Avoiding Plagiarism & Harvard Referencing

At the end of this session you should be able to:

� Understand what is meant by plagiarism

� Avoid plagiarising others’ work

� Understand how to use Harvard referencing correctly

� Know where to seek advice on accurate referencing

� Is meant by plagiarism?

� Is meant by academic dishonesty?

� Can you think of some examples?

10 mins

This term covers any attempt by a student to gain unfair (extra marks) advantage

� For him/herself or

� For another student

� Collusion

� Falsification

� Deceit

� Cheating

� Plagiarism

Let us have a look at these……

� Conscious collaboration, without official approval

� Between two or more students� In preparation of work submitted as

individual work� Where one/more students have copied some

students work, both(all) may be penalised

� Presentation of fictitious or deliberate distorted data

� For example in surveys and projects

� Also includes citing references that do not exist.◦ We do check!

� Misrepresentation or non-disclosure of relevant information

� Failure to disclose any cases of work being submitted for assessment which has been or will be used for other academic purposes

� Any attempt to gain unfair advantage in assessment or assisting another to do so◦ taking unauthorised material into exam rooms

� Copying from other students

� Collusion, impersonation, plagiarism or having prior access to exam papers.

It is considered academic dishonesty regardless of whether deliberate or just due to poor referencing skills.

(Oxford English Dictionary (2013)

“Plagiarism is intentionally or “Plagiarism is intentionally or “Plagiarism is intentionally or “Plagiarism is intentionally or unintentionally reproducing (copying, unintentionally reproducing (copying, unintentionally reproducing (copying, unintentionally reproducing (copying,

rewording, paraphrasing, adapting, etc) rewording, paraphrasing, adapting, etc) rewording, paraphrasing, adapting, etc) rewording, paraphrasing, adapting, etc) work that was produced by another work that was produced by another work that was produced by another work that was produced by another

person(s) without proper person(s) without proper person(s) without proper person(s) without proper acknowledgment in an attempt to gain acknowledgment in an attempt to gain acknowledgment in an attempt to gain acknowledgment in an attempt to gain

academic benefit. Intentionally or academic benefit. Intentionally or academic benefit. Intentionally or academic benefit. Intentionally or negligently allowing such reproduction negligently allowing such reproduction negligently allowing such reproduction negligently allowing such reproduction

to happen may also constitute to happen may also constitute to happen may also constitute to happen may also constitute plagiarism.”plagiarism.”plagiarism.”plagiarism.”

Coventry University definition ...

Two main types of plagiarism:

� Copying from other students

� Copying words directly from books or other sources

� Unless the lecturer specifically asked you to work with other students, any assignment you submit must be your own work

� All students involved in copying will be penalised, even the original author of the even the original author of the even the original author of the even the original author of the assignmentassignmentassignmentassignment

� Must acknowledge that it has been copied

� Must give the source

Grade A plagiarismGrade A plagiarismGrade A plagiarismGrade A plagiarism ----

occurs where an individual makes a premeditatedpremeditatedpremeditatedpremeditated and systematicsystematicsystematicsystematic attempt to pass off the work of one or more others as his own, the plagiarizer taking care to disguise the fact by suppressing all revealing references, by changing words here and there in order to deflect suspicion, and so on.

Grade B plagiarism Grade B plagiarism Grade B plagiarism Grade B plagiarism ----

occurs where an individual in the course of writing an essay or dissertation knowinglyknowinglyknowinglyknowinglyrefrains from making clear, through the erratic or inconsistent use of recognised erratic or inconsistent use of recognised erratic or inconsistent use of recognised erratic or inconsistent use of recognised conventionsconventionsconventionsconventions, the normal distinctions between such elements as paraphrase, quotation, reference and commentary.

Grade C plagiarismGrade C plagiarismGrade C plagiarismGrade C plagiarism ----

is plagiarism that is unintendedunintendedunintendedunintended or accidental.accidental.accidental.accidental. It occurs where through lazinesslazinesslazinesslaziness, disorganizationdisorganizationdisorganizationdisorganizationor indifferencindifferencindifferencindifference an individual neglects to acknowledge the source of an idea or quotation; or sticks too closely to the original wording when paraphrasing a source; or innocently reproduces, as his own materialas his own materialas his own materialas his own material, ideas or quotations which have been noted down or copied out without their sources being recorded.

