average travel speed in cities in india

8/3/2019 Average Travel Speed in Cities in INDIA

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/average-travel-speed-in-cities-in-india 1/50

Leapfrog to clean air:Leapfrog to clean air:KolkataKolkata’’ss agenda for actionagenda for action

Sunita Narain and

AnumitaRoychowdhury

Centre for Science

and Environment,KolkataFebruary 26, 2009



Right to clean air

campaign: 1996



Vehicles contribution growing. SlowMurder.



Supreme Court listens (July 98)

Government to phase out all dieselbuses in Delhi; Convert to CNG;

All autos in Delhi to move to CNG;

Advance emission norms by 5 years;

Clean up the quality of fuel…

Court proposes. Government disposes



Sabotage



The verdictThe verdict

Apri l 5, 2002April 5, 2002

> Orders of th is court can no t be n u llified o r

alte red in an y w ay by a dm inistrat ive orde r

> Give priority to tran sport - allocat e 16.1 lakh kg

of CNG per day

> Pha se ou t 800 diesel bu ses every mo nt h.

> Diesel bu ses to p ay a pe na lty pe r bus pe r day



Strategies to technologyStrategies to technology

leapfroggingleapfrogging

Pre-Euro I

Poor dieselEuro I

Improved dieselEuro II

Natural gasEuro III

HydrogenEuro IV

Do we have to go through the same stages of environmental manageDo we have to go through the same stages of environmental managementment

that the West went through or can we leapfrog?that the West went through or can we leapfrog?



CNG buses:CNG buses:

big gainsbig gains

NOx emissions from Euro II CNGbus: 1.2 times lower than diesel

buses

Source: Teri

PM emissions from Euro II CNG bus:more than 50 times lower than Euro

II diesel buses

4.8

5

5.2

5.4

5.6

5.8

6

6.2

6.4

Euro II diesel bus on500 ppm sulphur fuel

+ DOC

Euro II CNG bus+three way catalytic

converter

g m / k m

00.05

0.10.15

0.20.25

0.30.35

0.4

Euro II diesel

bus on 500ppm sulphur

fuel + DOC

Euro II CNG

bus +threeway catalytic

converter

g m / k m



Delhi got cleaner air: it avoidedpollution; got health benefits

PM10 at ITO Traffic Intersection

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

M i c r o g r a

m m e p e r c u b i c m

e t r e

PM10 trend projection

pre Supreme Court

directions

PM10 trend March 98- Dec 05,

Post Supreme Court directions



Stages of clean airStages of clean air

CORNIELIUS HUIZENGA, Clean Air Initiative for Asian cities, Manila, Philippines

CSE conference: The leapfrog factor, New Delhi, April 2004

Growth in air pollution problem with development statusGrowth in air pollution problem with development status



0

50

100

150

200

250

J a n - 0 7

M a r - 0 7

M a y - 0 7

J u l - 0 7

S e p - 0 7

N o v - 0 7

J a n - 0 8

M a r - 0 8

M a y - 0 8

J u l - 0 8

S e p - 0 8

N o v - 0 8

J a n - 0 9

m

i c r o g r a m

p e r c u b i c m e

t e r

NOX

RPM

RSPM Standard*

NOx Standard*

Winter woesWinter woesRSPM andRSPM and NOxNOx trend intrend in KolkataKolkata (January 2008 to(January 2008 to

February 2009)February 2009)

* 24 hr standard for residentialareas

Source: Estimated on

the basis of WBPCB airquality data



KolkataKolkata:: NOxNOx levels (January 2008 to February 2009)levels (January 2008 to February 2009)

Source: Estimated on the basis of WBPCB air quality data

NO2 canNO2 can

reach highreach highlevelslevelsduringduringwinterwintermonthsmonths



Source: Estimated on

the basis of WBPCB airquality data

KolkataKolkata: PM10: PM10 exceedanceexceedance (January 2008 to February 2009)(January 2008 to February 2009)

Days w ith high andDays w ith high and

critical PM10 levelscritical PM10 levelsincrease during w interincrease during w inter

inin KolkataKolkata



Toxic airBenzene level (microgram/cum) Kolkata

(Dec 2006-Feb 2007)

