Ant

ibod

yR

efer

ence

sB Cell

IV-D

-2D

EC

2000

[Aba

ciog

lu(1

994)

]Y.

H.

Aba

ciog

lu,

T.R

.F

outs

,J.

D.

Lam

an,

E.

Cla

asse

n,S

.H

.P

incu

s,J.

P.M

oore

,C

.A

.R

oby,

R.

Kam

in-L

ewis

,&

G.

K.

Lew

is.

Epi

tope

Map

ping

and

Topo

logy

ofB

acul

oviru

s-E

xpre

ssed

HIV

-1gp

160

De-

term

ined

with

aP

anel

ofM

urin

eM

onoc

lona

lAnt

ibod

ies.AID

SR

es

Hu

mR

etr

oviru

ses1

0:37

1–38

1,19

94.

(Med

line:

9434

7461

)N

otes

:Thi

rty

MA

bsw

ere

obta

ined

from

BA

LB/c

mic

eim

mun

ized

with

rgp1

60LA

Iexp

ress

edin

bacu

lovi

rus.

The

sean

tibod

ies

map

to4

dom

ains

:gp1

20C

1,C

2,C

3/V

4,an

dth

ecy

topl

asm

icta

ilof

gp41

.All

epito

pes

wer

eex

pose

don

rgp1

60w

ithou

tde

natu

ring

the

prot

ein,

but

6/8

epito

pes

map

ped

ingp

120

are

not

expo

sed

unle

ssth

epr

otei

nis

dena

ture

d,sh

owin

grg

p160

and

rgp1

20fo

lddi

ffere

ntly

.

[Ace

l(19

98)]

A.A

cel,

B.E

.Uda

shki

n,M

.A.W

ainb

erg,

&E

.A.F

aust

.E

ffi-

cien

tgap

repa

irca

taly

zed

invi

tro

byan

intr

insi

cD

NA

poly

mer

ase

activ

ityof

hum

anim

mun

odefi

cien

cyvi

rus

type

1In

tegr

ase.

JV

irol7

2:20

62–7

1,19

98.

(Med

line:

9813

9101

)N

otes

:Int

rinsi

cpo

lym

eras

eac

tivity

that

can

cata

lyze

gap

repa

irw

asde

scrib

edfo

rH

IVIn

tegr

ase.

Thi

sac

tivity

was

inhi

bite

dby

the

MA

b35

,tha

tbin

dsto

KA

KIIR

DY

GK

atth

eC

-ter

men

dof

Inte

gras

e.

[Ahl

uwal

ia(1

997)

]A

.A

hluw

alia

,K

.G

okul

an,

I.N

ath,

&D

.N

.R

ao.

Mod

-ifi

catio

nof

deliv

ery

syst

emen

hanc

esM

HC

nonr

estr

icte

dim

mun

ogen

icity

ofV

3lo

opre

gion

ofH

IV-1

gp12

0.M

icro

bio

lIm

mu

no

l41:

779–

84,

1997

.(M

edlin

e:98

0657

59).

[Ake

rblo

m(1

990)

]L.

Ake

rblo

m,

J.H

inku

la,

P.-A

.B

rolid

en,

B.

Mak

italo

,T.

Frid

berg

er,

J.R

osen

,M

.V

illac

res-

Erik

sson

,B

.M

orei

n,&

B.

Wah

ren.

Neu

tral

izin

gcr

oss-

reac

tive

and

non-

neut

raliz

ing

mon

oclo

nala

ntib

odie

sto

HIV

-1gp

120.

AID

S4:

953–

960,

1990

.(M

edlin

e:91

0838

89).

[Alla

way

(199

3)]

G.P

.Alla

way

,A.M

.Ryd

er,G

.A.B

eaud

ry,&

P.J.

Mad

den.

Syn

ergi

stic

inhi

bitio

nof

HIV

-1en

velo

pe-m

edia

ted

cell

fusi

onby

CD

4-ba

sed

mol

ecul

esin

com

bina

tion

with

antib

odie

sto

gp12

0or

gp41

.A

IDS

Re

sH

um

Re

trov

iru

ses9

:581

–587

,199

3.(M

edlin

e:93

3787

78).

[Als

mad

i(19

97)]

O.A

lsm

adi,

R.H

erz,

E.M

urph

y,A

.Pin

ter,

&S

.A.T

illey

.Ano

vela

ntib

ody-

depe

nden

tcel

lula

rcyt

otox

icity

epito

pein

gp12

0is

iden

tified

bytw

om

onoc

lona

lant

ibod

ies

isol

ated

from

alo

ng-t

erm

surv

ivor

ofhu

man

imm

unod

efici

ency

viru

sty

pe1

infe

ctio

n.JV

irol7

1:92

5–33

,199

7.(M

edlin

e:97

1510

73).

[Als

mad

i&T

illey

(199

8)]

O.A

lsm

adi&

S.A

.Till

ey.A

ntib

ody-

depe

nden

tcel

-lu

larc

ytot

oxic

itydi

rect

edag

ains

tcel

lsex

pres

sing

hum

anim

mun

odefi

cien

cyvi

rus

type

1E

nvel

ope

ofpr

imar

yor

labo

rato

ry-a

dapt

edst

rain

sby

hum

anan

d

chim

panz

eem

onoc

lona

lant

ibod

ies

ofdi

ffere

ntep

itope

spec

ifici

ties.

JV

irol

72:2

86–9

3,19

98.

(Med

line:

9808

0415

).

[Altm

eyer

(199

9)]

R.A

ltmey

er,E

.Mor

dele

t,M

.Gira

rd,&

C.V

idal

.E

xpre

s-si

onan

dde

tect

ion

ofm

acro

phag

etr

opic

HIV

-1gp

120

inth

ebr

ain

usin

gco

nfor

mat

ion-

depe

nden

tant

ibod

ies.Viro

log

y25

9:31

4–21

,199

9.(M

edlin

e:99

3190

00).

[And

erss

on(1

997)

]A

.Z.E

.And

erss

on,E

.Kra

mbo

vitis

,&C

.A.B

orre

baec

k.In

duct

ion

ofan

tigen

-spe

cific

isot

ype

switc

hing

byin

vitr

oim

mun

izat

ion

ofhu

man

naiv

eB

lym

phoc

ytes

.Imm

un

ol

Me

tho

ds2

00:1

81–1

90,

1997

.(M

edlin

e:97

1585

97)

Not

es:

Atw

o-st

epinvi

tro

imm

uniz

atio

npr

otoc

olis

desc

ribed

,whi

chyi

elds

anis

otyp

esw

itch.

[And

ris(1

992)

]J.

S.

And

ris,

S.

John

son,

S.

Zol

la-P

azne

r,&

J.D

.C

apra

.M

olec

ular

char

acte

rizat

ion

offiv

ean

ti-hu

man

imm

unod

efici

ency

viru

sty

pe1

antib

ody

heav

ych

ains

reve

als

exte

nsiv

eso

mat

icm

utat

ion

typi

cal

ofan

antig

en-d

riven

imm

une

resp

onse

.P

roc

Na

tlA

cad

Sci

US

A88:

7783

–778

8,19

92.

(Med

line:

9135

2074

).

[And

rus

(199

8)]

L.A

ndru

s,A

.M

.P

rince

,I.

Ber

nal,

P.M

cCor

mac

k,D

.H

.Le

e,M

.K.G

orny

,&S

.Zol

la-P

azne

r.P

assi

veim

mun

izat

ion

with

ahu

man

imm

unod

efici

ency

viru

sty

pe1-

neut

raliz

ing

mon

oclo

nal

antib

ody

inH

u-P

BL-

SC

IDm

ice:

isol

atio

nof

ane

utra

lizat

ion

esca

peva

riant

.J

Infe

ctD

is17

7:88

9–97

,199

8.(M

edlin

e:98

1945

83).

[Are

ndru

p(1

995)

]M

.Are

ndru

p,L.

Ake

rblo

m,P

.M.H

eega

ard,

J.O

.Nie

lsen

,&

J.E

.H

anse

n.T

heH

IV-1

V3

dom

ain

onfie

ldis

olat

es:

part

icip

atio

nin

gene

ratio

nof

esca

pevi

rus

invi

voan

dac

cess

ibili

tyto

neut

raliz

ing

antib

odie

s.A

rch

Viro

l140

:655

–670

,19

95.

(Med

line:

9531

4457

)N

otes

:T

hean

ti-V

3A

btit

rein

patie

ntse

rum

was

gene

rally

low

agai

nsta

utol

ogou

svi

rus

isol

ated

late

rth

anth

ese

rum

sam

ple,

inco

ntra

stto

ahi

gher

titre

agai

nst

pept

ides

corr

espo

ndin

gto

viru

sis

olat

edea

rlier

than

the

seru

msa

mpl

e.T

heau

thor

sco

nclu

deth

atth

eV

3do

mai

nis

subj

ect

toim

mun

osel

ectio

nin

vivo

,an

dth

atV

3on

early

field

viru

sis

less

acce

ssib

leto

NA

bsth

anth

eV

3lo

opon

labo

rato

ryst

rain

s.

[Are

ndru

p(1

993)

]M

.A

rend

rup,

A.

Son

nerb

org,

B.

Sve

nner

holm

,L.

Ake

rblo

m,C

.Nie

lsen

,H.C

laus

en,S

.Olo

fsso

n,J.

O.N

iels

en,&

J.E

.S.

Hen

sen.

Neu

tral

izin

gan

tibod

yre

spon

sedu

ring

hum

anim

mun

odefi

cien

cyvi

rus

type

1in

fect

ion:

type

and

grou

psp

ecifi

city

and

vira

lesc

ape.

JG

en

Viro

l74:

855–

863,

1993

.(M

edlin

e:93

2603

99).

Ant

ibod

yR

efer

ence

sB Cell

IV-D

-3D

EC

2000

[Arm

stro

ng&

Dim

moc

k(19

96)]

S.

J.A

rmst

rong

&N

.J.

Dim

moc

k.Va

ry-

ing

tem

pera

ture

-dep

ende

nce

ofpo

st-a

ttach

men

tneu

tral

izat

ion

ofhu

man

im-

mun

odefi

cien

cyvi

rus

type

1by

mon

oclo

nala

ntib

odie

sto

gp12

0:id

entifi

-ca

tion

ofa

very

early

fusi

on-in

depe

nden

teve

ntas

ane

utra

lizat

ion

targ

et.

JG

en

Viro

l77:

1397

–140

2,19

96.

(Med

line:

8757

979)

.

[Arm

stro

ng(1

996)

]S

.J.A

rmst

rong

,T.L

.McI

nern

ey,L

.McL

ain,

B.W

ahre

n,J.

Hin

kula

,M.L

evi,

&N

.J.D

imm

ock.

Two

neut

raliz

atio

nan

ti-V

3m

ono-

clon

alan

tibod

ies

actb

yaf

fect

ing

diffe

rent

func

tions

ofhu

man

imm

unod

efi-

cien

cyvi

rus

type

1.JG

en

Viro

l77:

2931

–294

1,19

96.(

Med

line:

9715

2500

).

[Bab

a(2

000)

]T.

W.B

aba,

V.Li

ska,

R.H

ofm

ann-

Lehm

ann,

J.V

lasa

k,W

.Xu,

S.

Aye

huni

e,L.

A.

Cav

acin

i,M

.R

.P

osne

r,H

.K

atin

ger,

G.

Stie

gler

,B

.J.

Ber

nack

y,T.

A.

Riz

vi,

R.

Sch

mid

t,L.

R.

Hill

,M

.E

.K

eelin

g,Y.

Lu,

J.E

.W

right

,T.

C.

Cho

u,&

R.

M.

Rup

rech

t.H

uman

neut

raliz

ing

mon

oclo

nal

antib

odie

sof

the

IgG

1su

btyp

epr

otec

t.Na

tMe

d6:2

00–6

,200

0.(M

edlin

e:20

1241

78).

[Bac

k(1

993)

]N

.K.T

.Bac

k,L.

Sm

it,M

.Sch

utte

n,P.

L.N

ara,

M.T

ersm

ette

,&

J.G

ouds

mit.

Mut

atio

nsin

Hum

anIm

mun

odefi

cien

cyV

irus

Type

1gp

41A

ffect

Sen

sitiv

ityto

Neu

tral

izat

ion

bygp

120

Ant

ibod

ies.J

Viro

l67:

6897

–69

02,1

993.

(Med

line:

9401

6886

)N

otes

:Thr

eecl

osel

yre

late

dcl

ones

wer

ede

rived

from

ane

utra

lizat

ion

resi

stan

tIIIB

isol

ate

that

had

been

pass

aged

ina

chim

panz

ee.g

p41

mut

atio

nsw

ere

show

nto

prof

ound

lyal

tert

heab

ility

ofV

3lo

opM

Abs

5023

and

178.

1to

neut

raliz

e.C

ritic

alsu

bstit

utio

nsin

gp41

wer

e66

8an

d67

5,cl

ose

toth

eim

mun

ogen

icdo

mai

n66

2-66

8,or

ELD

KW

AS

.Le

sspr

ofou

ndin

hibi

tion

was

obse

rved

for

the

anti-

CD

4bi

ndin

gsi

teM

Ab

GP

13.

[Bag

ley

(199

4)]

J.B

agle

y,P.

J.D

illon

,C.R

osen

,J.R

obin

son,

J.S

odro

ski,

&W

.A.M

aras

co.

Str

uctu

ralC

hara

cter

izat

ion

ofB

road

lyN

eutr

aliz

ing

Hum

anM

onoc

lona

lAnt

ibod

ies

Aga

inst

the

CD

4B

indi

ngS

iteof

HIV

-1gp

120.Mo

lIm

mu

no

l31(

15):1

149–

1160

,199

4.(M

edlin

e:95

0213

25)N

otes

:Thi

spa

per

isa

deta

iled

stud

yof

the

V-D

-Jhe

avy

chai

nus

age

and

V-J

light

chai

nus

age

for

the

thre

em

onoc

lona

lsth

atbi

ndto

the

HIV

-1en

velo

peC

D4

bind

ing

site

:F

105,

15e

and

21h.

Diff

eren

tge

rmlin

ege

nes

wer

eus

ed,

and

ther

ew

asev

iden

cefo

ran

tigen

-driv

ecl

onal

sele

ctio

nof

som

atic

mut

atio

ns.E

ight

posi

tions

inth

ehe

avy

chai

nan

dtw

oin

the

light

chai

nco

mpl

emen

tarit

yde

term

inin

gpo

sitio

nsw

ere

iden

tical

inth

eth

ree

Mab

s.

[Bai

(200

0)]

Y.B

ai,Y

.Zha

o,T.

Yu,M

.P.D

ieric

h,&

Y.H

.Che

n.A

ntib

odie

sto

HIV

-1gp

41re

cogn

ize

synt

hetic

pept

ides

ofhu

man

IFN

-alp

haan

dIF

N-b

eta.

IntA

rch

Alle

rgy

Imm

un

ol12

1:17

0–2,

2000

.(M

edlin

e:20

1711

60).

[Ban

apou

r(1

987)

]B

.Ban

apou

r,K

.Ros

enth

al,L

.Rab

in,V

.Sha

rma,

L.Yo

ung,

J.F

erna

ndez

,E.E

ngle

man

,M.M

cGra

th,G

.Rey

es,&

J.Li

fson

.C

hara

cter

-iz

atio

nan

dE

pito

peM

appi

ngof

aH

uman

Mon

oclo

nalA

ntib

ody

Rea

ctiv

ew

ithth

eE

nvel

ope

Gly

copr

otei

nof

Hum

anIm

mun

odefi

cien

cyV

irus.

JIm

-m

un

ol1

39:4

027–

4033

,198

7.(M

edlin

e:88

0887

54).

[Ban

dres

(199

8)]

J.C

.B

andr

es,

Q.

F.W

ang

QF

,J.

O’L

eary

,F.

Bal

eaux

,A

.A

mar

a,J.

A.

Hox

ie,

&S

.-P.

M.

K.

Gor

ny.

Hum

anim

mun

odefi

cien

cyvi

rus

(HIV

)en

velo

pebi

nds

toC

XC

R4

inde

pend

ently

ofC

D4,

and

bind

-in

gca

nbe

enha

nced

byin

tera

ctio

nw

ithso

lubl

eC

D4

orby

HIV

enve

lope

degl

ycos

ylat

ion.

JV

irol7

2:25

00–2

504,

1998

.(M

edlin

e:98

1391

53).

[Bar

bas

III(1

992)

]C

.F.

Bar

bas

III,

E.

Bjo

rling

,F.

Chi

odi,

N.

Dun

lop,

D.C

abab

a,T.

M.J

ones

,S.L

.Zeb

edee

,M.A

.Per

sson

,P.A

.Nar

a,E

.Nor

-rb

y,&

etal

.R

ecom

bina

nthu

man

Fab

frag

men

tsne

utra

lize

hum

anty

pe1

imm

unod

efici

ency

viru

sin

vitr

o.P

roc

Na

tlA

cad

Sci

US

A89:

9339

–934

3,19

92.

(Med

line:

9302

8460

).

[Bar

bas

III(1

993)

]C

.F.B

arba

sIII

,T.A

.Col

let,

P.R

oben

,J.B

inle

y,W

.Am

-be

rg,D

.Hoe

kstr

a,D

.Cab

ana,

T.M

.Jon

es,R

.A.W

illia

mso

n,G

.R.P

ilkin

g-to

n,N

.L.H

aigw

ood,

A.C

.Sat

tert

hwai

t,I.

San

z,&

D.R

.Bur

ton.

Mol

ecul

arpr

ofile

ofan

antib

ody

resp

onse

toH

IV-1

aspr

obed

byco

mbi

nato

riall

ibra

ries.

JM

olB

iol2

30:8

12–8

23,1

993.

(Med

line:

9324

0535

).

[Bar

sov

(199

6)]

E.

V.B

arso

v,W

.E

.H

uber

,J.

Mar

cotr

igia

no,

P.K

.C

lark

,A

.D.C

lark

,E.A

rnol

d,&

S.H

.Hug

hes.

Inhi

bitio

nof

Hum

anIm

mun

odefi

-ci

ency

Viru

sTy

pe1

Inte

gras

eby

the

Fab

Fra

gmen

tofa

Spe

cific

Mon

oclo

nal

Ant

ibod

yS

ugge

sts

that

Diff

eren

tM

ultim

eriz

atio

nS

tate

sA

reR

equi

red

for

Diff

eren

tE

nzym

atic

Fun

ctio

ns.J

Viro

l70

:448

4–44

94,

1996

.(M

edlin

e:96

2567

59)N

otes

:MA

b35

does

noti

nhib

itH

IV-1

IN,b

utF

ab35

inhi

bits

3‘-

end

proc

essi

ng,s

tran

dtr

ansf

eran

ddi

sint

egra

tion.

Thi

sap

pear

sto

beth

roug

hin

terf

erin

gw

ithm

ultim

eriz

atio

n,an

dsu

gges

tsth

atth

eC

-ter

min

alre

gion

isim

port

antf

orIN

func

tion.

[Bar

tlett

(199

8)]

J.A

.B

artle

tt,S

.S

.W

asse

rman

,C

.B

.H

icks

,R

.T.

Dod

ge,

K.

J.W

einh

old,

C.

O.T

acke

t,N

.K

ette

r,A

.E

.W

ittek

,T.

J.P

alke

r,&

B.

F.H

ayne

s.S

afet

yan

dim

mun

ogen

icity

ofan

HLA

-bas

edH

IVen

velo

pepo

ly-

vale

ntsy

nthe

ticpe

ptid

eim

mun

ogen

.A

IDS

12:1

291–

300,

1998

.(M

edlin

e:98

3721

13).

Ant

ibod

yR

efer

ence

sB Cell

IV-D

-4D

EC

2000

[Bed

dow

s(1

999)

]S

.Bed

dow

s,S

.Lis

ter,

R.C

hein

gson

g,C

.Bru

ck,&

J.W

e-be

r.C

ompa

rison

ofth

ean

tibod

yre

pert

oire

gene

rate

din

heal

thy

volu

ntee

rsfo

llow

ing

imm

uniz

atio

nw

itha

mon

omer

icre

com

bina

ntgp

120

cons

truc

tde

rived

from

aC

CR

5/C

XC

R4-

usin

ghu

man

imm

unod

efici

ency

viru

sty

pe1

isol

ate

with

sera

from

natu

rally

infe

cted

indi

vidu

als.J

Viro

l73:

1740

–5,

1999

.(M

edlin

e:99

0990

77).

[Bel

she

(199

8)]

R.B

.Bel

she,

G.J

.Gor

se,M

.Mul

ligan

,T.E

vans

,M.K

eefe

r,J.

Exc

ler,

A.D

ulie

ge,J

.Tar

tagl

ia,W

.Cox

,J.M

cNam

ara,

K.H

wan

g,A

.Bra

d-ne

y,D

.Mon

tifior

i,K

.Wei

nhol

d,&

N.A

.V.E

.Gro

up.

Indu

ctio

nof

imm

une

resp

onse

sto

HIV

-1ca

nary

pox

viru

sA

LVA

CH

IV-1

and

gp12

0S

F-2

re-

com

bina

ntva

ccin

esin

unin

fect

edvo

lunt

eers

.A

IDS

12:2

407–

2415

,19

98.