1. Copying a paragraph verbatim from a source without any acknowledgement

2. Copying a paragraph and making small changes - e.g. replacing a few verbs, replacing an adjective with a synonym; source in the list of references

3. Cutting and pasting a paragraph by using sentences of the original but omitting one or two and putting one or two in a different order, no quotation marks; in-text acknowledgement e.g. (Jones, 1999) plus inclusion in the reference list

4. Composing a paragraph by taking short phrases of 10 to 15 words from a number of sources and putting them together, adding words of your own to make a coherent whole; all sources included in reference list.

5. Paraphrasing a paragraph with substantial changes in language and organisation; the new version will also have changes in the amount of detail used and the examples cited; in text acknowledgement e.g. (Jones, 1999) and inclusion in reference list

6. Quoting a paragraph by placing it in block format with the source cited in text & list of references.(Swales & Feale, 1993)

5 5 5 5 minsminsminsmins

Lecturers in the UK Lecturers in the UK Lecturers in the UK Lecturers in the UK draw the line draw the line draw the line draw the line

between between between between 4 and 54 and 54 and 54 and 5

1. Copying a paragraph verbatim from a source without any acknowledgement

2. Copying a paragraph and making small changes - e.g. replacing a few verbs, replacing an adjective with a synonym; source in the list of references

3. Cutting and pasting a paragraph by using sentences of the original but omitting one or two and putting one or two in a different order, no quotation marks; in-text acknowledgement e.g. (Jones, 1999) plus inclusion in the with substantial changes in language and organisation; the nereference list

4. Composing a paragraph by taking short phrases of 10 to 15 words from a number of sources and putting them together, adding words of your own to make a coherent whole; all sources included in reference list.

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------5. Paraphrasing a paragraph w version will also have changes in the

amount of detail used and the examples cited; in text acknowledgement e.g. (Jones, 1999) and inclusion in reference list

6. Quoting a paragraph by placing it in block format with the source cited in text & list of references.(Swales & Feale, 1993)

� Using another person's phrases or sentences without putting quotation marks around them is considered plagiarism even if the writer cites the source of the phrases or sentences that she has quoted

� If you use a previous students work it will be identified by staff

� What do you think this is?

� Students may think that because they are the authors, they can reuse their work as they please; it couldn't be defined as plagiarismplagiarismplagiarismplagiarismsince they are not taking any words or ideas from someone else.

� Do you agree?

5 5 5 5 minsminsminsmins

� It is notnotnotnot acceptable to submit all or part of a previous assignment more than once

� All assignments must be original

� Self-plagiarism is easily detected through our plagiarism software

You cannot gain academic credit twice for the You cannot gain academic credit twice for the You cannot gain academic credit twice for the You cannot gain academic credit twice for the same piece of worksame piece of worksame piece of worksame piece of work

� Plagiarism, detected or undetected, devalues EVERYONE’S degrees

� Is it worth the risk of being caught?

◦ You may be required to face the Academic Conduct Panel

◦ You may receive a zero grade for the module◦ You may be banned from passing your degree◦ Often guilty students are expelled or banned from

graduation and the University

� Quoting◦ If you use the exact words from another source, put

in quotation marks, give source and page number

� Citing◦ If you use information from another source but

paraphrase in your own words, acknowledge the text in your work

� References◦ At end of assignment give full details of all sources

used, including those cited in the text of your work

� Gathering info from sources is an essential part of academic writing

� All writers borrow material including ideas, information, images, charts, graphs and statistics

� You must reference borrowed material

� It is their intellectual property, not yours.

� All coursework MUST be submitted on time◦ If not, a zero mark will be recorded

� The main plagiarism excuse is time time time time constraintsconstraintsconstraintsconstraints or mitigating circumstances mitigating circumstances mitigating circumstances mitigating circumstances (health or family problems)

� If you cannot meet the deadline seek a deferral in advancein advancein advancein advance, DO NOT plagiarise as it will not be an acceptable excuse

� WhyWhyWhyWhy Reference?:Reference?:Reference?:Reference?:◦ Avoid plagiarism◦ Demonstrate knowledge of literature: range and depth of

research◦ Substantiate arguments◦ Allow others to locate sources used◦ Credit original contributors◦ Comply with academic standards◦ Evidence of academic skill

� It is important to acknowledge all the source texts in any piece of academic writing and/or presentation

� At the point at which a document, or an idea expressed within it, is referred to in your text (in-text citation)

� In a list at the end (List of References)

� Coventry uses an adapted form of the “Harvard” system of referencing (full booklet available on Moodle)

� Naturally in the sentence the date is in parentheses

In a recent study Bateson (1999) argued..

