autism
TRANSCRIPT
Autism
Nasim Badarna UPJS, kosice 2015-2016
• autism spectrum disorders (ASD), otherwise known as autism, is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by
• children demonstrate deficits in three primary areas:1. Social interaction2. Verbal and nonverbal communication, and3. Repetitive behaviors or interests
• can often be detected by the age of 3 years.
• Parents are usually the first to notice the unusual behaviors.
• In some cases, the baby seemed “different” from birth, unresponsive to people or focusing intently on one item for long periods of time.
• The risk is 3-4 times higher in males than females.
• Autism affects one in every 110 children.
• While autism is highly heritable, researchers suspect both environmental and genetic factors as causes.
• in rare cases, autism is strongly associated with agents that cause birth defects.
Autism spectrum
• describes a range of conditions in the fifth revision of the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 5th edition (DSM-5).
• diagnoses of Asperger syndrome, pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS), and childhood disintegrative disorder.
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Autism spectrum
• pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS):• often called atypical autism because the criteria for autistic disorder are not met, for instance because of late age of onset, atypical symptomatology or all of these.
• Asperger syndrome• which lacks delays in cognitive development and language.Symptoms usually begin before two years old and can last for a person's entire life.
Symptoms - Social development
• Autistic infants show less attention to social stimuli, smile and look at others less often, and respond less to their own name.
• Autistic toddlers for example have less eye contact, and do not have the ability to use simple movements to express themselves, such as pointing at things.
• Older children and adults with ASD perform worse on tests of face and emotion recognition.
Symptoms - Social development
• Children with high-functioning autism suffer from more intense and frequent loneliness compared to non-autistic peers, despite the common belief that children with autism prefer to be alone.
• Making and maintaining friendships is often difficult for those with autism.
Symptoms - Repetitive behavior
• symptoms gradually begin after the age of six months, become established by age two or three years, and tend to continue through adulthood
• Autistic individuals display many forms of repetitive or restricted behavior, categorizes as follows.
• 1) Stereotypy is repetitive movement, such as hand flapping, head rolling, or body rocking.
Symptoms - Repetitive behavior
• 2) Compulsive behavior is intended to follow rules, such as arranging objects in stacks or lines.
Symptoms - Repetitive behavior
• 3) Self-injury includes movements that injure or can injure the person, such as eye-poking, hand-biting and head-banging
Symptoms - Repetitive behavior
• 4) Restricted behavior is limited in focus, interest, or activity, such as preoccupation with a single television program, toy or game.
Symptoms - Communication
• 1/3 -1/2 of individuals with autism do not develop enough natural speech to meet their daily communication needs.
• Children with autism are less likely to make requests or share experiences.
• Other aspects, such as atypical eating, are also common but are not essential for diagnosis.
Management
• The main goal when treating children with autism is to increase quality of life and functional independence.
• Available approaches include applied behavior analysis (ABA), developmental models, structured teaching, speech and language therapy, social skills therapy, and occupational therapy.
• The movement of the autism rights has a goal to encourage people to be more tolerant of those with autism.
• this movement hope to cause others to think of autism as a difference instead of a disease.
References• Caronna EB, Milunsky JM, Tager-Flusberg H (2008). "Autism spectrum disorders: clinical and research frontiers". Arch Dis Child 93 (6): 518–23.
• Myers SM, Johnson CP (2007). "Management of children with autism spectrum disorders". Pediatrics 120 (5): 1162–82.
• Stefanatos GA (2008). "Regression in autistic spectrum disorders". Neuropsychol Rev 18 (4): 305–19.
• Thank you for your attention.