b 312 s1 stone & concrete masonry

AR 312SA: BUILDING TECHNOLGY 3Handouts.

A. STONE and CONCRETE MASONRY

OVERVIEW: STONE AND REINFORCED MASONRY

• Types of rocks used in Stone Masonry• Quarrying and production of Building Stones• Types of Masonry Wall s and their construction• Pre-cast concrete masonry and construction of walls

STONE versus BRICK

TYPES OF ROCKS USED IN STONE MASONRY

Stone Masonry: Building stones obtained by quarrying from the rocky strata of earth and reducing it into the required shapes and sizes for construction.

Type of Rocks 1. Igneous formed as a result of cooling of the molten rock to solid state. It is non-porous, hard, strong and durable:

a. Granite consists mainly of quartz, feldspar, mica, and other colored minerals. Colors include gray, black, red, pink, brown, buff and green.

b. Serpentine main ingredient is serpentine. Color ranges from olive green to greenish black, fine grained & dense.c. Basalt color ranges from gray to black, used mainly for paving stones and retaining walls.

2. Sedimentary sediments deposited by the action of water or wind get consolidated to a rock.a. Sandstone sedimentary rock composed of sand sized grains made of silica, iron oxide and clay. Colors include

gray, brown, light brown, buff, russet, red, copper, and purple.b. Shale derived from clays and silts, weak along planes and is in thin laminations. High in limestone and color

varies from black to red, yellow to blue.

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Similarities• Both stacked• Mortar jointsDifferences• Shape

Brick Molded. Stone cut and curved• Physical Properties

Brick made/ controlled Stone provided by nature

GRANITE

• Non-porous, hard, strong, durable• Color range• Surface textures• Sources• Primary uses

Shape: Flat to Round

Polished Surface

Rough Texture

c. Limestone Sedimentary rock calcite and dolomite. Three types are olitic, dolomitic, crystalline. Has high compressive strength and used for building stones and paneling.

d. Metamorphic Igneous or sedimentary rock transformed by heat and pressure into another rock.e. Marble Re-crystallized limestone, color varies from white to gray and black, red, violet, pink, yellow and green.

Has presence of oxides of iron, silica, graphite, carbonaceous matter and mica produces these color variations.

Limestone with Granite


LIMESTONE and SANDSTONE

• Porous, relatively weak• Color range• Surface textures• Sources• Primary uses

f. Quartzite Variety of stone and composed of mainly granular quartz cemented by silica. Color varies from brown, buff, tan, ivory, red, through gray.

g. Schist Made of silica with smaller amounts of iron oxide and magnesium oxide. Color varies from blue, green, brown, gold, white, gray and red.

h. Slate consists mainly of clays and shales. Major ingredients are silicon dioxide, iron oxide, potassium oxide, magnesium oxide and sometimes titanium, calcium and sulfur. Slate is found in parallel layers which it enables it to be cut in thin layers.

METAMORPHIC ROCK

Marble Slate

Marble Exterior Application

QUARRYING and PRODUCING BUILDING STONES

• Produced by Blasting or Cutting Irregular sized stone is produced by blasting the rock, larger pieces are cut into smaller units for use as exterior finish, the rest is crushed and sorted into various sizes as aggregates. Most of the dimensional stones used in building construction are produced by cutting large blocks in the quarry. Cut with diamond belt saws (12’ wide, 2’ to 5’ thick and 50’ long), rubber air bags inflated in the saw cut to break it away and then the separated rock is lowered onto prepared stone chips cushion. Thereafter it is cut into smaller sizes and transported by front-end loaders to the mill for further processing.


TYPES OF STONE

E

Dimensional Stone Rubble Stone

TYPES OF STONE MASONRY WALLS and THEIR CONSTRUCTION

Types of Stone Masonry Walls

1. Solid Masonry Wall made by laying stone masonry over a prepared bed of mortar and proceeding in a similar manner to increase the height.

2. Composite Wall made of an outer wall of large stone slabs, attached to a backing of structural frame or brick/ concrete masonry wall.

3. Cavity Wall made by two different types of masonry wall separated by a cavity which is either insulated or empty and connected together by metal ties.


STONE MASONRY PATTERNS in mortar laying

• Rubble (unsquare pieces)• Ashlar (square pieces)• Coursed or Random• Orientation

Laying of Stone Masonry Blocks on a Wall

1. Rubble Masonry composed of unsquared pieces of stones mason has to choose carefully each stone so that it can fit into the available space.

2. Ashlar Masonry made of squared pieces of stones mason has to carefully lift the heavy stones by a hoist and lower it into place.

3. Coursed Stone Masonry has continuous horizontal joints.4. Uncoursed or Random Masonry does not have defined bedding planes for the wall.

PRE-CAST CONCRETE MASONRY and CONSTRUCTION OF WALLS

Pre-cast Concrete Masonry Blocks manufactured by vibrating a stiff concrete mixture into metal moulds immediately turning it out wet onto a rack (so that the mould can be used immediately) at a rate of 1,000 or more units per hour. Racks are cured at an accelerated rate by subjecting them to steam, either at the atmospheric pressure of for faster curing at higher pressure. After the units are steam cured, the units are dried to specific moisture content and bundled in wooden crates for shipping to the construction site.

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Made in Standard Varying Shapes: Standard Hollow Blocks4”x8”x16” or 4”x 8”x 8” long: 6”x8”x8”or 8”x8”x8” long: 10”x8”x16”or 10”x8”x8” long: 12”x8”x16” or 12”x8”x8” long. Other shapes: Channel bond beam, Low-web beam, Solid Unit, Capping Unit, A-Block, H-Block, Header Unit, Control Joint Unit, Single Bull nose, others.

CONCRETE MASONRY UNITS (CMU)

• Manufacturing Process• Configurations• Testing Standards

SPANNING CONCRETE BLOCK OPENINGS

• Steel Lintels• Block Lintels – Reinforced Bond Beam• Pre-cast Reinforced Concrete Lintel

TYPICAL SHAPE BOND BEAM

COMBINATION CORNER. ROUND and SQUARE

Masonry Grades: N-Grade: For General use above or below grade; S-Grade: Above grade use only;

Types: Type I: Moisture-controlled units for use where drying shrinkage of units would cause cracking in concrete masonry.

Type II: Non-moisture-controlled units. Weights; Normal, medium and light weights.

LAYING OF CONCRETE BLOCKS IN WALLS

• Mortar used in stone masonry and is identical to the one used earlier in brick masonry construction.• Only the face shells of the block are mortared with the webs unsupported.• Often reinforced with steel to increase its load bearing capacity and its resistance to cracking.• Concrete masonry is often reinforced with horizontal reinforcement steel, introduced as welded grids of small

diameter steel rods that are laid onto the bed joints, at the desired vertical intervals.

REINFORCING and ANCHORAGE: JOINT REINFORCING

• Ladder• Truss


SYSTEM PROPERTIES

TRUSS

LADDER

CONCRETE MASONRY UNIT (CMU) INSTALLATION

LAYOUT and LEAD BLOCKS INSTALLATION OF MORTAR BED

LAYOUT CMU TOOLED JOINT


• Sizes: 10’ lengths, width should be less than 2” than wall

• Shapes: Ladder and Truss

• Configurations: Many Configurations

• Materials: Steel with various finishes and gauges

Painted CMU Control Joint

Split Face Brick and Tile Split Face colored and Brick

Arch. Dennis C. de VillaJune 15, 2014


b 312 s1 stone & concrete masonry

Documents

stone masonry stone

stone masonry quarrying

solid masonry wall

brick concrete masonry

irregular sized stone

separated rock

cast concrete masonry

building construction