ayoub a. abdi j0901csef.usc.edu/history/2012/projects/j09.pdf · 2012-04-30 · used the monthly...

CALIFORNIA STATE SCIENCE FAIR2012 PROJECT SUMMARY

Ap2/12

Name(s) Project Number

Project Title

Abstract

Summary Statement

Help Received

Ayoub A. Abdi

Got Connection

J0901

Objectives/GoalsThe purpose of this project is to test which material will block a satellite signal the strongest. Also, to seeif a material can increase the signal#s reception. This project could also be useful in giving information onhow to make satellites water proof and stronger during snow or hail storms. This will benefit latergenerations by increasing satellite technology.

Methods/MaterialsMaterial1. Direct TV satellite dish. 2. Dish Network satellite dish. 3. FTA satellite dish.4. Super Buddy satellite signal grader5. BrickProcedure1. Assemble satellite2. Fix Dish Network satellite to a firm foundation3. Attach LNB cable to the satellite dish4. Connect super buddy signal grader to the satellite5. Aim satellite at downlink6. Place satellite in front of building at a distance of 5 feet

ResultsThe findings for this project were, that at 7 feet the tree was the most effective and lower the signalstrength to the lowest. This proved my hypothesis wrong because I predicted that the building was goingto be the best signal blocker.

Conclusions/DiscussionThe findings from the experiment went with my hypothesis. The data that was collected proved that thebuilding is the best building blocker. The three satellites gave signals of -45.8,-45.7,-29.2 for Dish, DirectTV, and FTA respectively. My thoughts on the out come were that the results were quite believable. Thereason for my belief is because the building is a large obstruction.

This project was conducted to see what obstructer affects the satellite signal the most.

Mr. Mahmoud help i lending me tools; brother Ahmed help organizing my project; Mrs. Najwan forsupporting me through the whole process


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Ever R. Avary

Maglev Madness

J0902

Objectives/GoalsThe author wanted to find how much load a magnet can hold and where in the magnetic field it is the mostpowerful. The author hypothesized that the magnets will drop at a steady rate along with the weight ofrice being added, and eventually cap off at around 30mm because of the controlled and steady power ofthe magnetic field and the magnetic field#s tendency to become more powerful at the core of the magnet.

Methods/MaterialsThe rig was designed by slicing and slitting pieces of foam core to allow a magnetic platform to floatmidair. The author then added weights of rice to the magnetic platform and measured the height of theplatform in proportion to the weights of rice.

Organization of this experiment was a primary goal:

*Constant: The constant in this experiment was the height of magnetic platform with no weight.*Controlled Variable: The controlled variable was the use of rice as a weight.*Manipulated Variable: The manipulated variable was the weight applied to magnet platform.*Responding Variable: The responding variable was the height of the magnetic platform.*Trials: There were 11 weights of rice that I tested twice for a total of 22 trials.

ResultsResults showed that as the amount of rice added to the platform was increased, the height of the magneticplatform dropped. At the platform#s resting rate, it was at 47mm, and dropped to around 28mm. Thisexperiment is still in progress.

Conclusions/DiscussionThe author concluded that the height of the magnetic platform decreased at a steady rate. For everytablespoon of rice that was added, the height of the platform decreased one millimeter. This experimentshowed that as you get closer to the core of the magnet, the gauss levels becomes more concentrated.

This project tested how much a magnetic platform can carry and where it has the most concentrated gauss.

Parents helped purchase supplies and supervised use of Exacto knives.


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Haripriya N. Bellam

The Crystal Radio

J0903

Objectives/GoalsThe objective of this science fair project is to build a simple crystal radio from scratch. Then experimentto see if it works without external power. If it does work, to then experiment how the radio#s antennalength will affect its voltage, clarity and the number of stations it will play.

Methods/MaterialsMaterials:Cylindrical Kraft Tube, 4-in. diameter; Masking tape; Mounting board, wood, about 6 in. # 9 in.; Wire,solid, plastic insulated, 22 gauge, 100 ft.; Steel wire, galvanized, 20 gauge, 100 ft.; 2 PVC pipe couplings,1## x ##; Germanium diode; 47-komh resistor; Wood screw, small; Alligator Clip, 2#, non-insulated;Ceramic earphone, high- impedance; Wire strippers; Philips head screwdriver; 4 fanestock clips; Glasses,Safety, ANSI Certified; Lab Notebook-------------------------------------------------------------------------------Method:First assemble the radio with the reference to the model of a crystal radio diagram. Then connect theantenna and the ground connections and experiment using various antenna lengths. Record the microamps, clarity and the number of stations being played.

ResultsIn the end, my hypothesis proved to be correct and the radio worked without electricity. When theexperiment was conducted, once again my hypothesis was correct and the was proven that the longer theantenna length, the better clarity, more number of stations.

Conclusions/DiscussionMy conclusion turned out that my hypothesis was correct! The surprising thing was that the radio actuallyworked without electricity and that we could actually listen to many stations!

The crystal Radio is an unique device that uses no electricity and is dependent on the antenna length.

My dad helped me with experimenting and building difficult parts of the apparatus.


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Dylan L. Beyermann

Battery Performance at Different Temperatures

J0904

Objectives/GoalsThe objective was to measure how well alkaline batteries perform at different temperatures. Batteriesproduce electrical energy using a chemical reaction. Since chemical reactions are slower at lowertemperatures, a battery should not last as long when it is colder.

Methods/MaterialsA resistor was connected to the battery to act as a load. The voltage across the load and the temperaturewere measured every 2 minutes and stored in a Data Logger. After the battery discharged, the data weredownloaded to a netbook for analysis. From the time dependence of the voltage, the battery's lifetime wasdetermined. The experiment was repeated twice at room temperature, in a refrigerator and in a freezer.

ResultsAt room temperature, the battery lasted 8.79 hours. The battery's lifetime decreased to 6.77 hours at 1.4°C, and it only lasted 1.95 hours at -15 °C. This demonstrated that the battery's performance decreasedwith decreasing temperature.

Conclusions/DiscussionThe experiment supported the hypothesis that alkaline batteries do not last as long when used at lowertemperatures. Since the storage of energy is essential in our technological world, knowing how batteriesperform in different environments is important.

This experiment is about how an alkaline battery's performance is affected by temperature while beingused.

Father helped me build the circuit and mount the experiment on the display board. Mother helped meprepare the display board. Parents purchased some materials.


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Ayriel L. Bransford-Fonseca

Power Is Money: Investigating the Cost to Run Extra Electrical Devicesin the House

J0905

Objectives/GoalsBecause I was getting in trouble for leaving my lights on, I wanted to find the cost of different electricaldevices in a normal household. I wanted to find out who in my family wastes the most money using extraelectrical devices; my mother, my father, or me. Because my dad watches TV all of the time, myhypothesis was that he wastes a lot more money on electricity than my mother and me.

Methods/MaterialsI used two EnPower power usage meters to test a lamp, portable DVD player, a laptop, 2 televisions, 2humidifiers, a toaster, hand-tool battery chargers, a hair dryer, hair curlers, and a Keurig coffee maker. Iused the monthly Edison bill to find our average cost per kilowatt hour. I put the cost per kilowatt hour into the power usage meter. I used the average of the highest two tiers on my electric bill because that'show much we would save if we didn't use the extra devices. I tested each device twice for one hour usingtwo different meters.

ResultsI found the cost for each electrical device per year, day, and hour. I adjusted the cost using fractionsbased on the time we actually use the devices. I used the average of both tests to find the calculated cost ofextra electricity per day for my father, my mother, and me.

Conclusions/DiscussionMy father wastes more money than my mother or me combined. My hypothesis was correct. I learnedmany things from this project. One of the things I learned was the real price of using electricity. Realizing all of this makes me wonder how much money a family can save if they don't use the extraelectrical devices. Now when I turn on an electrical device, I think of having to put money in the devicelike a vending machine. All electrical devices have a cost, some more than others. If we didn't use thedevices tested, we would save over $100 a month. I wonder if people would use less electricity if theycould see the cost as they use the electrical devices. I'd like to do research on that in the future. I alsowant to research if electric cars really save money since you have to charge them.