(Med

line:

9909

0756

).

[Ben

joua

d(1

993)

]A

.B

enjo

uad,

J.-C

.G

luck

man

,L.

Mon

tagn

ier,

&E

.B

ahra

oui.

Spe

cific

ityof

antib

odie

spr

oduc

edag

ains

tna

tive

orde

sia-

lyla

ted

hum

anim

mun

odefi

cien

cyvi

rus

type

1re

com

bina

ntgp

160.

JV

irol

67:1

693–

1697

,19

93.

(Med

line:

9317

2394

)N

otes

:M

Abs

rais

edag

ains

tde

sial

ylat

edH

IV-1

gp16

0cr

oss-

reac

twith

HIV

-2gp

140

due

toth

eim

mun

-od

omin

ante

pito

pein

gp41

.

[Ber

etta

&D

algl

eish

(199

4)]

A.B

eret

ta&

A.D

algl

eish

.B-c

elle

pito

pes.

AID

S8

(sup

pl1)

:S13

3–S

145,

1994

.

[Ber

etta

(198

7)]

A.

Ber

etta

,F.

Gra

ssi,

M.

Pel

agi,

A.

Cliv

io,

C.

Par

ravi

cini

,G

.Gio

vina

zzo,

F.A

ndro

nico

,L.L

opal

co,P

.Ver

ani,

S.B

utto

,F.T

itti,

G.B

.R

ossi

,G.V

iale

,E.G

inel

li,&

A.G

.Sic

card

i.H

IVen

vG

lyco

prot

ein

Sha

res

aC

ross

-Rea

ctin

gE

pito

pew

itha

Sur

face

Pro

tein

Pre

sent

onA

ctiv

ated

Hum

anM

onoc

ytes

and

Invo

lved

inA

ntig

enP

rese

ntat

ion.Eu

rJ

Imm

un

ol1

7:17

93–

1798

,19

87.

(Med

line:

8808

3077

)N

otes

:T

heM

Ab

M38

bind

sto

gp12

0an

dal

soto

ahu

man

prot

ein

of80

kdth

atis

expr

esse

don

asm

allf

ract

ion

ofm

onon

ucle

arce

llsin

the

lym

phno

des.

M38

inhi

bits

prol

ifera

tion

inau

-to

logo

uste

tanu

sto

xoid

pres

enta

tion,

sois

invo

lved

inan

tigen

pres

enta

tion.

Sug

gest

edm

olec

ular

mim

icry

.

[Ber

man

(199

7)]

P.W

.Ber

man

,A.M

.Gra

y,T.

Wrin

,J.C

.Ven

nari,

D.J

.Eas

t-m

an,G

.R.N

akam

ura,

D.P

.Fra

ncis

,G.G

orse

,&D

.H.S

chw

artz

.Gen

etic

and

imm

unol

ogic

char

acte

rizat

ion

ofvi

ruse

sin

fect

ing

MN

-rgp

120-

vacc

inat

edvo

lunt

eers

.JIn

fect

Dis

176:

384–

397,

1997

.(M

edlin

e:97

3793

81).

[Ber

man

(199

1)]

P.W

.B

erm

an,

K.

Ros

enth

al,

G.

Nak

amur

a,L.

Rid

dle,

J.P.

Por

ter,

D.

Dow

benk

o,M

.H

obbe

s,R

.B

yrn,

J.G

roop

man

,T.

Gre

gory

,&

B.

Fen

dly.

Mon

oclo

nala

ntib

odie

sto

gp16

0of

HIV

-1th

atne

utra

lize

HIV

-1

infe

ctiv

ity,

bloc

kth

ebi

ndin

gof

gp12

0to

CD

4,an

dre

act

with

dive

rse

isol

ates

.JA

IDS

4:30

6,19

91.

[Ber

thet

-Col

omin

as(1

999)

]C

.B

erth

et-C

olom

inas

,S

.M

onac

o,A

.N

ovel

li,G

.Sib

ai,F

.Mal

let,

&S

.Cus

ack.

Hea

d-to

-tai

ldim

ers

and

inte

rdom

ain

flexi

-bi

lity

reve

aled

byth

ecr

ysta

lstr

uctu

reof

HIV

-1ca

psid

prot

ein

p24

com

plex

edw

itha

mon

oclo

nalF

ab.EM

BO

18:1

124–

36,1

999.

(Med

line:

9916

4080

).

[Bin

ley

(199

9)]

J.B

inle

y,R

.San

ders

,B.C

las,

N.S

chue

lke,

A.M

aste

r,Y.

Guo

,F.

Kaj

umo,

D.

Ans

elm

a,P.

Mad

don,

W.

Ols

on,

&J.

Moo

re.

AR

ecom

bi-

nant

Hum

anIm

mun

odefi

cien

cyvi

rus

type

1en

velo

pegl

ycop

rote

inco

mpl

exst

abili

zed

byan

intr

amol

ecul

ardi

sulfi

debo

ndbe

twee

nth

egp

120

and

gp41

subu

nits

isan

antig

enic

mim

icof

the

trim

eric

virio

nas

soci

ated

stru

ctur

e.J

Viro

l74:

627–

43,1

999.

(Med

line:

2009

1317

).

[Bin

ley

(199

7a)]

J.M

.B

inle

y,H

.A

rsha

d,T.

R.

Fou

ts,

&J.

P.M

oore

.A

nin

vest

igat

ion

ofth

ehi

ghav

idity

antib

ody

resp

onse

togp

120

ofhu

man

im-

mun

odefi

cien

cyvi

rus

type

1.AID

SR

es

an

dH

um

an

Re

tro13

:100

7–10

15,

1997

a.(M

edlin

e:97

4075

38).

[Bin

ley

(199

6)]

J.M

.Bin

ley,

H.J

.Ditz

el,C

.F.B

arba

sIII

,N.S

ulliv

an,J

.So-

dros

ki,P

.W.H

.I.P

arre

n,&

D.R

.Bur

ton.

Hum

anan

tibod

yre

spon

ses

toH

IVty

pe1

glyc

opro

tein

41cl

oned

inph

age

disp

lay

libra

ries

sugg

estt

hree

maj

orep

itope

sar

ere

cogn

ized

and

give

evid

ence

for

cons

erve

dan

tibod

ym

otifs

inan

tigen

bind

ing.

AID

SR

es

Hu

mR

etr

oviru

ses12:9

11–9

24,1

996.

(Med

-lin

e:96

3921

64)

Not

es:

Apa

nel

ofan

ti-gp

41hu

man

Fab

frag

men

tsw

ere

gene

rate

dby

pann

ing

phag

edi

spla

yan

tibod

ylib

rarie

spr

epar

edfr

omH

IV-1

posi

tive

dono

rsw

ithrg

p41.

Fab

ste

nded

tobe

dire

cted

agai

nstt

hree

epito

pes,

desi

gnat

edcl

uste

rsI-

III.

Non

ew

ere

neut

raliz

ing.

Aco

mm

onC

DR

3m

otif

was

foun

din

seve

ralo

fthe

heav

ych

ain

sequ

ence

s.

[Bin

ley

(199

7b)]

J.M

.B

inle

y,P.

J.K

lass

e,Y.

Cao

,I.

Jone

s,M

.M

arko

witz

,D

.D.H

o,&

J.P.

Moo

re.

Diff

eren

tialr

egul

atio

nof

the

antib

ody

resp

onse

sto

Gag

and

Env

prot

eins

ofhu

man

imm

unod

efici

ency

viru

sty

pe1.

JV

irol

71:2

799–

809,

1997

b.(M

edlin

e:97

2139

46)

Not

es:

Ret

entio

nof

anti-

Env

antib

odie

san

dlo

ssof

anti-

Gag

antib

odie

sdu

ring

prog

ress

ion

was

stud

ied,

and

sugg

este

dto

beth

ere

sult

ofth

elo

ssof

T-ce

llhe

lpan

dth

eab

ility

ofE

nvto

stim

ulat

eB

cells

even

with

decl

inin

gC

D4

cells

,bec

ause

ofE

nv‘s

uniq

ueab

ility

tobi

ndto

the

CD

4m

olec

ule.

[Bin

ley

(199

8)]

J.M

.Bin

ley,

R.W

yatt,

E.D

esja

rdin

s,P.

D.K

won

g,W

.Hen

-dr

icks

on,J

.P.M

oore

,&J.

Sod

rosk

i.A

naly

sis

ofth

ein

tera

ctio

nof

antib

odie

s

Ant

ibod

yR

efer

ence

sB Cell

IV-D

-5D

EC

2000

with

aco

nser

ved

enzy

mat

ical

lyde

glyc

osyl

ated

core

ofth

eH

IVty

pe1

Env

e-lo

pegl

ycop

rote

in12

0.AID

SR

es

Hu

mR

etr

oviru

ses14:1

91–8

,199

8.(M

ed-

line:

9815

0872

)N

otes

:T

his

pape

rhe

lped

show

edth

ebi

olog

ical

rele

vanc

eof

ade

glyc

osyl

ated

varia

ble

loop

dele

ted

form

ofth

eco

regp

120.

[Biz

ub-B

ende

r(1

994)

]D

.Biz

ub-B

ende

r,J.

Kul

kosk

y,&

A.M

.Ska

lka.

Mon

-oc

lona

lant

ibod

ies

agai

nstH

IVty

pe1

Inte

gras

e:cl

ues

tom

olec

ular

stru

ctur

e.A

IDS

Re

sH

um

Re

trov

iru

ses10:1

105–

1115

,199

4.(M

edlin

e:95

1272

93).

[Bjo

rling

(199

2)]

E.

Bjo

rling

,L.

Goo

bar-

Lars

on,

G.

Utte

r,E

.N

orby

,&

F.C

hiod

i.F

our

dist

inct

antig

enic

regi

ons

are

pres

ent

inth

epr

imar

yst

ruc-

ture

ofH

IV-1

and

HIV

-2pr

otei

nase

s.AID

S6:

157–

163,

1992

.(M

edlin

e:92

2154

72).

[Boe

(199

8)]

S.O

.Boe

,B.B

jorn

dal,

B.R

osok

,A.M

.Szi

lvay

,&K

.H.K

alla

nd.

Sub

cellu

lar

loca

lizat

ion

ofhu

man

imm

unod

efici

ency

viru

sty

pe1

RN

As,

Rev

,and

the

splic

ing

fact

orS

C-3

5.Viro

log

y24

4:47

3–82

,199

8.(M

edlin

e:98

2638

21).

[Bol

mst

edt(

1990

)]A

.Bol

mst

edt,

S.O

lofs

son,

E.S

jogr

en-J

anss

on,I

.Sjo

blom

,L.

Ake

rblo

m,

J.-E

.S

.H

anse

n,&

S.-

L.H

u.C

arbo

hydr

ate

dete

rmin

ant

Neu

Ac-

Galβ

(1-4

)of

N-li

nked

glyc

ans

mod

ulat

esth

ean

tigen

icac

tivity

ofhu

man

imm

unod

efici

ency

viru

sty

pe1

glyc

opro

tein

gp12

0.JG

en

Viro

l73

:300

9–31

05,1

990.

(Med

line:

9310

7843

).

[Bol

mst

edt(

1996

)]A

.B

olm

sted

t,S

.S

jola

nder

,J.

E.

Han

sen,

L.A

kerb

lom

,A

.H

emm

ing,

S.

L.H

u,B

.M

orei

n,&

S.

Olo

fsso

n.In

fluen

ceof

N-li

nked

glyc

ans

inV

4-V

5re

gion

ofhu

man

imm

unod

efici

ency

viru

sty

pe1

glyc

opro

-te

ingp

160

onin

duct

ion

ofa

viru

s-ne

utra

lizin

ghu

mor

alre

spon

se.

JA

IDS

Hu

mR

etr

oviro

l12:

213–

220,

1996

.(M

edlin

e:96

2756

29)

Not

es:

Bec

ause

N-li

nked

glyc

ans

onvi

ral

glyc

opro

tein

sca

npr

otec

tot

herw

ise

acce

ssib

lene

utra

lizat

ion

epito

pes

ofth

evi

rale

nvel

ope

from

neut

raliz

ing

antib

odie

s,th

eai

mof

this

stud

yw

asto

expl

ore

the

poss

ibili

tyof

achi

evin

ga

mor

ebr

oadl

yne

utra

lizin

gim

mun

ere

spon

sew

itha

gp16

0de

plet

edof

thre

eN

-lin

ked

glyc

ans

inth

eC

D4-

bind

ing

dom

ain.

Mut

ant

and

wild

type

gp16

0w

ere

form

ulat

edin

toim

mun

ostim

ulat

ing

com

plex

es(is

com

s),

and

guin

eapi

gsw

ere

vacc

inat

ed.

Bot

hpr

epar

atio

nsin

duce

dhi

ghse

rum

antib

ody

re-

spon

seto

nativ

egp

120

and

V3

pept

ides

.The

sera

from

anim

als

imm

uniz

edw

ithth

em

utat

edgl

ycop

rote

inla

ckin

gC

D4

glyc

osyl

atio

nsi

tes

did

notn

eu-

tral

ize

nonr

elat

edH

IVst

rain

sbe

tter

than

did

sera

from

anim

als

imm

uniz

edw

ithw

ildty

pegl

ycop

rote

in,

but

anim

als

imm

uniz

edw

ithm

utan

tgp

160

neut

raliz

edm

utan

tviru

sbe

tter

than

wild

type

viru

s,an

dvi

ceve

rsa.

[Boo

ts(1

997)

]L.

J.B

oots

,P.M

.McK

enna

,B.A

.Arn

old,

P.M

.Kel

ler,

M.K

.G

orny

,S

.Z

olla

-Paz

ner,

J.E

.R

obin

son,

&A

.J.

Con

ley.

Ant

i-hum

anim

-m

unod

efici

ency

viru

sty

pe1

hum

anm

onoc

lona

lan

tibod

ies

that

bind

dis-

cont

inuo

usep

itope

sin

the

vira

lgly

copr

otei

nsca

nid

entif

ym

imot

opes

from

reco

mbi

nant

phag

epe

ptid

edi

spla

ylib

rarie

s.AID

SR

es

Hu

mR

etr

oviru

ses

13:1

549–

59,1

997.

(Med

line:

9809

0112

).

[Bou

-Hab

ib(1

994)

]D

.C

.B

ou-H

abib

,G

.R

oder

ique

z,T.

Ora

vecz

,P.

W.

Ber

man

,P.

Luss

o,&

M.

A.

Nor

cros

s.C

rypt

icna

ture

ofen

velo

peV

3re

-gi

onep

itope

spr

otec

tspr

imar

ym

onoc

ytot

ropi

chu

man

imm

unod

efici

ency

viru

sty

pe1

from

antib

ody

neut

raliz

atio

n.JV

irol

68:6

006–

6013

,19

94.

(Med

line:

9433

5117

)N

otes

:T

his

pape

rsh

ows

that

antib

odie

sto

the

tipof

the

V3

loop

fail

tone

utra

lize

prim

ary

isol

ate

JR-C

SF,

and

that

the

V3

loop

isfa

rm

ore

acce

ssib

leon

the

JR-C

SF

deriv

edT-

cell

trop

icst

rain

T-C

SF.

Ant

i-V3

antib

odie

ssu

cces

sful

lyne

utra

lize

T-C

SF.

Wea

kbi

ndin

gof

anti-

V3

antib

odie

sto

the

prim

ary

isol

ate

JR-C

SF

sugg

ests

the

V3

loop

isac

cess

ible

only

ina

min

orfr

actio

nof

prot

eins

.

[Bou

det(

1995

)]F.

Bou

det,

H.K

elle

r,M

.P.K

ieny

,&J.

The

ze.

Sin

gle

pept

ide

and

anti-

idio

type

base

dim

mun

izat

ions

can

broa

den

the

antib

ody

resp

onse

agai

nst

the

varia

ble

V3

dom

ain

ofH

IV-1

inm

ice.M

olI

mm

un

ol3

2:44

9–45

7,19

95.

(Med

line:

9530

3114

)N

otes

:Giv

enth

ehi

ghde

gree

ofse

quen

ceva

riabi

lity

ofth

eV

3lo

op,

the

hum

oral

resp

onse

toth

isre

gion

tend

sto

bety

pesp

ecifi

c.A

nan

ti-id

ioty

pic

antib

ody

coul

dbr

oade

nth

ean

ti-V

3an

tibod

ypo

lycl

onal

resp

onse

inB

ALB

/cm

ice,

rela

tive

toth

eor

igin

alA

bus

edto

gene

rate

the

anti-

idio

type

resp

onse

.A

synt

hetic

pept

ide

deriv

edfr

omth

eV

3de

term

inan

tof

HIV

-1M

Nin

duce

dan

antib

ody

resp

onse

tom

ultip

leH

IV-1

stra

ins,

butt

heex

tent

ofth

iscr

oss-

reac

tivity

was

inve

rsel

yco

rrel

ated

with

the

bind

ing

affin

ityto

V3

MN

pept

ide.

[Bou

det(

1991

)]F.

Bou

det,

J.T

heze

,&

M.

Zou

ali.

UV

-tre

ated

poly

styr

ene

mic

rotit

repl

ates

foru

sein

anE

LIS

Ato

mea

sure

antib

odie

sag

ains

tsyn

thet

icpe

ptid

es.J

Imm

un

olM

eth

od

s142

:73–

82,1

991.

(Med

line:

1717

595)

.

[Bou

det(

1994

)]F.

Bou

det,

J.T

heze

,&M

.Zou

ali.

Ant

i-Idi

otyp

icA

ntib

odie

sto

the

Thi

rdVa

riabl

eD

omai

nof

gp12

0In

duce

anA

nti-H

IV-1

Ant

ibod

yR

espo

nse

inM

ice.V

irolo

gy

200:

176–

188,

1994

.(M

edlin

e:94

1747

15).

[Boy

er(1

991)

]V.

Boy

er,H

.Bro

ly,S

.Sou

che,

P.M

adau

le,J

.Ros

sier

,D.Z

a-gu

ry,

&C

.D

esgr

ange

s.C

hara

cter

izat

ion

and

larg

epr

oduc

tion

ofhu

man

mon

oclo

nal

antib

odie

sag

ains

tth

eH

IV-1

enve

lope

.C

linE

xpIm

mu

no

l83

:452

–459

,199

1.(M

edlin

e:91

1684

33).

Ant

ibod

yR

efer

ence

sB Cell

IV-D

-6D

EC

2000

[Bra

dney

(199

9)]

A.

Bra

dney

,S

.S

chee

r,J.

Cra

wfo

rd,

S.

Buc

hbin

der,

&D

.Mon

tifior

i.N

eutr

aliz

atio

nes

cape

inhu

man

imm

unod

efici

ency

viru

sty

pe1-

infe

cted

long

term

non-

prog

ress

ors.JIn

fDis

179:

1264

–7,1

999.

(Med

line:

9920

8712

).

[Bra

nd(1

998)

]D

.B

rand

,F.

Lem

iale

,I.

Tur

bica

,L.

Buz

elay

,S

.B

rune

t,&

F.B

arin

.C

ompa

rativ

ean

alys

isof

hum

oral

imm

une

resp

onse

sto

HIV

type

1en

velo

pegl

ycop

rote

ins

inm

ice

imm

uniz

edw

itha

DN

Ava

ccin

e,re

com

bi-

nant

Sem

likiF

ores

tviru

sR

NA

,or

reco

mbi

nant

Sem

likiF

ores

tviru

spa

rti-

cles

.AID

SR

es

Hu

mR

etr

oviru

ses14:1

369–

77,1

998.

(Med

line:

9900

2727

).

[Bris

tow

(199

4)]

R.G

.W.B

risto

w,A

.R.D

ougl

as,J

.J.S

kehe

l,&

R.S

Dan

iels

.A

naly

sis

ofm

urin

ean

tibod

yre

spon

ses

toba

culo

viru

s-ex

pres

sed

hum

anim

-m

unod

efici

ency

viru

sty

pe1

enve

lope

glyc

opro

tein

s.J

Ge

nV

irol7

5:20

89–

2095

,19

94.

(Med

line:

9432

2004

)N

otes

:B

ALB

/cm

ice

wer

eim

mun

ized

with

bacu

lovi

rus

expr

esse

dgp

160

orgp

120,

and

15M

Abs

wer

ege

ner-

ated

.N

oM

Abs

gene

rate

din

this

stud

yne

utra

lized

refe

renc

est

rain

s,us

ing

ate

traz

oliu

m-b

ased

cyto

toxi

city

assa

yto

test

for

neut

raliz

atio

n.Te

nof

the

Mab

sw

ere

map

ped

bype

ptid

eE

LIS

A,a

ndse

ven

reac

ted

with

the

C1

regi

on,

one

with

V2,

one

with

V4,

and

one

with

the

C-t

erm

inal

end.

[Bro

der

(199

4)]

C.B

rode

r,P.

