Automatic fare collection system

AHCKNOLEGEMENTI here by Ms. Sourabhya Shukla of C-3/448 A JANAKPURI, NEW DELHI-110058, has submitted my research report on Topic- BUS AUTOMATIC FARE COLLECTION SYSTEM to your employee Mr. Sahil Gulati ,executive engineer of your WSP Department, ref no 132 .

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IntroductionAutomatic Fare Collection System (AFCS) is an automated revenue collection system which facilitates purchase of pre-paid tickets and their subsequent use through electronic systems to permit access to or from the transport mode. AFCS reduces on board ticketing, helps in easy accounting of revenue collection and generates rich information for MIS purposes. In addition, AFC reduces the need for ticket checking staff and helps prevent fraud.

The fare collection system is a key interface between a transit agency and its passengers. It directly affects the way in which passengers experience and perceive the transit agency and its services. In general, the transit passenger expects a fare system that is: Fast, easy to understand and use, with reliable fare transactions Offers payment options that suit their particular travel needs (frequent, infrequent, weekly, daily, cross-boundary, short-distance, etc) Allows easy transfers between modes and different transit providers Provides easy access to fare mediaAFCS in Delhithe AFCS to be implemented in Delhi shall comprise of the following main sub-systems:

On-bus Sub-system Depot Sub-system Central Operations Center (COC) Sub-system VPN (Virtual Private Network) Sub-system Single-ride/ Multiple-ride Ticketing Sub-system Revenue Collection and Protection Sub-systemThe total number of buses to be covered in the AFC System and equipped with on-bus sub-systems will be approximately 11,000. The system will also have to be deployed in all bus depots.The proposed AFC System will be suitable for stage-based fare structure and will accommodate various types of existing passes/tickets. In addition, it is proposed that the AFC System be flexible enough to cater to other possible fare structures/ ticketing options including flat fare, time-based fare (peak and off-peak differential fare), free transfers among various modes, etc.AFC systems often consist of the following components(the "tier" terminology is common, but not universal): Tier 0 - Fare media Tier 1 - Devices to read/write media Tier 2 - Depot/station computers Tier 3 - Back office systems Tier 4 - Central clearing houseIn addition to processing electronic fare media, many AFC systems have equipment on vehicles and stations that accepts cash payment in some form.

Fare mediaAFC systems originated with tokens or paper tickets dispensed by staff or from self-service vending machines. These have generally been replaced withmagnetic stripe cards.Since their introduction in 1997 with theOctopus cardin Hong Kong,contactless smart cardshave become the standard fare media in AFC systems, though many systems support multiple media types.More recently, contactless smart cards from bank networks have been seen more frequently in AFC.And Korea Smart Card, Co.(KSCC) has provided its AFC service overseas including New Zealand and Malaysia etc.The success story of New Zealand case follows;New Zealand developed cost-effective Smartcard based payment system for Wellington in 2008.The uniqueness of this system is that KSCC serves as a ASP for the New targeted market, where settlement data are transferred back to the clearing center located in KSCCs headquarters, and the settlement reports are provided 9AM following working day.The bus solution being implemented now in Wellington and operating more than 400 buses is wholly consistent with the philosophy of quick boarding and focusing the bus drivers attention on operating the bus safely, reliably and courteously. A state-of-the-art touch screen bus driver console handles the drivers sign-on, dispensing of receipts to cash-paying customers and counting of riders who present paper passes or multi-ride tickets, and controlling the card validator for smartcard users.The driver console which KSCC developed also contains the processing power for the bus fare payment devices that are located at both the front and rear doors. The card validators are attractive, highly visible card readers with simple displays and the ability to handle audible messages.Devices to read/write mediaThese take numerous forms, including: Ticket office terminals - where a media holder can purchase a right to travel from staff in an office, or enquire as to the value and travel rights associated with the media

Ticket vending machines - where a media holder can purchase a right to travel from a self-service machine, or enquire as to the value and travel rights associated with the media Fare gate - often used in atrain stationso a media holder can gain access to apaid areawhere travel services are provided Stand-alone validator - used to confirm that the media holds an appropriate travel right, and to write the usage of the media onto the media for later verification (e.g. by a conductor/inspector). Often used inproof-of-paymentsystems. On-vehicle validator - used by a media holder to confirm travel rights and board a vehicle (e.g. bus, tram, train) Inspector/conductor device - used by staff such as aconductorto verify travel rightsUnattended devices are often called "validators", a term which originated with devices that would stamp a date/time onto paper tickets to provide proof of valid payment for a conductor.Depot/station computersUsed to concentrate data communications with devices in a station or bus depot. Common in older AFC systems where communication lines to upper tiers were slow or unreliable.