I tested the cost of many extra electrical devices used in a common household and found who in myfamily wastes the most energy and money.

My mother helped me gather all of the materials, learn definitions, and helped edit my display.


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Jessica Bristol; Mallavi Sinha

Burning Green Laser

J0906

Objectives/GoalsThe goal is to prove that metal will be able to withstand the most amount of heat from a burning laserbecause the metal is a stronger material as compared to wood, plastic, cloth, or paper.

Methods/MaterialsThe materials utilized are: 1 green laser, jeweler's screwdriver, bonding glue, soldering iron, 3 sheets ofnewspaper, 3 pieces of redwood, 3 pieces of cloth, 3 plastic pieces, 3 sheets of metal. The experimentaldesign are as follows: 1) Place newspaper on a flat surface; 2) separate the two halves of the green laserpointer by unsealing the glue; 3) remove the battery cap from the laser pointer; 4) Remove the batteriesfrom the battery cap and place both parts on the newspaper; 5) Use the jeweler's screwdriver to adjust theexposed screw and place the parts on the newspaper; 6) Heat up the soldering iron and touch the tip to thecircuit board that is right above the screw that was previously adjusted; 7) Remove the tip of the solderingiron after 5 seconds & reassemble the laser pointer; 8) Test the laser on the materials and time how longeach one takes to burn; 9) Record all results in seconds.

ResultsThe metal was able to withstand the longest duration of heat from the burning laser. The average time foreach material is as follows: Metal - 341 seconds; Plastic - 150 seconds; Wood - 72 seconds; Newspaper -12 seconds. Therefore, we were able to quantify the length of time it took to burn the different testmaterials.

Conclusions/DiscussionThe results show that the objective of the experiment was attained since the metal did withstand thelongest duration of heat. This project expands our knowledge about electronics since we were able toconvert a laser beam pointer from a visual pointing object to a far more powerful instrument. Theconcentration of the beam through minor mechanical manipulation shows that a simple instrument can bealtered to an instrument that can be used in multiple ways.

A green laser pointer can be converted into a laser beam and the burning thresholds of different materialscan be measured.

Parents, team mate, and teachers helped in the research and purchasing for the project.


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Dominic H. Catanzaro

Soaring Solenoids

J0907

Objectives/GoalsIt is common knowledge that an electro-magnet attracts ferromagnetic metals and can attract or repel apermanent magnet. How do you get a magnetic coil to levitate over metal? A coil supplied withalternating electric current can induce a magnetic field in a nearby conductor that repels the coil. Myproject shows how this can be used to levitate a coil and how the thickness and resistivity of nearby sheetof metal affects how high the coil levitates.My hypothesis is that two factors play a strong role in the force that repels a coil from a nearby sheet ofmetal. The lower the electrical resistance of the metal sheet, the higher the coil will levitate. The thickerthe metal sheet, the higher the coil will levitate.

Methods/MaterialsTo test my hypothesis, I built a coil powered by alternating current and measured the height it levitatedover a sheet of metal. The coil was 250 mm in diameter and 200 windings of copper wire. Thealternating current was supplied by a wall outlet (110 VAC, 12 Amps). I measured the height the coil forthree different metals at four different metal thicknesses.

Conclusions/DiscussionThe data agreed with my hypothesis. The higher the resistance, the lower the coil floated when the metalthickness was 3 mm. When the thickness of the metal increased, the height of the coil increased. However, after a certain thickness the coil did not levitate any higher.

The effect of electrical conductivity and thickness of a metal plate on the magnetic repulsion force createdby an alternating magnetic field.

Rick Lee of General Atomics provided materials for a coil; Industrial Metal Supply loaned sheet metalfor measurement.


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Alexander del Palacio

Zap: Making a Van de Graaff Generator and Testing Two DifferentTriboelectric Material Combinations

J0908

Objectives/GoalsTo test and see which of two triboelectric material roller combinations in a Van de GraaffGenerator(VDG) that I built generates a larger static field around the sphere of VDG. The two rollercombinations used were Aluminum and Silicon for the first set and Aluminum and Poly Vinyl Chloride(PVC) for the second. To test the distance of the field of static electricity around the sphere of the VDG, Iused a simple instrument that I built called an Electroscope which reacts to static charges. My hypothesis,based on the triboelectric series chart, is that the combination of silicon rubber and Aluminum, beingfarther apart from each other on the chart than the combination of Aluminum and PVC, would generate alarger static electric field around the VDG.

Methods/MaterialsMethods:A VDG is constructed from 2 steel bowls joined together and attached to a standard 1.5" ABSpipe. Inside the tube 1 aluminum roller and 1 PVC or silicone rubber roller are connected by a rubber beltand driven by a Dremel motor.At the base and at the top 2 copper wire brushes and one ground wire totransfer the electrons to the sphere. A second apparatus consists of a 12 oz glass jar with 2 aluminum foilvanes suspended inside the jar by a paper clip wire which extend outside the jar.

Materials:2 steel bowls(1 with hole at bottom), 1 rubber belt,1Aluminum roller,1 Silicone rubber roller,1PVC roller,copper wire,ABS Pipe 3.81 cm diameter x 33 cm long, 7mm X 58mm bolt and nut,3.81 cm x7.6 cm ABS hub,1 Threaded ABS connector and nut,1 2.5 mm x 5.0 cm drill rod,1 glass jar,1paper clip,13"x5"cardboard,stranded copper wire,1 Dremel 4000 power tool.

ResultsAfter testing both combinations of rollers a total of 10 times each the result was that the combination ofthe silicon rubber and aluminum rollers generated a larger static field, ranging between 27.5 to 29centimeters, while the PVC and Aluminum roller combo field range was 22.86 to 23.62 centimeters.

Conclusions/DiscussionAt the end of my tests, the data I collected supported my hypothesis that the combination of the siliconrubber roller and the Aluminum roller would generate a larger static field than would the PVC roller andAluminum roller set.This result is consistent with the ranking of the materials on the triboelectric serieschart, whereby silicone rubber is farther away from the aluminum roller than is PVC.

I comapred the static fields generated by 2 different triboelectric material combinations in a Van deGraaff.

I recieved help from my father for the use of powertools. I also recieved help from my teacher Ms. Buckwith editing.


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Paul A. Dennig, Jr.

Fusing a ZigBee Wireless Network with Sonar and Infrared Sensors inan Indoor Navigation System for Alzheimer's Patients

J0909

Objectives/GoalsMy objective is to identify the best way to build an indoor navigation system that can help Alzheimer'spatients find their locations at home and receive cues for accomplishing daily activities. My researchquestion was whether ZigBee (XBee) radios by themselves would be sufficient in measuring distancesindoors or whether they would perform better when combined with Sonar and Infrared (IR) sensors. Ipredicted that the fusion method would be more accurate since the received radio signal strength (RSS)decays as log (1/r^2) and can be affected by environmental factors.

Methods/MaterialsFirst, I studied the advantages and limitations of XBees, Sonar, and IR by testing them against sixdrawback factors, each with two or more levels. I hung a barrier corresponding to a drawback factor on a5 ft by 5 ft plastic frame. Then, I tested each sensor over 6.5 meters in 0.5m increments, recording 30measurements for each distance, then repeating the whole process for each barrier. I also did a control runwith no barriers. I then compared my data to measurements based on mathematical formulae. Second, Itook the best combination of sensors for each environment and implemented it in a 2-D prototype.

ResultsWithout barriers, RSS decayed from -30 dBm at 0.5 m to about -50 dBm at 6.5 meters, as predicted by myformula, and the accuracy was high at 95%. When metallic barriers were used, the accuracy dropped to37% at 0.5 m. Reflective surfaces affected IR significantly and porous materials confused Sonar. Themain problems for Sonar were from outliers in the data, which were caused by Sonar's wide beamcatching side walls in the testing area.