� If not naturally occurring, both Author and date appear in parentheses

A recent study (Bateson 1999) shows…..

� If there are two authors Matthew and Jones (2002) proposed….� If more than twoWilson et al. (2000) conclude that….� If you cite a quote from an author in another

source, acknowledge bothHoney and Mumford (1986) in Marchington

and Wilkinson (2002)

� If you are quoting a list of information from a source or an actual quote from a source, always quote◦ The author

◦ The date of publication

◦ The page and/or pages from which the quote is taken

For example“Socialisation begins during

selection”Anderson and Ostroff,

(1997:413)

Models, Diagrams, Tables, Illustrations, etc

� Make sure you provide an in-text citation for every image you borrow from either printed or internet sources.

� Images are categorised as figures.

� Charts are categorised as tables. ◦ See pages 9-10 of Coventry Harvard Referencing

booklet for examples

� If you adapt a model or diagram, always acknowledge this using the word “after”

Model/Diagram/TableAfter Brown R (2002:21)

� If you quote from within a source, acknowledge both sources

Model/Diagram/TableBrown (2002) in Smith (2003:237)

� References cited in the text and documents referred to during the research should be placed in a separate section at the end of the main body of the text

� The List of References is different to a bibliography.◦ A bibliography is a list of all the sources you have read,

whereas the List of References includes all the sources you have citedcitedcitedcited.

◦ Bibliographies are not normally used in the Harvard Style, so only include one if your module tutor asks you to.

� Alphabetical orderCoran, T.,Harrison, G.,

� Date order if more than one item from the same author(p.13 for detailed example)

Coran,T., 1997Coran,T., 2000

◦ See Part II of Harvard Referencing Guide for examples of a wide range of sources and how to reference them

� Authors surname, initials (or Editor’s surname and initials followed by (ed.)

� (Year of Publication)� Title (in italics)� Edition (if not first) � Place of publication� Publisher◦ Biggs, G. (2000) Gender and Scientific Discovery. 2nd ed.

London: Routledge◦ Chohan, C. (ed.) (1990) Derrida Exposed. Coventry:

Coventry University Press

� Surname of contributing author, initials

� (Year of publication)

� Title of author’s article

� In

� Title of book (in Italics)

� Editor of publication (initials, surname) followed by (ed.)

� Place of publication, publisher, pages◦ Aggarwal, B. (2005) ‘Has the British Bird Population

Declined?’ In A Guide to Contemporary Ornithology. A. Adams (ed.) Coventry: Coventry University Press: 66-99

� Surname, initials

� (Date)

� Title of article in quote marks

� Newspaper (in italics)

� Date of publication:Pages◦ Anderson, E. (2002) ‘Biology is Britain’s Best

Discipline.’ The Independent 20 July: 4-5

� Author’s surname, Initials

� (Year of publication)

� Title of article with quotes

� Title of Journal (in italics)

� Volume number

� (Part number or Issue Date)

� Page numbers of contribution

Padda, J. (2003) ‘Creative Writing in Coventry’. Journal of Writing Studies 3 (2) 44-59

• Author’s surname, initial (or name of organisation)

• (Date) of creation or update• Title of article/essay• [online]• Url• [Date of access]

◦ Centre for Academic Writing (2005) Centre for Academic Writing (2005) Centre for Academic Writing (2005) Centre for Academic Writing (2005) The List of References The List of References The List of References The List of References IllustratedIllustratedIllustratedIllustrated [online] available from <http://home.ched.coventry. [online] available from <http://home.ched.coventry. [online] available from <http://home.ched.coventry. [online] available from <http://home.ched.coventry. ac.uk/caw/ harvard/index.htm> [20 July 2005]ac.uk/caw/ harvard/index.htm> [20 July 2005]ac.uk/caw/ harvard/index.htm> [20 July 2005]ac.uk/caw/ harvard/index.htm> [20 July 2005]

� Good referencing supports your work

� It demonstrates the level of your reading and ability to argue

� It carries marks (which are well worth having!)

� It protects you from any accusation of plagiarism