearing hat, gloves and other appropriate clothing for and other appropriate clothing for the weather.the weather.
Modification to programModification to program Play with others : Play with others : Imagination Imagination Turn taking Turn taking Building relationships Building relationships Imitation Imitation Appropriate language Appropriate language Tolerance to a variety of ways to play with Tolerance to a variety of ways to play with
toys toys Reciprocal interaction Reciprocal interaction Most of all to have fun.Most of all to have fun.
ResourcesResources
I LOVE MY BROTHER: A PRESCHOOLER'S VIEW OF LIVING WITH A BROTHER WHO HAS AUTISM (2001). By Connor Sullivan. Phat Art 4 Publishing. Aimed at preschoolers. ISBN: 0970658117 (hardcover, 24 pages)
KEISHA'S DOORS (2005). By Marvie Ellis. Part of the series An Autism Story Book. First in series; Bilingual in Spanish and English; Spanish title is Las Puertas de Keisha. Speech Kids Texas Press. For ages 4 through 8. http://www.speechkidstexaspress.com/; ISBN: 1933319003 (hardcover, 32 pages)
INCLUSIVE PROGRAMMING FOR ELEMENTARY STUDENTS WITH AUTISM. (1999). By Sheila Wagner. The Council for Exceptional Children (CEC), 1110 North Glebe Road, Suite 300, Arlington VA 22201. Winner of the Autism Society of America’s books of the year award in 2001. Voice phone: 703-620-3660; TTY phone: 866-915-5000; fax: 703-264-9494. E-mail: [email protected]; Website: http://www.cec.sped.org
WHY CAN'T CHARLIE TALK? (2004). By Debbi Spencer. Perth: Miss Muffet Books. For ages 4 through 8. http://www.q-net.net.au/~deevee/MissMuffetBooks.htm; ISBN: 0646437437 (paperback, 30 pages). http://new.gbgm-umc.org/umcor/media/pdfs%20health/autismresources.pdf 23/8/2009
Partnership with Partnership with FamiliesFamilies
It is incredibly important that It is incredibly important that there is constant communication there is constant communication with the families involved.with the families involved.
Caregivers can inform us as Caregivers can inform us as about the child’s routines at about the child’s routines at home.home.
This makes the transitions This makes the transitions through the day and settling in through the day and settling in easier for the child.easier for the child.
Partnership with Partnership with FamiliesFamilies
Topics that should be coveredTopics that should be covered
Their daily routineTheir daily routine
Comfort itemsComfort items
If they have any rituals at rest If they have any rituals at rest times.times.
Partnership with Partnership with FamiliesFamilies
Make the centre seem as familiar and Make the centre seem as familiar and comforting to the child as possible.comforting to the child as possible.
Comfort items from homeComfort items from home Pictures of their familyPictures of their family Having communication between the Having communication between the
child at the centre and their parents child at the centre and their parents Having a open door policy Having a open door policy Converse with the child about their Converse with the child about their
home life, their interests and familiar home life, their interests and familiar topics.topics.
ReferencesReferences Filipek PA, Accardo PJ, Baranek (1999). "The screening and diagnosis of autistic Filipek PA, Accardo PJ, Baranek (1999). "The screening and diagnosis of autistic
spectrum disorders". J Autism Dev Disord 29 (6): 439–84. spectrum disorders". J Autism Dev Disord 29 (6): 439–84. http://http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autismen.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism (First Accessed 23/8/2009) (First Accessed 23/8/2009)
Geschwind DH (2008). "Autism: many genes, common pathways?". Cell 135 (3): 391–5. Geschwind DH (2008). "Autism: many genes, common pathways?". Cell 135 (3): 391–5. http://http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autismen.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism (First Accessed 23/8/2009) (First Accessed 23/8/2009) http://autism.emedtv.com/autism/language-development-in-autistic-children.htmlhttp://autism.emedtv.com/autism/language-development-in-autistic-children.html (first (first
accessed 23/8/2009)accessed 23/8/2009) http://http://books.google.com/books?idbooks.google.com/books?id=XQzIIcu7wxcC&pg=PA268&lpg=PA268&dq==XQzIIcu7wxcC&pg=PA268&lpg=PA268&dq=
group+time+activities+autism&sourcegroup+time+activities+autism&source==bl&otsbl&ots=JIz57iEjoF&sig=D3Qkv6PDO-4_qxpNv6cZzclzA68&hl==JIz57iEjoF&sig=D3Qkv6PDO-4_qxpNv6cZzclzA68&hl=en&eien&ei=DyWSSru-GsKJkQXakaS7Cg&sa==DyWSSru-GsKJkQXakaS7Cg&sa=X&oiX&oi==book_result&ctbook_result&ct==result&resnumresult&resnum=2#v==2#v=onepage&qonepage&q=group%20time%20activities%20autism&f=false=group%20time%20activities%20autism&f=false (first accessed 23/8/2009) (first accessed 23/8/2009)
http://new.gbgm-umc.org/umcor/media/pdfs%20health/autismresources.pdf (first http://new.gbgm-umc.org/umcor/media/pdfs%20health/autismresources.pdf (first accessed 23/8/2009)accessed 23/8/2009)
http://www.bellaonline.com/articles/art35123.asp (first accessed 23/8/2009)http://www.bellaonline.com/articles/art35123.asp (first accessed 23/8/2009) Lam KSL, Aman MG (2007). "The Repetitive Behavior Scale-Revised: independent Lam KSL, Aman MG (2007). "The Repetitive Behavior Scale-Revised: independent
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World Health Organization (2006). "F84. Pervasive developmental disorders". World Health Organization (2006). "F84. Pervasive developmental disorders". International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (10th International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (10th (ICD-10) ed.).(ICD-10) ed.).
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism (First Accessed 23/8/2009)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism (First Accessed 23/8/2009)