B-1019

Bethlehem Steel Key Highway Shipyard, (Skinner Shipyard)

Architectural Survey File

This is the architectural survey file for this MIHP record. The survey file is organized reverse-

chronological (that is, with the latest material on top). It contains all MIHP inventory forms, National

Register nomination forms, determinations of eligibility (DOE) forms, and accompanying documentation

such as photographs and maps.

Users should be aware that additional undigitized material about this property may be found in on-site

architectural reports, copies of HABS/HAER or other documentation, drawings, and the “vertical files” at

the MHT Library in Crownsville. The vertical files may include newspaper clippings, field notes, draft

versions of forms and architectural reports, photographs, maps, and drawings. Researchers who need a

thorough understanding of this property should plan to visit the MHT Library as part of their research

project; look at the MHT web site (mht.maryland.gov) for details about how to make an appointment.

All material is property of the Maryland Historical Trust.

Last Updated: 03-10-2011

B- 1019 Bethlehem Steel Key Highway Shipyard Baltimore City Private

B-1 019

As Baltimore and its harbor expanded during the nineteenth century

so did the industries that centered around the harbor and trade .

Shipbuilding and repairs became an important aspect of the city ' s

economic development. Beginning with the small Skinner shipyards in

the 1840's to the present Bethlehem Steel yards , the Locust Point

and Federal Hill areas have been associated with ship repair for

many years. Through reorganization, the early Skinner yards and

later the Baltimore Drydock Company have expanded to the 35 acre

Key Highway yard which make it,along with the Fort McHenry yard,

the largest shipbuilding faci l ity in the United States.

Survey No . B-101 9

Maryland Historical Trust Mag i No. 04 1 019 5 716

State Historic Sites Inventory Form DOE _yes _ no

1. Name {indi cate pref erred name)

historic Skinner Shipyard

and/or common Bethl ehem Steel Key Highway Sh i pyar d

2. Location

street & number 12 01 Key Highway

city, town Bal t i more

state Maryl and

3. Classification Category _district­~ bulldlng(s) _structure _site _object

Ownership _ public ~private _ both Public Acquisition _ In process _ being considered ~not appl icable

_ vicinity of

county

Status _x_ occupied _ unoccupied _ work in progress Accessible _ yes : restricted _ yes: unrestricted _ no

congressional district

Present Use _ agriculture _ commercial _ educational _ entertainment _ government ~ industrial _ military

_ not for publication

_museum _park _ private residence _ religious _ scientific _ transportation _other:

4. Owner of Property (gi ve names and mailing addr esses of 2.!! owners)

name Bethlehem Steel Corporation

street & number t e l ephone no.:

city, town Bethl ehem, Pennsylvania s t a t e and z i p code 18016

5. Location of Legal Description

courthouse, registry of deeds, etc. Baltimor e Ci ty Cour thouse liber JFC 1 310

street & number Fayette and Calvert Streets f olio 418

city, town Bal timore state Maryland

6. Representation in Existing Historical surveys

none title

date _ federal _state _ county _ local

tposltory for survey records

city, town state

7. Description

Condit ion _ excellent L goo<1 _ fair

Check one _ deteriorated _ unaltered _ ruins _L altered _unexposed

Check one L original site _moved date of move

Survey No . B- lO 19

Prepare both a summary paragraph and a general description of the resource and its various elements as it exists today.

