automatic pneumatic bumper system for four wheeler

8/12/2019 Automatic Pneumatic Bumper System for Four Wheeler

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AUTOMATIC PNEUMATIC BUMPER AND BRAKING SYSTEM

FOR FOUR WHEELER

SYNOPSIS

The technology of pneumatics has gained tremendous importance in the field of

workplace rationalization and automation from old-fashioned timber works and coal

mines to modern machine shops and space robots. It is therefore important that

technicians and engineers should have a good knowledge of pneumatic system, air

operated valves and accessories.

The aim is to design and develop a control system based intelligent electronically

controlled automotive bumper activation and automatic braking system is called AUTOMATIC

PNEUMATIC BUMPER AND BRAKING SYSTEM. This system is consists of IR transmitter and

Receiver circuit, Control nit, !neumatic bumper system and pneumatic braking system.

The IR sensor is used to detect the obstacle. There is any obstacle closer to the vehicle

"with in #-$ feet%, the control signal is given to the bumper activation system and also

pneumatic braking system simultaneously. The pneumatic bumper and braking system is

used to product the man and vehicle. This bumper and braking activation system is only

activated the vehicle speed above #&-$& km per hour. This vehicle speed is sensed by the

pro'imity sensor and this signal is given to the control unit and pneumatic bumper and

braking activation system.

INTRODUCTION

(e have pleasure in introducing our new pro)ect *AUTOMATIC PNEUMATIC

BUMPER AND BRAKING SYSTEM, which is fully e+uipped by IR sensors circuit

and !neumatic bumper and braking activation circuit.


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It is a genuine pro)ect which is fully e+uipped and designed for utomobile

vehicles. This forms an integral part of best +uality. This product underwent strenuous

test in our utomobile vehicles and it is good.

BLOCK DIAGRAM

POWER

SUPPLY

CONTROL

UNIT

IR

TRANSMITTER

PNEUMATIC

CYLINDER -1

SOLINOID

VALVE

BUMPER

ANGEMENT

IR RECEIVER

FLOW

CONTROL

VANVE

AIR TANK

(COMPRESSOR)

WHEEL SPEED SENSING

ARRANGEMENT

PNEUMATIC

CYLINDER -2

BRAKING

ARRANGEMENT


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WORKING OPERATION

The vehicle speed is sensed by the pro'imity sensor. The vehicle speed is above

the #&-$& m per hour, the control unit will activate the IR sensor nit. The IR

TRANSMITTERcircuit is to transmite the Infra-Red rays. If any obstacle is there in a

path, the Infra-Red rays reflected. This reflected Infra-Red rays are received by the

receiver circuit is called *IR RECEIVER. The IR receiver circuir receives the reflected

IR rays and giving the control signal to the control circuit. The control circuit is used to

activate the solenoid valve. If the solenoid valve is activated, the compressed air passes to

the !neumatic Cylinder. The compressed air activates the pneumatic cylinder and moves

the piston rod.

If the piston moves forward, then the bumper arrangement and braking

arrangements are activated. The piston speed is varied by ad)esting the valve is called

FLOW CONTROL VALVE. In our pro)ect, we have to apply this arrangement in

one wheel as a model. The compressed air is drawn from the compressor in our pro)ect.

The compressed air is flow through the !olyurethene tube to the flow control valve. The

flow control valve is connected to the solenoid valve as mentioned in the diagram.

APPLICATIONS

or automobile application

Industrial application

our wheeler application

Two wheeler applications


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ADVANTAGES

ree from wear ad)ustment.

/ess power consumption

It gives simplified very operation.

Installation is simplified very much.

To minimize the accident

0afe the vehicle and human being

DISADVANTAGES

dditional cost is re+uired to install this arrangement in the

vehicle.


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LITERATURE SURVEY

SAFETY SYSTEM!

The aim is to design and develop a control system based on pneumatic breaking

system of an intelligent electronically controlled automotive braking system. 1ased on

this model, control strategies such as an 2antilock braking system2 "10% and improved

maneuverability via individual wheel braking are to be developed and evaluated.

There have been considerable advances in modern vehicle braking systems in

recent years. or e'ample, electronically controlled 10 for emergency braking,

electronically controlled hydraulically actuated individual brake-by-wire "11(% systems

for saloon cars and electronically controlled pneumatically actuated systems for heavy

goods vehicles. The work of recent years shall form the basis of a system design

approach to be implemented. The novelty of the proposed research programmed shall lie

in the design and evaluation of control systems for achieving individual wheel motion

control facilitated by 11(. In the case of 11( the brake pedal is detached from the

hydraulic system and replaced by a 2brake pedal simulator2. The simulator provides an

electrical signal for the electronic control system.