Back officeServers and software to provide management and oversight of the AFC system. Usually includes: Fare management - changing of fares and fare products Media management - support for blacklisting of lost/stolen media Reporting - periodic reports on performance of the AFC system, financial details and passenger movementsClearing houseIn environments where multiple system operators share common, interoperable media, a central system similar tothose used in stock exchangescan be used to provide financial management and other services to the operators such as: Clearing and settling of funds Common reporting Apportionment of revenue between operators

Automated fare collection in buses using ETMUnder this, all bus conductors will be supplied a specialized electronic ticketing machine (ETM), which will have all bus-stops and their corresponding fare pre-stored. The conductor will only be required to key in boarding and destination points."When a commuter boards the bus and is issued a ticket, the ETM, which has a GPS and GPRS installed in it, will simultaneously feed the information to a central database. This will make the ticketing system transparent and foolproof," said a senior government official. "We expect around 10 million transactions to take place per day and with this, we hope all revenue transactions will be effectively recorded."Claimed that if anyone tries to tamper with the ETM, it will shut down.Officials hope that with this system, conductors who are suspected to pocket a large share of the revenue earnings will not be able to do so.Also, no commuter will be able to travel beyond the point till which he/she has paid. The ETM will also help create a detailed database and help the department map ridership patterns. "As the ridership pattern will be electronically recorded, it will be easier to make changes on routes or increase buses on particular routes based on passenger preferences," the official said.

Benefits of ETM Reduction in costs relating to printing and stationary Instant analysis of traffic pattern Better decision making on account of generation of scientific information Less or no fatigue to conductors Better Labour relations. Results have shown the increase in traffic revenue by 4 to 5% on account of introduction of ETM, as the system provides no scope for revenue leakage. ETM system has been of great help in case of services operated with just Driver cum Conductor. Ticket through ETM is in Kannada. Unlike the earlier pre-printed manual ticket system, All the information are available to passengers like - depot name, place name, fare details etc. Passengers can produce the ticket as a proof for documentary support.

Bus Fare Collection SystemDescriptionThis system is a cash stored value system for campus bus fare payment. Now students can charge their student card with value at the recharge place and use it to ride campus bus equipped with bus validator and to use it for other facilities in the campus. The student, who wishes to ride on a bus, presents his(her) smart card to the Bus validator .On a bus, the system will charge the fare that was determined for that bus route by deducting the purse of smart card as well as recording the transaction on both the card and the validator. The transaction data stored at the validator shall be gathered at DCP at bus depot either in 2.4GHz or by external portable memory. After data collection, DCP will transfer the data to the Clearing Center for money clearing.

Feature Up-to-Dated Technology: Using contact-less technology both for single and multi-fare method. High Speed Process: The passengers feel more convenient because of faster transaction speed. Low Maintenance Cost: Contact-less card solution doesnt require so many moving mechanism and has simple structure to minimize the maintenance. Extendibility: In the future, the system can be extended for other application in connection with other equipment. Interoperability: Our equipment is designed compatible one another to enable interoperability. International Standard High Security: IVIS applied highly secure international standard for system security. Easy Data Management: Powerful clearing software enables efficient & powerful data management for accounting and statistics.AUTOMATIC FARE COLLECTION (AFC) SYSTEMAutomatic Fare Collection (AFC) system are deployed in public transit network, to allow collection of fare through the use of stored value smart cards by passengers. By the automation of this important function fare collection, the operators are able to reduce total cost of ownership and increase profitability.Prodigy is a supplier of hardware electronics required for the implementation of a Automatic Fare Collection System. Prodigy hardware products for Automatic Fare Collection (AFC) system are:Bus Card Processor (BCP) A rugged ARM CPU based computing device running on Linux OS is the primary passenger interface device providing 13.56Mhz contact-less smart card reading functionality with graphical display.