Conclusions/DiscussionI correctly predicted the XBee control data based on my equations; however, I didn't expect XBees to bethis robust in the absence of drawback factors. My hypothesis about the fusion method as being moreeffective is accurate. Each tool has its strengths that can be utilized in different areas of a building. Radios are best for long non-line-of-sight paths while Sonar is best for shorter, open, direct distances andis not affected by metal. IR is good for .5 m to 1.5 m but needs to be positioned away from shiny objects. In my prototype, I shifted my reliance from Sonar to XBee measurements between 2 m and 5 m. In thefuture, I will expand this system to 3-D and test it with Alzheimer's patients.

My project examines the best way to fuse ZigBee radios with sonar and infrared sensors to build anavigation system for Alzheimer's patients.

Dad introduced me to XBees and helped me with programming and math new to me, Mom edited mywriting, and my science teacher, Mr. Hu, provided support and critical input.


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Azad Doulat

The Effects of Voltage on the Efficiency of a Hydrogen Cell

J0910

Objectives/GoalsThe objective is to determine if altering the input voltage to a standard electrolyzing fuel cell alters theefficiency of that cell.

Methods/MaterialsThe cell was hooked up to a power supply, and the input voltage and amperage was carefully monitoredby multimeters, until enough units of hydrogen had been produced. The same measurements were takenwith a wattmeter with regards to output voltage and amperage, and the data was calculated to find energy,power, and efficiency.

ResultsIncreasing the input voltage increased the overall efficiency of the hydrogen cell/electrolyzer, with theincrease lessening slowly as the input voltage approached maximum, eventually causing the efficiency todramatically decrease when voltage reached 95% of the maximum possible input for the cell.

Conclusions/DiscussionManipulating the voltage in a hydrogen fuel cell can allow for far more efficient hydrogen and energy production, but increasing input voltage too much can damage the cell's efficiency, resulting in a drop inenergy output. As such, careful management of voltage can make an already clean fuel far more energyefficient, as long as it is managed carefully.

Can hydrogen fuel cells be made more efficient by manipulating input voltage and amperage?

Parents helped format display; Resources from school laboratory; Theoretical and tutoring help from J.Shirajian and J. Nuttall


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Jarred Druzynski

Steeling the Show

J0911

Objectives/GoalsIn my project, I wanted to know if the core used in a solenoid will affect the strength of the magneticfield.

Methods/MaterialsA solenoid was constructed, allowing different cores of identical size to be inserted. The solenoid wasconnected to a power source, switched on and the strength of the magnetic field measured by 2 methods:how many paper clips each core/solenoid picked up, and a gauss reading using a homemade gauss meter.For each core, 5-10 readings were taken at 3v, 6v, 12v, and at both polarities.

ResultsThe steel core was the strongest. The next strongest cores were air, zinc, and water. Copper and brasswere the weakest overall.

Conclusions/DiscussionConductivity of the core in a solenoid has little to no effect on the strength of the magnetic field, only howferromagnetic the material is.

I tried to determine if different cores used in a solenoid would affect the magnetic field strength.

Father helped wind coil; My teacher helped get project organized


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Alexander C. Engel

Hydroelectric Generators: Oscillating Water Column vs. TaperedWater Channel

J0912

Objectives/GoalsThe objective was to determine which hydroelectric generator produces the highest electrical output, theOscillating Water Column or the Tapered Water Channel. My hypothesis was that the Oscillating WaterColumn generator would produce a higher electrical output than the Tapered Water Channel.

Methods/MaterialsModels of the Oscillating Water Column and Tapered Water Channel generators were constructed out ofhousehold and easily obtainable materials. Both generators were fitted with the same size turbines andgenerators. The generators were tested in five trials each, simulating ocean wave action with the sameamount of wave volume and frequency.

ResultsThe peak electrical output of the Oscillating Water Column generator was higher than the Tapered WaterChannel generator in all five trials.

Conclusions/DiscussionMy conclusion is that the Oscillating Water Column generator consistently produces a higher electricaloutput than the Tapered Water Channel generator in ocean wave conditions of the same volume andfrequency.

My project compares the electrical outputs of Oscillating Water Column and Tapered Water Channelhydroelectric generators.

My mother helped get the correct materials and read the electrical outputs while I simulated the wavemotion for each generator. Parents and teachers proofread my report.


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Andrew A. Fineman

Does an Electrolyzer and Fuel Cell, in Circuit, Provide More EnergyThan One Reversible Cell over Time?

J0913

Objectives/GoalsThe experiment purpose was to find out if a Reversible Fuel Cell provided more power than a Fuel Cellover time. It was hypothesized that the RFC and FC would produce about the same amount of powerbecause the hydrogen cell was the same.

Methods/Materials14 trials were conducted on each cell with the control being the Electrolyzer and Fuel Cell. Power outputwas measured in voltage and amperage. Remaining hydrogen was measured in cubic centimeters.

ResultsThe RFC resulted with the greatest power output over the Fuel Cell. The averages were (RFC/FC):0.4837/0.2124 volts; and 0.4661/0.1502 amps. There was a 228 percent voltage difference, and a 310percent amperage difference between the RFC and the FC.

Conclusions/DiscussionOf the hydrogen applications tested, the Reversible Fuel Cell provided more power over a period of timethan the Fuel Cell. A fuel cell and an electrolyzer cell are the exact same thing; the only difference is thecells application. Electricity and water are run through an electrolyzer cell in which the hydrogen andoxygen in the water are separated. Hydrogen and oxygen are then run through the fuel cell and produceelectricity, water, and a small amount of heat. A fuel cell can run forever if an unlimited supply ofhydrogen were available, however, moisture build up in the cell stops the process. That is probably whythe RFC worked better, because it could rid of all the moisture inside itself when run as an electrolyzer.

My project was to measure wether or not an Electrolyzer and fuel cell was more efficient than onereversible cell.

Grandfather bought supplies.


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Justin S.T. Fitzmaurice

Electromagnetic Propulsion Systems: Railguns

J0914

Objectives/GoalsThe objective of this experiment is to determine which of three rail compositions (copper, brass, oraluminum) would fire a projectile from a rail gun the furthest distance. A rail gun uses an electricalcurrent to accelerate a projectile along a pair of metal rails.

Methods/MaterialsFive prototype rail guns were constructed using a range of power sources and rail configurations, allresulting in a lot of sparking but no movement of a projectile. The sixth configuration producedmovement, at which point three rail guns were built for this experiment. Each gun used a different railmaterial: copper, brass, and aluminum. The guns were each fired ten times, and the distances that theprojectile travelled were measured and recorded.

ResultsThe rail gun that utilized copper rails consistently fired further than the gun that employed brass rails. Thegun with aluminum rails fired the shortest distance.

Conclusions/DiscussionThe test results indicate that rail guns using copper rails fire a projectile further than guns that use brass oraluminum rails, presumably because copper is the best conductor of electricity of the three metals.

The objective of this experiment is to determine which of three rail compositions (copper, brass, oraluminum) would fire a projectile from a rail gun the furthest distance.

Dad helped with the long process of trial and error with the many iterations of rail guns construction.


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Julie A. Fukunaga

Weedfinder: An Eco-Friendly Herbicide Sprayer, Year 2

J0915

Objectives/GoalsHerbicide is wasted every year by farmers who spend 8 billion dollars to control weeds. Farmers losemoney and harm the environment when using the full spray method in which everything is sprayed,including bare soil. To address this problem, I designed and built a device using electronic componentsand computer programming to detect and spray weeds selectively in vineyards. This eco-friendly systemwill lower farmers operating costs and reduce the volume of herbicide and water used.The engineering goals are to increase the efficiency of the device by 50% compared to last year#sprototype while maintaining a low cost of production for widespread use.

Methods/MaterialsI built a circuit and programmed a microcontroller to turn on a solenoid valve to spray herbicideswhenever the sensors detect a plant#s light reflectance (chlorophyll reflects infrared light). After testingseveral prototypes (year 2), I found out that frequency modulation helped detect weeds more efficiently. Ialso added a User Interface (UI) with a menu system and display to make testing easier, redesigned thelights and sensors for better brightness and alignment, and mounted the Weedfinder device on an ATVinstead of using a handheld device.

ResultsTrials in several vineyards showed that the average volume of herbicide and water saved was 67%compared to 38% in year 1.