Ear

l,D

.Lon

g,S

.Abe

don,

B.M

oss,

&R

.Dom

s.A

ntig

enic

impl

icat

ions

ofhu

man

imm

unod

efici

ency

viru

sty

pe1

enve

lope

quat

erna

ryst

ruct

ure:

Olig

omer

-spe

cific

and

-sen

sitiv

em

onoc

lona

lant

ibod

-ie

s.P

roc

Na

tlA

cad

Sci

US

A91:

1169

9–11

703,

1994

.(M

edlin

e:95

0623

36)

Not

es:

35an

ti-gp

41an

d27

anti-

gp12

0m

urin

eM

Abs

gene

rate

dby

imm

u-ni

zatio

nw

ithol

igom

eric

HIV

-1III

Ben

velo

pew

ere

stud

ied.

The

seM

Abs

tend

edto

reac

tw

ithco

nfor

mat

iona

lep

itope

s.21

ofth

ean

ti-gp

41M

Abs

reac

ted

pref

eren

tially

with

olig

omer

icen

v,w

hile

only

1of

the

anti-

gp12

0M

Abs

reac

ted

mor

est

rong

lyw

ithth

eol

igom

er,

and

14of

the

anti-

gp12

0pr

efer

entia

llyre

cogn

ized

mon

omer

icen

v.

[Bro

liden

(199

0)]

P.A

.B

rolid

en,

K.

Ljun

ggre

n,J.

Hin

kula

,E

.N

orrb

y,L.

Ake

rblo

m,&

B.W

ahre

n.A

mon

oclo

nala

ntib

ody

tohu

man

imm

unod

efi-

cien

cyvi

rus

type

1w

hich

med

iate

sce

llula

rcy

toto

xici

tyan

dne

utra

lizat

ion.

JV

irol6

4:93

6–94

0,19

90.

(Med

line:

9011

2670

).

[Bro

liden

(199

1)]

P.A

.Bro

liden

,B.M

akita

lo,L

.Ake

rblo

m,J

.Ros

en,K

.Bro

li-de

n,G

.Utte

r,M

.Jon

dal,

E.N

orrb

y,&

B.W

ahre

n.Id

entifi

catio

nof

amin

oac

ids

inth

eV

3re

gion

ofgp

120

criti

cal

for

viru

sne

utra

lizat

ion

byhu

-m

anH

IV-1

spec

ific

antib

odie

s.Imm

un

olo

gy7

3:37

1–37

6,19

91.

(Med

line:

9201

0009

).

[Bro

liden

(198

9)]

P.A

.Bro

liden

,V.M

osch

ese,

K.L

jung

gren

,J.R

osen

,C.F

un-

daro

,A.P

leba

ni,M

.Jon

dal,

&P.

Ros

si.

Dia

gnos

ticim

plic

atio

nof

spec

ific

imm

unog

lobu

linG

patte

rns

ofch

ildre

nbo

rnto

HIV

-1in

fect

edm

othe

rs.

AID

S3:

577,

1989

.(M

edlin

e:90

0007

45).

[Buc

hach

er(1

994)

]A

.B

ucha

cher

,R

.P

redl

,K

.S

trut

zenb

erge

r,W

.S

tein

fell-

ner,

A.T

rkol

a,M

.Pur

tsch

er,G

.Gru

ber,

C.T

auer

,F.S

tein

dl,A

.Jun

gbau

er,

&H

.Kat

inge

r.G

ener

atio

nof

hum

anm

onoc

lona

lant

ibod

ies

agai

nstH

IV-1

prot

eins

;ele

ctro

fusi

onan

dE

pste

in-B

arr

viru

str

ansf

orm

atio

nfo

rpe

riphe

ral

bloo

dly

mph

ocyt

eim

mor

taliz

atio

n.A

IDS

Re

sH

um

Re

trov

iru

ses10

:359

–36

9,19

94.

(Med

line:

9434

7460

)N

otes

:A

pane

lof

33hu

man

mon

oclo

nal

antib

odie

sw

ere

prod

uced

.Lin

eare

pito

pes

fors

ome

ofth

isse

tofM

Abs

wer

em

appe

dus

ing

pept

ide

ELI

SA

.Li

near

epito

pes

wer

em

appe

din

gp41

,an

da

sing

leep

itope

was

map

ped

inp2

4.W

hile

mul

tiple

gp12

0sp

ecifi

cM

Abs

wer

ege

nera

ted,

alls

eem

edto

beco

nfor

mat

iona

lorc

arbo

hydr

ate

depe

nden

t,or

both

.

[Buc

hach

er(1

992)

]A

.Buc

hach

er,R

.Pre

dl,C

.Tau

er,M

.Pur

tsch

er,G

.Gru

ber,

R.

Hei

der,

F.S

tein

dl,

A.

Trk

ola,

A.

Jung

baue

r,&

H.

Kat

inge

r.H

uman

mon

oclo

nala

ntib

odie

sag

ains

tgp4

1an

dgp

120

aspo

tent

iala

gent

sfo

rpas

sive

imm

uniz

atio

n.V

acc

ine

s92:

191–

195,

1992

.

[Buc

hbin

der

(199

2)]

A.B

uchb

inde

r,S

.Kar

wow

ska,

M.K

.Gor

ny,S

.T.B

urda

,&

S.

Zol

la-P

azne

r.S

yner

gyB

etw

een

Hum

anM

onoc

lona

lA

ntib

odie

sto

HIV

Ext

ends

The

irE

ffect

ive

Bio

logi

cA

ctiv

ityA

gain

stH

omol

ogou

san

dD

iver

gent

Str

ains

.AID

SR

es

Hu

mR

etr

oviru

ses8:42

5–42

7,19

92.

(Med

line:

9310

3824

)Not

es:T

hean

ti-gp

120

V3

MA

b44

7-D

and

the

anti-

gp12

0C

D4

BS

MA

b58

8-D

show

edsy

nerg

istic

neut

raliz

atio

n.

[Bug

ge(1

990)

]T.

H.B

ugge

,B.O

.Lin

dhar

dt,L

.L.H

anse

n,P.

Kus

k,E

.Hul

-ga

ard,

K.

Hol

mba

ck,

P.J.

Kla

sse,

J.Z

euth

en,

&K

.U

lrich

.A

naly

sis

ofa

Hig

hly

Imm

unod

omin

ant

Epi

tope

inth

eH

uman

Imm

unod

efici

ency

Viru

sTy

pe1

Tra

nsm

embr

ane

Gly

copr

otei

n,gp

41,

Defi

ned

bya

Hum

anM

ono-

clon

alA

ntib

ody.

JV

irol6

4:41

23–4

129,

1990

.(M

edlin

e:90

3478

03).

[Buk

awa

(199

5)]

H.

Buk

awa,

K.-

I.S

ekig

awa,

K.

Ham

ajim

a,J.

Fuk

ushi

ma,

Y.Y

amad

a,H

.Kiy

ono,

&K

.Oku

da.

Neu

tral

izat

ion

ofH

IV-1

byse

cret

ory

IgA

indu

ced

byor

alim

mun

izat

ion

with

ane

wm

acro

mol

ecul

arm

ultic

om-

pone

ntpe

ptid

eva

ccin

eca

ndid

ate.Na

ture

Me

d1:6

81–6

85,1

995.

(Med

line:

9607

1531

)N

otes

:Thi

spa

per

stud

ies

the

anti-

HIV

-1an

tibod

ies

rais

edin

re-

spon

seto

am

ultic

ompo

nent

pept

ide

vacc

ine,

give

nor

ally

.It

cons

iste

dof

:V

3lo

oppe

ptid

esba

sed

onse

quen

ces

from

cycl

ized

Bco

nsen

sus

sequ

ence

;

Ant

ibod

yR

efer

ence

sB Cell

IV-D

-7D

EC

2000

aP

ND

com

mon

inJa

pan;

IIIB

PN

D;

Tha

iBst

rain

sP

ND

;a

CD

4bi

ndin

gsi

tepe

ptid

e;an

da

Gag

pept

ide,

HP

G30

.B

ALB

/cm

ice

wer

eim

mun

ized

.S

erum

IgA

and

IgG

and

feca

lIgA

wer

ede

tect

ed.

IgA

from

feca

lsam

ples

was

capa

ble

ofne

utra

lizin

gla

bst

rain

s.

[Bur

atti

(199

7)]

E.B

urat

ti,S

.G.T

ism

inet

zky,

P.D

’Aga

ro,&

F.E

.Bar

alle

.A

neut

raliz

ing

mon

oclo

nala

ntib

ody

prev

ious

lym

appe

dex

clus

ivel

yon

hum

anim

mun

odefi

cien

cyvi

rus

type

1gp

41re

cogn

izes

anep

itope

inp1

7sh

arin

gth

eco

rese

quen

ce.JV

irol7

1:24

57–6

2,19

97.

(Med

line:

9718

4581

).

[Bur

ton

(199

1)]

D.B

urto

n,C

.Bar

bas,

M.P

erss

on,S

.Koe

nig,

R.M

.Cha

nock

,&

R.A

.Ler

ner.

Ala

rge

arra

yof

hum

anm

onoc

lona

lant

ibod

ies

toty

pe1

hu-

man

imm

unod

efici

ency

viru

sfr

omco

mbi

nato

riall

ibra

ries

ofas

ympt

omat

icse

ropo

sitiv

ein

divi

dual

s.Pro

cN

atl

Aca

dS

ciU

SA8

8:10

134–

1013

7,19

91.

(Med

line:

9205

2225

)N

otes

:A

pane

lof

hum

anm

onoc

lona

lant

ibod

yF

abfr

agm

ents

was

gene

rate

dag

ains

tth

esu

rfac

eof

the

gp12

0gl

ycop

rote

inof

HIV

-1by

antig

ense

lect

ion

from

ara

ndom

com

bina

toria

llib

rary

prep

ared

from

5m

lofb

one

mar

row

from

anas

ympt

omat

icin

divi

dual

who

had

been

HIV

-pos

itive

for

6ye

ars.

The

seF

abva

riabl

ere

gion

sw

ere

sequ

ence

dan

dw

ere

foun

dto

bedi

vers

e.B

indi

ngco

nsta

nts

wer

em

easu

red

and

the

Fab

sge

nera

llybo

und

gp12

0w

ithhi

ghaf

finity

.T

hem

etho

dsus

edto

obta

inth

ispa

nelc

ould

beus

edto

obta

inan

tibod

ies

tote

stpa

ssiv

eim

mun

izat

ion

asa

ther

apy

for

AID

S.

[Bur

ton

&M

onte

fiori(

1997

)]D

.R.B

urto

n&

D.C

.Mon

tefio

ri.T

hean

tibod

yre

spon

sein

HIV

-1in

fect

ion.A

IDS

11S

uppl

A:S

87–S

98,1

997.

(Med

line:

9811

2351

)N

otes

:An

exce

llent

revi

ewof

Ab

epito

pes

and

the

impl

icat

ions

for

Env

elop

est

ruct

ure,

neut

raliz

atio

nof

HIV

,th

edi

stin

ctio

nbe

twee

npr

i-m

ary

and

TC

LAst

rain

s,A

DC

Can

dits

role

incl

eara

nce,

and

the

Ab

resp

onse

durin

gth

eco

urse

ofin

fect

ion.

[Bur

ton

(199

4)]

D.R

.Bur

ton,

J.P

yati,

R.K

odur

i,S

.J.S

harp

,G.B

.Tho

rnto

n,P.

W.

Par

ren,

L.S

.S

awye

r,R

.M

.H

endr

y,N

.D

unlo

p,&

P.L.

Nar

a.E

ffi-

cien

tne

utra

lizat

ion

ofpr

imar

yis

olat

esof

HIV

-1by

are

com

bina

nthu

man

mon

oclo

nala

ntib

ody.S

cie

nce

266:

1024

–102

7,19

94.

(Med

line:

9506

3934

)N

otes

:The

MA

bIg

G1b

12sh

owed

very

pote

ntne

utra

lizat

ion

ofa

rang

eof

prim

ary

Bsu

btyp

eis

olat

es.B

indi

ngw

itha

varie

tyof

inte

rnat

iona

liso

late

sw

aste

sted

;bou

ndto

mos

tBis

olat

es,2

0%of

A,C

and

Ds,

buth

ardl

yre

acte

dw

ithE

clad

e.

[Cal

arot

a(1

996)

]S

.Cal

arot

a,M

.Jan

sson

,M.L

evi,

K.B

rolid

en,O

.Lib

onat

ti,H

.Wig

zell,

&B

.Wah

ren.

Imm

unod

omin

antg

lyco

prot

ein

41ep

itope

iden

-

tified

byse

rore

activ

ityin

HIV

type

1-in

fect

edin

divi

dual

s.AID

SR

es

Hu

mR

etr

oviru

ses1

2:70

5–71

3,19

96.

(Med

line:

9630

3589

).

[Cao

(199

7)]

J.C

ao,N

.Sul

livan

,E.D

esja

rdin

,C.P

arol

in,J

.Rob

inso

n,R

.Wy-

att,

&J.

Sod

rosk

i.R

eplic

atio

nan

dne

utra

lizat

ion

ofhu

man

imm

unod

e-fic

ienc

yvi

rus

type

1la

ckin

gth

eV

1an

dV

2va

riabl

elo

ops

ofth

egp

120

Env

elop

egl

ycop

rote

in.J

Viro

lpag

es98

08–1

2,19

97.

(Med

line:

9803

7702

)N

otes

:A

nH

IV-1

mut

ant

lack

ing

the

V1-

V2

loop

sca

nre

plic

ate

inJu

rkat

cells

and

reve

rtan

tsth

atre

plic

ate

with

wild

-typ

eef

ficie

ncy

rapi

dly

evol

vein

cultu

re.T

hese

viru

ses

exhi

bite

din

crea

sed

neut

raliz

atio

nsu

scep

tibili

tyto

V3

loop

orC

D4i

MA

bs,

but

not

tosC

D4

oran

ti-C

D4B

SM

Abs

.T

hus

the

gp12

0V

1an

dV

2lo

ops

prot

ect

HIV

-1fr

omso

me

subs

ets

ofne

utra

lizin

gan

tibod

ies.

[Cap

on(8

9)]

D.J

.Cap

on,S

.M.C

ham

ow,J

.Mor

dent

i,S

.A.M

arst

ers,

T.G

re-

gory

,H.M

itsuy

a,R

.A.B

yrn,

C.L

ucas

,F.M

.Wur

m,J

.E.G

roop

man

,&et

al.

Des

igni

ngC

D4

imm

unoa

dhes

ins

forA

IDS

ther

apy.

Na

ture

337:

525–

31,8

9.(M

edlin

e:89

1275

15).

[Car

los

(199

9)]

M.

P.C

arlo

s,Y.

Yam

amur

a,F.

Dia

z-M

itom

a,&

J.V.

Torr

es.

Ant

ibod

ies

from

HIV

-pos

itive

and

AID

Spa

tient

sbi

ndto

anH

IVen

velo

pem

ultiv

alen

tvac

cine

.JA

cqu

irIm

mu

ne

De

ficS

ynd

r22:3

17–2

4,19

99.

(Med

-lin

e:20

0976

58).

[Cav

acin

i(19

93a)

]L.

A.

Cav

acin

i,C

.L.

Em

es,

J.P

ower

,A

.B

uchb

inde

r,S

.Zol

la-P

azne

r,&

M.R

.Pos

ner.

Hum

anm

onoc

lona

lant

ibod

ies

toth

eV

3lo

opof

HIV

-1gp

120

med

iate

varia

ble

and

dist

inct

effe

cts

onbi

ndin

gan

dvi

ral

neut

raliz

atio

nby

ahu

man

mon

oclo

nal

antib

ody

toth

eC

D4

bind

ing

site

.JA

IDS

6:35

3–35

8,19

93a.

(Med

line:

9320

4013

).

[Cav

acin

i(19

95)]

L.A

.C

avac

ini,

C.

L.E

mes

,J.

Pow

er,

F.D

.D

esha

rnai

s,M

.Duv

al,D

.Mon

tefio

ri,&

M.R

.Pos

ner.

Influ

ence

ofhe

avy

chai

nco

nsta

ntre

gion

son

antig

enbi

ndin

gan

dH

IV-1

neut

raliz

atio

nby

ahu

man

mon

oclo

nal

antib

ody.

JIm

mu

no

l155

:363

8–36

44,

1995

.(M

edlin

e:96

0160

13)

Not

es:

By

chan

ging

the

IgG

1co

nsta

ntre

gion

ofM

Ab

F10

5fr

omIg

G1κ

toIg

G3κ

,dr

amat

icst

rain

spec

ific

incr

ease

sin

neut

raliz

atio

nef

ficie

ncy

wer

eob

tain

ed.

[Cav

acin

i(19

94a)

]L.

A.C

avac

ini,

C.L

.Em

es,J

.Pow

er,M

.Duv

al,&

M.R

.P

osne

r.E

ffect

ofan

tibod

yva

lenc

yon

inte

ract

ion

with

cell-

surf

ace

expr

esse

dH

IV-1

and

vira

lneu

tral

izat

ion.J

Imm

un

ol1

52:2

538–

2545

,199

4a.(

Med

line:

9417

9837

).

Ant

ibod

yR

efer

ence

sB Cell

IV-D

-8D

EC

2000

[Cav

acin

i(19

93b)

]L.

A.

Cav

acin

i,C

.L.

Em

es,

J.P

ower

,J.

Und

erda

lh,

R.

Gol

dste

in,

K.

May

er,

&M

.R

.P

osne

r.Lo

ssof

seru

man

tibod

ies

toa

conf

orm

atio

nale

pito

peof

HIV

-1/g

p120

iden

tified

bya

hum

anm

onoc

lona

lan

tibod

yis

asso

ciat

edw

ithdi

seas

epr

ogre

ssio

n.JA

IDS

6:10

93–1

102,

1993

b.(M

edlin

e:94

0159

13)

Not

es:

Ser

umfr

om10

0%of

asym

ptom

atic

HIV

-pos

itive

peop

lebl

ocke

dF

105

bind

ing,

whi

lese

rum

sam

ples

from

27%

ofA

RC

/AID

Spa

tient

sbl

ocke

dF

105

bind

ing.

[Cav

acin

i(19

98a)

]L.

A.

Cav

acin

i,C

.L.

Em

es,

A.

V.W

isne

wsk

i,J.

Pow

er,

G.

Lew

is,

D.

Mon

tefio

ri,&

M.

R.

Pos

ner.

Fun

ctio

nala

ndm

olec

ular

char

-ac

teriz

atio

nof

hum

anm

onoc

lona

lant

ibod

y.AID

SR

es

Hu

mR

etr

oviru

ses

14:1

271–

80,1

998a

.(M

edlin

e:98

4359

40).

[Cav

acin

i(19

94b)

]L.

A.C

avac

ini,

J.P

ower

,C.L

.Em

es,K

.Mac

e,G

.Tre

acy,

&M

.R.P

osne

r.P

lasm

aph

arm

acok

inet

ics

and

biol

ogic

alac

tivity

ofa

hum

anim

mun

odefi

cien

cyvi

rus

type

1ne

utra

lizin

ghu

man

mon

oclo

nal

antib

ody,

F10

5,in

cyno

mol

gus

mon

keys

.Tum

orI

mm

un

ol15

:251

–256

,199

4b.

(Med

-lin

e:94

3401

80)

Not

es:

MA

bF

105

was

adm

inis

tere

din

trav

enou

sly

tofo

urcy

nom

olgu

sm

onke

ys.A

t15

days

post

-dos

e,to

tals

erum

F10

5w

as23

0+

/-79

µg/

mla

ndF

105

was

imm

unor

eact

ive

with

cells

infe

cted

with

the

MN

and

IIIB

stra

ins

ofH

IV-1

asde

term

ined

byflo

wcy

tom

etry

.

[Cav

acin

i(19

98b)

]L.

A.C

avac

ini,

M.H

.Sam

ore,

J.G

ambe

rtog

lio,B

.Jac

kson

,M

.Duv

al,A

.Wis

new

ski,

S.H

amm

er,C

.Koz

iel,

C.T

rapn

ell,

&M

.R.P

osne

r.P

hase

Ist

udy

ofa

hum

anm

onoc

lona

lant

ibod

ydi

rect

edag

ains

tth

eC

D4-

.A

IDS

Re

sH

um

Re

trov

iru

ses14:5

45–5

0,19

98b.

(Med

line:

9825

2382

)Not

es:

Inan

imm

unot

hera

peut

icst

udy,

adm

inis

trat

ion

ofa

sing

ledo

seof

F10

5w

asno

n-to

xic

and

the

Ab

pers

iste

d,ye

tno

bene

fitw

asob

serv

edin

4in

divi

dual

s.T

heau

thor

ssu

gges

tit

may

bem

ore

help

fuli

not

her

setti

ngs,

for

exam

ple,

patie

nts

with

nopr

e-ex

istin

gan

ti-C

D4

BS

Abs

,ori

nco

mbi

natio

nw

ithot

her

MA

bs.

[Cav

acin

i(19

99)]

L.A

.Cav

acin

i,A

.Wis

new

ski,

J.E

.Pet

erso

n,D

.Mon

tefio

ri,C

.Em

es,M

.Duv

al,G

.Kin

gsbu

ry,A

.Wan

g,D

.Sca

dden

,&M

.R.P

osne

r.A

hum

anan

ti-H

IVau

toan

tibod

yen

hanc

esE

BV

tran

sfor

mat

ion

and

HIV

.C

linIm

mu

no

l93:

263–

73,1

999.