42.5

50.2

17

42.3

15.45

37 35.58

44.6

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

M a n i k t a l a

M a u

l a l i

M i n t o P

a r k

P a r k c i r c u s

P a r k s t r e e t

S h y

a m

b a

z a r

U l t a d a

n g a

K o l k a t a

A v g

m i c r o g r a m p e

r c u b i c m e t e r

WHO

guideline:

5-16

Source: DSource: D ChakrabortyChakraborty 2008, Alarming air quality of2008, Alarming air quality of KolkataKolkata – – a real health concern,a real health concern,presentation by West Bengal Pollution Control Board,presentation by West Bengal Pollution Control Board, KolkataKolkata



Trends and toxins: worrying

• Annual average PM 10 standards exceeding

standards by 1.5 times -- but many times

higher in winter months• Annual average Nox levels are below national

standard; but increasing and exceed

standards in winter

• Benzene levels very high -- sign ofadulteration; two-wheeler and vehicleswithout cat-converters



Scourge



Health Effects of Air Pollution inHealth Effects of Air Pollution inKolkataKolkata

Source: TWISHA LAHIRI

assistant director and head, department of neuroendocrinology

ChittaranjanNational Cancer Institute,

Kolkata

CSE conference: The leapfrog factor, New

Delhi, April 2004



Health benefits of improving air quality

Health benefits of RSPM reduction inHealth benefits of RSPM reduction infive cities of India (between 1993 tofive cities of India (between 1993 to

2002)2002)

Trend in RSPM levels in three areas ofTrend in RSPM levels in three areas of KolkataKolkata

Source: For a breath of fresh air, The WorldSource: For a breath of fresh air, The World

Bank, June 2005Bank, June 2005



First generation reforms..

1. Bharat stage III introduced+low benzenefuel (less than 1%)

2. Industrial units directed to control airpollution by installing after-treatmentdevices

3. Decision to ban 15-year old commercial

vehicles in Kolkata metropolitan areaBut not enough…



Time for next-generation steps

• Big fleet of old two-stoke three-wheelers;

possibility of running on adulterated fuel with

high benzene and other pollutants;• Big fleet of old diesel vehicles -- taxis, buses

and cars;

• Limited road space

• Growing numbers of cars in city, adding to

congestion and so pollution



Diesel’s contribution to PM2.5 in Kolkata

Highest amongst other metros, up to 61 per cent

Source: World Bank, 2004



TwoTwo--stroke w ith adulterationstroke w ith adulteration

even more deadlyeven more deadly

Two stroke Four strokeFour stroke

HC

CO

PM

NOx

Two strokeFour stroke



+ Kolkata is diesel capital of world

• Nation ally, 30% of new car sales are on diesel -- aw orrying t rend

• Nearly 65% of the Kolkata ’s vehicular popu lat ionan d ne arly 99% of comm ercial vehicles a re d iese l-run

• Huge f lee t of d iese l taxis

• Depend ing o n th e seasons, contr ibut ion o f dieselfuel com bu stion to am bien t PM2.5 can be as h ighas 23 pe r cen t in Delh i, 25 pe r cen t in Mu mb ai toan astou nd ing 61 pe r cen t in Kolkata (WorldBank).



Source: MP Walsh

NOx norms for cars PM norms for cars

License to polluteLicense to pollute

One diesel car emits as much NOx as 3 to 5 petrol cars.PM is several times higher



0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

0.35

0.4

0.45

Petrol cars (>1400cc) Diesel cars (<1600cc)

T o x i c s ( g m / k m )

0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

.

Petrol cars (> 1400cc) Diesel cars (< 1600cc)0

0.005

0.01

0.015

0.02

Petrol cars (> 1400cc) Diesel cars (< 1600cc)

P M

( g m

/ k m

)

135

140

145

150

155

160

165

170

175

Petrol cars (> 1400cc) Diesel cars (< 1600cc)

C O 2 ( g m / k m )

““New diesel cars in India areNew diesel cars in India are

cleanclean”” -- A Myth?A Myth?