Conclusions/DiscussionThe design criteria and engineering goals are met in this project. The average volume of herbicide andwater saved was 67% when using the Weedfinder. The new additions and changes in the device made itmore efficient, and solved the problem of ambient light affecting the device#s light source (year 1).Because of the use of pulse-width modulation, the sunlight no longer overpowers the infrared lights,making it difficult to detect the weeds# reflectance. The Weedfinder can benefit farmers and theenvironment by lowering the amount of chemicals and water used by 67%. A future application will be totest the device with a propane weed flame burner.

My project is about building an eco-friendly device that identifies and sprays weeds selectively to helpfarmers save on the herbicide, gas, and water they use.

My father helped with soldering, spraying chemicals, and explaining C language; my mother helped withthe board layout. I would like to thank Mrs. Anderson, Mrs. Burrell and Dr. Oliver for their support.


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John M. Grosen

The Effect of Changing Frequency on CPU Energy Usage

J0916

Objectives/GoalsThe purpose of this experiment was to find whether it is more energy efficient to run a CPU at a highfrequency (running a task quickly, then having the CPU sleep for the remainder of a set period of time) orat a low frequency (running the task more slowly, then having the CPU sleep for a shorter amount of timeor not sleep at all).

Methods/MaterialsA program was written for the DSP (digital signal processor) CPU of the OMAPL138 system-on-a-chip tocharacterize its power usage while busy (actively computing); it was run, and a multimeter was used tomeasure power draw for four different frequencies: 100 MHz, 200 MHz, 300 MHz, and 456 MHz, and theresults were recorded. A similar program was used to measure its power usage while sleeping. Next, thenumber of cycles needed to go to sleep and the number of cycles needed to wake up were measured. Thenthe total actual energy used was measured. Finally, an equation was written to model the energy usage,and the theoretical values were compared to the measured quantities to verify the validity of the equation.

ResultsWhen testing for a period of 50 ms, the highest frequency, 456 MHz, used the least energy whenever thenumber of cycles was above 1,300,000. Below 1,300,000 cycles, 100 MHz used the least energy. Whencomputing 5,000,000 cycles, 456 MHz used the least energy as long as the amount of time was below 190ms; above this, 100 MHz used the least.

Conclusions/DiscussionIn order to maximize energy efficiency, a dynamic clock rate is necessary. The highest frequency yieldsthe lowest energy usage when the ratio of the period to the number of cycles is reasonably small. If theperiod is long and the task is short, the lowest frequency is best.

The purpose of this experiment was to find whether it is more energy efficient to run a CPU at a highfrequency or at a low frequency, assuming the CPU is able to sleep.

Father provided equipment and documentation; mother helped with construction of board


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Andrew D. Gudmundsen

The Draw of Electromagnets

J0917

Objectives/GoalsMy objective was to determine how the length of wire or coils affect how much weight an electromagnetcan lift. I believe that if I change the amount of wire wrapped around an iron core, then the electromagnetthat will pick up the most paper clips will be the one with the most wire wrappings.

Methods/MaterialsFirst I built a box using wood, staples, paint, and screws to house the electromagnets. Then I used 6 inchlong bolts, solid strand wire, wire cutters, solder and soldering iron to connect the wire to the bolt andfinally electrical tape to make the electromagnets. A doorbell button was installed to access the batterypower. A rotary switch was installed to select one of the electromagnets. Finally, the electromagnets werethen hung with ropes and pulleys.

ResultsThe data collected from the trials showed that the electromagnet with the most coils of wire did indeedpick up the most paper clips.

Conclusions/DiscussionThrough my experiment I learned that my hypothesis was correct. The more wire that is wrapped aroundthe iron core increased the strength of the electromagnet. This is because as more coils are added to theelectromagnet a stronger and stronger magnetic field is created. If I were to add to my project, I wouldadd an extra battery to study the change that electrical current has on the power of electromagnets as well.I would like to study more about electromagnets and their everyday use!

My project is about how the strength of electromagnets is affected by the amount of wire wrapped arounda core.

My dad supervised me when I used the power tools and also to help install the power button and switch. My mom helped me organize the data for my display board.


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Lauren E. Henske

It's Raining Electricity: Generating Electricity from Water UsingKelvin Electrostatic Generator Principles

J0918

Objectives/GoalsThe purpose of my "IT'S RAINING ELECTRICITY" project was to observe how water flow rate effectsthe generation of static charge in a Kelvin electrostatic generator. I predicted that as you speed up thewater flow rate, the intervals between sparks produced by the generator would decrease because thecopper coils would gather ions from the water at a faster rate. The experimental variable was the waterdrip rate. My goal was to make it work and learn more about static charge generation.

Methods/MaterialsTo test this, it took three different design attempts before I could run trials that would reliably generate aspark, effectively monitor the drip rate as a variable, and accurately measure the time interval betweensparks. My final (successful) apparatus used two petcocks, which restricted water flow and enabledaccurate measurement of milliliters per minute, as well as a unique spark fixture that created "lightening."It also relied on water free-falling into a double helix of copper coils that descended into weighted metalcanisters resting on insulated foam, with electrodes connected to the spark fixture. To run a trial, I pouredwater into the top, varied the drip rate, let the water move through the static charge collectors (coils,canisters, electrodes and spark fixture), and timed the interval between sparks.

ResultsMy results indicated that when you increase the water drip rate in a Kelvin electrostatic generator, theinterval of time between sparks decreases. I also learned that humidity is an important variable to control,and that there is an "art" to the science of building a reliable Kelvin electrostatic generator.

Conclusions/DiscussionWhile this may seem like a very simple relationship, these results validated my hypothesis and weresatisfying beyond words because at times, I was uncertain I could consistently generate a static charge andrun trials. Replicating my design exactly and controlling for humidity may help future science studentsunderstand Sir Kelvin's discovery and generate their own reliable data. While it may be wishful thinking,perhaps future researchers will turn Sir Kelvin's 145-year-old discovery into a usable form of alternativepower someday too.

My project proved that flowing water can successfully generate static electricity and that the drip ratespeed directly effects the rate of static charge transmission, with a faster drip rate resulting in a fasterspark rate.

My father helped me use power tools to build the apparatus; the three designs were based on my researchand ideas. My dad also helped attach the title to my poster board.


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Jesus F. Hourmand

Teleoperated Anthropomorphic Hand

J0919

Objectives/GoalsThe project involved creating a teleoperational robotic hand using servos. The hand includes aMicrocontroller board that sends digital signals to the motors and is linked to a user-operational glove. The glove, when manipulated by a user, changes the position of the digits and wrist of the robotic hand. The hypothesis of this project, was to determine whether teleoperation could work through a user and theservo controller, and if the servos that drive the hand would have an increase in response time or delaywhen supplied voltage decreases and ambient temperature increases.

Methods/MaterialsThe hand was first built and all hardware, software, and printed circuit board were designed. The glovewhich included flex sensors, was built and connected to the hardware. A cardboard box with an attachedblow dryer was used as an environmental chamber. The robot's arm that contained the servo motors, wasplaced in the box. The temperature was monitored using a meter with a thermocouple temperature sensor.Servos were tested over two temperatures: 20C and 60C. A power supply generated 12 voltages in therange 7.25V to 4.50V to simulate battery drainage. For each voltage, there were 5 trials to test the hand'sresponse time. The response time was measured by the delay between the glove's input and robot'smovement. There was a total of 120 trials.

ResultsResponse time increases as battery voltage drops and when temperature is significantly above roomtemperature. The response time increased 30% to 40% as temperature increased from 20C to 60C, andwhen the supply voltage was below 6V.

Conclusions/DiscussionAs servos are used extensively with large loads or they are run in hot ambient temperatures, they heat upand response time increases significantly. This is due to mechanical time constant. Cooling the servosusing forced air flow or by using heat sinks would help reduce response time.

A robotic hand that is remotely controlled by a glove, was built and tested for it's response time to user'shand movements, at two different temperatures and various battery voltages to demonstrate servo motors'performance issues.

Father helped clarify some electrical questions.