(Med

line:

2007

1224

).

[Cha

ng(1

998)

]A

.H

.C

hang

,J.

A.

Hox

ie,

S.

Cas

sol,

M.

O’S

haug

hnes

sy,

&F.

Jirik

.C

onst

ruct

ion

ofsi

ngle

-cha

inan

tibod

ies

that

bind

anov

erla

ppin

gep

itope

ofH

IV-1

Nef

.FE

BS

Le

tt441

:307

–12,

1998

.(M

edlin

e:99

0983

74).

[Cha

nh(1

987)

]T.

C.C

hanh

,G.R

.Dre

esm

an,&

R.C

.Ken

nedy

.M

onoc

lona

lan

ti-id

ioty

pic

antib

ody

mim

ics

the

CD

4re

cept

oran

dbi

nds

hum

anim

mun

-

odefi

cien

cyvi

rus.

Pro

cN

atl

Aca

dS

ciU

SA8

4:38

91–3

895,

1987

.(M

edlin

e:87

2319

23).

[Cha

nh(1

986)

]T.

C.

Cha

nh,

R.

C.

Ken

nedy

,B

.E

.A

lder

ete,

P.K

anda

,J.

W.

Eic

hber

g,&

G.

R.

Dre

esm

an.

Hum

anim

mun

odefi

cien

cyvi

rus

gp12

0gl

y-co

prot

ein

dete

cted

bya

mon

oclo

nala

ntib

ody

toa

synt

hetic

pept

ide.

Eu

rJ

Imm

un

ol1

6:14

65–1

468,

1986

.(M

edlin

e:87

0542

26).

[Che

n(1

995)

]C

.H.C

hen,

T.J.

Mat

thew

s,C

.B.M

cDan

al,D

.P.B

olog

nesi

,&M

.L.G

reen

berg

.A

mol

ecul

arcl

asp

inth

ehu

man

imm

unod

efici

ency

viru

s(H

IV)

type

1T

Mpr

otei

nde

term

ines

the

anti-

HIV

activ

ityof

gp41

deriv

a-tiv

es:

impl

icat

ion

for

vira

lfus

ion.

JV

irol6

9:37

71–3

777,

1995

.(M

edlin

e:95

2644

70).

[Che

n(1

996)

]J.

D.

Che

n,Q

.Y

ang,

W.

A.

Mar

asco

,&

S.

Y.C

hen.

Intr

a-an

dex

tra-

cellu

lar

imm

uniz

atio

nag

ains

tHIV

-1in

fect

ion

with

lym

phoc

ytes

tran

sduc

edw

ithan

AAV

vect

orex

pres

sing

ahu

man

anti-

gp12

0an

tibod

y.H

um

Ge

ne

Th

er7:

1515

–152

5,19

96.

(Med

line:

9701

8136

).

[Che

n(1

994a

)]S

.Y.

Che

n,Y.

Kho

uri,

J.B

agle

y,&

W.

A.

Mar

asco

.C

om-

bine

din

tra-

and

extr

acel

lula

rim

mun

izat

ion

agai

nst

hum

anim

mun

odefi

-ci

ency

viru

sty

pe1

infe

ctio

nw

itha

hum

anan

ti-gp

120

antib

ody.

Pro

cN

atl

Aca

dS

ciU

SA9

1:59

32–5

936,

1994

a.(M

edlin

e:94

2865

52).

[Che

n(1

994b

)]Y.

-H.C

hen,

A.S

usan

na,G

.Boc

k,F.

Ste

indl

,H

.Kat

inge

r,&

M.P

.Die

rich.

HIV

-1gp

41sh

ares

aco

mm

onim

mun

olog

icde

term

inan

twith

hum

anT,

Ban

dm

onoc

yte

cell

lines

.Imm

un

olL

ett

ers3

9:21

9–22

2,19

94b.

(Med

line:

9430

7758

)N

otes

:The

MA

b3D

6bi

nds

toH

IVgp

41,a

ndto

a43

kdpr

otei

nfo

und

inhu

man

T,B

and

mon

ocyt

ece

lllin

es.T

heau

thor

ssu

gges

tth

epo

ssib

ility

ofm

olec

ular

mim

icry

.

[Che

sebr

o&

Weh

rly(1

988)

]B

.C

hese

bro

&K

.W

ehrly

.D

evel

opm

ent

ofa

Sen

sitiv

eQ

uant

itativ

eF

ocal

Ass

ayfo

rH

uman

Imm

unod

efici

ency

Viru

sIn

-fe

ctiv

ity.

JV

irol6

2:37

79–3

788,

1988

.(M

edlin

e:88

3331

53).

[Che

sebr

o(1

992)

]B

.C

hese

bro,

K.

Weh

rly,

J.N

ishi

o,&

S.

Per

rym

an.

Mac

roph

age-

trop

ichu

man

imm

unod

efici

ency

viru

sis

olat

esfr

omdi

ffere

ntpa

tient

sex

hibi

tunu

sual

V3

enve

lope

sequ

ence

hom

ogen

eity

inco

mpa

rison

with

T-ce

ll-tr

opic

isol

ates

:defi

nitio

nof

criti

cala

min

oac

ids

invo

lved

ince

lltr

opis

m.J

Viro

l66:

6547

–54,

1992

.(M

edlin

e:93

0213

82).

[Chi

ba(1

997)

]J.

Chi

ba,

M.

Nak

ano,

Y.S

uzuk

i,K

.A

oyam

a,H

.O

hba,

T.K

obay

ashi

,A.Y

asud

a,A

.Koj

ima,

&T.

Kur

ata.

Gen

erat

ion

ofne

utra

lizin

g

Ant

ibod

yR

efer

ence

sB Cell

IV-D

-9D

EC

2000

antib

ody

toth

ere

vers

etr

ansc

ripta

seof

hum

anim

mun

odefi

cien

cyvi

rus

type

1by

imm

uniz

ing

ofm

ice

with

anin

fect

ious

vacc

inia

viru

sre

com

bina

nt.

JIm

mu

no

lMe

tho

ds2

07:5

3–60

,199

7.(M

edlin

e:97

4691

14).

[Chi

n(1

995)

]L.

-T.

Chi

n,A

.-C

.M

alm

borg

,K

.K

riste

nsso

n,J.

Hin

kula

,B

.W

ahre

n,&

C.

A.

K.

Bor

reba

eck.

Mim

icki

ngth

ehu

mor

alim

mun

ere

-sp

onse

invi

tro

resu

ltsin

antig

en-s

peci

ficis

otyp

esw

itchi

ngsu

ppor

ted

bysp

ecifi

cau

tolo

gous

The

lper

cells

:gen

erat

ion

ofhu

man

HIV

-1-n

eutr

aliz

ing

IgG

mon

oclo

nala

ntib

odie

sfr

omna

ive

dono

rs.

Eu

rJ

Imm

un

ol2

5:65

7–66

3,19

95.

(Med

line:

9522

0411

).

[Cle

vela

nd(2

000a

)]S

.M.C

leve

land

,E.B

urat

ti,T.

D.J

ones

,P.N

orth

,F.B

ar-

alle

,L.M

cLai

n,T.

McI

nern

ey,Z

.Dur

rani

,&N

.J.D

imm

ock.

Imm

unog

enic

and

antig

enic

dom

inan

ceof

ano

nneu

tral

izin

gep

itope

over

ahi

ghly

con-

serv

edne

utra

lizin

gep

itope

inth

egp

41en

velo

pegl

ycop

rote

inof

hum

anim

mun

odefi

cien

cyvi

rus

type

1:its

dele

tion

lead

sto

ast

rong

neut

raliz

ing

resp

onse

.Viro

log

y26

6:66

–78,

2000

a.(M

edlin

e:20

0809

74).

[Cle

vela

nd(2

000b

)]S

.M.C

leve

land

,T.D

.Jon

es,&

N.J

.Dim

moc

k.P

rope

rtie

sof

ane

utra

lizin

gan

tibod

yth

atre

cogn

izes

aco

nfor

mat

iona

lfor

mof

epito

peE

RD

RD

inth

egp

41C

-ter

min

alta

ilof

hum

anim

mun

odefi

cien

cyvi

rus

type

1.J

Ge

nV

irol8

1P

t5:1

251–

60,2

000b

.(M

edlin

e:20

2319

35).

[Col

lado

(200

0)]

M.C

olla

do,D

.Rod

rigue

z,J.

R.R

odrig

uez,

I.Va

zque

z,R

.M.

Gon

zalo

,&M

.Est

eban

.C

him

eras

betw

een

the

hum

anim

mun

odefi

cien

cyvi

rus

(HIV

-1)

Env

and

vacc

inia

viru

sim

mun

ogen

icpr

otei

nsp1

4an

dp3

9ge

nera

tein

mic

ebr

oadl

yre

activ

ean

tibod

ies

and

spec

ific

activ

atio

nof

CD

8+T

cell

resp

onse

sto

Env

.Vacc

ine1

8:31

23–3

3,20

00.

(Med

line:

2031

6327

).

[Con

ley

(199

4a)]

A.

J.C

onle

y,M

.K

.G

orny

,J.

A.

Kes

sler

II,L.

J.B

oots

,M

.Oss

orio

-Cas

tro,

S.K

oeni

g,D

.W.L

ineb

erge

r,E

.A.E

min

i,C

.Will

iam

s,&

S.

Zol

la-P

azne

r.N

eutr

aliz

atio

nof

prim

ary

hum

anim

mun

odefi

cien

cyvi

rus

type

1is

olat

esby

the

broa

dly

reac

tive

anti-

V3

mon

oclo

nala

ntib

ody

447-

52D

.JV

irol6

8:69

94–7

000,

1994

a.(M

edlin

e:95

0186

07).

[Con

ley

(199

6)]

A.

J.C

onle

y,J.

A.

Kes

sler

II,L.

J.B

oots

,P.

M.

McK

enna

,W

.A.S

chle

if,E

.A.E

min

i,G

.E.M

ark

III,H

.Kat

inge

r,E

.K.C

obb,

S.M

.Lu

ncef

ord,

S.

R.

Rou

se,

&K

.K

.M

urth

y.T

heco

nseq

uenc

eof

pass

ive

adm

inis

trat

ion

ofan

anti-

hum

anim

mun

odefi

cien

cyvi

rus

type

1ne

utra

lizin

gm

onoc

lona

lant

ibod

ybe

fore

chal

leng

eof

chim

panz

ees

with

apr

imar

yvi

rus

isol

ate.

JV

irol7

0:67

51–6

758,

1996

.(M

edlin

e:96

3865

62)N

otes

:The

MA

b2F

5w

asin

fuse

din

totw

och

impa

nzee

sw

hich

wer

eth

engi

ven

anin

trav

enou

s

chal

leng

ew

itha

prim

ary

HIV

-1is

olat

e–

both

beca

me

infe

cted

,bu

tw

ithde

laye

dde

tect

ion

and

prol

onge

dde

crea

sein

vira

lloa

dre

lativ

eto

cont

rols

,in

dica

ting

that

pree

xist

ing,

neut

raliz

ing

antib

odie

s(p

assi

vely

adm

inis

tere

dor

activ

ely

elic

ited)

affe

ctth

eco

urse

ofac

ute-

phas

evi

rus

repl

icat

ion

and

can

bein

fluen

tiala

fter

the

Ab

can

nolo

nger

bede

tect

edin

the

perip

hera

lci

rcul

atio

n.

[Con

ley

(199

4b)]

A.J

.Con

ley,

J.A

.Kes

sler

II,L.

J.B

oots

,J.-

S.T

ung,

B.A

.A

rnol

d,P.

M.K

elle

r,A

.R.S

haw

,&E

.A.E

min

i.N

eutr

aliz

atio

nof

dive

rgen

thu

man

imm

unod

efici

ency

viru

sty

pe1

varia

nts

and

prim

ary

isol

ates

byIA

M-

41-2

F5,

and

anti-

gp41

hum

anm

onoc

lona

lan

tibod

y.Pro

cN

atl

Aca

dS

ciU

SA

91:3

348–

3352

,199

4b.

(Med

line:

9421

1861

)N

otes

:2F

5is

capa

ble

ofne

utra

lizin

ga

broa

dra

nge

ofpr

imar

yis

olat

esan

dla

bst

rain

s.S

usce

ptib

ility

tone

utra

lizat

ion

was

depe

nden

ton

pres

ence

ofa

cons

erve

dan

tibod

ybi

ndin

gsi

te.K

inet

icst

udie

sw

ere

done

,and

2F5

has

ave

rylo

ngt

1/2

ofdi

ssoc

iatio

n,15

6m

inut

esfo

rgp

41.T

heau

thor

spo

into

utth

atLD

KW

core

ispr

esen

tin

high

lydi

verg

edin

tern

atio

nali

sola

tes.

[Con

nelly

(199

4)]

R.

J.C

onne

lly,

M.

Kah

n,J.

Bla

ke,

O.

K.

Haf

far,

&E

.K

.T

hom

as.

Dua

lspe

cific

ityof

am

onoc

lona

lant

i-idi

otyp

ican

tibod

yfo

rHIV

-1ne

utra

lizin

gm

onoc

lona

ls11

0.3

and

110.

4as

wel

las

the

V3

loop

ofgp

120.

Viro

log

y20

5:55

4–55

7,19

94.

(Med

line:

9506

5703

).

[Con

nor

(199

8)]

R.I

.Con

nor,

B.T

.Kor

ber,

B.S

.Gra

ham

,B.H

.Hah

n,D

.D.

Ho,

B.D

.Wal

ker,

A.U

.Neu

man

n,S

.H.V

erm

und,

J.M

este

cky,

S.J

acks

on,

E.

Fen

amor

e,Y.

Cao

,F.

Gao

,S

.K

alam

s,K

.J.

Kun

stm

an,

D.

McD

onal

d,N

.McW

illia

ms,

A.T

rkol

a,J.

P.M

oore

,&S

.M.W

olin

sky.

Imm

unol

ogic

alan

dvi

rolo

gica

lana

lyse

sof

pers

ons

infe

cted

byhu

man

imm

unod

efici

ency

viru

sty

pe1

whi

lepa

rtic

ipat

ing

intr

ials

ofre

com

bina

ntgp

120

subu

nitv

ac-

cine

s.J

Viro

l72:

1552

–76,

1998

.(M

edlin

e:98

1058

04)

Not

es:

No

gp12

0-va

ccin

ein

duce

dan

tibod

ies

ina

hum

antr

ialo

fgp

120

MN

and

SF

2co

uld

neut

raliz

eth

epr

imar

yvi

ruse

sth

atin

fect

edth

eva

ccin

ees.

The

prim

ary

iso-

late

sfr

omth

ein

fect

edva

ccin

ees

wer

esh

own

nott

obe

part

icul

arly

refr

activ

eto

neut

raliz

atio

nby

thei

rsu

scep

tibili

tyto

apa

nelo

fneu

tral

izin

gM

Abs

.

[Coo

k(1

994)

]D

.G.C

ook,

J.F

antin

i,S

.L.S

pita

lnik

,&F.

Gon

zale

z-S

cara

no.

Bin

ding

ofhu

man

imm

unod

efici

ency

viru

sty

pe1

HIV

-1gp

120

toG

alac

-to

sylc

eram

ide

(Gal

Cer

):re

latio

nshi

pto

the

V3

loop

.V

irol

201:

206–

214,

1994

.(M

edlin

e:94

2408

06)N

otes

:Ant

ibod

ies

agai

nstG

alC

erca

nbl

ock

in-

fect

ion

ofC

D4-

nega

tive

cells

from

the

brai

nan

dco

lon

that

are

susc

eptib

leto

HIV

infe

ctio

n.T

his

pape

rex

plor

esth

eab

ility

ofa

pane

lofM

Abs

toin

hibi

t

Ant

ibod

yR

efer

ence

sB Cell

IV-D

-10

DE

C20

00

bind

ing

ofgp

120

toG

alC

er,

and

also

ofth

ebi

ndin

gof

Gal

Cer

toin

hibi

tM

Ab-

gp12

0in

tera

ctio

n.M

Abs

toth

eV

3lo

opan

dG

alC

ersh

owed

mut

ual

inhi

bitio

nof

bind

ing

togp

120,

and

anti-

CD

4bi

ndin

gsi

teM

Abs

show

edre

-du

ced

inhi

bitio

n.N

-and

C-t

erm

inal

MA

bsdi

dn‘t

influ

ence

Gal

Cer

bind

ing.

[Cor

dell

(199

1)]

J.C

orde

ll,J.

P.M

oore

,C.J

.Dea

n,P.

J.K

lass

e,R

.A.W

eiss

,&

J.A

.McK

eatin

g.R

atm

onoc

lona

lant

ibod

ies

tono

nove

rlapp

ing

epito

pes

ofhu

man

imm

unod

efici

ency

viru

sty

peIg

p120

bloc

kC

D4

bind

ing

invi

tro.

Viro

log

y18

5:72

–79,

1991

.(M

edlin

e:92

0241

27).

[Cot

ropi

a(1

996)

]J.

Cot

ropi

a,K

.E.U

gen,

S.K

liks,

K.B

rolid

en,P

.-A

.Bro

li-de

n,J.

A.H

oxie

,V.S

rikan

tan,

W.V

.Will

iam

s,&

D.B

.Wei

ner.

AH

uman

Mon

oclo

nalA

ntib

ody

toH

IV-1

gp41

with

Neu

tral

izin

gA

ctiv

ityA

gain

stD

i-ve

rse

Labo

rato

ryIs

olat

es.JA

IDS

12:2

21–2

32,1

996.

(Med

line:

9627

5630

).

[Cot

ropi

a(1

992)

]J.

Cot

ropi

a,K

.E.U

gen,

D.L

ambe

rt,K

.Lju

nggr

en-B

rolid

en,

S.K

liks,

J.H

oxie

,&D

.B.W

eine

r.C

hara

cter

izat

ion

ofH

uman

Mon

oclo

nal

Ant

ibod

ies

toth

eH

IV-1

Tra

nsm

embr

ane

gp41

Pro

tein

.V

acc

ine

s9

2pag

es15

7–16

3,19

92.

Not

es:

Edi

tors

:F.

Bro

wn,

H.

S.

Gin

sber

gan

dR

.Le

rner

,C

old

Spr

ing

Har

bor

Labo

rato

ryP

ress

,Col

dS

prin

gH

arbo

r,N

Y.

[Cro

ix(1

993)

]D

.A

.C

roix

,H

.Y.

Yeh

,J.

Sed

lace

k,R

.B

.Lu

ftig,

&P.

D.

Got

tlieb

.A

dom

inan

tep

itope

ofH

IV-1

prot

ease

reco

gniz

edby

ham

ster

mon

oclo

nala

ntib

odie

s.JA

IDS

6:55

8–56

6,19

93.

(Med

line:

9326

7390

).

[Cru

iksh

ank

(199

7)]

W.W

.Cru

iksh

ank,

S.R

.Doc

trow

,M.S

.Fal

vo,K

.Huf

f-m

an,

J.M

acia

szek

,G

.V

iglia

nti,

J.R

aina

,H

.K

ornf

eld,

&B

.M

alfr

oy.

Alip

idat

edan

ti-Ta

tan

tibod

yen

ters

livin

gce

llsan

dbl

ocks

HIV

-1vi

ralr

epli-

catio

n.J

Acq

uir

Imm

un

eD

efic

Syn

dr

Hu

mR

etr

oviro

l14

:193

–203

,19

97.

(Med

line:

9723

2374

)Not

es:A

tech

niqu

ew

asde

velo

ped

tolip

idat

ean

tibod

-ie

san

dal

low

intr

acel

lula

rdel

iver

y;lip

idat

edan

ti-Ta

tinh

ibite

dvi

ralr

eplic

a-tio

nof

seve

ralH

IV-1

isol

ates

byap

prox

imat

ely

85%

assh

own

byin

crea

sed

viab

ility

ofin

fect

edce

llsan

dde

crea

sed

reve

rse

tran

scrip

tase

activ

ity.

[Dal

glei

sh(1

988)

]A

.G

.D

algl

eish

,T.

C.

Cha

nh,

R.

C.

Ken

nedy

,P.

Kan

da,

P.R

.Cla

pham

,&R

.A.W

eiss

.N

eutr

aliz

atio

nof

Div

erse

HIV

-1S

trai

nsby

Mon

oclo

nalA

ntib

odie

sR

aise

dag

ains

ta

gp41

Syn

thet

icP

eptid

e.V

irolo

gy

165:

209–

215,

1988

.(M

edlin

e:88

2658

60).

[De

San

tis(1

991)

]R

.D

eS

antis

,A

.A

nast

asi,

S.

Mar

colin

i,G

.Va

lesi

ni,

M.

Pez

zella

,N

.Vo

nesc

h,E

.S

turc

hio,

&A

.M

ele.

Pro

duct

ion

ofa

Nef

-sp

ecifi

cm

onoc

lona

lant

ibod

yby

the

use

ofa

synt

hetic

pept

ide.

AID

SR

es

an

dH

um

an

Re

trov

iru

ses7(

3):3

15–2

1,19

91.

