automation construction

Automation : Derived from ancient Greek = meaning self dictated

It is the use of control systems such as computers to control machinery and processes

Reduces the need for human intervention.

Mechanization provides human operators with machinery to assist them with the physical requirements of work, automation greatly reduces the need for human sensory and mental requirements as well. Processes and systems can also be automated.

An increasingly important role in the global economy and in daily experience.

Engineers strive to combine automated devices with mathematical and organizational tools to create complex systems for a rapidly expanding range of applications and human activities.

HELPS TO IMPROVE EFFICIENCY OF WORK

REDUCES THE TIME REQUIRED FOR CONSTRUCTION

HEAVY WORK CAN BE COMPLETED SATISFACTORILY WITHIN THE STIPULATED TIME

THE POSSIBILITY OF HUMAN ERROR IS REDUCED

SECURITY OF DATA

Unemployment at the cost of modernization.

Leads to brain-drain from the country.

Requires a high capital cost for setting up and maintenance

Skilled and expert handlers or workers are required due to the need of high technical knowledge to operate the machines.

Untrained workers cannot be employed which increases the initial cost of project.

PRECAST BLOCKS The cement concrete blocks which are cast

in a rectangular shape mould ,either hollow or solid, on site or in factory, are called as precast blocks.

They are mostly used for: Girders for bridges, bridge piers

(Balgandharv bridge, Harris bridge Pune) Beams for large spans (Nehru memorial

hall,Pune) Electric poles Fabrication of R.C.C pipes, concrete piles

ADVANTAGES OF USING PRE CAST BLOCKS

Hollow blocks are light in weight –used for construction of partition wall

Can be used anywhere on the slab or the floor

Strong Durable Posses high compressive strength Less material required so helps achieve

economy

•Many construction equipments and machines make it possible to reduce the time of construction and also improve the efficiency of work.

Some examples are:

Concrete mixing machineBackhoesBulldozerBeam mouldsTrailersWet mix macadam plants

etc

BACKHOEBULLDOZER

CATERPILLAR TRAILER

On July 4th, 1965, in Crespellano, (Bologna), Dante N Bini made the world's first attempt at using an automatic, self-shaping construction process to build a fully reinforced concrete structure on a previously built floor and footing system

The experiment was successfully completed in three hours. In only three hours, a dome 12 m. in diameter and 6 m. In

height had been pneumatically lifted from the ground and shaped into an hemispherical thin shell structure.

(Fig. 1): The world’s first experiment in Crespellano. Bologna. Italy. (1965)Sequence of the inflation and completed 12 m. diameter spherical dome

A year later, on July 6 .1966, in Castelfranco Emilia, (Italy) another major experiment was undertaken.

In less than four hours, 15 cubic meters of wet concrete and flat steel was shaped into an elliptical reinforced concrete dome 36 m. in diameter and 12 m in height.

(Fig 2): The first 30 m. diameter experiment in Castelfranco Emilia, Modena. (1966) Detail of the footing system.

Various systems of Various systems of automated constructionautomated construction

Mini shell system

The fastest and cheapest systems for building permanent shelters

Very suitable for low-cost housing.

The erection time reduced to 30 minutes.

The required man power results in 1.5 hours per man per each for sq. m. of covered area.

Sequences of construction of the Minishell Tourist Village in Cairns, Australia. (1980)

The only two problems experienced during the application of this method of construction were:

a) Structural weakness in the "vertical" portion of the walls when the concrete was still green.

b) Lack of precision and symmetry in the shape and size of the four automatic openings.

BINISTAR SYSTEM

Originally conceived in Australia in 1979.

It is the only demountable, automatic, method of construction capable to shape large-span metal space-frame structures of different shapes and dimensions.

Sequence of construction of Binistar structures in Italy and details. (1986-68)

In the same period the two other conceptual systems were developed :

The "Fold-A-Struct"

The "Autotent"

Fold-a-struct produces :

An instant, demountable, square-based, class-room unit, made up of four identical, mass produced components provided with "inner stored energy'' which contribute to the self-assembly process.

(Fig. 8): Fold A Struct. self-assembling model (1987)

It produces: A folded space frame which may be utilized as a

mini-shelter. This shelter is designed as a civilian or military tent

which is dropped by low-flying aircraft in case of emergencies.

The autotent self-shapes during its fall and is provided with an identification light and with a survival kit.

GEOPAKGEOPAK

(Official ppt for geopak)

Close Range Digital Photogrammetry in Civil

Engineering

Close Range Digital Photogrammetry

Introduction• Photogrammetry:

Photogrammetry is the technique of measuring objects (2D or 3D) from photogrammes.

I ts most important feature is the fact that the objects are measured without being touched.

•Automated photogrammetry : All functional aspects of photogrammetry, i.e., triangulation, elevation data extraction etc are now being automated to some degree. The drive towards automation has been triggered not only by the continuing necessity to reduce costs, but also by the need to generate new products and to utilize other than conventional mapping photography .

• Photogrammetry can be divided into: Far range photogrammetry

- Aerial photogrammetry, etc

Close range photogrammetry

- Terrestr ial Photogrammetry, etc

AUTOMATIC AERIAL TRIANGULATION

AUTOMATIC AERIALAERIAL TRIANGULATION

AUTOMATIC CONTOUR GENERATION

CITY PLANNING

ENGINEERING CONSTRUCTIONS

Analysis during construction


Photogrammetry in Civil Engineering• Applications in Civil Engineering

- Deformation Measurement in Beam Test

- Crack Measurement

- Geodetic Measurement of Dam

- Strain Analysis of Solid Wood and Glued Timber Construction


Photogrammetry in Civi l Engineering: Case 1

• Automatic Deformation Measurement with a Digital St i l l Video Camera

- Application of a digital still video camera to the measurement of deformations occurring during the dehydration process of concrete parts over several months



• Measurement of Concrete Cracks Using Digit ized Close-Range Photographs

-Measurement of crack formation due to concrete expansion by chemical reactions



- The non-contact measurement is employed because of the physical limitations in manual measurements.

- Results: The widths of cracks change from place to place.

- A non-contact measure method improves the traditional time-consuming measurement.



• Photogrammetric Techniques for Deformation Measurements on Reservoir Walls

- Measurement of the 3-D coordinates of signalized targets on a large water reservoir wall in Switzerland



- Repeated measurement of a large number of points is required in short time.

- Photogrammetric data capture can be finished within minutes from a helicopter; processing can be widely automated and the accuracy potential can be in the order of 2-3 millimeters.



• Strain Analysis of solid wood and glued laminated t imber constructions by close range photogrammetry

- Measurement of progression of deformations, cracks and deterioration including the loading and relieving of the specimens.


SURVEYINGParl iament House - Melbourne


CONCLUDING REMARKS

• The photogrammetry technique is a powerful and productive tool for accurate and robust measurement.

• The technique has been used in Civil Engineering due to the following advantages.

- Time and efforts can be reduced at any measurement or surveying work.

- The measurement can be repeated many times in short period.

- The data can be transmitted through network immediately.

- Highly concentrated data can be obtained.

- The real-time tracking of measurement is possible.

- High efficiency makes its production cost-effective

Construction Automation eliminates the need for workers to operate in uncomfortable and hazardous conditions, while concurrently saving time, reducing costs and improving the quality of the work place in the construction industry.

It is well known that in spite of the employment of sophisticated machinery and equipment and some recent efforts to improve on-site working conditions, construction sites in general offer some of the worst working conditions existing today.

As has already been experienced in other industries, the application of automation and robotics can cuts costs, environmental pollution, and dramatically improves safety and quality control to the benefit of living standards in general.

End of presentation

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