. Because o~ the hi¥h.volume of work done in the 20th century there is almost nothing remaining of the early 19th century shipyards that originally occupied the Bethlehem Steel Key Highway site . In 1896 three such shipbuilding and repair facilities, a lumber yard and at least three canneries were located there . The site of the modern warehouse structure which is located at the northern boundary of the property was then an oyster cannery, a lumber yard occupied the open lot to the south and a second cannery, the Moore & Brady Oyster Packing Company was also located in this lot. The important Booz Brothers Shipyard occupied the site of the present blacksmith shop . The timbers of its marine railway, demolished during World War II expansion , is the onl y remnant of this 'once active yard. South of Booz Brothers was the Baltimore Ship repair Co . and the J.S. Beacham & Brother Shipyard which operated a second railway. This was apparently a small boat yard since it was the most l imited in area for . storage. South of Beacham's was an adjunct to the Reeder Shipyard . This company's main yard was north of Federal Hill and was once of the most significant early steamship builders . The auxilary yard was a lumber storage area . A large cannery, the Houghton Packing Company , separated Reeder's from the William Skinner and Sons Shipyard, the largest and most important of the period. I n 1896 Skinner operated a marine railway and by 1906 the firm also operated a drydock , once of the first i n the city . About 1910 the company built a large graving dock on the site of the present gr aving dock . The present one was slightly al tered after Bethlehem Steel's acquisition of the company in the 1920's . As ships grew larger they superceded the limits of the railway for hauling.

The ol dest structures on the site are the present machine shop and fabricating shop, the offi ce building and its wing and the power­house. All were built in the 1920 ' s as part of Bethlehem Steel ' s move into shipbuilding. The machine shop and fabricating shop are of steel frame construct ion with truss roo f . They are excellent ex­ampl es of the new factory architecture which capital ized on the advan­tages of the curtain wall to bring maximum l ight into the workspace. A short brick wall section at ground level supports a glass window wall which reaches the roof level. The machinery for fabricating parts is i nside, incl udi ng a l arge lathe for turning propel ler shafts. South of the machine shop is the fabricating shop where the pieces were assemb l ed prjor to being moved outside. This buil ding is simil ar­l y built with large doors opening to an outdoor staging area . East of the south half i s an addition conta i ning a sheet metal shop and a f urnace for heating and bending plates.

During the late 1930's Bethlehem Steel acquired the small ship ­yards at the northern end of the site and demo l ished all the old buildings, erect ing in their place the concrete structure which dom­i nates the site . This structure is three stories high with one l evel bel ow the gtade of Key Highway . This bu i lding houses the storage and

8. Significance Survey No . ·B -1019

Period Ar••• of Significance-Check and Justify below _ prehistoric _ 1400-1499

_archeology-prehistoric _ community planning _ landscape architecture_ religion _ areheology-hlstorlc _ conservation _ law _science

- 1500-1599 _ 1&oo-1699 ~ 1700-1799 _x_ 1800-1899 _x_ 1900-

Specific dates

_agriculture _ economics _ literature _sculpture _ architecture _ education _ military _social/ _ art _ engineering _ music humanitarian _ commerce _ exploratlon/settfement _ philosophy _ theater _ communications ....$...- industry _ polltlcs/govemment _x_ trans~ation

_ Invention _ other (specify)

Builder/ Architect

check: Applicable Criteria: and/or

A B C D

Applicable Excep t ion: A B C D E F G

Level of Significance : national state local

Prepare both a summary paragraph of significance and a general statement of history and support.

As Baltimore and its harbor expanded dur ing the nineteenth century so did the i ndustr i es that centered around the harbor and trade. Shipbuilding and repairs became an important aspect i n the economic development of the city. Beginning with the small Ski nner shipyards i n the 1840's to the pr esent Bethl ehem Steel1 yards, 1the Locust Point and Fe9eral Hill area have been associated. wi.t h .sh.i P . . rep.air for many years. Through reorganization , t he early Skinneryards and l ater the Bal timp.re Drydock Comapny have expanded to the 35 acre Key Highway yard which make it, al~mg with the Fort McH,enry yard, the largest shipbuilding facility in the United States .

In 1827, William Sk i nner acquired a shipyard on Henry Street at the foot of Federal Hi ll . The yard was used for the con­struction of small vessel s until the 1840 ' s. (In 1832, the first attempt at construction of a steam powered vessel by the Skinners met with fai l ure when the boilers of the Exper iment exploded . ) In 1845, the Skinner yard was expanded and moved to Cross Street. This move was made to facilitate the growing business of steamboat construction . Many boats built by the Skinners at this time were used in the coffee trade with South America .