(Med

line:

9129

1502

).

[del

Rea

l(19

99)]

G.

delR

eal,

M.

Llor

ente

,P.

Luca

s,L.

Kre

mer

,J.

L.To

ran,

&M

.-A

.C.

Ant

ibod

yre

pert

oire

agai

nstH

IV-1

gp12

0tr

igge

red

innu

dean

dno

rmal

mic

eby

GM

-CS

F/g

p120

imm

uniz

atio

n.Mo

lIm

mu

no

l36:

721–

31,

1999

.(M

edlin

e:20

0590

84).

[Den

isov

a(1

996)

]G

.Den

isov

a,B

.Ste

rn,D

.Rav

iv,J

.Zw

icke

l,N

.I.S

mor

odin

-sk

y,&

J.M

.G

ersh

oni.

Hum

oral

imm

une

resp

onse

toim

mun

ocom

plex

edH

IVen

velo

pegl

ycop

rote

in12

0.AID

SR

es

Hu

mR

etr

oviru

ses12:9

01–9

09,

1996

.(M

edlin

e:96

3921

63)N

otes

:Mic

ew

ere

inje

cted

with

the

gp12

0in

dif-

fere

ntco

nfigu

ratio

ns:f

ree,

com

plex

edw

ithC

D4,

and

asan

imm

unoc

ompl

exbo

und

toa

V3

loop

MA

b(M

77)

ofth

epr

otei

n.P

olyc

lona

lser

a,as

wel

las

mon

oclo

nala

ntib

odie

spr

oduc

edin

each

case

,wer

ean

alyz

ed.T

hefr

eegp

120

and

gp12

0-C

D4

com

plex

imm

unog

ens

stim

ulat

edre

spon

ses

wer

edi

rect

edm

ainl

yto

war

dco

nfor

mat

iona

lepi

tope

s,bu

tgp1

20im

mun

ocom

plex

edw

ithM

Ab

M77

also

prod

uced

num

erou

san

dva

ried

MA

bsdi

rect

edto

war

dlin

-ea

rep

itope

sth

atw

ere

pres

umab

lyin

acce

ssib

leon

the

gp12

0,gp

120-

CD

4pr

otei

ns.

[Den

isov

a(1

995)

]G

.Den

isov

a,J.

Zw

icke

l,&

J.M

.Ger

shon

i.B

indi

ngof

HIV

-1

gp12

0to

anan

ti-V

3lo

opan

tibod

yre

veal

sno

vela

ntig

en-in

duce

dep

itope

s.FA

SE

BJ9

:127

–132

,199

5.(M

edlin

e:95

1217

98)N

otes

:Thi

spa

perd

escr

ibes

the

char

acte

rizat

ion

offiv

ean

tibod

ies

that

bind

M77

-epi

tope

sth

atar

eon

lyre

veal

edup

onM

77-g

p120

inte

ract

ion.

[Den

isov

a(2

000)

]G

.F.D

enis

ova,

M.Z

erw

anitz

er,D

.A.D

enis

ov,E

.Spe

ctor

-m

an,I

.Mon

dor,

Q.S

atte

ntau

,&J.

M.G

ersh

oni.

Exp

ansi

onof

epito

pecr

oss-

reac

tivity

byan

ti-id

ioty

pem

odul

atio

nof

the

prim

ary

hum

oral

resp

onse

.M

ol

Imm

un

ol3

7:53

–8,2

000.

(Med

line:

2024

5598

).

[DeS

antis

(199

4)]

C.

DeS

antis

,L.

Lopa

lco,

P.R

obbi

oni,

R.

Long

hi,

G.

Rap

-po

ccio

lo,A

.G.S

icca

rdi,

&A

.Ber

etta

.H

uman

Ant

ibod

ies

toIm

mun

odom

i-na

ntC

5R

egio

nof

HIV

-1gp

120

Cro

ss-R

eact

with

HLA

Cla

ssIo

nA

ctiv

ated

Cel

ls.A

IDS

Re

sH

um

Re

trov

iru

ses10:1

57–1

62,1

994.

(Med

line:

9425

7320

).

[DeV

ico

(199

1)]

A.

L.D

eVic

o,T.

D.

Cop

elan

d,S

.O

rosz

lan,

R.

C.

Gal

lo,

&M

.G.S

arng

adha

ran.

Inte

ract

ion

ofC

-ter

min

alse

quen

ces

ofhu

man

imm

un-

odefi

cien

cyvi

rus

reve

rse

tran

scrip

tase

with

tem

plat

epr

imer

.J

Bio

lCh

em

266:

6774

–677

9,19

91.

(Med

line:

9120

1318

).

[Dev

ico

(199

5)]

A.

L.D

evic

o,R

.R

ahm

an,

J.W

elch

,R

.C

row

ley,

P.Lu

sso,

M.

G.

Sar

ngad

hara

n,&

R.

Pal

.M

onoc

lona

lant

ibod

ies

rais

edag

ains

tco

-va

lent

lycr

ossl

inke

dco

mpl

exes

ofhu

man

imm

unod

efici

ency

viru

sty

pe1

Ant

ibod

yR

efer

ence

sB Cell

IV-D

-11

DE

C20

00

gp12

0an

dC

D4

rece

ptor

iden

tify

ano

vel

com

plex

-dep

ende

ntep

itope

ongp

120.

Viro

log

y21

1:58

3–58

8,19

95.

(Med

line:

9537

3192

)N

otes

:To

ex-

plor

eth

eim

mun

ogen

icity

ofre

gion

sof

gp12

0th

atar

eex

pose

ddu

eto

conf

or-

mat

iona

lcha

nges

ingp

120

upon

CD

4bi

ndin

g,C

D4

was

cova

lent

lylin

ked

togp

120

and

this

com

plex

was

used

asan

imm

unog

enfo

rB

ALB

/cm

ice.

Two

MA

bsw

ere

prod

uced

,bot

hof

whi

chbi

ndpr

efer

entia

llyto

the

gp12

0-C

D4

com

plex

,and

are

conf

orm

atio

nal.

Com

petit

ion

assa

ysin

dica

teth

ese

MA

bsbi

ndto

epito

pes

that

are

reco

gniz

edby

sera

from

HIV

-1in

fect

edhu

man

s.

[diM

arzo

Vero

nese

(198

6)]

F.di

Mar

zoVe

rone

se,T

.D.C

opel

and,

A.L

.De-

Vic

o,R

.R

ahm

an,

S.O

rosz

lan,

R.

C.

Gal

lo,

&M

.G

.S

arng

adha

ran.

Cha

r-ac

teriz

atio

nof

high

lyim

mun

ogen

icp6

6/p5

1as

the

reve

rse

tran

scrip

tase

ofH

TLV

-III/

LAV

.S

cie

nce

231:

1289

–129

1,19

86.(

Med

line:

8612

2937

)Not

es:

Thi

sst

udy

iden

tified

the

66an

d51

kilo

dalto

nsba

nds

inw

este

rnbl

ots

asR

T.E

nzym

atic

activ

ityw

assh

own,

and

the

prot

ein

was

defin

edby

Edm

und

N-

term

inal

degr

adat

ion

and

com

paris

onto

HIV

-1po

lnuc

leot

ide

tran

slat

ion.

Am

ouse

hybr

idom

aw

asge

nera

ted

that

inhi

bite

den

zym

eac

tivity

.

[diM

arzo

Vero

nese

(199

2)]

F.di

Mar

zoVe

rone

se,

R.

Rah

man

,R

.P

al,

C.B

oyer

,J.R

oman

o,V.

S.K

alya

nara

man

,B.C

.Nai

r,R

.C.G

allo

,&M

.G.

Sar

ngad

hara

n.D

elin

eatio

nof

imm

unor

eact

ive,

cons

erve

dre

gion

sin

the

ex-

tern

alen

velo

pegl

ycop

rote

inof

the

hum

anim

mun

odefi

cien

cyvi

rus

type

1.A

IDS

Re

sH

um

Re

trov

iru

ses8:11

25–1

132,

1992

.(M

edlin

e:92

3687

30).

[diM

arzo

Vero

nese

(199

3)]

F.di

Mar

zoVe

rone

se,M

.S.R

eitz

and,

G.G

upta

,M

.Rob

ert-

Gur

off,

C.B

oyer

-Tho

mps

on,A

.Lou

ie,R

.C.G

allo

,&P.

Luss

o.Lo

ssof

ane

utra

lizin

gep

itope

bya

spon

tane

ous

poin

tm

utat

ion

inth

eV

3lo

opof

HIV

-1is

olat

edfr

oman

infe

cted

labo

rato

ryw

orke

r.JB

iol

Ch

em

268:

2589

4–25

901,

1993

.(M

edlin

e:94

0646

68)

Not

es:T

heM

Ab

M77

can-

not

neut

raliz

ea

viru

sis

olat

edfr

oma

IIIB

infe

cted

lab-

wor

ker

that

has

asi

ngle

poin

tmut

atio

nin

the

defin

edlin

ear

epito

pe.M

77ca

nnot

bind

toth

em

utan

tnat

ive

gp12

0,bu

tcan

bind

toa

pept

ide

that

carr

ies

the

subs

titut

ion.

[diM

arzo

Vero

nese

(198

5)]

F.di

Mar

zoVe

rone

se,

M.

G.

Sar

ngad

hara

n,R

.R

ahm

an,

P.D

.M

arkh

am,

M.

Pop

ovic

,A

.J.

Bod

ner,

&R

.C

.G

allo

.M

onoc

lona

lant

ibod

ies

spec

ific

for

p24,

the

maj

orco

repr

otei

nof

hum

anT-

cell

leuk

emia

viru

sty

peIII

.Pro

cN

atl

Aca

dS

ciU

SA8

2:51

99–5

202,

1985

.(M

edlin

e:85

2704

92).

[Dic

key

(200

0)]

C.D

icke

y,U

.Zie

gner

,M.G

.Aga

djan

yan,

V.S

rikan

tan,

Y.R

e-fa

eli,

A.

Pra

bhu,

A.

Sat

o,W

.V.

Will

iam

s,D

.B

.W

eine

r,&

K.

E.

Uge

n.M

urin

em

onoc

lona

lant

ibod

ies

biol

ogic

ally

activ

eag

ains

tthe

amin

ore

gion

ofH

IV-1

gp12

0:is

olat

ion

and

char

acte

rizat

ion.D

NA

Ce

llB

iol1

9:24

3–52

,20

00.

(Med

line:

2025

6306

).

[Din

gwal

l(19

89)]

C.

Din

gwal

l,I.

Ern

berg

,M

.J.

Gai

t,S

.M

.G

reen

,S

.H

ea-

phy,

J.K

arn,

A.D

.Low

e,M

.Sin

gh,M

.A.S

kinn

er,&

R.V

aler

io.

Hum

anim

mun

odefi

cien

cyvi

rus

1ta

tpr

otei

nbi

nds

tran

s-ac

tivat

ion-

resp

onsi

vere

-gi

on(T

AR

)R

NA

invi

tro.

Pro

cN

atl

Aca

dS

ciU

SA8

6:69

25–6

929,

1989

.(M

edlin

e:89

3866

52).

[Ditz

el(1

995)

]H

.J.D

itzel

,J.M

.Bin

ley,

J.P.

Moo

re,J

.Sod

rosk

i,N

.Sul

livan

,L.

S.

W.

Saw

yer,

R.

M.

Hen

dry,

W.-

P.Y

ang,

C.

F.B

arba

sIII

,&

D.

R.

Bur

ton.

Neu

tral

izin

gre

com

bina

nthu

man

antib

odie

sto

aco

nfor

mat

iona

lV

2-an

dC

D4-

bind

ing

site

-sen

sitiv

eep

itope

ofH

IV-1

gp12

0is

olat

edby

usin

gan

epito

pe-m

aski

ngpr

oced

ure.J

Imm

un

ol1

54:8

93–9

06,

1995

.(M

edlin

e:95

1144

16)

Not

es:

Apa

nel

ofF

abs

was

obta

ined

from

alib

rary

prep

ared

from

the

bone

mar

row

ofa

long

-ter

mas

ympt

omat

icH

IV-1

sero

posi

tive

mal

edo

nor.

Fou

rF

abs

reco

gniz

eth

eC

D4B

S.A

nad

ditio

nalf

our

Fab

sw

ere

retr

ieve

daf

tere

pito

pem

aski

nggp

120

with

the

CD

4BS

Fab

sat

the

scre

enin

gst

age.

3/4

ofth

ese

Fab

sbi

ndto

aV

2de

pend

entc

onfo

rmat

iona

lepi

tope

.

[Ditz

el(1

997)

]H

.J.D

itzel

,P.W

.Par

ren,

J.M

.Bin

ley,

J.S

odro

ski,

J.P.

Moo

re,

C.

F.B

.3r

d,&

D.

R.

Bur

ton.

Map

ping

the

prot

ein

surf

ace

ofhu

man

im-

mun

odefi

cien

cyvi

rus

type

1gp

120

usin

ghu

man

mon

oclo

nal

antib

odie

sfr

omph

age

disp

lay

libra

ries.

JM

ol

Bio

l26

7:68

4–95

,19

97.

(Med

line:

9727

2001

)N

otes

:(G

enba

nk:

U82

767

U82

768

U82

769

U82

770

U82

771

U82

772

U82

942

U82

943

U82

944

U82

945

U82

946

U82

947

U82

948

U82

949

U82

950

U82

951

U82

952

U82

961

U82

962)

Rec

ombi

nant

mon

o-cl

onal

antib

odie

sfr

omph

age

disp

lay

libra

ries

prov

ide

am

etho

dfo

rEnv

sur-

face

epito

pem

appi

ng.

Div

erse

epito

pes

are

acce

ssed

bypr

esen

ting

gp12

0to

the

libra

ryin

diffe

rent

form

s,su

chas

sequ

entia

lm

aski

ngof

epito

pes

with

exis

ting

MA

bsor

sCD

4pr

ior

tose

lect

ion

orby

sele

ctio

non

pept

ides

.F

abs

iden

tified

byth

ese

met

hods

have

spec

ifici

ties

asso

ciat

edw

ithep

itope

spr

esen

ted

poor

lyon

nativ

em

ultim

eric

enve

lope

.

[Dow

benk

o(1

988)

]D

.D

owbe

nko,

G.

Nak

amur

a,C

.F

enni

e,C

.S

him

asak

i,L.

Rid

dle,

R.

Har

ris,

T.G

rego

ry,

&L.

Lask

y.E

pito

pem

appi

ngof

the

imm

unod

efici

ency

viru

sty

pe1

gp12

0w

ithm

onoc

lona

lant

ibod

ies.

JV

irol

62:4

703–

4711

,198

8.(M

edlin

e:89

0373

59).

[D’S

ouza

(199

1)]

M.P

.D’S

ouza

,P.D

urda

,C.V

.Han

son,

G.M

ilman

,&C

.In-

vest

igat

ors.

Eva

luat

ion

ofm

onoc

lona

lant

ibod

ies

toH

IV-1

byne

utra

lizat

ion

Ant

ibod

yR

efer

ence

sB Cell

IV-D

-12

DE

C20

00

and

sero

logi

cala

ssay

s:an

inte

rnat

iona

lcol

labo

ratio

n.A

IDS

5:10

61–1

070,

1991

.(M

edlin

e:92

0297

21).

[D’S

ouza

(199

4)]

M.

P.D

’Sou

za,

S.

J.G

eyer

,C

.V.

Han

son,

R.

M.

Hen

dry,

G.

Milm

an,

&C

.In

vest

igat

ors.

Eva

luat

ion

ofm

onoc

lona

lan

tibod

ies

toH

IV-1

enve

lope

byne

utra

lizat

ion

and

bind

ing

assa

ys:

anin

tern

atio

nalc

ol-

labo

ratio

n.A

IDS

8:16

9–18

1,19

94.

(Med

line:

9431

8200

).

[D’S

ouza

(199

5)]

M.P

.D’S

ouza

,G.M

ilman

,J.A

.Bra

dac,

D.M

cPhe

e,C

.V.

Han

son,

&R

.M

.H

endr

y.N

eutr

aliz

atio

nof

prim

ary

HIV

-1is

olat

esby

anti-

enve

lope

mon

oclo

nal

antib

odie

s.AID

S9:

867–

874,

1995

.(M

edlin

e:96

0149

59)N

otes

:Ele

ven

labs

test

edth

e6

hum

anM

Abs

1125

H,T

H9,

4.8D

,25

7-D

-IV,

TH

1,2F

5,an

dal

soH

IVIG

for

neut

raliz

atio

nof

MN

,JR

CS

F,th

etw

oB

clad

epr

imar

yis

olat

es30

1657

and

TH

A/9

2/02

6,an

dth

eD

clad

eis

olat

eU

G/9

2/21

.2F

5w

asth

em

ostb

road

lyne

utra

lizin

g,be

tter

than

HIV

IG.T

heot

her

MA

bssh

owed

limite

dne

utra

lizat

ion

ofon

lyM

N(a

nti-C

D4B

SM

Abs

1125

H,T

H9,

and

4.8D

),or

MN

and

JRC

SF

(ant

i-V3

MA

bs25

7-D

-IV

and

TH

1).

[D’S

ouza

(199

7)]

P.D

’Sou

za,

D.

Livn

at,

J.A

.B

rada

c,S

.H

.B

ridge

san

dth

eA

IDS

Clin

ical

Tria

lsG

roup

Ant

ibod

yS

elec

tion

Wor

king

Gro

up,&

C.I

nves

-tig

ator

s.E

valu

atio

nof

mon

oclo

nala

ntib

odie

sto

hum

anim

mun

odefi

cien

cyvi

rus

type

1pr

imar

yis

olat

esby

neut

raliz

atio

nas

says

:per

form

ance

crite

riafo

rse

lect

ing

cand

idat

ean

tibod

ies

for

clin

ical

tria

ls.

JIn

fect

Dis

175:

1056

–10

62,

1997

.(M

edlin

e:97

2751

72)

Not

es:

Fiv

ela

bora

torie

sev

alua

ted

neu-

tral

izat

ion

ofni

nepr

imar

yB

clad

eis

olat

esby

aco

ded

pane

lofs

even

hum

anM

Abs

toH

IV-1

subt

ype

Ben

velo

pe.

IgG

1b12

,2G

12,

2F5

show

edpo

tent

and

broa

dly

cros

s-re

activ

ene

utra

lizin

gab

ility

;F10

5,44

7/52

-D,7

29-D

,19b

did

notn

eutr

aliz

eth

epr

imar

yis

olat

es.

[Dua

rte

(199

4)]

C.A

.Dua

rte,

M.M

onte

ro,A

.Ser

alen

a,R

.Val

des,

V.Ji

men

ez,

J.B

enite

z,E

.N

arci

andi

,J.

Mad

razo

,G

.P

adro

n,G

.S

anch

ez,

G.

Gill

-ja

m,

K.

Per

sson

,S

.O

jeda

,A

.C

abal

lero

,A

.M

irand

a,M

.C

.D

omin

guez

,B

.W

ahre

n,&

A.

Men

ende

z.M

ultie

pito

pepo

lype

ptid

eof

the

HIV

-1en

ve-

lope

indu

ces

neut

raliz

ing

mon

oclo

nala

ntib

odie

sag

ains

tV3

loop

.A

IDS

Re

sH

um

Re

trov

iru

ses1

0:23

5–24

3,19

94.

(Med

line:

9428

9061

).

[Dur

da(1

990)

]P.

J.D

urda

,L.B

ache

ler,

P.C

laph

am,A

.M.J

enos

ki,B

.Lee

ce,

T.J.

Mat

thew

s,A

.McK

nigh

t,R

.Pom

eran

tz,M

.Ray

ner,

&K

.J.W

einh

old.

HIV

-1ne

utra

lizin

gm

onoc

lona

lant

ibod

ies

indu

ced

bya

synt

hetic

pept

ide.

AID

SR

es

Hu

mR

etr

oviru

ses6:11

15,1

990.

(Med

line:

9109

0986

).

[Dur

da(1

988)

]P.

J.D

urda

,B

.Le

ece,

A.

M.

Jeno

ski,

H.

Rab

in,

A.

Fis

her,

R.

Gal

lo,

&F.

Won

g-S

taal

.C

hara

cter

izat

ion

ofm

urin

em

onoc

lona

lan

ti-bo

dies

toH

IV-1

indu

ced

bysy

nthe

ticpe

ptid

es.

AID

SR

es

Hu

mR

etr

oviru

ses

4:33

1–34

2,19

88.

(Med

line:

8906

2029

).

[Dur

rani

(199

8)]

Z.D

urra

ni,T

.L.M

cIne

rney

,L.M

cLai

n,T.

Jone

s,T.

Bel

laby

,F.

R.

Bre

nnan

,&

N.

J.D

imm

ock.

Intr

anas

alim

mun

izat

ion

with

apl

ant

viru

sex

pres

sing

ape

ptid

efr

omH

IV-1

gp41

stim

ulat

esbe

tter

muc

osal

and

syst

emic

HIV

-1-s

peci

ficIg

Aan

dIg

Gth

anor

alim

mun

izat

ion.J

Imm

un

ol

Me

tho

ds2

20:9

3–10

3,19

98.