NOxNOx PMPM

ToxicsToxics CO2CO2

Post 2005 diesel car model: High levels of PM, NOx and air toxics;Overwhelms the CO2 advantage: A crippling trade-off



Clean diesel technology and fuel thatClean diesel technology and fuel that

can reduce emissions by 90% are notcan reduce emissions by 90% are not

available in Indiaavailable in India

Source: ICCT



Dieselised and clogged: deadly

• Kolkata has little less than 2000 km of roads – just 6per cent of its area

• Delhi has 31,000 km of roads – 21% of its area

• But• Also completely gridlocked. Adds roads and flyovers;

cars fill it up (registers 1000 vehicles/day)

• More roads; flyovers is not the answer

• Congestion adds to pollution



0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

4500

I n 0

0 0 '

Kolkata Delhi Mumbai Chennai

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

Registered motor vehicles in key metropolitan cities

Source: Road transport year book (2004-05), MOSRTH

In Kolkata, according to CIRT study, the average speed during peak hours in the centralbusiness district (CBD) area is as low as seven km/hour



Delhi: roads but no speed

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

One way Second way One way Second way One way Second way

Morning peak Evening peak Off peak

>2020-25

25-30

30-35

35-40

40-45

45-50

< 50

Builiding up of

congestion is

reflected by

increase in low-

speed roads in

the city

-- During the morning and evening peak -- 55-60 per cent of theroads have travel speeds less than 30 kmph.

-- Even during off-peak hours 40-45 per cent of the roads have travel speeds less than 30kmph.

-- About 20 per cent have travel speeds less than 20 kmph throughout the day.

Source: City Development Plan



Cities are ParalyzedCities are ParalyzedThe Crawling TrafficThe Crawling Traffic

Source: Anon 2008, Study on traffic and transportation policies and Strategies in Urban Areas in India, MOUD, p63

The average journey speed in Delhi (16 km/hr), Mumbai (16 km/hr)The average journey speed in Delhi (16 km/hr), Mumbai (16 km/hr) andand KolkataKolkata (18(18

km/hr): Abysmally poor compared to smaller citieskm/hr): Abysmally poor compared to smaller cities



Vehicle Emissions vis-à-vis Speed

Congestion leads to moreCongestion leads to morepollutionpollution



Pollution trajectory of cities

1. Pollution increases because vehicles are

old; bad technology; use adulterated fuel;

use diesel (Kolkata)2. Pollution increases because number of

vehicles increase; cleaner but numbers

negate the gains (Delhi)

3. Pollution increases if city has more cars ascongestion grows -- takes 18 sq metre ofspace on road…(Beijing)



Need leapfrog solutions

• Phase out two-stroke three wheelers;

• Phase out old vehicles

• Simultaneous make the transition topublic transport

You can lead

• In our cities car has not replaced the bus

• In our cities car has marginalised thebus



MODAL SHARE BY VOLUME AND PASSENGERS CARRIED AT AMBEDKAR NAGAR

8

61

75

20

17 19

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

% PCU % of Passengers carried

NMV

MV

Bus

Public transport is our strengthPublic transport is our strength

There are areas in Delhi where buses stillThere are areas in Delhi where buses still

carry 60% of passenger tripscarry 60% of passenger trips

NonNon

motorisedmotorised

vehiclesvehicles

MotorisedMotorised

vehiclesvehicles

BUSBUS



Cars commute 14% in Delhi; takeCars commute 14% in Delhi; take

up 70up 70--80 per cent of road space80 per cent of road space

Source: Anon 2008, transpo rt demand forecast study: study and development of an integrated cum multi modal public transport network for NCT of Delhi, RITES, MVA Asia Ltd, TERI, September



KolkataKolkata can lead but is bleedingcan lead but is bleeding

The Annual Average Growth in %The Annual Average Growth in %in STU Bus Fleet (2000 to 2007)in STU Bus Fleet (2000 to 2007)

-0.8

-7.7

-1.7

-3.5

-0.5

1.9

9.4

-10

-8

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

68

10

12

M u m b a i

D e l h i

C h e n n a i

K o l k a t a

A h m e d a b a d

P u n e

B a n g a l o r e A

v g g r o w t h i n b u s f l e e t ( 2 0 0 0

t o 2 0 0 7 )

Modal share of public transport andModal share of public transport andother vehicles (2007)other vehicles (2007)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