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!reliminary modeling and simulation work considers a +uarter cars initially

followed by a natural progression to the half car and full four wheel station cases. The

model is to be constructed in modular form thus allowing the replacement 3 interchange

of the various blocks and their associated technologies. pon completion of the full

vehicle braking model, sensitivity analyses will be carried out. 4nce the preliminary

simulation model has been thoroughly benchmarked and e'isting control system

strategies evaluated, an audit of the technology used is to take place and this will provide

a basis for comparison of iterative technologies 3 techni+ues.

The final phase of the new modern vehicle shall include5

6evelopment of improved 10 control systems

6evelopment and assessment of an electro-hydraulic-11( "78-11(% system

Individual wheel braking combined with traction control

ssessing sensor failure and fault tolerant control system design

!reliminary studies into an electrically actuated system

Re-engineering using simplified models.


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PNEUMATICS

The word 9pneuma: comes from ;reek and means breather wind. The word

pneumatics is the study of air movement and its phenomena is derived from the word

pneuma. Today pneumatics is mainly understood to means the application of air as a

working medium in industry especially the driving and controlling of machines and

e+uipment.

!neumatics has for some considerable time between used for carrying out the

simplest mechanical tasks in more recent times has played a more important role in the

development of pneumatic technology for automation.

!neumatic systems operate on a supply of compressed air which must be made

available in sufficient +uantity and at a pressure to suit the capacity of the system. (hen

the pneumatic system is being adopted for the first time, however it wills indeed the

necessary to deal with the +uestion of compressed air supply.

The key part of any facility for supply of compressed air is by means using

reciprocating compressor. compressor is a machine that takes in air, gas at a certain

pressure and delivered the air at a high pressure.


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Compressor capacity is the actual +uantity of air compressed and delivered and the

volume e'pressed is that of the air at intake conditions namely at atmosphere pressure

and normal ambient temperature.

The compressibility of the air was first investigated by Robert 1oyle in ? and

that found that the product of pressure and volume of a particular +uantity of gas.

The usual written as

!@ A C "or% !B@B A !?@?

In this e+uation the pressure is the absolute pressured which for free is about


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IR SENSOR

SENSORS

sensor is a transducer used to make a measurement of a physical variable. ny

sensor re+uires calibration in order to be useful as a measuring device. Calibration is the

procedure by which the relationship between the measured variable and the converted

output signal is established.

Care should be taken in the choice of sensory devices for particular tasks. The

operating characteristics of each device should be closely matched to the task for which it

is being utilized. 6ifferent sensors can be used in different ways to sense same

conditions and the same sensors can be used in different ways to sense different

conditions.

TYPES OF SENSOR!

P"##$%& #&'## detect the reflected or emitted electro-magnetic radiation from

natural sources, while "*+$%& #&'##detect reflected responses from ob)ects which are

irradiated from artificially generated energy sources, such as radar. 7ach is divided

further in to ''-#*"''$'and #*"''$' ##+.


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SELECTION OF PNEUMATICS!

Eechanization is broadly defined as the replacement of manual effort by

mechanical power. !neumatics is an attractive medium for low cost mechanization

particularly for se+uential or repetitive operations. Eany factories and plants already

have a compressed air system, which is capable of providing both the power or energy

re+uirements and the control system "although e+ually pneumatic control systems may be

economic and can be advantageously applied to other forms of power%.

The main advantages of an all-pneumatic system are usually economy and

simplicity, the latter reducing maintenance to a low level. It can also have out standing

advantages in terms of safety.

i. 0ingle acting !neumatic cylinder

ii. 0olenoid valve

iii. low control value

iv. Connectors


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% !I0T4D 1% CH/ID67R

The cylinder is a 0ingle acting cylinder one, which means that the air pressure

operates forward and spring returns backward. The air from the compressor is passed

through the regulator which controls the pressure to re+uired amount by ad)usting its

knob.

pressure gauge is attached to the regulator for showing the line pressure.

Then the compressed air is passed through the single acting #3? solenoid valve for

supplying the air to one side of the cylinder.

4ne hose take the output of the directional Control "0olenoid% valve and they are

attached to one end of the cylinder by means of connectors. 4ne of the outputs from the

directional control valve is taken to the flow control valve from taken to the cylinder. The

hose is attached to each component of pneumatic system only by connectors.

CYLINDER TECHNICAL DATA!

P$#+' R/!