(Med

line:

9905

3665

).

[Ear

l(19

97)]

P.L.

Ear

l,C

.C.B

rode

r,R

.W.D

oms,

&B

.Mos

s.E

pito

pem

apof

hum

anim

mun

odefi

cien

cyvi

rus

type

1gp

41de

rived

from

47m

onoc

lona

lan

tibod

ies

prod

uced

byim

mun

izat

ion

with

olig

omer

icen

velo

pepr

otei

n.J

Viro

l71:

2674

–84,

1997

.(M

edlin

e:97

2139

31).

[Ear

l(19

94)]

P.L.

Ear

l,C

.C

.B

rode

r,D

.Lo

ng,

S.

A.

Lee,

J.P

eter

son,

S.C

hakr

abar

ti,R

.W.D

oms,

&B

.Mos

s.N

ativ

eol

igom

eric

hum

anim

mun

od-

efici

ency

viru

sty

pe1

Env

elop

egl

ycop

rote

inel

icits

dive

rse

mon

oclo

nala

nti-

body

reac

tiviti

es.J

Viro

l68:

3015

–302

6,19

94.

(Med

line:

9420

2289

)Not

es:

Ina

stud

yof

the

repe

rtoi

reof

resp

onse

tool

igom

eric

vers

usm

onom

eric

Env

prot

ein,

138

mur

ine

MA

bsw

ere

gene

rate

din

resp

onse

toan

imm

uno-

gen

that

was

agp

120/

bp41

olig

omer

icm

olec

ule

that

was

not

clea

ved

due

toa

mut

atio

nin

the

clea

vage

site

.T

heol

igom

eric

mol

ecul

ew

asfo

und

toel

icit

are

spon

seth

atw

asve

rydi

ffere

ntth

anth

em

onom

er.M

ostM

Abs

wer

eco

nfor

mat

iona

l,m

any

wer

eto

gp41

orif

ingp

120,

toth

eC

D4

BS

.F

ewM

Abs

tolin

ear

V3

epito

pes

wer

epr

oduc

edin

resp

onse

tool

igom

eric

pro-

tein

,tho

ugh

this

was

aco

mm

onsp

ecifi

city

inre

spon

seto

imm

uniz

atio

nw

ithgp

120

mon

omer

icpr

otei

n.

[Eat

on(1

994)

]A

.M

.E

aton

,K

.E

.U

gen,

D.

B.

Wei

ner,

T.W

ildes

,&

J.A

.Le

vy.

An

Ant

i-gp4

1H

uman

Mon

oclo

nal

Ant

ibod

yT

hat

Enh

ance

sH

IV-

1In

fect

ion

inth

eA

bsen

ceof

Com

plem

ent.AID

SR

es

Hu

mR

etr

oviru

ses

10:1

3–18

,199

4.(M

edlin

e:94

2353

68).

[Edd

lest

on(1

993)

]M

.E

ddle

ston

,J.

C.

dela

Torr

e,J.

-Y.

Xu,

N.

Dor

fman

,A

.N

otki

ns,

S.

Zol

la-P

azne

r,&

M.

B.

A.

Old

ston

e.M

olec

ular

Mim

icry

Acc

ompa

nyin

gH

IV-1

Infe

ctio

n:H

uman

Mon

oclo

nalA

ntib

odie

sT

hatB

ind

togp

41an

dto

Ast

rocy

tes.A

IDS

Re

sH

um

Re

trov

iru

ses10:9

39–9

44,1

993.

(Med

line:

9410

7594

)N

otes

:In

this

pape

r,th

ree

anti-

HIV

-1gp

41sp

ecifi

cM

Abs

wer

efo

und

tore

actw

ithas

troc

ytes

:98-

6,16

7-7

and

15G

1.R

eact

ive

astr

ocyt

esin

the

hipp

ocam

pus

wer

em

ost

prom

inen

tlyin

volv

ed,

and

the

Ant

ibod

yR

efer

ence

sB Cell

IV-D

-13

DE

C20

00

antib

odie

sst

aine

dno

othe

rce

llty

pein

the

brai

n,ki

dney

orliv

er.

All

thre

em

appe

dto

aco

nfor

mat

iona

llyde

pend

ente

pito

pebe

twee

naa

644-

663.

[Ehr

hard

(199

6)]

B.

Ehr

hard

,R

.M

isse

lwitz

,K

.W

elfle

,G

.H

ausd

orf,

R.

W.

Gla

ser,

J.S

chne

ider

-Mer

gene

r,&

H.W

elfle

.C

hem

ical

mod

ifica

tion

ofre

-co

mbi

nant

HIV

-1ca

psid

prot

ein

p24

lead

sto

the

rele

ase

ofa

hidd

enep

itope

prio

rto

chan

ges

ofth

eov

eral

lfol

ding

ofth

epr

otei

n.Bio

che

mis

try3

5:90

97–

9105

,199

6.(M

edlin

e:96

2912

51).

[Em

ini(

1992

)]E

.A.E

min

i,W

.A.S

chle

if,J.

H.N

unbe

rg,A

.J.C

onle

y,Y.

Eda

,S

.To

kiyo

shi,

S.

D.

Put

ney,

S.

Mat

sush

ita,

K.

E.

Cob

b,C

.M

.Je

tt,J.

W.

Eic

hber

g,&

K.

K.

Mur

thy.

Pre

vent

ion

ofH

IV-1

infe

ctio

nin

chim

panz

ees

bygp

120

V3

dom

ain-

spec

ific

mon

oclo

nala

ntib

ody.Na

ture

355:

728–

730,

1992

.(M

edlin

e:92

1580

79).

[Ern

st(1

998)

]W

.E

rnst

,R

.G

rabh

err,

D.

Weg

ner,

N.

Bor

th,

A.

Gra

ssau

er,

&H

.K

atin

ger.

Bac

ulov

irus

surf

ace

disp

lay:

cons

truc

tion

and

scre

enin

gof

aeu

kary

otic

epito

pelib

rary

.Nu

cle

icA

cid

sR

es26

:171

8–23

,199

8.(M

edlin

e:98

1810

76).

[Eva

ns(1

989)

]D

.J.E

vans

,J.M

cKea

ting,

J.M

.Mer

edith

,K.L

.Bur

ke,K

.Ka-

trak

,A.J

ohn,

M.F

ergu

son,

P.D

.Min

or,R

.A.W

eiss

,&J.

W.A

lmon

d.A

nen

gine

ered

polio

viru

sch

imer

ael

icits

broa

dly

reac

tive

HIV

-1ne

utra

lizin

gan

tibod

ies.

Na

ture

339:

385–

388,

1989

.(M

edlin

e:89

2620

52).

[Fai

man

&H

orov

itz(1

997)

]G

.A

.F

aim

an&

A.

Hor

ovitz

.T

herm

odyn

amic

anal

ysis

ofth

ein

tera

ctio

nbe

twee

nth

e0.

5bet

aF

vfr

agm

enta

ndth

eR

P13

5pe

ptid

ean

tigen

deriv

edfr

omth

eV

3lo

opof

HIV

-1

gp12

0.JB

iolC

he

m27

2:31

407–

11,1

997.

(Med

line:

9805

8925

).

[Fel

genh

auer

(199

0)]

M.

Fel

genh

auer

,J.

Koh

l,&

F.R

uker

.N

ucle

otid

ese

-qu

ence

ofth

ecD

NA

enco

ding

the

V-r

egio

nsof

the

H-a

ndL-

chai

nsof

ahu

-m

anm

onoc

lona

lant

ibod

ysp

ecifi

cto

HIV

-1gp

41.

Nu

clA

cid

sR

es1

8:49

27,

1990

.(M

edlin

e:90

3704

90).

[Fer

ns(1

989)

]R

.B

.F

erns

,J.

C.

Par

trid

ge,

R.

P.S

penc

e,N

.H

unt,

&R

.S

.Te

dder

.E

pito

pelo

catio

nof

13an

ti-ga

gH

IV-1

mon

oclo

nala

ntib

odie

sus

ing

olig

opep

tides

and

thei

rcro

ss-r

eact

ivity

with

HIV

-2.

AID

S3:

829–

834,

1989

.(M

edlin

e:90

2116

79).

[Fer

ns(1

991)

]R

.B.F

erns

,J.C

.Par

trid

ge,M

.Tis

dale

,N.H

unt,

&R

.S.T

edde

r.M

onoc

lona

lant

ibod

ies

defin

elin

ear

and

conf

orm

atio

nale

pito

pes

ofH

IV-1

polg

ene

prod

ucts

.AID

SR

es

Hu

mR

etr

oviru

ses7:30

7–31

3,19

91.(

Med

line:

9129

1501

)N

otes

:21

anti-

RT

MA

bsw

ere

rais

edan

dch

arac

teriz

ed–

thre

ena

rrow

lyde

fined

linea

repi

tope

sw

ere

map

ped.

The

thre

elin

eara

ndse

lect

edco

nfor

mat

iona

lMA

bsar

ein

clud

edin

the

data

base

.

[Fer

ns(1

987)

]R

.B

.F

erns

,R

.S

.Te

dder

,&

R.

A.

Wei

ss.

Cha

ract

eriz

atio

nof

mon

oclo

nal

antib

odie

sag

ains

tth

ehu

man

imm

unod

efici

ency

viru

sga

gpr

oduc

tsan

dth

eir

use

inm

onito

ring

HIV

isol

ate

varia

tion.J

Ge

nV

irol

68:1

543–

1551

,198

7.(M

edlin

e:87

2248

02).

[Fev

rier

(199

5)]

M.

Fev

rier,

F.B

oude

t,A

.D

esla

ndre

s,&

J.T

heze

.Tw

one

whu

man

mon

oclo

nala

ntib

odie

sag

ains

tH

IVty

pe1

glyc

opro

tein

120:

char

-ac

teriz

atio

nan

dne

utra

lizin

gac

tiviti

esag

ains

tHIV

type

1st

rain

s.A

IDS

Re

sH

um

Re

trov

iru

ses1

1:49

1–50

0,19

95.

(Med

line:

9535

8909

).

[Fon

teno

t(19

95)]

J.D

.Fon

teno

t,T.

C.V

anC

ott,

B.S

.Par

ekh,

C.P

.Pau

,J.R

.G

eorg

e,D

.L.B

irx,S

.Zol

la-P

azne

r,M

.K.G

orny

,&J.

M.G

atew

ood.

Pre

sen-

tatio

nof

HIV

V3

loop

epito

pes

for

enha

nced

antig

enic

ity,i

mm

unog

enic

ityan

ddi

agno

stic

pote

ntia

l.AID

S9:

1121

–112

9,19

95.

(Med

line:

9609

8127

).

[For

thal

(199

5)]

D.

N.

For

thal

,G

.La

nduc

ci,

M.

K.

Gor

ny,

S.

Zol

la-P

azne

r,&

W.

E.

Rob

inso

n.F

unct

iona

lac

tiviti

esof

20hu

man

imm

unod

efici

ency

viru

sty

pe1

(HIV

-1)-

spec

ific

hum

anm

onoc

lona

lant

ibod

ies.

AID

SR

es

Hu

mR

etr

oviru

ses1

1:10

95–1

099,

1995

.(M

edlin

e:96

0892

16)

Not

es:A

serie

sof

test

sw

ere

perf

orm

edon

20hu

man

mon

oclo

nal

antib

odie

sto

asse

ssth

eir

pote

ntia

lth

erap

eutic

utili

ty.

Ant

ibod

ies

wer

ete

sted

for

pote

ntia

llyha

rm-

ful

com

plem

ent-

med

iate

dan

tibod

yen

hanc

ing

activ

ity(C

-AD

E),

and

for

pote

ntia

llybe

nefic

ialn

eutr

aliz

ing

activ

ityan

dan

tibod

yde

pend

ent

cellu

lar

cyto

toxi

city

AD

CC

.

[For

tin(2

000)

]J.

F.F

ortin

,R

.C

antin

,M

.G

.B

erge

ron,

&M

.J.

Tre

mbl

ay.

Inte

ract

ion

betw

een

virio

n-bo

und

host

inte

rcel

lula

radh

esio

nm

olec

ule-

1an

dth

ehi

gh-a

ffini

tyst

ate

ofly

mph

ocyt

efu

nctio

n-as

soci

ated

antig

en-1

onta

rget

cells

rend

ers

R5

and

X4

isol

ates

ofhu

man

imm

unod

efici

ency

viru

sty

pe1

mor

ere

frac

tory

tone

utra

lizat

ion.V

irolo

gy

268:

493–

503,

2000

.(M

edlin

e:20

1718

50).

[Fou

ts(1

997)

]T.

R.

Fou

ts,

J.M

.B

inle

y,A

.T

rkol

a,J.

E.

Rob

inso

n,&

J.P.

Moo

re.

Neu

tral

izat

ion

ofth

ehu

man

imm

unod

efici

ency

viru

sty

pe1

pri-

mar

yis

olat

eJR

-FL

byhu

man

mon

oclo

nala

ntib

odie

sco

rrel

ates

with

anti-

body

bind

ing

toth

eol

igom

eric

form

ofth

een

velo

pegl

ycop

rote

inco

mpl

ex.

JV

irol7

1:27

79–2

785,

1997

.(M

edlin

e:97

2139

43)N

otes

:To

test

whe

ther

anti-

body

neut

raliz

atio

nof

HIV

-1pr

imar

yis

olat

esis

corr

elat

edw

ithth

eaf

finiti

es

Ant

ibod

yR

efer

ence

sB Cell

IV-D

-14

DE

C20

00

for

the

olig

omer

icen

velo

pegl

ycop

rote

ins,

JRF

Lw

asus

edas

am

odel

pri-

mar

yvi

rus

and

apa

nelo

f13

hum

anM

Abs

wer

eev

alua

ted

for:

half-

max

imal

bind

ing

tore

cm

onom

eric

JRF

Lgp

120;

half-

max

imal

bind

ing

tool

igom

eric

-JR

FL

Env

expr

esse

don

the

surf

ace

oftr

ansf

ecte

d29

3ce

lls;

and

neut

ral-

izat

ion

ofJR

FL

ina

PB

MC

-bas

edne

utra

lizat

ion

assa

y.A

ntib

ody

affin

ityfo

rol

igom

eric

JRF

LE

nvbu

tnot

mon

omer

icJR

FL

gp12

0co

rrel

ated

with

JRF

Lne

utra

lizat

ion.

[Fou

ts(1

998)

]T.

R.

Fou

ts,

A.

Trk

ola,

M.

S.

Fun

g,&

J.P.

Moo

re.

Inte

rac-

tions

ofpo

lycl

onal

and

mon

oclo

nala

nti-g

lyco

prot

ein

120

antib

odie

sw

ithol

igom

eric

glyc

opro

tein

120-

glyc

opro

tein

41co

mpl

exes

ofa

prim

ary

HIV

type

1is

olat

e:re

latio

nshi

pto

neut

raliz

atio

n.AID

SR

es

Hu

mR

etr

oviru

ses

14:5

91–7

,19

98.

(Med

line:

9825

2387

)N

otes

:A

bre

activ

ityto

olig

omer

icfo

rms

ofgp

120

wer

eco

mpa

red

tone

utra

lizat

ion

ofth

em

acro

phag

etr

opic

prim

ary

viru

sJR

FL,

and

did

nota

lway

sco

rrel

ate.

Thi

sbu

ilds

upon

stud

ies

whi

chha

vesh

own

that

olig

omer

bind

ing

whi

lere

quire

dfo

rneu

tral

izat

ion,

isno

talw

ays

suffi

cien

t.M

Ab

205-

46-9

and

2G6

bind

olig

omer

with

high

affin

-ity

,co

mpa

rabl

eto

IgG

1b12

,bu

tun

like

IgG

1b12

,ca

nnot

neut

raliz

eJR

FL.

Fur

ther

mor

e,ne

utra

lizin

gan

dno

n-ne

utra

lizin

gse

rafr

omH

IV-1

infe

cted

peop

lear

esi

mila

rin

thei

rre

activ

ities

tool

igom

eric

JRF

LE

nvel

ope.

[Fra

nke

(199

2)]

L.F

rank

e,R

.G

runo

w,

R.

Mei

ssne

r,T.

Por

tsm

an,

&R

.vo

nB

aehr

.Inh

ibiti

onof

HIV

-1in

fect

ion

invi

tro

bym

urin

em

onoc

lona

lant

i-p24

antib

odie

s.J

Me

dV

irol3

7:13

7–14

2,19

92.

(Med

line:

9233

3288

).

[Fra

nkel

(199

8)]

S.

S.

Fra

nkel

,R

.M

.S

tein

man

,N

.L.

Mic

hael

,S

.R

.K

im,

N.B

hard

waj

,M.P

ope,

M.K

.Lou

der,

P.K

.Ehr

enbe

rg,P

.W.P

arre

n,D

.R.

Bur

ton,

H.K

atin

ger,

T.C

.Van

Cot

t,M

.L.R

obb,

D.L

.Birx

,&J.

R.M

asco

la.

Neu

tral

izin

gm

onoc

lona

lant

ibod

ies

bloc

khu

man

imm

unod

efici

ency

viru

sty

pe1

infe

ctio

nof

dend

ritic

cells

and

tran

smis

sion

toT

cells

.J

Viro

l72:

9788

–94

,199

8.(M

edlin

e:99

0308

86)

Not

es:I

nves

tigat

ion

ofth

ree

hum

anM

Abs

toel

icit

ane

utra

lizin

gef

fect

and

bloc

kH

IV-1

infe

ctio

nin

hum

ande

ndrit

icce

lls.

Pre

incu

batio

nw

ithN

Abs

IgG

1b12

ora

com

bina

tion

of2F

5/2G

12pr

even

ted

infe

ctio

nof

purifi

edD

Can

dtr

ansm

issi

onin

DC

/T-c

ellc

ultu

res.

[Fuj

ii(1

993)

]Y.

Fuj

ii,Y.

Nis

hino

,T.

Nak

aya,

K.

Toku

naga

,&

K.

Ikut

a.E

x-pr

essi

onof

hum

anim

mun

odefi

cien

cyvi

rus

type

1N

efan

tigen

onth

esu

rfac

eof

acut

ely

and

pers

iste

ntly

infe

cted

hum

anT-

cells

.V

acc

ine1

1:12

40,1

993.

(Med

line:

9407

8655

).

[Fuj

ii(1

996a

)]Y.

Fuj

ii,K

.O

take

,Y.

Fuj

ita,

N.

Yam

aim

oto,

Y.N

agai

,M

.Ta

shiro

,&

A.

Ada

chi.

Clu

ster

edlo

caliz

atio

nof

olig

omer

icN

efpr

o-

tein

ofhu

man

imm

unod

efici

ency

viru

sty

pe1

onth

ece

llsu

rfac

e.F

EB

SL

ett

ers

395:

257–

261,

1996

a.(M

edlin

e:88

9810

7).

[Fuj

ii(1

996b

)]Y.

Fuj

ii,K

.Ota

ke,M

.Tas

hiro

,&A

.Ada

chi.

Hum

anim

mun

-od

efici

ency

type

1N

efpr

otei

non

the

cell

surf

ace

iscy

toci

dal

for

hum

anC

D4+

Tce

lls.F

EB

SL

ett

ers3

93:1

05–1

08,1

996b

.(M

edlin

e:96

3975

41).

[Fuj

ii(1

996c

)]Y.

Fuj

ii,K

.Ota

ke,M

.Tas

hiro

,&A

.Ada

chi.

Invi

tro

cyto

cida

lef

fect

sof

hum

anim

mun

odefi

cien

cyvi

rus

type

1N

efon

unpr

imed

hum

anC

D4+

Tce

llsw

ithou

tMH

Cre

stric

tion.J

Ge

nV

irol7

7:29

43–2

951,

1996

c.(M

edlin

e:90

0008

4).

[Fuj

ii(1

996d

)]Y.

Fuj

ii,K

.O

take

,M

.Ta

shiro

,&

A.

Ada

chi.

Sol

uble

Nef

antig

enof

HIV

-1is

cyto

toxi

cfo

rhum

anC

D4+

Tce

lls.

FE

BS

Le

tte

rs393

:93–

96,1

996d

.(M

edlin

e:88

0443

2).

[Fun

g(1

992)

]M

.S

.C

.F

ung,

C.

R.

Y.S

un,

W.

L.G

ordo

n,R

.-S

.Li

ou,

T.W

.C

hang

,W.N

.C.S

un,E

.S.D

aar,

&D

.D.H

o.Id

entifi

catio

nan

dch

arac

ter-

izat

ion

ofa

neut

raliz

atio

nsi

tew

ithin

the

seco

ndva

riabl

ere

gion

ofhu

man

imm

unod

efici

ency

viru

sty

pe1

gp12

0.JV

irol6

6:84

8–85

6,19

92.

(Med

-lin

e:92

1141

88)

Not

es:

Two

anti-

enve

lope

V2

antib

odie

sw

ere

rais

edth

atne

utra

lize

viru

sin

eith

era

conf

orm

atio

nde

pend

ent(

G3-

136)

orco

nfor

ma-

tion

inde

pend

ent(

BAT

085)

man

ner.

