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![Page 1: Automatic Calibration for Log- normal Path Loss Model ... · PDF fileAutomatic Calibration for Log-normal Path Loss Model Based on Bluetooth Low Energy Beacons Maksim Shchekotov SPIIRAS,](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042611/5a7074da7f8b9ab1538bfb8e/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Automatic Calibration for Log-
normal Path Loss Model Based on Bluetooth Low Energy Beacons
Maksim Shchekotov
SPIIRAS, St.Petersburg, Russia
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Motivation
Indoor localization and navigation
Contextual information provision
Recommended information provision
Tracking
Statistical data aggregation and analysis
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Wireless technologies
Bluetooth
RFID
ZigBee
Mobile sensors Image-based tools
Indoor localization tools
Wi-Fi
Cellular signals
A-GPS
Indoor localization tools
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Indoor localization system
Context information Indoor navigation
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Bluetooth low energy beacons
• Low power consumption
• Low cost
• Compatibility with a number
of mobile phones,
tablets and computers
• Portability
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Intersection of proximity zones
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Indoor localization approaches
Triangulation
Time of arrival lateration
Time difference of
arrival lateration
Receive signal strength
lateration Fingerprinting
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RSS trilateration
r12 = (𝑥−𝑥1)2+ (𝑦−𝑦1)2
r2
2 = (𝑥−𝑥2)2+ (𝑦−𝑦2)2 r3
2 = (𝑥−𝑥3)2+ (𝑦−𝑦3)2
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Log-normal path loss model
RSSX
d
ddPLPRSS t
0
0 lg10)(
• RSS - the received signal strength dBm; • d - is the true distance from the sender to the receiver; • α is the path-loss exponent; • Pt - the transmit power of the sender in dBm; • PL(d0) - the power loss in dBm at a reference distance d0; • XσRSS - a random variable in dBm representing the noise in the measured RSS.
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Log-normal path loss model calibration
10 10k = d
RSSPt
where k is a constant incorporating both PL(d0) and
lg(d0).
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Two-dimensional Log-normal path loss
Beacon distance2 distance1
2
2
10
22 10ˆ
RSSPt
kd
1
1
10
11 10ˆ
RSSPt
kd
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Automatic calibration procedure
Beacon
0,5m
3m
distance2
distance1
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Automatic calibration procedure steps (1)
• Step 1: Parameter initialization. The initialization of parameters d1 and RSS1 for near proximity zone determination.
2
2
10
22 10ˆ
RSSPt
kd
1
1
10
11 10ˆ
RSSPt
kd
Middle zone
Near zone
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Automatic calibration procedure steps (2)
• Step 2: BLE beacon near proximity zone allocation detection.
Beacon 0.5m
3m
Beacon 0.5m
3m
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Automatic calibration procedure steps (3)
• Step 3: Calculate the distance via smartphone sensors by direct moving.
The beginning
of steps counting.
Beacon
0.5m 3m
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Automatic calibration procedure steps (4)
• Step 4: If the distance is 1 meter measure RSS level.
Beacon
0.5m 3m
1m
2
2
10
22 10ˆ
RSSPt
kd
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Automatic calibration procedure steps (5)
• Step 5: Using the given equations calibrate the path loss model.
2
1
21
lg10d
d
RSSRSS
12
2
1lg)(
1 10 -d lg=k lgRSSRSS
d
dRSSPt
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Conclusion
• The presented automatic calibration procedure can be used for several wireless technology based indoor localization methods.
• The calibration procedure is sensitive to built-in smartphone sensor errors. Due to this drawback user should move only at direct line.
• The user can be an obstacle that produces estimation errors.
• The accuracy depends beacon allocation density.