E.0. hard Chrome plated

S&"0#!

Ditrile "1una D% 7lastomer

E'/ C%!


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Cast iron graded fine grained from ?Fmm to #&&mm

P$#+'!

-luminium.

M&/$"!

-ir.

T&&"+& R"'&!

&Jc to KFJc

2. SOLENOID VALVE WITH CONTROL UNIT!

The directional valve is one of the important parts of a pneumatic system.

Commonly known as 6C@, this valve is used to control the direction of air flow in the

pneumatic system. The directional valve does this by changing the position of its internal

movable parts.

This valve was selected for speedy operation and to reduce the manual effort and

also for the modification of the machine into automatic machine by means of using a

solenoid valve. solenoid is an electrical device that converts electrical energy into

straight line motion and force. These are also used to operate a mechanical operation

which in turn operates the valve mechanism. 0olenoids may be push type or pull type.


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The push type solenoid is one in which the plunger is pushed when the solenoid is

energized electrically. The pull type solenoid is one is which the plunger is pulled when

the solenoid is energized.

The name of the parts of the solenoid should be learned so that they can be

recognized when called upon to make repairs, to do service work or to install them.

P"+# 3 " S0&'$/ V"0%&

1. C$0

The solenoid coil is made of copper wire. The layers of wire are separated by

insulating layer. The entire solenoid coil is covered with an varnish that is not affected

by solvents, moisture, cutting oil or often fluids. Coils are rated in various voltages such

as @olts 6C,


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plunger. The wear strips are mounted to the solenoid frame, and are made of materials

such as metal or impregnated less fiber cloth.

4. S0&'$/ P0'&

The 0olenoid plunger is the mover mechanism of the solenoid. The plunger is

made of steel laminations which are riveted together under high pressure, so that there

will be no movement of the lamination with respect to one another. t the top of the

plunger a pin hole is placed for making a connection to some device.

The solenoid plunger is moved by a magnetic force in one direction and is usually

returned by spring action. 0olenoid operated valves are usually provided with cover

over either the solenoid or the entire valve. This protects the solenoid from dirt and other

foreign matter, and protects the actuator. In many applications it is necessary to use

e'plosion proof solenoids.

WORKING OF 452 SINGLE ACTING SOLENOID (OR) CUT OFF VALVE!

The control valve is used to control the flow direction is called cut off valve or

solenoid valve. This solenoid cut off valve is controlled by the emergency push button.

The #3? 0ingle acting solenoid valve is having one inlet port, one outlet port and one

e'haust port. The solenoid valve consists of electromagnetic coil, stem and spring. The


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air enters to the pneumatic single acting solenoid valve when the push button is in 4D

position.


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T&*6'$*"0 D"+"!

0ize 5 MN

!ressure 5 & to kg 3 cm?

Eedia 5 ir

Type 5 #3?

pplied @oltage 5 ?#&@ .C

re+uency 5 F& 8z

4. FLOW CONTROL VALVE!

1. T&*6'$*"0 D"+"!

0ize 5 MN

!ressure 5 & to


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1 8

2 9 IC :::4 ;

< :


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AT NORMAL CONDITION!

The IR transmitter sensor is transmitting the infrared rays with the help of

FFF IC timer circuit. These infrared rays are received by the IR receiver sensor.

The Transistor T


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CONTROL UNIT -8?C:2

In our pro)ect K=CF? Eicrocontroller is used as a control unit.

INTRODUCTION ABOUT MICRO CONTROLLER!

microcontroller consists of a powerful CPU tightly coupled with

memory "RE, R4E or 7!R4E%, various I34 features such as serial port"s%,

parallel port"s%, Timer3Counter"s%, Interrupt controller, 6ata c+uisition

interfaces-nalog to 6igital Converter "6C%, 6igital to nalog Converter

"6C%, everything integrated onto a single silicon chip.

It does not mean that any micro controller should have above said features

on-chip. 6epending on the need and area of application for which it is designed,

the on-chip features present in it may or may not include all the individual sections

said above. ny micro computer system re+uires memory to store a se+uence of

instructions making up a program, parallel port or serial port for communicating

with an e'ternal system, timer3counter for control purposes like generating time

delays, baud rate for the serial port, apart from the controlling unit called the

Central !rocessing nit.


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MEMORY ASSOCIATED WITH AT-8?C:2!

PROGRAM MEMORY!

program memory is a block of memory, which can be used to store a

se+uence of program codes "by using special EPROM 5 PROMprogrammers%. It

can only be read from and not written into, under normal operating conditions.