G3-

136

has

dim

inis

hed

reac

tivity

with

degl

ycos

ylat

ion

orD

TT

redu

ced

gp12

0,an

dsC

D4

inhi

bits

bind

ing

ina

com

petit

ion

assa

y;B

AT08

5is

nots

ensi

tive

toth

ese

alte

ratio

nsin

gp12

0.

[Fun

g(1

990)

]M

.S.C

.Fun

g,C

.R.Y

.Sun

,R.S

.Lio

u,W

.Gor

don,

N.T

.Cha

ng,

T.-W

.Cha

ng,&

N.-

C.S

un.

Mon

oclo

nala

nti-i

diot

ypic

antib

ody

mim

icki

ngth

epr

inci

pal

neut

raliz

atio

nsi

tein

HIV

-1gp

120

indu

ces

HIV

-1ne

utra

liz-

ing

antib

odie

sin

rabb

its.J

Imm

un

ol1

45:2

199–

2206

,19

90.

(Med

line:

9037

5916

).

[Fun

g(1

987)

]M

.S

.C

.F

ung,

C.

R.

Y.S

un,

N.-

C.

Sun

,N

.T.

Cha

ng,

&T.

-W

.Cha

ng.

Mon

oclo

nala

ntib

odie

sth

atne

utra

lize

HIV

-1vi

rions

and

inhi

bit

sync

ytiu

mfo

rmat

ion

byin

fect

edce

lls.Bio

tech

no

log

y5:9

40–9

47,1

987.

[Gau

duin

(199

6)]

M.-

C.

Gau

duin

,G

.P.

Alla

way

,P.

J.M

addo

n,C

.F.

Bar

bas

III,D

.R.B

urto

n,&

R.A

.Kou

p.E

ffect

ive

Ex

Viv

oN

eutr

aliz

atio

nof

Hum

anIm

mun

odefi

cien

cyV

irus

Type

1in

Pla

sma

byR

ecom

bina

ntIm

mun

oglo

b-ul

inM

olec

ules

.JV

irol7

0:25

86–2

592,

1996

.(M

edlin

e:96

1839

10)

Not

es:

Viru

sdi

rect

from

plas

ma

from

six

HIV

-1in

fect

edin

divi

dual

sw

asus

edfo

rne

utra

lizat

ion

assa

y.M

Ab

19b

coul

dne

utra

lize

2/6

plas

ma

sam

ples

,w

hile

MA

bIg

G1b

12co

uld

neut

raliz

e5/

6pl

asm

asa

mpl

es.C

D4-

base

dm

olec

ules

Ant

ibod

yR

efer

ence

sB Cell

IV-D

-15

DE

C20

00

wer

eal

sote

sted

:CD

4-Ig

G2

was

effe

ctiv

ein

the

itex

vivo

assa

y,bu

tsC

D4

was

not.

Thu

s,M

Abs

IgG

1b12

and

CD

4-Ig

G2

have

broa

dan

dpo

tent

itin

vitr

oan

dit

exvi

vone

utra

lizin

gac

tiviti

es.

[Gau

duin

(199

5)]

M.

C.

Gau

duin

,J.

T.S

afrit

,R

.W

eir,

M.

S.

Fun

g,&

R.

A.

Kou

p.P

re-

and

post

-exp

osur

epr

otec

tion

agai

nsth

uman

imm

unod

efici

ency

viru

sty

pe1

infe

ctio

nm

edia

ted

bya

mon

oclo

nal

antib

ody.JIn

fect

Dis

171:

1203

–120

9,19

95.

(Med

line:

9527

1056

)N

otes

:P

assi

vepr

otec

tion

agai

nst

HIV

-1LA

Iw

ithM

Ab

BAT

123

was

achi

eved

inS

CID

mic

ere

con-

stitu

ted

with

hum

anpe

riphe

ralb

lood

lym

phoc

ytes

(hu-

PB

L-S

CID

)BAT

123

issp

ecifi

cfo

rth

eV

3lo

opgp

120

ofH

IV-1

LAI.

Ani

mal

sw

ere

prot

ecte

dag

ains

tsu

bseq

uent

infe

ctio

nw

ithLA

Ist

rain

,bu

tno

tot

her

viru

sst

rain

s,w

hen

BAT

123

was

give

n1

hour

befo

revi

rus

inoc

ulat

ion,

orup

to4

hour

spo

st-e

xpos

ure.

No

ther

apeu

ticef

fect

was

obse

rved

whe

nB

AT12

3w

asad

-m

inis

tere

daf

ter

infe

ctio

nha

dbe

enes

tabl

ishe

d.

[Gau

duin

(199

8)]

M.

C.

Gau

duin

,R

.W

eir,

M.

S.

Fun

g,&

R.

A.

Kou

p.In

-vo

lvem

ent

ofth

eco

mpl

emen

tsy

stem

inan

tibod

y-m

edia

ted

post

-exp

osur

epr

otec

tion

agai

nst

hum

anim

mun

odefi

cien

cyvi

rus

type

1.A

IDS

Re

sH

um

Re

trov

iru

ses1

4:20

5–11

,199

8.(M

edlin

e:98

1508

74)

Not

es:P

ost-

expo

sure

pass

ive

tran

sfer

ofm

urin

eB

AT12

3ca

nco

nfer

prot

ectio

nto

hu-P

BL-

SC

IDm

ice

chal

leng

edw

ithH

IV-1

LAI,

and

the

mec

hani

smis

byco

mpl

emen

t-m

edia

ted

cyto

lysi

sor

viro

lysi

s.T

his

prot

ectio

nw

asno

tco

nfer

red

byC

GP

4743

9,a

BAT

123

chim

era

that

has

ahu

man

IgG

1F

cdo

mai

n,su

bstit

uted

inpl

ace

ofa

mur

ine

IgG 1

Fc

dom

ain,

sugg

estin

gth

atth

epr

otec

tion

ism

edia

ted

byco

mpl

emen

t.F

urth

erev

iden

cew

asth

atth

epr

otec

tive

abili

tyof

BAT

123

islo

stw

hen

mic

ew

ere

trea

ted

with

cobr

ave

nom

fact

or,

whi

chin

activ

ates

seru

mco

mpl

emen

t.Ig

G 1do

esno

tfix

com

plem

ent

effic

ient

ly,

soan

IgG

2

MA

bm

ight

perf

orm

bette

r.T

here

fore

,in

spite

ofth

epo

tent

ialf

oren

hanc

e-m

ent

inso

me

circ

umst

ance

s,in

this

circ

umst

ance

com

plem

ent

activ

atio

npr

ovid

eda

prot

ectiv

ead

vant

age.

[Gef

fin(1

998)

]R

.B

.G

effin

,G

.B

.S

cott,

M.

Mel

enw

ick,

C.

Hut

to,

S.

Lai,

L.J.

Boo

ts,

P.M

.M

cKen

na,

J.K

essl

er,

&A

.J.

Con

ley.

Ass

ocia

tion

ofan

tibod

yre

activ

ityto

ELD

KW

A,

agl

ycop

rote

in41

neut

raliz

atio

nep

itope

,w

ithdi

seas

epr

ogre

ssio

nin

child

ren

perin

atal

lyin

fect

edw

ithH

IVty

pe1.

AID

SR

es

Hu

mR

etr

oviru

ses14:5

79–9

0,19

98.

(Med

line:

9825

2386

).

[Ger

shon

i(19

93)]

J.M

.Ger

shon

i,G

.Den

isov

a,D

.Rav

iv,N

.I.S

mor

odin

sky,

&D

.Buy

aner

.H

IVbi

ndin

gto

itsre

cept

orcr

eate

ssp

ecifi

cep

itope

sfo

rth

eC

D4/

gp12

0co

mpl

ex.FA

SE

BJ7

:118

5–11

87,

1993

.(M

edlin

e:93

3876

19)

Not

es:M

Abs

gene

rate

dto

asC

D4-

gp12

0co

mpl

ex,a

ndth

epo

tent

ialu

sefu

l-ne

ssfo

rva

ccin

ede

sign

ofep

itope

ssp

ecifi

cally

inth

eco

mpl

exis

disc

usse

d.

[Ghi

ara

(199

7)]

J.B

.Ghi

ara,

D.C

.Fer

guso

n,A

.C.S

atte

rthw

ait,

H.J

.Dys

on,

&I.

A.

Wils

on.

Str

uctu

re-b

ased

desi

gnof

aco

nstr

aine

dpe

ptid

em

imic

ofth

eH

IV-1

V3

loop

neut

raliz

atio

nsi

te.JM

olB

iol2

66:3

1–9,

1997

.(M

edlin

e:97

2076

75).

[Ghi

ara

(199

3)]

J.B

.Ghi

ara,

E.A

.Stu

ra,R

.L.S

tanfi

eld,

A.T

.Pro

fy,&

I.A

.W

ilson

.C

ryst

alst

ruct

ure

ofth

epr

inci

paln

eutr

aliz

atio

nsi

teof

HIV

-1.

Sci

-e

nce

264:

82–8

5,19

93.

(Med

line:

9418

8714

)N

otes

:Cry

sals

truc

ture

ofV

3lo

oppe

ptid

esbo

und

toF

abs

59.1

and

50.1

was

dete

rmin

ed.T

heG

PG

RA

Fm

otif

form

sa

doub

letu

rn.

[Gira

ud(1

999)

]A

.G

iraud

,Y.

Ata

man

-Ona

l,N

.B

atta

il,N

.P

iga,

D.

Bra

nd,

B.

Man

dran

d,&

B.

Verr

ier.

Gen

erat

ion

ofm

onoc

lona

lan

tibod

ies

tona

-tiv

ehu

man

imm

unod

efici

ency

viru

sty

pe1

enve

lope

glyc

opro

tein

byim

mu-

niza

tion

ofm

ice

with

nake

dR

NA

[InP

roce

ssC

itatio

n].JV

irol

Me

tho

ds

79:7

5–84

,199

9.(M

edlin

e:99

2590

89).

[Gla

ser

&H

ausd

orf(

1996

)]R

.W.G

lase

r&G

.Hau

sdor

f.B

indi

ngki

netic

sof

anan

tibod

yag

ains

tHIV

p24

core

prot

ein

mea

sure

dw

ithre

al-t

ime

biom

olec

ular

inte

ract

ion

anal

ysis

sugg

esta

slow

conf

orm

atio

nalc

hang

ein

antig

enp2

4.J

Imm

un

olo

gic

alM

eth

od

s189:

1–14

,199

6.(M

edlin

e:96

1635

39)

Not

es:T

heM

Ab

CD

-4/1

and

p24

have

unus

ualb

ipha

sic

kine

tics

ofas

soci

atio

n.

[Gol

ding

(199

5)]

B.G

oldi

ng,J

.Inm

an,P

.Hig

het,

R.B

lack

burn

,J.M

anis

che-

witz

,N.B

lyve

is,R

.D.A

ngus

,&H

.Gol

ding

.B

ruce

llaab

ortu

sco

njug

ated

with

agp

120

orV

3lo

oppe

ptid

ede

rived

from

hum

anim

mun

odefi

cien

cyvi

rus

type

1in

duce

sne

utra

lizin

gan

ti-H

IVan

tibod

ies,

and

the

V3-

B.a

bort

usco

njug

ate

isef

fect

ive

even

afte

rC

D4+

T-ce

llde

plet

ion.JV

irol6

9:32

99–

3307

,199

5.(M

edlin

e:95

2644

17).

[Gor

don

&D

elw

art(

2000

)]C

.J.

Gor

don

&E

.L.

Del

war

t.G

enet

icdi

vers

ityof

prim

ary

HIV

-1is

olat

esan

dth

eirs

ensi

tivity

toan

tibod

y-m

edia

ted

neut

ral-

izat

ion.

Viro

log

y27

2:32

6–30

,200

0.(M

edlin

e:20

3347

96).

[Gor

ny(1

992)

]M

.K

.G

orny

,A

.J.

Con

ley,

S.

Kar

wow

ska,

A.

Buc

hbin

der,

J.-Y

.X

u,E

.A

.E

min

i,S

.K

oeni

g,&

S.

Zol

la-P

azne

r.N

eutr

aliz

atio

nof

dive

rse

hum

anim

mun

odefi

cien

cyvi

rus

type

1va

riant

sby

anan

ti-V

3hu

man

mon

oclo

nala

ntib

ody.J

Viro

l66:

7538

–754

2,19

92.

(Med

line:

9305

9712

).

[Gor

ny(1

989)

]M

.K

.G

orny

,V.

Gia

naka

kos,

S.

Sha

rpe,

&S

.Z

olla

-Paz

ner.

Gen

erat

ion

ofhu

man

mon

oclo

nala

ntib

odie

sto

hum

anim

mun

odefi

cien

cy

Ant

ibod

yR

efer

ence

sB Cell

IV-D

-16

DE

C20

00

viru

s.P

roc

Na

tlA

cad

Sci

US

A86:

1624

–162

8,19

89.

(Med

line:

8916

0828

)N

otes

:T

his

pape

rde

scrib

edim

mor

taliz

atio

nof

B-c

ells

from

HIV

-1po

si-

tive

indi

vidu

als

with

Eps

tein

-Bar

rvi

rus,

topr

oduc

ese

ven

stab

lean

tibod

ypr

oduc

ing

cell

lines

.

[Gor

ny(1

998)

]M

.K

.G

orny

,J.

R.

Mas

cola

,Z

.R

.Is

rael

,T.

C.

VanC

ott,

C.

Will

iam

s,P.

Bal

fe,

C.

Hio

e,S

.B

rodi

ne,

S.

Bur

da,

&S

.Z

olla

-Paz

ner.

Ahu

man

mon

oclo

nala

ntib

ody

spec

ific

for

the

V3

loop

ofH

IVty

pe1

clad

eE

cros

s-re

acts

with

othe

rH

IVty

pe1

clad

es.

AID

SR

es

Hu

mR

etr

oviru

ses

14:2

13–2

1,19

98.

(Med

line:

9815

0875

).

[Gor

ny(1

994)

]M

.K.G

orny

,J.P

.Moo

re,A

.J.C

onle

y,S

.Kar

wow

ska,

J.S

o-dr

oski

,C.W

illia

ms,

S.B

urda

,L.J

.Boo

ts,&

S.Z

olla

-Paz

ner.

Hum

anan

ti-V

2m

onoc

lona

lant

ibod

yth

atne

utra

lizes

prim

ary

butn

otla

bora

tory

isol

ates

ofhu

man

imm

unod

efici

ency

viru

sty

pe1.J

Viro

l68:

8312

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(Med

-lin

e:95

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es:D

etai

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char

acte

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[Gor

ny(2

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.K

.G

orny

,T.

C.

VanC

ott,

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iam

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.R

eves

z,&

S.

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ffect

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hum

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mun

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type

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Viro

log

y26

7:22

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2000

.(M

edlin

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1307

36).

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997)

]M

.K

.G

orny

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C.

VanC

ott

and

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ioe,

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R.

Isra

el,

N.

L.M

icha

el,

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J.C

onle

yan

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onst

ance

Will

iam

s,J.

A.

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asre

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mu

no

l.159

:511

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22,1

997.

(Med

line:

9803

1769

).

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ny(1

991)

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.K

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orny

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-Y.

Xu,

V.G

iana

kako

s,S

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arw

owsk

a,C

.W

illia

ms,

H.

W.

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ppar

d,C

.V.

Han

son,

&S

.Z

olla

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ner.

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duc-

tion

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te-s

elec

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neut

raliz

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anm

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ain

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US

A88:

3238

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2,19

91.

(Med

line:

9119

5328

).

[Gor

ny(1

993)

]M

.K

.G

orny

,J.

-Y.

Xu,

S.

Kar

wow

ska,

A.

Buc

hbin

der,

&S

.Z

olla

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ner.

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erto

ireof

neut

raliz

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hum

anm

onoc

lona

lant

ibod

ies

spec

ific

fort

heV

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mai

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HIV

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120.J

Imm

un

ol1

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line:

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otes

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ract

eriz

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that

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neut

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00)]

M.

K.

Gor

ny&

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la-P

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hum

anim

mun

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type

1gp

41[In

Pro

cess

Cita

tion]

.J

Viro

l74:

6186

–92,

2000

.(M

edlin

e:20

3050

15).

[Gos

ting

(198

7)]

L.H

.Gos

ting,

J.M

cClu

re,E

.S.D

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nson

,S.M

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anab

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hriv

er,

&L.

C.

Gol

dste

in.

Mon

oclo

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ntib

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sto

gp11

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hum

anim

mun

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cyvi

rus.J

Clin

Mic

rob

iol2

5:84

5–84

8,19

87.

(Med

line:

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[Gra

nt(2

000)

]M

.Gra

nt,F

.Sm

aill,

S.M

ulle

r,H

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enth

al.

The

anti-

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lect

ivel

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Imm

un

olC

ell

Bio

l78:

20–7

,200

0.(M

edlin

e:20

1178

40).

[Gra

ssi(

1991

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Gra

ssi,

R.M

enev

eri,

M.G

ullb

erg,

L.Lo

palc

o,G

.B.R

ossi

,P.

Lanz

a,C

.DeS

antis

,G.B

ratts

and,

S.B

utto

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inel

li,A

.Ber

retta

,&A

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uman

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unod

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ajor

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Cha

ins.J

Exp

Me

d174

:53–

62,1

991.

(Med

line:

9127

7627

).

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ay(1

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]A

.L.

Gre

enw

ay,

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A.

McP

hee,

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acic

,D

.H

ewis

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anto

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line:

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]B

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Laur

ence

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mun

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inan

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regi

ons

ofH

IV-1

reve

rse

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atio

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rum

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inhi

bito

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mer

ase

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seas

epr

ogre

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n.J

AID

S9:

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8,19

95.

(Med

line:

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vit-

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bas

(200

0)]

K.

Gro

vit-

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bas,

J.F.

Hsu

,J.

Fer

bas,

V.G

udem

an,

&I.

S.

Che

n.E

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ced

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ing

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lizat

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cess

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tion]

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irol

74:5

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00.

(Med

line:

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).

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ss,T

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aehr

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ent

and

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urin

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(199

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Z.G

u,Z

.Li,

Y.Q

uan,

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sof

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mun

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agon

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form

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senc

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ide

and

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nucl

eosi

deIn

hibi

tors

,Res

pect

ivel

y.JV

irol7

0:26

20–2

626,

1996

.(M

edlin

e:96

1839

16).

[Gui

llerm

(199

8)]

C.

Gui

llerm

,V.

Rob

ert-

Heb

man

n,U

.H

ibne

r,M

.H

irn,

&C

.Dev

aux.

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anti-

CD

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DR

3-lo

op)m

onoc

lona

lant

ibod

yin

hibi

tshu

man

imm

unod

efici

ency

viru

sty

pe1

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lope

glyc

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apop

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s.V

irolo

gy

248:

254–

63,1

998.

(Med

line:

9838

9845

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[Gun

thar

d(1

994)

]H

.F.

Gun

thar

d,P.

L.G

owla

nd,

J.S

chup

bach

,M

.S

.C

.F

ung,

J.B

oni,

R.-

S.

Liou

,N

.T.

Cha

ng,

P.G

rob,

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raep

el,

D.

G.

Bra

un,

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thy.

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hum

anim

mun

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cyvi

rus

type

Igp1

20.J

InfD

is17

0:13

84–1

393,

1994

.(M

edlin

e:95

0884

17).

[Haa

heim

(199

1)]

L.R

.H

aahe

im,

J.P.

Mas

kell,

P.M

asca

gni,

&A

.R

.M

.C

oate

s.F

ine

mol

ecul

arsp

ecifi

city

oflin

ear

and

asse

mbl

edan

tibod

ybi

nd-

ing

site

sin

HIV

-1p2

4.S

can

dJ

Imm

un

ol34

:341

–350

,19

91.

(Med

line:

9135

2532

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otes

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even

mur

ine

MA

bsto

a10

4-m

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ptid

esp

anni

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sidu

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wer

ege

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[Hau

gan

(199

5)]

I.R

.H

auga

n,B

.M

.N

ilsen

,S

.W

orla

nd,

L.O

lsen

,&

D.

E.

Hel

land

.C

hara

cter

izat

ion

ofth

eD

NA

-bin

ding

activ

ityof

HIV

-1in

tegr

ase

usin

ga

filte

rbi

ndin

gas

say.B

ioch

em

Bio

ph

ysR

es

Co

mm

un

217:

802–

810,

1995

.(M

edlin

e:96

1253

14).

[He

(199

2)]

X.

M.

He,

F.R

uker

,E

.C

asal

e,&

D.

C.

Car

ter.

Str

uctu

reof

ahu

man

mon

oclo

nala

ntib

ody

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frag

men

taga

inst

gp41

ofhu

man

imm

un-

odefi

cien

cyvi

rus

type

1.P

roc

Na

tlA

cad

Sci

US

A89:

7154

–715

8,19

92.

(Med

line:

9235

7790

).

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ders

on&

Per

cipa

lle(1

997)

]B

.R.H

ende

rson

&P.

Per

cipa

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nter

actio

nsbe

twee

nH

IVR

evan

dnu

clea

rim

port

and

expo

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ctor

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atio

nsi

gnal

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iate

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hum

anim

port

in-b

eta.

