AVOIDANCE OF FIRE ACCIDENTS ON TRAINSAVOIDANCE OF FIRE ACCIDENTS ON TRAINS

IntroductionIntroduction The trains are moderate vehicles used for transporting people The trains are moderate vehicles used for transporting people

and goodsand goods Mostly, the people prefer the train journey for longer distance Mostly, the people prefer the train journey for longer distance

as it is cheaper.as it is cheaper. And our Indian Railway network is the world’s second largest And our Indian Railway network is the world’s second largest

Railway network.Railway network. But fire accidents in trains are among the most serious disasters But fire accidents in trains are among the most serious disasters

to human lives and to the property of government to human lives and to the property of government Because the only precautionary warnings about the fire in each Because the only precautionary warnings about the fire in each

compartment are The notices showing "Do not smoke", "Do not compartment are The notices showing "Do not smoke", "Do not carry inflammable material“carry inflammable material“

Hence we proposed our project to overcome these problems.Hence we proposed our project to overcome these problems.

BLOCK DIAGRAMBLOCK DIAGRAM

Micro controller LCD

LED indicator

Crystal Oscillator

LCDdriver

Regulated power supply

Reset

LM-35Fire Senor

Buzzer

MAJOR BLOCKS MAJOR BLOCKS

Regulated power supply.Regulated power supply. PIC Microcontroller.PIC Microcontroller. LCD With DriverLCD With Driver Crystal oscillator.Crystal oscillator. ResetReset LED indicatorLED indicator BuzzerBuzzer

PIC is a family of Harvard architecture microcontrollers made PIC is a family of Harvard architecture microcontrollers made by Microchip Technology, derived from the PIC1640 by Microchip Technology, derived from the PIC1640 originally developed by General Instrument's Microelectronics originally developed by General Instrument's Microelectronics Division. The name PIC initially referred to "PeripheralDivision. The name PIC initially referred to "Peripheral InterfaceInterface Controller".Controller".

A PIC's instructions vary from about 35 instructions for the A PIC's instructions vary from about 35 instructions for the low-end PICs to over 80 instructions for the high-end PICs. low-end PICs to over 80 instructions for the high-end PICs. The instruction set includes instructions to perform a variety The instruction set includes instructions to perform a variety of operations on registers directly, the accumulator and a of operations on registers directly, the accumulator and a literal constant or the accumulator and a register, as well as for literal constant or the accumulator and a register, as well as for conditional execution, and program branching.conditional execution, and program branching.

ABOUT PIC MICROCONTROLLER

PIC CONTROLLERPIC CONTROLLER

PIC microcontroller has four optional clock sources.PIC microcontroller has four optional clock sources. Low power crystal Low power crystal Mid range crystalMid range crystal High range crystalHigh range crystal RC oscillator (low cost).RC oscillator (low cost). Programmable timers and on-chip ADC.Programmable timers and on-chip ADC. Up to 12 independent interrupt sources.Up to 12 independent interrupt sources. Powerful output pin control (25 mA (max.) current sourcing Powerful output pin control (25 mA (max.) current sourcing

capability per pin.)capability per pin.) EPROM/OTP/ROM/Flash memory option.EPROM/OTP/ROM/Flash memory option. I/O port expansion capability. I/O port expansion capability.

PIC 16F73A RAM 126

Memory Type Flash

Program Memory K Bytes 4

I/O Pins 22

Pin count 28

Max. CPU Speed MHz 20

Timers : 2 - 8-bit & 1 - 16-bit

Temperature Range -40 to 125

RISC instruction set with around 35 instructions _9 Digital I/O ports

On-chip timer with 8-bit prescaler.

Power-on reset

Watchdog timer

Power saving SLEEP mode

Direct, indirect, and relative addressing modes

External clock interface

RAM data memory

EPROM (or OTP) program memory

GENERAL FEATURES:

REGULATED POWER SUPPLYREGULATED POWER SUPPLY

The major blocks of power supply are given belowThe major blocks of power supply are given below TransformerTransformer RectifierRectifier FilterFilter 7805 voltage regulator7805 voltage regulator

LCD DISPLAYLCD DISPLAY

LCD Background:LCD Background:

One of the most common devices attached to a micro One of the most common devices attached to a micro controller is an LCD display. Some of the most controller is an LCD display. Some of the most common LCD’s connected to the many common LCD’s connected to the many microcontrollers are 16x2 and 20x2 displays. This microcontrollers are 16x2 and 20x2 displays. This means 16 characters per line by 2 lines and 20 means 16 characters per line by 2 lines and 20 characters per line by 2 lines, respectively.characters per line by 2 lines, respectively.

Diagram of LCDDiagram of LCD

BUZZER A buzzer or beeper is an audio signaling device,

which may be mechanical, electromechanical, or electronic.

A buzzer can be operated on two principles.

1. piezo electric buzzer, it generates sound because of the piezoelectric effect.

2. magnetic buzzer is based on the electromagnetic principle. In this project we are going to use magnetic buzzer.

characteristics of buzzer circuit : 1. sound level -------------------70-95 dB 2. current consumption---------35-60 ma 3. resonant frequency---------- 1-3 khz

OSCILLATOROSCILLATOR

An electronic oscillator is an electronic circuit that produces a repetitive Electronic signal, often a sine wave

or a square wave.

PIC micro controller internally having 4mhz clock frequency.

We are giving the 20Mhz clock frequency as an external source for increasing the system performance

LED INDICATORSLED INDICATORS

Led indicators have a life of at least ten years and consume 90 per cent less power than conventional indicators.

Depending on the type of the materials (Ga,As,p) led will gives the output in different colors (red, Yellow, green etc..)

LED’s emitted low-intensity red light, but modern versions are available across the visible, ultraviolet and infrared wavelengths, with very high brightness. LED’s are used as indicator lamps in many devices, and are increasingly used for lighting. Introduced as a practical electronic

component

RESET BUTTON RESET BUTTON

The reset button is a button that when clicked, will The reset button is a button that when clicked, will clear all of the fields in the micro controller, and clear all of the fields in the micro controller, and executes the instructions from the starting address. executes the instructions from the starting address.

A switch placed between the digital input and A switch placed between the digital input and ground will short the digital input to ground when it ground will short the digital input to ground when it is pressed.  This means the voltage seen at the input is pressed.  This means the voltage seen at the input will be high when the switch is open and low when will be high when the switch is open and low when the switch is closed. the switch is closed.

Circuit DiagramCircuit Diagram

FEATURES OF THIS PROJECT

It consumes very less powerIt consumes very less power User friendlyUser friendly High performanceHigh performance Low cost and very efficientLow cost and very efficient

Applications of the projectApplications of the project

This project can be used in real time This project can be used in real time applications like trains, buses, applications like trains, buses, homes and industries, etc……homes and industries, etc……

FUTURE SCOPEFUTURE SCOPE This project we can implemented by This project we can implemented by

adding automatic water pumping system adding automatic water pumping system when fire will be detectedwhen fire will be detected