Repairs constituted a major part of the business throughout the history of the Skinner shipyard . To increase the capacity

9. M·ajor Bibliographical References Survey No. B-lOlQ

Vertical File, Enoch Pratt Free Library, Maryland Department

Rukert, Norman: Federal' Hill and The Port: Pride of Baltimore

1 O. Geographical Data Acreage of nominated property - -------Quadrangle name ______ _ Quadrangle scale------

UTM References do NOT complete UTM references

Al.i_J JI 1 ! I I I I I I 0 W 11.1 I I I I I Zone Easting Northing Zone Easting Northing

c LU .._I .._I ___ ! .__! ....__._......._ ........ _ oli.J .._I l._._.___I .._I ..___.._____. E LL.I I I I .._I ....__,,,........_ __ F LL.I I I I ..... I .-..................._ __ G LLJ I I I .__I ......._.._""""--""_ ... H LL.I I I I' ! ............... .....__._ __ Verbal boundary description and justification

List all states and counties for properties overlapping state or county boundaries

state code county code

state code county code

11. Form Prepared By name/title Kevin Dolan, Intern

organization Baltimore Museum of Industry date 2/83

street & number 1415 Key Highway telephone 727-4808

city or town Baltimore state Maryland

The Maryland Historic Sites Inventory was officially created by an Act of the Maryland ,Legislature to ,be fo:upd- in the Annotated Code of Maryland, Article 41, Section 181 KA, 1974 supplement.

I: I

.The, survey and inventory are being prepared for information and ·record purposes only and do not constitute any infringement of individual property rights.

return to: Maryland Historical Trust Shaw House 21 State Circle Annapolis, Maryland 21401 (301) 269-2438

PS-2746

B-1019 Bethlehem Steel Key Highway Shipyard Baltimore City, Maryland 7.1

workshops of the out side workforce . Beg inning at the south end is the riggers shop, the outside machine shop , and the blacksmith shop , which supplied necessary support to the men working on the ships and in the yard. Other service areas like the compressor room, firefighting room and maintenance shop occupied the yard level and second story . The th ird story contained extensive locker rooms and ea t ing facilities for the force which numbered several thousand during periods of peak employment.

The last major structures are the woodworking shop and electrical shop at the south end of the yard . Wooden patterns and ship carpentry fo r staging and other construction were done in the carpenter shop on the ground level . The second story was devoted to the joiner shop where mo l d patterns f~r castings and more skilled woodworking was done . The electrical shop is a s imilar structure to the south where welding equipment was sto r ed and repair of e l ectrical instruments was performed . Both the woodworking and electrical shops date to World War II.

Bethlehem Steel Key Highway Shipyards (B-1019) 8. 1

for repairs, in 1853 the Skinners built a 550 foot long marine railway, capable of lifting 800 tons. This railway was one of the largest in the United States. In 1899 the Skinners con­structed a graving dock, 628' by 125' , that was the largest south of New York. This new construction reflected the growth of the repair industry for the yards.

In 1906, Skinner acquired the Locust Point yard of the Baltimore Drydock Company. Both yards were operated until 1913 when the Skinner Shipyard went into receivership. The yards were reorganized in 1916 as the Baltimore Shipbuilding and Drydock Company which was taken over by Bethlehem Steel in 1921.

Bethlehem Steel reorganized its departments in 1923 by moving all its shipbuilding to Sparrow's Point and its repair facilities to Baltimore's Key Highway yard (the Skinner yard with additional newly purchased acreage). In order to improve the Key Highway facilities, two floating drydocks, one of 6000 tons and another of 20,000 tons were moved to Key Highway. The shops in the yard were modernized to handle all types of repairs and ship conversions. During World War II , the facilities repaired over 2500 ships. The Baltimore yards of Bethlehem Steel constituted the l argest ship repair operation in the United States.

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