availability of low-gwp alternatives options for near term & longer term transitions ozonaction...
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Availability of Low-GWP Alternatives Options for Near Term & Longer Term Transitions
OZONACTION NETWORK FOR LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
OCTOBER 6-8 2010 Mexico, D.F.
Cindy Newberg, Branch Chief
Alternatives & Emissions Reduction Branch
US Environmental Protection Agency
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Scope of Presentation
• Context: ODS and HFCs
• Availability of Substitutes: Different Sectors at
Different Times
– Specific Examples
• SNAP
• Summary
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Relationship Between Ozone Depleting Substances and Greenhouse Gases
Ozone Depleting Substances(Halogen Gases)
Greenhouse Gases
CFCs
HalonsHFCs
HCFCs
HFC-23HFC-134aHFC-125
CO2
CH4
SF6
PFCs
N2O
CFC-113CFC-12CFC-11
H-1211H-1301
Carbon Tetrachloride(CCl4)
Methyl Chloride(CH3Cl)
Methyl Bromide(CH3Br)
Methyl Chloroform(CH3CCl3)
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Many Substitutes Available and More on the Way
• “The ultimate choice of technology to phase-out HCFCs will be based on ozone depletion and also climate impact, health, safety, affordability and availability, as Decision XIX/6 requires”
May 2010 TEAP XXI/9 Task Force Report Assessment Of HCFCs and Environmentally Sound Alternatives
• 2010 TEAP Progress Report– Substitutes for many sectors and sub-sectors available– Additional substitutes under development– Global acceptance for alternatives strengthening– Potential to skip higher-GWP HFC alternatives, go directly to
lower GWP alternatives
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Sectors Will Transition at Different Times
• Various factors will influence speed of transition– Domestic and regional requirements, e.g., European F-Gas
rule– Availability of alternatives– Advanced design options that reduce charge size– Global expansion of air-conditioning and refrigeration– Proven technologies, ability to avoid multiple transitions– Opportunity to focus on sectors instead of chemicals
• Examples follow
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Potential Near Term Transition: Motor Vehicle Air Conditioning
Passenger Cars and Light Duty Trucks:
Buses and Trains:
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Available Options: Commercial Refrigeration
Stand-AloneEquipment
Condensing Unit Systems
Multiplex Rack Systems
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Changing Chemicals Is Not Only OptionAdvanced Refrigeration System Designs: • Distributed systems & indirect systems available
– Distributed systems can lower refrigerant charge by 30–50% – Indirect systems can lower refrigerant charge by 50–80%
• Europe: indirect systems are norm• US: distributed systems ~40% of new installations and
indirect systems are gaining significant market share
Supermarkets can reduce HFC use by changing system designs
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Available & Near Term Options: Unitary A/C
Alternatives to R-407C & R-410A: - lower GWP HFCs, e.g., HFC-32 - HCs and CO2 - potentially HFOs, blends
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U.S. HFC Consumption (MMTCO2eq)
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
Mobile AC
Foams
Refrigeration
Stationary AC
Other Sectors
AC Projected
BAU
Cap
Mitigated
How U.S. Could Meet HFC Phasedown
Known Reduction Opportunities
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Country “A” Baseline
• Makeup– 20% Mobile AC (HFC)– 5% Refrigeration (HFC)– 20% Refrigeration (HCFC)– 30% Stationary AC (HCFC)– 20% Foam (HCFC)– 5% Other Sectors (HCFC)
• Growth Rates:– 10% 2010-2030 (majority of HCFC
phased out)– 1% 2030-2050 (population growth)
Baseline
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
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How Country “A” Could Meet the HFC Phasedown
Country A HFC Consumption (% of Baseline)
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
Mobile AC
Foams
Refrigeration
Stationary AC
Other Sectors
AC Projected
BAU
Cap
Mitigated
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Identifying Safer Alternatives• USEPA evaluates & lists substitutes that reduce
overall risk to human health & environment• Significant New Alternatives Policy (SNAP) program
reviews: – ODP and GWP – Flammability– Toxicity– Contributions to smog– Aquatic and ecosystem effects – Occupational health and safety
• 400+ substitutes reviewed for end uses in 8 sectors: – Alternatives acceptable, unacceptable, or acceptable with
use conditions • Prohibited or restricted e.g., from use in occupied
settings, unacceptable where safer alternatives exist for same uses
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• SNAP evaluating substitutes that, compared to current options, offer significantly lower- or no-GWP choices
• Lower-GWP alternatives in SNAP review (examples):– Proposed acceptable with use conditions:
• HCs for stand-alone commercial refrigeration
• HCs for residential refrigerator/freezer
• HFO-1234yf for new motor vehicle air conditioners
• CO2 for new motor vehicle air conditioners
What’s Ahead for SNAP?
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Summary
• Suite of known alternatives, technologies, and better handling can significantly reduce HFC consumption in near and long term
• Considering HCFCs and HFCs together allows for focus on the sectors, rather than chemicals– In some cases, may reduce need for multiple transitions
• Today there are substitutes for many sectors and sub-sectors available
• Additional substitutes under development– Similar to ODS phaseout
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Questions and Comments
• Thank You
• For More Information, Visit:– U.S. EPA’s Website on Ozone Layer Depletion:
• http://www.epa.gov/ozone/strathome.html
– Information and analysis of Amendment Proposal including sector fact sheets:
• http://www.epa.gov/ozone/intpol/mpagreement.html