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Megan N. Kawakami

Is There More Resistance on a Magnetic Levitation Train or a Train onWheels?

J0920

Objectives/GoalsMy project was to determine whether a magnetic levitation train has more or less resistance that a train onwheels. I believe that magnetic levitation train has less resistance.

Methods/MaterialsI constructed a model train with magnets on one side and wheels on the other side attempting to keep thetrain symmetrical. I placed magnets on a circular plate creating a track for my train. I aligned a plasticsheet supported by golf tees to form a guardrail that the train could be guided with. I constructed a leverarm to push on the train using a roller skate bearing for rotation. I attached a scale to the lever arm tomeasure the amount of force needed to push the train. I made a cardboard surface to cover magnets that would be used to compare the train on wheels.I placed the magnetic train on the track and used the lever arm to push train around track at a constantspeed. I recorded the scale readings at various locations along the track. For the wheeled experiment, I placed the cardboard on top of the magnets. I placed the wheeled train onthe track and used the lever arm to push train around track at a constant speed. I recorded the scalereadings at various locations along the track.

ResultsThe maglev train had consistently lower scale readings than the wheeled train. This demonstrated a lowerresistance requirement to push the train.

Conclusions/DiscussionMy conclusion is that the maglev train had less resistance, proving my hypothesis.

My project measured the resistive differences between a train utilizing magnetic levitation versus rollingwheels.

Father helped to cut wood, pay for supplies, helped to record scale readings.


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Ryan D. Kmet

Railgun: Turning Current Resources into Tomorrow's ShockingSolutions

J0921

Objectives/GoalsThe purpose of this experiment was to determine, of copper, aluminum, brass, and molybdenum sheet,which material would allow the best conductivity and lowest level of degradation when used with alimited power source as rails in a railgun. The hypothesis was that, given its electrical conductivity ratingand degradation point, copper would achieve the most effective results.

Methods/MaterialsSets of four miniature railguns were constructed using wood blocks and cut sheets of copper, aluminum,brass, and molybdenum, a 6-volt battery pack, and a projectile made of a 1.5-inch steel nail and two3/8-inch cylindrical magnets with the poles opposing. The rails were charged, the projectile was releasedten times on each set of rails, and the results were recorded.

ResultsThe conclusion partially supported the hypothesis in that the copper sheet was an effective conductivematerial for the railgun rails. However, the aluminum, brass, and molybdenum were successful, as well,though to lesser degrees. Additionally, there was an undesirable arcing seen with the propulsion of theprojectile along all the rails, which is demonstrative of one of the biggest issues of the railguns in usetoday.

Conclusions/DiscussionThe limited power source in this experiment failed to adequately stress the materials used for the rails, soan absolute conclusion on the optimal material is not possible without further research. Though thecopper rails were slightly more conductive, considerations for the optimal material also need to includecost and degradation. A highly conductive but costly material with a low degradation point will not beany more optimal than a less conductive and less expensive material with a higher degradation point. Further research could include alloy metals and protective coatings applied to them for the rails, as well asa larger power supply and possibly a capacitor bank to store this power in order to more effectively chargethe rails and adequately stress them to better determine degradation.

The purpose of this experiment was to determine, of copper, aluminum, brass, and molybdenum sheet,which material would allow the best conductivity and lowest level of degradation when used with alimited power source as rails in a railgun.

Mother and stepfather purchased the materials and supervised the experiment, and Cal City Ace Hardwaregenerously assisted in cutting the metals and wood blocks to size.


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Micah A. Knox

Gauss Magnetic Linear Accelerator

J0922

Objectives/GoalsMy project is to determine if the amount of neodymium magnets and the amount of chrome ball bearingsaffect the speed at which the last ball bearing is going.

Methods/Materialsfour different arrangements of the 16lbs. pull force neodymium magnets. Also four arrangements of the41lbs. pull force neodymium magnets. The arrangements will consist of one neodymium magnet (16lbs)and two ball bearings, two neodymium magnets (16lbs) with two ball bearings each, three neodymiummagnets (16lbs) with two ball bearings each and four neodymium magnets (16lbs) with 2 ball bearingseach. I will be measuring the speed by using the formula V=S/T or velocity = speed/time.

Resultsin my project I tested if the amount of neodymium magnets in a gauss linear accelerator affected the finalspeed. I tested with nine different sets each with one more set than the last. My slowest set was set #1 at aspeed of 1.08 mph. my fastest set was set #9 at a speed of 4.oo mph. each set was relatively close to theone before and after it. my closet two sets were set #7 and set #8. Set #7 was at 3.27 mph and set #8 wasat 3.30 mph. my farthest two sets were set #8 and set #9. Set #8 was at 3.30 mph and set #9 was at 4.00mph.

Conclusions/DiscussionMy hypothesis was correct. The amount of sets of neodymium magnets and chrome ball bearings doesaffect the speed of the last chrome ball bearing. The first set was undeniably the slowest out of all the sets.Set 9 was the fastest of all the sets. If I were to make a gun that uses the gauss linear accelerator I woulduse a design that closely resembles set 9 and not set 1. Although if I want a gun that was very small andcompact I would probably use a design that closely resembles group 1,2 or 3 but instead of using 16 lbs.pull force I would use 41 lbs one.

My project is about how the amout of neodymium magnets and metal ball bearing affect the speed of myball bearing track speeds.

mother helped me set up my board.


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Anirudh Makineni; Nishanth Salinamakki

Calling = Electric Power

J0923

Objectives/GoalsThe purpose is to capture radiating energy, convert it into electricity, store the energy, and be used to lightup a LED without using any external power source.

Methods/Materials1. Germanium diode; 2. LED ; 3. Copper Wire; 4. Platform; 6. Ruler; 7. GSM phone.

1. Construct the circuit that will capture the mobile phone waves sent from it. 2. The circuit is made outof copper wire to capture energy: a germanium diode to make sure the current goes in one direction, andan LED to show the energy. 3. Stretch the copper wire on a flat surface into a square loop of 7.5 x 7.5 cmand build the circuit with copper wire, diode, and LED. 4. Run the application or any other variableplanned to be used and wait. 5. See how long the LED lights up if it lights up at all. 6. Then recordresults, time, and observations down of the LED glowing. 7. Repeat step 7 for other phone activities thatneeds network link. 8. Compare results and from data to see when LED glowed the longest.

ResultsThis table shows which cellphone activities light up the LED or not.

Short TextLong Text MapsVideos on YouTubeBrowsing the app marketCallingSending e-mailsYesYesYes*YesYesNoYes*YesYesNoYesYesNoNoNoYesYesYesNoNoNoNoYesYesNoYesNoNoYesYesNoYesYesNoYesYesNoYesNoNoNoYesYesYesYesYesYesYesNo

Conclusions/DiscussionAfter much time researching, experimenting, and trials, the LED finally glowed without using anyexternal source but the radio waves emitting from the cellphone. Eventually the experiment wassuccessful, but could not measure the voltage during the cell phone activity, though the LED wasglowing.The original idea was to measure the electricity, but this could not be done due to lack of time andresources.

The project is about glowing a LED without any external electric power source.

Dad helped in soldering circuit and getting the necessary components for the experiment.


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Emily R. Manabe

Best Battery Temperature for Maximum Performance

J0924

Objectives/GoalsThe purpose of my experiment was to determine how temperature will affect the power output ofbatteries.

Methods/MaterialsPairs of AA batteries were brought to different temperatures ranging from 0 F to 170 F and were thenattached to a circuit that used a calorimeter to heat water. The calorimeter was made by putting ten 10Ohm resisters together, five on each side. The resistors were connected in a parallel circuit. The power ofbatteries were determined by measuring the change in temperature of the water that was heated by theresisters in the calorimeter. The water temperature from the calorimeter was measured after the batteriesdischarged for 10 minutes. This was repeated four more times, for a total of five water temperaturereadings for each battery temperature.

ResultsThe first set of data included seven battery temperatures that ranged from 0 F to 170 F and the second setof data included five battery temperatures that ranged from 0 F to 170 F. Batteries at higher temperaturesconsistently heated the calorimeter water to higher temperatures than the batteries at lower temperatures.