There can be up to >$ k bytes of program memory in T-K=CF?. in ROM

and EPROM versions of the MCS-#F< family of devices, the lower $ are

provided on-chip whereas in ROM fewer versions, all program memory is

e'ternal.

In ROM and EPROMversions of this device, if the special control signals

EA "7'ternal ccess enable% is strapped off @cc, and then program fetches to

addresses &&&& to & are directed to the internal ROM. The program fetch will

be from e'ternal memory, where 7O is grounded.

fter reset, the CPUbegins e'ecution from address location &&&& of the

program memory.


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F$& #6@# " " 3 +6& AT-8?C:2-" &

FFFF

FFFF

1>>> OR

>FFF

>>>>

>>>>

DATA MEMORY!

6ata memory is the Read3(rite memory. 8ence, it can be both read from

and written into. T-K=CF? has got


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INTERNAL DATA MEMORY:

Internal data memory addresses are one byte wide, which includes


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1ytes #& through are available to the user as data RAM. 8owever, is

the stack pointer has been initialized to this area, enough number of bytes should

be left a side to prevent stack overflow.

I/O STRUCTURE OF AT-89C52:

T-K=CF? has four K-bit parallel ports "hence KO$A#? I34 lines are available%.

ll four parallel ports are bi-directional. 7ach line consists of a latch, an output driver

and an input buffer.

The four ports are named as port & "po%, port < "p


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!ort pin lternate unctions

!#.& RG6 "0erial input port%

!#.< TG6 "0erial output port%

!#.? IDT4 "7'ternal Interrupt &%

!#.# IDT< "7'ternal Interrupt


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PORT 1!

!ort < is an K-bit bi-directional with internal pull-ups. It receives the low order

address byte during 7!R4E program verification. The port-< output buffers can

sink3source four /0 TT/ inputs.

PORT 2!

!ort ? is an K-bit bi-directional with e'ternal pull-ups. It emits the high order

address byte during accesses to e'ternal memory.

It also receives, these high-order address bits during 7!R4E programming

@erification. !ort ? can sink3source four /0 TT/ inputs.

RST!

(hile the oscillator is running a high on this pin for two machine cycles resets the

device. small e'ternal pull down resistor "K.?k% from R0T to @ss permits power on

reset when a capacitor "


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ALE5PROG!

ddress latch enable is the output for latching low byte of the address, during

access


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TAL1!

It is inputs to the inverting amplifier that forms the oscillator. GT/< should be

grounded when an e'ternal oscillator is used.

TAL 2!

It is 4utputs to the inverting amplifier that forms the oscillator, and input to the

internal clock generator, receives the e'ternal oscillator signal when an e'ternal oscillator

is used.

@ss - Circuit ground potential

@cc - 0upply @oltage during !rogramming @erification and

normal 4peration.


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1

2 4?

4 48

< 49

: 4;

; 4:

9 4 41

11 4>

12 2?

14 28

1< 29

1: 2;

1; 2:

19 2 21

TIMERS5COUNTERS!

T-K=CF? has two -bit timer3counter &, and timer3counter


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RAM ADDR

RESISTORRAM PORT >

LATCH

PORT 2

LATCHFLASH

PORT > DRIVERS PORT 2 DRIVERS

BREGISTER ACC

STACKPOINTER

PROGRAMADDRESS

REGISTER

TMP 2 TMP 1 BUFFER

PC

INCREMEN-TER

INTERRUPT SERIAL PORT

AND TIMER BLOCKS

PSW PROGRAM

COUNTER

DPTRTIMING

AND

CONTROL

INSTRUCT

-ION

REGISTER

PORT 1

LATCH

PORT 4

LATCH

PORT 1 DRIVERS PORT 4 DRIVERSOSC

P1.> V**

P1.1 P >.>(AD >)

P1.2 P >.1 (AD 1)

P1.4 P >.2 (AD 2)

P1.< P >.4 (AD 4)

P1.: P >.< (AD .: (AD :)

P1.9 P >.; (AD ;)

RST P >.9 (AD 9)

(R D) P4.> EA 5 VPP

(T D) P4.1 ALE5PROG

(INT >) P4.2 PSEN

(INT 1) P4.4 P2.9 (A 1:)

(T >) P4.< P2.; (A 1)

TAL 1 P2.1 (A ?)

GND P2.> (A 8)

PLCC

P >. > P > . 9 P2.> P2.9

V**


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GND

ALU

PSEN

ALE5

PROG

EA5V

RST

P1.> P1.9 P4.> P4.9

automatic pneumatic bumper system for four wheeler

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