The Bus Card Processor (BCP) supports card reading distance of up-to 10CM. The Bus Card Processor (BCP) are placed at the entrance and/or exit doors of the public transport. The BCP are connected.Bus Controller Unit (BCU) A rugged ARM CPU based computer running on Linux OS is the central processing unit for the entire AFC application within a public transit bus. The Bus Controller Unit (BCU) controls and communicates with the Bus Card processor (BCP) through Ethernet or RS485. The Bus Controller Unit (BCU) comes integrated with GPS satellite tracking facility, providing real-time location tracking information to the unit. Using this real time location, the Bus Controller Unit (BCU) is able to automatically update the fare prices based on stage fare systems to be collected at the Bus Card Processor (BCP).

The Bus Controller Unit (BCU) communicates periodically with the central server through WLAN or GPRS, to download and upload data.Portable Ticketing and Inspection Device (PTID) Prodigys Handheld Industrial Computer is primarily designed to provide a rugged handheld platform for AFC application. The devices with ARM9 CPU and Linux OS and is the only device in the market that has such powerful features for the AFC portable device segment. The PTID comes equipped with a full graphic QVGA TFT LCD, thermal printer and card reader functionalities. Communication with on-bus devices and back-end servers are supported through various wireless options including GPRS, WLAN and Bluetooth.

Typical implementation of the Automatic Fare Collection based on Prodigy hardware devices

Passenger Information System Overview

Off Bus / On Board SystemOff-Bus Systemall the main components like Gates; Validates etc. will be placed in the Bus Shelter.

Off-board/On-board Systemall the components will be placed on the bus. A Bus Control Unit (BCU) is installed on the bus which is primarily used to issues paper tickets and to act as a scanner for smart cards. The other common Components are Depot Computer System:This computer reconciles the data and transmits data to the central server Central Server:Contains business rules and generates reports etc.Bus fare collection total solutionFor city/urban and long distance bus. Well-developed frontend hardware and backend system:1. Onboard ticketing machinewith paper ticket printing.2. Smart card validator, high speed, multi-card (up to 8 kinds of card)3. Driver consoleto monitor the status of card validator, with vehicle data recorder function. embedded GPS and GPRSenable positioning and data transmission.4. High security coin box5. Passenger information system6. In bus or outdoor cameras7. Backend operational system

Bus ticket payment description:BusPaymentSystemismadeupofthreesystems.That'scentralcontrolsystem,stationcomputersystemandsalespointcomputersystem.Solutionofbuspaymentsystem:

AFC Automatic Fare Collection System Bus Payment SystemApplication Area:Public transportation, school bus, enterprise bus, government bus, urban bus