M u m b a

i

D e l h i

C h e n n

a i

K o l k a t a

A h m e d a b a

d

P u n

e

B a n g a l o r e

M o d a l S h a r e

i n %

Car, two wheeler and other vehicles

Public Transport

Source: Anon 2008, Study on traffic and transportation policies and Strategies in Urban Areas in India, MOUD



KolkataKolkata ---- public+walk+cyclepublic+walk+cycle

Source: Anon 2008, Study on traffic and transportation policies and Strategies in Urban Areas in

India, MOUD

48

4

54

19

11

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Two wheelers Car Auto Public

transport

Walk Cycle

S h a r e i n

%



Kolkata has lowest bues per lakh

Total buses in Kolkata: 4,256 (2007),



Think people not vehiclesThink people not vehicles

50 cars 60 bicycles 1 Bus



You get different answers depending on yourpriorities – moving vehicles vs. moving people

Distribution of Vehicles - By Mode

2%23%

75%

Motor Vehicles

Buses

Cycle & Cycle Rkshw

Distribution of People - By Mode

55%

33%

11%

Motor Vehicles

Buses

Cycle & Cycle Rkshw

Chirag Delhi Junction

Morning Peak Hour

AK to MC

4,916 Vehicles11,480 People

Source: Dario Hidalgo study for CSE, 2008 Mimeo



Delhi bus corridor has reduced the average travel timePeople Delay - Morning Peak Hour - In Hours

1,440 1,648

3,186

2,078

0

2000

4000

6000

Without Project With Project

Buses

MV's

-19%

+14%

-35%

Dario Hidalgo study for CSE, 2008

Mimeo



Indian style socialism

Buses bear

significantly

higher taxburden in

India

Tax correction

can push a

large numberof two wheeler

users to buses

2,90,431

30,521

2,725

5.69

2.39

0.44

0

50000

100000

150000

200000

250000

300000

350000

Two wheeler Cars Bus

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

Total annual tax per vehicle Total tax per vehicle-km

Tax per

vehicle-km

Annual

tax



Kolkata-style socialism

Source: Road transport year book (2004-05), MOSRTH

Stage carriage bus: Rs 31.25 per seat per month

passenger tax

Two wheelers: For engine size 80cc to above 250cc theone time tax range from Rs 1560 to Rs 6250

Cars: For engine size from 900cc to above2000cc tax forevery five years range from Rs 8550 to Rs 20,000.

Bus: A standard bus pays Rs 23,250 annually

Car: 900cc engine car pays a life tax of Rs 25,650



Kolkata-style socialism

Stage carriage bus: Rs 31.25 per seat per month passenger tax

Two wheelers: For engine size 80cc to above 250cc the one timetax range from Rs 1560 to Rs 6250

Cars: For engine size from 900cc to above 2000cc tax for every fiveyears range from Rs 8,550 to Rs 20,000.

Bus: A standard bus pays Rs 23,250 annually

Car: 900cc engine car pays a life-tax of Rs 25,650

A car pays in its lifetime what a bus pays every year



What are other governmentsWhat are other governments

doing?doing?

Other governments are enforcing tax and road pricing measures andcaps on car sales to reduce congestion and pollution…

Congestion charges:

-- London: This has reduced traffic delays by 30 per cent.

-- Seven European cities are adopting congestion charges.-- Trondheim, Norway: peak hour traffic dropped by 10% after theintroduction of congestion charges.

-- Singapore’s road pricing measures: This reduced percentage ofcommuters entering central areas from 56% to 23%.

Caps on cars in Singapore and Shanghai:-- Shanghai has adopted a system of auctioning a limited number of carlicenses per month. This has helped the city to cap car registration at notmore than 7,500 cars per month -- or 250 cars per day.

Such measures require good public transport system…..



The future road-map

• 1. Phase out two-stroke; transition to LPG-four stroke;

• 2. Reduce diesel -- move to LPG or reducenumbers on road

• 3. Make transition to public transport -- bus;tram; cycle

• 4. Think of Kolkata as the future city --leapfrog from public-public

Put Kolkata on the future-map -- not pollution-map of world

average travel speed in cities in india

Documents