Conclusions/DiscussionThe power output of batteries increased as the battery temperature increased. This is an important environmental factor for battery performance.

How temperature affects the power output of batteries.

Father helped design project and mother helped write report.


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Fletcher T. Matthews

Spin Right 'Round with Electric Motors

J0925

Objectives/GoalsThe amount of energy that industrial nations are using continues to increase. Making electric motorsmore efficient would help reduce the use of energy and help the environment. My objective was toinvestigate different wire diameters in the coil of the electromagnet in an electric motor to determine if alarger diameter wire will produce a stronger electromagnet. This should result in a faster more efficientelectric motor. Based on Ohm's law, I hypothesize that the larger diameter wire will have less resistanceand will produce a faster electric motor than a smaller diameter wire.

Methods/MaterialsI first built a simple electric motor. I then built three different wire coils for the electromagnet using 25,27 and 29 gauge copper wire but kept the length of the wire the same for the coils. I then tested theelectric motor with each different electromagnet and measured the rotations per minute of the armature. Irepeated the test 10 times for each different electromagnet.

ResultsThe electromagnet with the largest diameter wire (25 gauge) consistently spun the electric motor thefastest over the smaller diameter wire.

Conclusions/DiscussionMy conclusion is that the larger diameter wire used in the electromagnet coil produces a strongerelectromagnet and a more efficient electric motor than the smaller diameter wire. The wire gauge used inthe electromagnet coil is an important factor in electric motors. This experiment supports Ohm's law thata larger diameter wire has less resistance and results in a faster spinning electric motor. For stationarymotors such as washing machines and air conditioners, using the larger diameter wire should produce amore efficient electric motor. However, for electric motors used in moving vehicles where weight isimportant, the extra weight with a larger diameter wire for the coil may not prove beneficial.

Does using a larger diameter wire in the coils for an electromagnet produce a stronger electromagnetwhich results in a more efficient electric motor than smaller diameter wire in the coils.

My mom helped record the data and helped me type my report. My dad helped me build the electricmotor. Finally my mom and dad helped me understand the concept of electromagnetism.


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Erik Z.S. Meike

A Robot for Photo-Documenting Parks

J0926

Objectives/GoalsThe purpose of my project was to create a robot that will autonomously map trails in parks whilerecording its position and take 360º immersive photos of hiking trails for virtual hikes, disabled access,and preserving scenery for future generations. In order to develop the technologies required for thiscomplex project, I created small scale versions of all the major components. There were 3 projects:1. A stabilized base for mounting a 360º camera2. A maneuverable robotic base3. Vision and pathfinding systems

Methods/Materials1: Using my hardware and software experience, I designed and built an IMU (inertial measurement unit)to sense orientation and used a servo-controlled pan and tilt bracket for keeping the camera level andproperly oriented. 2: I constructed an Arduino-based circuit and wrote code to interface to the sensors and motors for therobotic base. I built three different frames before settling on the one using Lego-based motors and frame.3: I am taking classes to learn state of the art techniques for vision and path finding systems: A*algorithm, structure from motion, particle filters, Kalman filters, Open CV.

Results1: The camera platform performs well. I do not have access to a 360º servo or 360º camera, so the currentplatform can rotate 180º and has a stereo camera for proof of concept. I am confident that adapting to thefinal version will be straightforward.2: The robot is able to stand, however, more work needs to be done to enhance stability and addnavigation.3: Although, I have not yet built a prototype system, I have done the background research and have a goodunderstanding of the main components involved. I am now preparing to move to the experimental phase.

Conclusions/DiscussionI built a camera platform that reliably faces in whatever direction I want it to, and adaptively keeps thecamera level. In the process of designing this, I discovered a technique to simplify the process of creatingan interconnected lattice of 360º photos into a navigable scene by always pointing the camera north. Also,after testing several algorithms for the robot base, I found that the PID algorithm balances the robot thebest. I have made substantial progress in designing and building two out of three of the majorcomponents of this complex system.

A robot for autonomously mapping and photographing trails in parks with 360º images for virtual hikes,disabled access, and preserving scenery for future generations.

My dad helped me with some software issues. My family helped me glue up my poster.


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Ahmed A. Mohamed

Hydroelectric Generator

J0927

Objectives/GoalsMy objective is to build a hydro electric generator and test it to find out the relationship between theheights of the water and the amount of electricity generated.

Methods/MaterialsA tower test ring with adjustable shelves was constructed to simulate the different water level before andafter a dam. The rig is equipped with a water tank setting on the highest shelf, used turbine wheel from aturbocharger, a hose with ball valve connecting the water tank to the turbine, and water collecting tankunder the wheel. The electric generator was constructed by forming four 200 rounds of copper coils, thatwere attached to a CD mounted on the rig, few millimeters above the coil a second CD with 4 strongmagnets glued to it, and attached to the wheel shaft. To study the relation between the water height andthe electricity generated the top shelf were adjusted to be to different heights above the turbine wheelranging from 1 ft to 4 foot, in each case the water was allowed to flow down and the produced voltage andthe number of LEDs lit were recorded.

ResultsWith 4ft of water 3LEDs were lit and around 8.7 Voltage was produced while with 2ft of water only1LED was lit and 2.4 voltages were emitted. I found that more electric power is generated if higher water level is being used.

Conclusions/DiscussionThe greatest amounts of electricity were generated from the highest water level tested. The relations ofwater height to the measured voltage were almost linear. Which means more water the more electricity isgenerated.

To a hydro electric generator and to test what height will pro duce the greatest amount of electricity.

my mom helped me spin the coils will my dad cut the wood.


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Carson A. Pope

Voltage Revival: Recharging 1.5 Volt AA Alkaline (Non-Rechargeable)Batteries

J0928

Objectives/Goalswas to determine if it was possible to recharge 1.5V AA pile alkaline (non-rechargeable) batteries using acordless drill as a generator.

Methods/MaterialsI recharged 18 batteries using a cordless drill as a generator, by turning a metal hand crank (attached to thedrill) 50 times. First I tested the voltage of used batteries using a volt meter, and divided them into 4categories depending on their voltage. The categories were 1v* or under, 1v-1.240v, 1.240v-1.35v, and1.35v-1.5v. Then I tested 3 batteries from each category, and recorded the voltage before, directly after,and 2 minutes after recharging. A set of 6 batteries (3 batteries from category 1 and 3 batteries fromcategory 3) went into a 1.2volt incandescent light bulb circuit to determine how long the batteries wouldcontinue to light the incandescent bulb. Another group of 6 batteries (3 from category 1 and 3 fromcategory 3) went into a LED bulb lighting circuit to determine if the batteries would light the bulb beforeand after recharging.*v=volts

ResultsThe batteries in all categories recharged to near full or over capacity and dropped in voltage after 2minutes, but were still significantly higher than the starting voltage. The average total voltage increase forcategory 1 was 0.32v, category 2 was 0.092v, category 3 was 0.126v, and category 4 was 0.069v.Batteries from category 3 that were not completely drained before recharging lasted a lot longer in the1.2v lighting circuit than batteries from category 1 that were dead before recharging. For the LED test,batteries from category 1 didn't light the bulb before being recharged, but did light the bulb after beingrecharged. For the batteries from category 3 they lit the LED bulb both before and after recharging.

Conclusions/DiscussionIt is possible to increase the voltage of 1.5volt batteries using the cordless drill recharging unit. Eventhough AA alkaline batteries don't retain a complete charge, it is still worth recharging them if you use apower efficient bulb like a LED. By being able to recharge (non-rechargeable) AA pile alkaline batteries,you can get the maximum use out of them before sending them to the landfill.

My project is to determine if it is possible to recharge 1.5V AA pile alkaline (non-rechargeable) batteriesusing a cordless drill as a generator, and testing the recharged batteries in an incandescent and LED lightbulb circuit.

My father helped with the assembly of the drill recharging unit (using power tools), light bulb testingcircuits (soldering wires), and paper cutting for the display board.