General Introduction:The Bus Payment System makes use of advanced non-contact RFID technical and efficient network system to provide a safe, convenient and efficient payment method and a integrated business managing system for bus payment. It lays a solid technology foundation to improve Bus Companys service quality. It also creates good environment for developing Card consumption business. Otherwise, multi-application of non-contact IC card make one card can offer more social service like Fare Collection of Metro, park, ferry and train. One card can be used in many areas can bring active social profit and economic profit.Functions: Use Mifare card meet international standard. Our device has superior resistance to interference. Dust-proof, water-proof, Shockproof Voltage input DC 9V~36V, professional power output: 12V Internal off line storage of 15000 records can save for 10 years. Our devices reject blacklist card and alarm to be managed. It assure the amount of the lost card to be safe. The ways of authorized encrpytion to issue card to make sure the information in the card is absolutely safe. PSAM encrpytion, one card one keymanage different function of cards:1. Management of overloading card: Control the number of passengers, overloading passengers can't swipe card.2. Interval card: Set the interval freely when swiping card continuously. For example, if the interval is 2 seconds. Card holder have to wait for 2 seconds if he wants to swipe the card for the second time. Set interval because this can prevent many times of swiping card by wrong operating.3. The Rank card: Limit the rank of the card that can be validated on each device. This can control different cards' authority of validating on different device.;4. Ticket Card: Set ticket deduction ways of different kinds of card and different amounts freely5. Total amount checking card: Checking every device's daily total consumption amount in real time.6. Details checking card: You can check all swiping records of current month in real time. Such function can help you check the controversial data in real time Offer many kinds of voice notice for options:1. Adult card, discount cards, staff card, Lack of money Please recharge. Balance is not enough.2. Adult card, elder card, student card, Lack of money Please recharge. Balance is not enough.3. Staff card, temporary card, Lack of money Please recharge. Balance is not enough.4. Student card, teacher card, temporary card, Lack of money Please recharge. Balance is not enough.5. Above voice is just for your reference. Personalized voice notice can be customized. Using industrial grade components for cold weather and harsh northern environments. Print: Print receipt after finish recharging.Automatic Passenger Counting system used for fare collection Passengers counters are compact and autonomous devices based on non-contact stereoscopic vision technology. They have been designed for passenger counting above the doorways of buses and rolling stocks, as well as to count people as they enter or leave buildings or any area with restricted access.

Benefits of deploying a passenger counting system for transportation applications include: Comparing and verifying fare collection figures with passenger counts Validating passenger counts to justify payments due to transportation companies Scheduling maintenance and cleaning based on vehicle usage Optimizing vehicle load across regions, time periods, or other factors Monitoring service quality

Electronic FareTap on. Tap off. When using the new EFC system, be sure to tap on when boarding and tap off when exiting. Card readers are located at each door on every UTA bus and at the entrances to all TRAX and Front Runner stations.

Tapping on and tapping off sends a message about which routes you use most, so that UTA can better evaluate and improve service. You will automatically receive a transfer credit on most services. On Front Runner, your fare is charged for only the distance you traveled.This system currently works with the followingelectronic fare products: Multi-ride passesStudent PassStudent passes are discounted programs for educational institutions. Student Passes are available to students and sold through participating schools only. Student and school passes areelectronic fare cards. Students must carry their school ID or other valid photo ID with them when using this pass.Eco PassIn today's competitive market, keeping good employees is a challenge. One way to retain good employees is to make commuting to work easier.

An Eco Pass is a company-sponsored annual transit pass employees can use to ride TRAX or the bus to commute to work and also for personal transportation. Eco Pass saves your company money; specifically parking fees, real estate costs, and tax credits. And it cuts down on traffic, the number one source of pollution along the Wasatch Front.Eco Pass pricing is based on the level of transit service at each separate business location and the total employee base. Sponsoring companies must employ a minimum of 35 persons and passes must be purchased for ALL employees at the work location. A one-year contract is required. An Eco Pass representative will create a personal quote for your business. Many companies choose to subsidize the program and use it for a recruiting tool. Consequently, progressive programs like the Eco Pass can help build employee loyalty.

Initiating the Eco Pass program at your company is simple. A UTA representative will work closely with you to introduce the program to your employees. You will also be provided with information on the best routes and times for your employees to get to and from work. Employees get an Eco Pass Card for their company, or a company employee ID card that is compatible with UTA's Electronic Fare Collection (EFC) System which is activated to ride UTA. That is all it takes to ride UTA trains and buses anywhere they go. (Ski bus and special services are excluded.)What about emergencies? How do employees get home if their schedules change and they work later than expected? A Guaranteed Ride Home program answers this question and is included with the Eco Pass program at no charge to the employee or company. Another reason the Eco Pass program is so successful.Ski PassCertain ski passes and ski resort employee passes work on ski service and specific feeder routes. Prices indicate Fuel Surcharge.The one-way cash fare is valid for travel on the UTA Ski Bus to participating resorts. The canyon Ski Shuttle Pass is seasonal with ski service. The pass is valid for one-way travel between Brighton and Solitude ski resorts. UTA has scheduled a fare increase on April 1, 2013. The One-way Ski Bus fare will increase to $4.50. Intra-Canyon and Senior Ski Bus fare will increase to $2.25.If a passenger pays a full fare on a ski bus, a transfer may be issued to allow the passenger to transfer to another UTA bus or TRAX operating in regular system service. Transfers will not be issued to either resort employees with picture I.D. or season pass holders. Park City 30-Day Pass good on Park City-SLC Connect bus service. Single ride faresContactless CardsUTAaccepts all major contactless credit and debit cards on UTA buses, TRAX and Front Runner. Just tap your contactless card to anelectronic fare reader on a bus or train platform to pay the single adult cash fare.Credit/debit cards accepted include American Express, Discover NetworkZip, MasterCardPay Pass, and Visa. UTA joins many other major businesses such as 7-11, Best Buy, McDonalds, Office Depot in the Utah market in accepting this new form of payment. Look for a logo similar to the one below to determine where your contactless credit/debit card may be used.