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Martin A. Quiroga

Measuring the Strength of Electromagnets

J0929

Objectives/GoalsMy objective is to determine how the strength of an electromagnet changes by changing the number ofloops in an electromagnet

Methods/MaterialsThe method used was to set up a stand (wood) with a carriage (wood) to hold the electromagnet (3 1/2inch iron nail with copper wire) and change the carriage distance to the measuring device (a magneticcompass) while using a low voltage power source (4-AA batteries) connected to the electromagnet

ResultsThe strength of each electromagnet increased with an increase in the number of coils. This was observedwhen the magnetic compass needle deviated at greater distances as the electromagnets loops increased.Also the rate of change of neddle deflection angle was greater for each centimeter the lectromagnets withmore loos were moved closer to the compass.

Conclusions/DiscussionMy hypothesis was correct: the strength of electromagnets change with a change in the number of loops.The results were graphed showing the changes. However, a relation of the lines to the distance could notbe developed in time. Further analysis and testing is required for that after making a few improvements tomake the results more consistent, such as using a more reliable power source,or adapting an electriccircuit that could keep the batteries from draining too fast. It was fun to create an experiment that actuallyworked.

My project is about measuring the strength of electromagnets by changing the number of loops

Father and Mother helped with the design and construction of the stand and testing equipment. Fatherhelped with the testing and graphs. Mother helped witht the report and display of this experiment. Allefforts were done at home


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Alex C. Radovan

Can You Hear Me Now?

J0930

Objectives/GoalsThe objective of my experiment was to see how different materials affected Bluetooth transmissiondistances. I think the reduction in transmission distance will be proportional to the specific density of thematerial.

Methods/MaterialsMATERIALS:Sheetrock,Sheet Steel and Sheet Aluminum,Plywood,Cloth,Carpet,String,BluetoothHeadset,Bluetooth capable phone,Rokenbok connectors,Tape Measure 100',Hot Glue Gun and glue,Tape.PROCEDURE:1.Build Each Box. 2.Glue materials to the outside of the boxes. 3.Place phone inside box. 4.Put lid on box.5.Lay Tape Measure Out. 6.Call the phone. 7.Start to walk away from the phone with Bluetooth headset.8.Record distance when the person on the other side of the phones voice becomes static. 9.Recorddistance when you can#t understand the person on the other side of the phone. 10.Record distance whenthe headset disconnects

ResultsRESULTS: My results were very interesting and were not exactly what I expected. The sheet aluminumconstantly had the worst average performance. It made the voice static at 18 ft.(AVG), inaudible at 35ft.(AVG), and made the headset disconnect at 66 ft.(AVG). The 2-Ply sheetrock had the best averageperformance even better than the control. The 2-Ply sheetrock made the voice static at 52 ft.(AVG),inaudible at 102 ft.(AVG), and made the headset disconnect at 100+ ft. every time. A lot of the tests madethe headset disconnect at 100+ ft.

Conclusions/DiscussionCONCLUSION: My hypothesis was partially correct. The denser materials did affect the transmissiondistances more than the less dense materials. However on average the densest material effected thetransmission distances less than the second densest. The 2-Ply sheetrock affects the transmission distancesless than the single layer of sheetrock. I am not sure why this happened. I thought it was because theamount of interference around us might have changed. In order to rule this out I tested the sheet steel onceimmediately after I got the strange results with the 2-Ply sheetrock. I got the same results that I had gottenearlier with the sheet steel so I knew that my data was accurate. The order of effect that materials had onthe headset is not the same order of the Specific Density of the materials. Specific Density is the densityof a material times the thickness of the material.

I tested how various materials affected the distances at which a Bluetooth headset disconnected, as well asthe distances at which a call became static and inaudible.

Dad helped build boxes and talked on the phone for my tests; Mom helped gather the materials needed formy experiment.


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V.V. Sandy Ryan

Shaking Up Some Energy: Electromagnetic Induction

J0931

Objectives/GoalsWhile investigating how a crank flashlight gets energy to power a bulb without batteries, I learned aboutelectromagnetic induction. Based on this idea a simple flashlight can be made from magnets, conductingwire and a low voltage bulb. My project was to determine if using these materials, enough electricitycould be produced to light a bulb and to determine factors that affect the voltage created.

Methods/MaterialsThe flashlight was created by wrapping 30 gauge magnet wire around a short length of PVC pipe. Varyingnumbers of Neodymium magnets were placed inside the pipe and sealed with caps. The wire ends wereattached to the LED light and the flashlight was shaken to observe the LED brightness. The wire endswere then attached to a multimeter and the flashlight was shaken over a 60 second period to determineaverage voltage output.

ResultsEven with the lowest amount of coil turns (500) and magnets (1) enough electricity was produced to lightthe LED bulb. This combination produced the lowest voltage and the brightness of the bulb was dim. Themost voltage and brightest lighting of the bulb was produced with 2000 coil turns and 4 magnets.

Conclusions/DiscussionIt is possible to create a simple flashlight from magnets, conducting wire and a low voltage bulb. Highermagnetic field strength and number of coil turns does increase voltage produced. Data shows that theincrease is not consistent. Based on this information, the distance between the wire and the magnetic fieldalso affects voltage production.

My project was to determine if enough voltage could be produced with magnets and copper wire to lightup a low-voltage LED bulb and determine factors that affect the voltage produced.

Aunt helped obtain materials, appratus set-up, record data, type report and assemble display.


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Anish Seshadri

Automated, Wireless Monitoring and Control System (AWMCS) forGreenhouse Management

J0932

Objectives/GoalsThe problem that is addressed in this project is that currently operation of greenhouses involves wastageof water and electricity as well as high labor costs for maintenance. The purpose of this project is to buildan automated, wireless monitoring and control system (AWMCS) for greenhouse management andmaintenance to reduce system, labor and installation costs, water usage, and electricity consumption.

Methods/MaterialsThe key evaluation criteria included automation, design of a mobile sender unit using a robot and systemoperation using wireless communication. The AWMCS is completely automated and wireless. No humaninvolvement is needed for monitoring the greenhouse and for turning on/off heating, lighting and wateringsystems. This cuts down on labor cost and helps establish scalable greenhouses for agriculture. The AWMCS has two building blocks: the Mobile Sensor Unit and the receiver unit. The Mobile SensorUnit is made up of sensor circuits for collecting plant soil moisture, surrounding temperature and lightdata. An NXT robot carries the sensor circuitry and ensures that all points of the greenhouse aremaintained within acceptable levels of light, temperature and soil moisture. This data is then transmittedwirelessly to the receiver XBee and Arduino. The software runs on the Arduinos and enables theAWMCS to operate devices like water pump, heater or light bulb using relays. The prototype AWMCS is tested at many levels. Moisture, temperature and light sensor and receivercircuits are tested independently as sub-systems. Then the integrated AWMCS is tested in a greenhouseenvironment.

ResultsI collected moisture, light and temperature data for a total of 19 hours over 2 days using the MobileSensor Unit and my greenhouse was operated successfully by the AWMCS as designed. Based on actualdata, it is estimated that the total daily cost of maintaining a 60 sq. ft. greenhouse with 8 6-inch planters inSan Jose using the AWMCS in winter is $1.66, which translates to a monthly cost of approximately$49.80.

Conclusions/DiscussionIt can be concluded that the AWMCS provides a saving of 24 percent or $15.54 per month in winter whencompared to a conventional greenhouse of the same square footage. The results derived show thateffective greenhouse management can be achieved using automation and wireless communication.

This project is aimed at optimizing the water use and electricity consumption for lighting and heating of agreenhouse using an automated, wireless approach in order to reduce annual cost of greenhousemaintenance and management.

Mr. Larry Young of NASA Ames Research Center helped me by giving me very useful pointers on howto test my project at the sub-system and the system level. My mom and dad helped me solder the relays,understand the microcontroller software code and build a temporary greenhouse in my front porch..


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Trevor A. Swafford

Magnetic Propulsion: Does Coil Size Make a Difference?

J0933

Objectives/GoalsThe purpose of my experiment is to see if different size coils have an effect on the velocity of a givenprojectile with a controlled voltage. I believe the same voltage sent through a 3cm coil will shoot aprojectile at a higher velocity than through a 5cm and 7cm coil.

Methods/MaterialsI used three different length coils, each coil consisting of five magnetic copper wire wraps around a singlepen casing. The circuit that was used to test each coil was created with a breadboard, a 1.5v AA battery, acircuit board and three capacitors from several disposable cameras. Using the same projectile, I tested thecoils 20 times each at 315v per shot. Not having a direct way to measure the velocity of the projectilefrom the coil barrel, I used a parabolic method to calculate the velocity of each shot. The distance fromthe height of the coil barrel to the impact of the projectile on the target was measured and applied as thevertical drop in the parabolic equation. An average velocity per coil was determined using the calculatedvelocities.

ResultsUsing this method I was able to calculate that the 3cm coil averaged 16.7cm/sec, while the 5cm averaged20.9cm/sec and the 7cm only averaged 11.2cm/sec. These calculations show that the 5cm coil producedshots at a higher average velocity.

Conclusions/DiscussionThe experiment did not support my hypothesis as the 5cm coil shot at a higher average velocity than boththe 3cm and the 7cm coils. My experiment could provide scientists with data to advance research oncreating a faster vehicle that could transport a payload across vast distances in a faster amount of time.

The experiment provided data to so that different coil sizes with a controlled voltage will affect thevelocity.

Father helped with creating coils and circuitry.


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Utkarsh Tandon

Minimizing Microwave Radiation Disruption on Wireless Signal UsingReflection and Absorption Methods

J0934

Objectives/GoalsThe purpose of this engineering project was to design a cage apparatus for minimizing microwaveradiation leakages that could potentially affect wireless signal, using methods such as reflection andabsorption. Such a cage could be used on household microwave ovens to decrease any disruption onwireless signals.Goals: 1. The cage cost should be under $15 dollars including all materials. 2. The cage should bereusable. 3. The design should increase wireless signal strength by 75% from when the cage is not used. 4.The cage should be very thin taking only some area like a jacket. 5. The radiation that leaks from themicrowave should be absorbed, reflected, and absorbed again for less radiation disruptions.

Methods/MaterialsI had two cage designs, #1 had just aluminum foil around a cardboard base and was made to a cage withmasking tape, and #2 had added water tubes to the design. The general materials are put below.# Cardboard, Vinyl Tubes, Aluminum Foil, Wooden dowels, Match Sticks, Water, Water Mister,Scissors, Glue, Tape, Hammer,Wi-Fi Analyzer Android app,Wireless Router,Microwave.Procedure:1. Put either cage on the microwave oven and turn on Wi-Fi app on phone.2. Place phone 50 inches from the microwave oven.3. Place a cup of water in the microwave oven and set to 60 seconds.4. Wait till meter stabilizes and then take reading in dBm.5. Write readings into notebook.6. Repeat steps 1-5, four more times for 5 trials.

ResultsAnalyzing the data there was a large reduction in wireless strength when turning the microwave on. Tosee the difference between both the designs I compared the percentage reduction in the signal drop.Getting 46.4 % reduction in signal drop for the design #1, and 78.6 % reduction in signal drop for thedesign #2. This shows that design #2 reduced the drop greater than design #1.

Conclusions/DiscussionLooking back at my engineering goals it is seen that design #2 satisfied all the goals. In design #1, only 3of the 5 goals were satisfied making design #2 my better design.The design constructed has the ability toabsorb and reflect external radiation emitted from a microwave device, making sure that the surroundingwireless devices are not affected by any radiation leakage.

This project attempted to reduce microwave radiation disruption that could affect Wi-Fi using Reflectionand Absorption methods.

My brother for assisting me with the research portion of my project, and my parents for driving meeverywhere to get my materials


Ap2/12


Project Title

Abstract

Summary Statement

Help Received

Rahul Tewari

Traffic Flow Improvement Using Automated Braking Distance Control

J0935

Objectives/GoalsMy goal is to build a system that will prevent automobile accidents caused by human error and in turnsignificantly reducing traffic congestion and improve traffic flow. I will achieve my goal by designing andconstructing a proof of concept model for automated braking distance control. This system willsynchronize traffic by keeping cars automatically flowing at the minimum safe braking distance from thecar in front. My prototype will use a microcontroller, an ultrasonic sensor to measure distance, and amotor controller to control the speed. In real time my software will control my prototype such that brakingdistance follows an exponential relationship to the speed.

Methods/MaterialsArduino MicrocontrollerMotor Control ModuleUltrasonic Linear SensorModel CarI used breadboard to assemble and test my hardware. The program was developed in Arduino'sprogramming environment. For testing, I measured the speed and the distance at which my modelsynchronizes with an obstacle. I tabulated the results and compared them with the theoretical brakingdistances for different speeds. To test my design in a real world environment, I drove my model on atreadmill with an obstacle in front. I had to install proximity sensors on the side of the car for this test tokeep it centered on the treadmill. By varying the speed of the treadmill I tested if my car would pace itself.In order to test the prototypes practicality I also injected an obstacle while in motion to see if theprototype's reaction time was fast enough for it to be practical.

ResultsThe braking distance follows an exponential relationship with the speed. I used Distance=Speed^2/200 tocalculate the theoretical braking distances for my model car. The arbitrary constant 200 represents thecapabilities of my car's motor and sensor. The readings recorded were identical to the theoreticalcalculations.

Conclusions/DiscussionIn real time, my program computes the braking distance, reads the distance to the obstacle, then decideswhether my car should decelerate, accelerate, or stop. If the braking distance is greater than the sensorreading, the car automatically decelerates. It accelerates when the sensor reading is greater to catch up tothe minimum braking distance.

The goal is to build a system that will prevent automobile accidents caused by human error and achievetraffic synchronization using automated braking distance control in turn significantly reducing trafficcongestion on the road.

Father mentored in hardware design


Ap2/12


Project Title

Abstract

Summary Statement

Help Received

Maya Varma

Arduino-Based Foot Neuropathy Analyzer

J0936

Objectives/GoalsDiabetes is one of the major causes of illness and premature death worldwide. Diabetes causesneurovascular complications, which result in the development of high pressure areas in feet and hands.Diabetic neuropathy causes nerve damage which can lead to amputation or ulceration. Locating abnormalpressure patterns under the foot enables early detection of neuropathy, preventing its seriousconsequences. My objective in this project is to design and build a low-cost pressure measurement andanalysis system based on an Arduino microcontroller, which a patient can use at home to measure his orher foot pressure distribution. If the system detects a problem, it can send an alert to a doctor.

Methods/MaterialsIn my device, the foot pressure distribution is measured by a set of eight FlexiForce pressure sensorsdistributed under the shoe. The sensors are placed in the following areas: heel, metatarsal head1,metatarsal head (high pressure areas), metatarsal head5, toe, arch1 (medium pressure areas), fing, arch2(low pressure areas). The FlexiForce pressure sensors are based on force-sensing resistors, whoseresistance varies inversely with the applied force. By connecting it with an electrical circuit, this change inresistance is converted to a change in voltage, which is sensed by the Arduino microcontroller. Thisinformation is then transmitted through a wireless transmitter. A software application running on a cellphone, PC, or tablet can receive the signal and display it.

ResultsI have successfully designed and built a prototype system using a set of eight FlexiForce sensorsdistributed on a shoe. An Arduino microcontroller is used to measure the pressure sensor outputs andtransmit the information through an Xbee wireless transmitter. I have also built a display device thatreceives the wireless signal and displays the foot pressure information on an LED bar graph display.

Conclusions/DiscussionThe device can be used to compare the pressure distribution against a reference distribution and show anyanomalies. It can then alert a healthcare provider. The results show that such a device can be built at a lowcost and can accurately measure the foot pressure distribution to detect anomalies.

I designed and built a low-cost pressure measurement and analysis system based on an Arduinomicrocontroller, which a diabetic patient can use at home to measure his or her foot pressure distributionand detect neuropathy.

Father helped buy components.

ayoub a. abdi j0901csef.usc.edu/history/2012/projects/j09.pdf · 2012-04-30 · used the monthly...

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