Fare Collection SystemFare Collection Systems are suitable for- Interurban transport suburban transport urban transport Integrated transport systems

Payment possibilities and fare documents Paper tickets Coins and notes Contact less chip card coupons Contact less chip card with stored value Bank cards Types of tariffs

Advanced fare collection systems offer a virtually unlimited range of fare tariffs in accordance with required parameters Type of holder Transported distance Zones and areas Time tariffs - coupons Electronic purse

Way of clearance Check In-checking only during getting on Check In/Check Out-checking during getting on and getting off, passengers pay fare exactly according to the transported distance

Operators merits: Exact operational data enabling transport optimization Fast and easy system updating Overview of the all devices current state Easy integration of other transport operators Facilitation of drivers inspectors and other employees work Reduction of deadheads Potential of additional services, benefits etc

Passengers merits: Card always at hand no need to buy tickets Card can work inserted in a wallet or purse, with no need to take it out Card can be accepted by other operators Possibility of fellow travelers fare payment (how it deduct the fair ) Information about actual transport possibilities.

RFID Enabled Mobile Phones As Fare Collection system

Extending the work to meld mobile phones and smart card applications, transportation applications intend to allow bus passengers to use their own mobile phones instead of transitsmart cards.The mobile phones shall be enabled fornear-field communication(NFC). TheNFCtags embedded connect to a new application loaded onto the handset. This allows user to pay for travels on specially prepared buses.

The phones will useNFC, which operates at 13.56 MHz, to communicate with existing but upgraded smart card interrogators (readers) installed on the bus. The hardware upgrade allows the readers to recognize theNFCphones' data format. This format differs from that used by thesmart cards. Using mobile phones in place ofsmart cardsfor public transport can bring many benefits to transportation companies and their passengers. For bus customers, the technology would bring several benefits that smart card systems cannot deliver. They could use the phone's Internet connection to pay for a ticket and load it into the device, for example, and they could also use the phone's display screen to check ticket balance and usage, and other data.

Workingof RFID:

RFID UHF technology detect vehicle from a distance of 10 to 12 meters and at a speed of 200 kmph. The tag cannot be duplicated as it has a programmable chip inside with an identification number andittransmitsthis number without any external power.It can withstand any harsh environment conditions.UHF Reader reads the signal of iTag on the windshield of the buses which is passing through it. Then the reader adds the time and other details to its internal memory, which will then be transmitted to the internet. The RFID software reads all iTag Reader data and provides reports to evaluate and monitor bus time punching details. Reports can be generated daily, weekly and monthly basis through Internet according to users access rights.It will generate details like average speed of the vehicle, time-stamped trips, number of trips during a period and any other data required. Bus-owners have a user name and passwordto viewtheir bustimetracking details. Atthe sametimetraffic police or any other authority canreviewthe report with their own user accessrights.

Advantage of bus automatic fare systemSolves the challenges of: Accounting for the benefits of providing public transport Financing transport operators on actual data of the amount of passenger transport provided Improving fare collection Reducing the rate of expenditure of regional public transport budgetsThe AFC System uses magnetic stripe cards (magnetic tickets) and contactless smart cards.

1BY SOURABHYA SHUKLA, Referral Employee Name-Exec. Er SAHIL GULATI(TE/WSP-132)