JM

ol

Bio

l274

:693

–707

,199

7.(M

edlin

e:98

0706

09).

[Her

nand

ez(2

000)

]M

.H

erna

ndez

,L.

Poz

o,I.

Gom

ez,

&A

.M

elch

or.

Chi

mer

icsy

nthe

ticpe

ptid

eas

antig

enfo

rim

mun

odia

gnos

isof

HIV

-1in

-fe

ctio

n[In

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cess

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tion]

.Bio

che

mB

iop

hys

Re

sC

om

mu

n27

2:25

9–62

,20

00.

(Med

line:

2032

9237

).

[Hifu

mi(

2000

)]E

.Hifu

mi,

Y.O

kam

oto,

&T.

Uda

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owan

dw

hy41

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anti-

body

subu

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acqu

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posi

tion

ofth

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ved

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ofgp

41of

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line:

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).

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(199

7)]

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.Hill

,H.D

eng,

D.U

nutm

az,V

.N.K

ewal

ram

ani,

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astia

ni,

M.K

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elop

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ake

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okin

ere

cept

or.

JV

irol7

1:62

96–

6304

,199

7.(M

edlin

e:97

4046

34).

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kula

(199

4)]

J.H

inku

la,

G.

Bra

tt,G

.G

illja

m,

S.

Nor

dlun

d,P.

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liden

,V.

Hol

mbe

rg,E

.Ola

usso

n-H

anss

on,J

.Alb

ert,

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,&B

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JA

IDS

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94.(

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line:

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cted

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inth

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ages

wer

etr

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MA

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ount

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infiv

epa

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orin

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them

.The

leve

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NA

inth

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asm

aof

patie

nts

decr

ease

din

four

,sho

wed

noch

ange

sin

anot

her

four

and

incr

ease

din

the

othe

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ree.

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them

selv

es,

the

MA

bsdi

dno

tap

pear

tobe

effic

ient

enou

ghto

decr

ease

the

viru

sbu

rden

ina

perm

anen

tfo

rmin

late

-sta

geH

IVpa

tient

s.

[Hin

kula

(199

0)]

J.H

inku

la,

J.R

osen

,V.

-A.

Sun

dqvi

st,

T.S

tigbr

and,

&B

.W

ahre

n.E

pito

pem

appi

ngof

the

HIV

-1ga

gre

gion

with

mon

oclo

nal

antib

odie

s.M

olI

mm

un

ol2

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(Med

line:

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)N

otes

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enic

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ains

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e(1

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]C

.H

ioe,

S.

Bur

da,

P.C

higu

rupa

ti,S

.X

u,&

S.

Zol

la-P

azne

r.R

estin

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llne

utra

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assa

yfo

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IV-1

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ary

isol

ates

.M

eth

od

s:A

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nio

nto

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tho

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inE

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mo

log

y12

:300

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997.

(Med

line:

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1512

)N

otes

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ectin

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ofne

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ly-

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ains

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imar

yis

olat

es,u

sing

unst

imul

ated

PB

MC

asth

eta

rget

cell.

[Hio

e(1

999)

]C

.E.H

ioe,

J.E

.Hild

reth

,&S

.Zol

la-P

azne

r.E

nhan

ced

HIV

type

1ne

utra

lizat

ion

byhu

man

anti-

glyc

opro

tein

120

mon

oclo

nala

ntib

odie

sin

the

pres

ence

ofm

onoc

lona

lan

tibod

ies

toly

mph

ocyt

efu

nctio

n-as

soci

ated

mol

ecul

e1.

AID

SR

es

Hu

mR

etr

oviru

ses15

:523

–31,

1999

.(M

edlin

e:99

2367

18).

[Hio

e(2

000)

]C

.E

.H

ioe,

G.

J.Jo

nes,

A.

D.

Ree

s,S

.R

atto

-Kim

,D

.B

irx,

C.M

unz,

M.K

.Gor

ny,M

.Tue

n,&

S.Z

olla

-Paz

ner.

Ant

i-CD

4-bi

ndin

gdo

-

Ant

ibod

yR

efer

ence

sB Cell

IV-D

-18

DE

C20

00

mai

nan

tibod

ies

com

plex

edw

ithH

IVty

pe1

glyc

opro

tein

120

inhi

bitC

D4+

Tce

ll-pr

olife

rativ

ere

spon

ses

togl

ycop

rote

in12

0[In

Pro

cess

Cita

tion]

.A

IDS

Re

sH

um

Re

trov

iru

ses16

:893

–905

,200

0.(M

edlin

e:20

3318

70).

[Ho

(199

1a)]

D.D

.Ho,

M.S

.C.F

ung,

Y.C

ao,X

.L.L

i,C

.Sun

,T.W

.Cha

ng,

&N

.-C

.Sun

.A

noth

erdi

scon

tinuo

usep

itope

ongl

ycop

rote

ingp

120

that

isim

port

ant

inhu

man

imm

unod

efici

ency

viru

sty

pe1

neut

raliz

atio

nis

iden

-tifi

edby

am

onoc

lona

lant

ibod

y.Pro

cN

atl

Aca

dS

ciU

SA8

8:89

49–8

952,

1991

a.(M

edlin

e:92

0209

68)N

otes

:Ade

scrip

tion

ofth

ene

utra

lizin

gm

urin

eM

Ab

G3-

4.E

vide

nce

sugg

este

dth

atth

eG

3-4

epito

pew

asdi

scon

tinuo

us,

butl

ater

stud

ies

show

edm

argi

nalp

eptid

ebi

ndin

gin

the

V2

regi

on.

[Ho

(199

2)]

D.D

.Ho,

M.S

.C.F

ung,

H.Y

oshi

yam

a,Y.

Cao

,&J.

E.R

obin

son.

Dis

cont

inuo

usep

itope

son

gp12

0im

port

anti

nH

IV-1

neut

raliz

atio

n.A

IDS

Re

sH

um

Re

trov

iru

ses8:

1337

–133

9,19

92.

(Med

line:

9310

3804

)N

otes

:F

urth

erde

scrip

tion

ofth

ehu

man

MA

b15

ean

dth

em

urin

eM

Ab

G3-

4.gp

120

mut

ants

that

affe

ct15

eep

itope

bind

ing:

113,

257,

368,

370,

421,

427,

475;

four

ofth

ese

coin

cide

with

amin

oac

ids

impo

rtan

tfor

the

CD

4bi

ndin

gdo

mai

n.G

3-4

isne

utra

lizin

gan

dbe

have

slik

ea

disc

ontin

uous

epito

pe,a

ndpa

rtia

llybl

ocks

sCD

4bi

ndin

g.

[Ho

(199

1b)]

D.

D.

Ho,

J.A

.M

cKea

ting,

X.

L.Li

,T.

Mou

dgil,

E.

S.

Daa

r,N

.-C

.S

un,

&J.

E.

Rob

inso

n.C

onfo

rmat

iona

lepi

tope

ofgp

120

impo

rtan

tin

CD

4bi

ndin

gan

dhu

man

imm

unod

efici

ency

viru

sty

pe1

neut

raliz

atio

nid

entifi

edby

ahu

man

mon

oclo

nal

antib

ody.J

Viro

l65

:489

–493

,19

91b.

(Med

line:

9108

7324

)N

otes

:Ade

scrip

tion

ofth

ene

utra

lizin

ghu

man

MA

b15

e.It

bind

sto

HIV

-1w

itha

broa

dsp

ecifi

city

,an

dbl

ocks

gp12

0bi

ndin

gto

CD

4,an

dis

adi

scon

tinuo

usep

itope

;D

TT

redu

ctio

nof

env

abro

gate

sbi

ndin

g.

[Hoc

hlei

tner

(200

0a)]

E.

O.

Hoc

hlei

tner

,C

.B

orch

ers,

C.

Par

ker,

R.

J.B

ien-

stoc

k,&

K.

B.

Tom

er.

Cha

ract

eriz

atio

nof

adi

scon

tinuo

usep

itope

ofth

ehu

man

imm

unod

efici

ency

viru

s(H

IV)

core

prot

ein

p24

byep

itope

exci

sion

and

diffe

rent

ialc

hem

ical

mod

ifica

tion

follo

wed

bym

ass

spec

trom

etric

pep-

tide

map

ping

anal

ysis

.Pro

tein

Sci

9:48

7–96

,200

0a.

(Med

line:

2021

4275

).

[Hoc

hlei

tner

(200

0b)]

E.

O.

Hoc

hlei

tner

,M

.K

.G

orny

,S

.Z

olla

-Paz

ner,

&K

.B

.To

mer

.M

ass

spec

trom

etric

char

acte

rizat

ion

ofa

disc

ontin

uous

epi-

tope

ofth

eH

IVen

velo

pepr

otei

nH

IV-g

p120

reco

gniz

edby

the

hum

anm

onoc

lona

lant

ibod

y13

31A

.JIm

mu

no

l164

:415

6–61

,20

00b.

(Med

line:

2021

9252

).

[Hoh

ne(1

993)

]W

.E.H

ohne

,G.K

uttn

er,S

.Kie

ssig

,G.H

ousd

orf,

R.G

runo

w,

K.W

inkl

er,H

.Wes

sner

,E.G

iess

man

n,R

.Stie

ger,

J.S

chne

ider

-Mer

gene

r,R

.vo

nB

aehr

,&

D.

Sch

ombu

rg.

Str

uctu

ral

base

ofth

ein

tera

ctio

nof

am

onoc

lona

lan

tibod

yag

ains

tp2

4of

HIV

-1w

ithits

pept

ide

epito

pe.

Mo

lIm

mu

no

l30:

1213

–122

1,19

93.

(Med

line:

9401

9411

).

[Hua

ng(1

997)

]X

.Hua

ng,J

.J.B

arch

iJr,

F.D

.Lun

g,P.

P.R

olle

r,P.

L.N

ara,

J.M

usch

ik,&

R.R

.Gar

rity.

Gly

cosy

latio

naf

fect

sbo

thth

eth

ree-

dim

ensi

onal

stru

ctur

ean

dan

tibod

ybi

ndin

gpr

oper

ties

ofth

eH

IV-1

IIIB

GP

120

pept

ide.

Bio

che

mis

try3

6:10

846–

56,

1997

.(M

edlin

e:97

4541

33)

Not

es:

Gly

cosy

-la

ted

anal

ogue

sof

the

V3

loop

ofgp

120

wer

est

udie

dus

ing

NM

Ran

dci

rcul

ardi

chro

ism

spec

tros

copi

es,

and

byA

Bbi

ndin

gpr

oper

ties

toM

Ab

0.5β

.A24

-res

idue

pept

ide

from

the

HIV

-1III

Bis

olat

e(r

esid

ues

308-

331)

desi

gnat

edR

P13

5,w

asgl

ycos

ylat

edw

ithbo

thN

-an

dO

-lin

ked

suga

rs.

[Hun

t(19

90)]

J.C

.Hun

t,S

.M.D

esai

,J.M

.Cas

ey,T

.J.B

ollin

g,T.

K.L

eung

,R

.H.D

ecke

r,S

.G.D

evar

e,&

V.S

arin

.M

ouse

mon

oclo

nala

ntib

ody

5-21

-3

reco

gniz

esa

cont

iguo

us,c

onfo

rmat

ion-

depe

nden

tepi

tope

and

map

sto

ahy

drop

hilic

regi

onin

HIV

-1gp

41.A

IDS

Re

sH

um

Re

trov

iru

ses6:58

7–98

,19

90.

(Med

line:

9029

8075

).

[Inou

ye(1

998)

]P.

Inou

ye,E

.Che

rry,

M.H

su,S

.Zol

la-P

azne

r,&

M.A

.Wai

n-be

rg.

Neu

tral

izin

gan

tibod

ies

dire

cted

agai

nstt

heV

3lo

opse

lect

for

diffe

r-en

tes

cape

varia

nts

ina

viru

sw

ithm

utat

edre

vers

etr

ansc

ripta

se(M

184V

)th

anin

wild

-typ

ehu

man

imm

unod

efici

ency

viru

sty

pe1.AID

SR

es

Hu

mR

etr

oviru

ses1

4:73

5–40

,19

98.

(Med

line:

9830

5526

)N

otes

:T

heM

184V

subs

titut

ion

inR

Tyi

elds

high

leve

lres

ista

nce

to3T

Can

dlo

wle

velr

esis

-ta

nce

todd

Ian

ddd

C,

and

alte

rsth

epr

oper

ties

ofR

T.V

irus

cont

aini

ngth

ew

tfo

rmof

RT

grow

nin

the

pres

ence

ofth

eM

Ab

447-

Dde

velo

ps44

7-D

resi

stan

cein

36da

ys,

with

the

GP

GR

toG

PG

Ksu

bstit

utio

ns(A

GA

(R)

toA

AA

(K))

.447

-Dre

sist

ance

took

long

erto

acqu

irein

viru

sw

ithth

eM

184V

subs

titut

edR

T,an

dha

dth

efo

rmC

TR

PN

toC

TR

PY

(AA

C(N

)to

TAC

(Y))

atpo

sitio

n5

ofth

eV

3lo

op.

[Ishi

kaw

a(1

999)

]T.

Ishi

kaw

a,N

.O

kui,

N.

Kob

ayas

hi,

R.

Sak

uma,

T.K

i-ta

mur

a,&

Y.K

itam

ura.

Mon

oclo

nala

ntib

odie

sag

ains

tthe

min

imal

DN

A-

Bin

ding

dom

ain

inth

eca

rbox

y-te

rmin

alre

gion

ofhu

man

imm

unod

efici

ency

viru

sty

pe1

Inte

gras

e.JV

irol7

3:44

75–8

0,19

99.

(Med

line:

9921

4393

).

[Jac

kson

(199

9)]

N.A

.Jac

kson

,M.L

evi,

B.W

ahre

n,&

N.J

.Dim

moc

k.P

rop-

ertie

san

dm

echa

nism

ofac

tion

ofa

17am

ino

acid

,V

3lo

op-s

peci

ficm

i-

Ant

ibod

yR

efer

ence

sB Cell

IV-D

-19

DE

C20

00

croa

ntib

ody

that

bind

sto

and

neut

raliz

eshu

man

imm

unod

efici

ency

viru

sty

pe1

virio

ns.J

Ge

nV

irol8

0(

Pt1

):225

–36,

1999

.(M

edlin

e:99

1314

05).

[Jac

obso

n(19

98)]

J.M

.Ja

cobs

on.

Pas

sive

imm

uniz

atio

nfo

rth

etr

eatm

ent

ofH

IVin

fect

ion.

MtS

ina

iJM

ed6

5:22

–6,1

998.

(Med

line:

9812

0263

)Not

es:

Rev

iew

.

[Jag

odzi

nski

&T

rzec

iak(

2000

)]P.

P.Ja

godz

insk

i&W

.H

.T

rzec

iak.

App

li-ca

tion

ofm

onoc

lona

lant

ibod

ies

tom

onito

rth

esy

nthe

sis

ofa

glyc

opro

tein

core

ofen

velo

pegl

ycop

rote

ins

ofhu

man

imm

unod

efici

ency

viru

s(H

IV-1

).B

iom

ed

Ph

arm

aco

the

r54:5

0–3,

2000

.(M

edlin

e:20

1862

41).

[Jag

odzi

nski

(199

6)]

P.P.

Jago

dzin

ski,

J.W

ustn

er,

D.

Km

ieci

ak,

T.J.

Was

ik,

A.F

erta

la,A

.L.S

iero

n,M

.Tak

ahas

hi,T

.Tsu

ji,T.

Mim

ura,

M.S

.Fun

g,M

.K.

Gor

ny,M

.Klo

czew

iak,

Y.K

anek

o,&

D.K

ozbo

r.R

ole

ofth

eV

2,V

3,an

dC

D4-

bind

ing

dom

ains

ofG

P12

0in

curd

lan

sulfa

tene

utra

lizat

ion

sens

itivi

tyof

HIV

-1du

ring

infe

ctio

nof

Tly

mph

ocyt

es.Viro

log

y22

6:21

7–22

7,19

96.

(Med

line:

9712

4646

).

[Jan

vier

(199

0)]

B.

Janv

ier,

P.A

rchi

nard

,B

.M

andr

and,

A.

Gou

deau

,&

F.B

arin

.Li

near

B-c

ell

epito

pes

ofth

em

ajor

core

prot

ein

ofhu

man

im-

mun

odefi

cien

cyvi

rus

type

s1

and

2.JV

irol6

4:42

58–4

263,

1990

.(M

edlin

e:90

3478

19).

[Jan

vier

(199

2)]

B.

Janv

ier,

P.A

rchi

nard

,B

.M

andr

and,

A.

Gou

deau

,&

F.B

arin

.Li

near

B-c

ell

epito

pes

ofth

em

ajor

core

prot

ein

ofhu

man

im-

mun

odefi

cien

cyvi

rus

type

s1

and

2.(A

utho

r’sC

orre

ctio

n).

JV

irol6

6:61

3,19

92.

[Jan

vier

(199

6)]

B.

Janv

ier,

J.J.

Lasa

rte,

P.S

arob

e,J.

Hoe

beke

,A

.B

.-B

.F.

Bor

ras-

Cue

sta,

&F.

Bar

in.B

-cel

lepi

tope

sof

HIV

type

1p2

4ca

psid

prot

ein:

are

asse

ssm

ent.AID

SR

es

Hu

mR

etr

oviru

ses12:5

19–5

25,1

996.

(Med

line:

9629

6964

)N

otes

:T

here

activ

itypa

ttern

of45

over

lapp

ing

synt

hetic

pen-

tade

cape

ptid

es,

span

ning

amin

oac

ids

133

to36

3(p

24)

ofH

IV-1

p55

gag

prec

urso

r,us

ing

sera

from

20H

IV-1

posi

tive

and

8H

IVne

gativ

ein

divi

dual

sw

asde

term

ined

byE

LIS

A.A

pept

ide

cove

ring

aa17

8-19

2w

asre

cogn

ized

by40

%,a

nda

pept

ide

cove

ring

288-

302

ofp5

5by

45%

,ofH

IV-1

posi

tive

peop

le.A

pept

ide

cove

ring

aa27

2-32

2of

p55

was

reco

gniz

edby

mos

thum

anse

ra.

Aco

nfor

mat

iona

lepi

tope

invo

lvin

gse

quen

ces

from

aa18

3-18

6an

d28

9-29

2w

aspr

opos

ed,b

ased

byan

alog

yto

the

stru

ctur

eof

the

Men

govi

rus

VP

2pr

otei

n.

[Jef

fs(1

996)

]S

.A

.Je

ffs,

J.M

cKea

ting,

S.

Lew

is,

H.

Cra

ft,D

.B

iram

,P.

E.

Ste

phen

s,&

R.

L.B

rady

.A

ntig

enic

ityof

trun

cate

dfo

rms

ofth

ehu

man

imm

unod

efici

ency

viru

sty

pe1

enve

lope

glyc

opro

tein

.J

Ge

nV

irol7

7:14

03–

1410

,199

6.(M

edlin

e:96

3356

72).

[Jel

onek

(199

9)]

M.J

elon

ek,J

.Mas

krey

,K.S

teim

er,B

.Pot

ts,K

.Hig

gins

,&M

.K

ello

r.M

ater

nalm

onoc

lona

lant

ibod

yto

the

V3

loop

alte

rssp

ecifi

city

ofth

ere

spon

seto

ahu

man

imm

unod

efici

ency

viru

sva

ccin

e.J

Inf

Dis

174:

866–

9,19

99.

(Med

line:

9700

0089

).

[Jen

sen

(199

7)]

T.H

.Jen

sen,

A.J

ense

n,A

.M.S

zilv

ay,&

J.K

jem

s.P

robi

ngth

est

ruct

ure

ofH

IV-1

Rev

bypr

otei

nfo

otpr

intin

gof

mul

tiple

mon

oclo

nal

antib

ody-

bind

ing

site

s.F

EB

SL

ett4

14:5

0–4,

1997

.(M

edlin

e:97

4492

61)

Not

es:

Rev

was

map

ped

usin

gM

Ab

prot

ein

foot

prin

ting,

whi

chga

vere

-su

ltsth

atag

reed

wel

lwith

pept

ide

map

ping

,but

was

usef

ulfo

ride

ntify

ing

adi

scon

tinuo

usin

tera

ctio

nbe

twee

ntw

ore

gion

s.F

ootp

rints

supp

orte

da

pre-

viou

sly

prop

osed

stru

ctur

e(A

uer

eta

l.,B

ioch

emis

try,

33(1

994)

2988

-299

6)pr

edic

ting

that

ahe

lix-lo

op-h

elix

mot

ifin

Rev

brin

gsth

ete

rmin

ioft

hepr

o-te

inin

topr

oxim

ity.

[Jey

araj

ah(1

998)

]S

.Jey

araj

ah,C

.E.P

arke

r,M

.T.S

umm

er,&

K.B

.Tom

er.

Mat

rix-a

ssis

ted

lase

rde

sorp

tion

ioni

zatio

n/m

ass

spec

trom

etry

map

ping

ofhu

man

imm

unod

efici

ency

viru

s-gp

120

epito

pes

reco

gniz

edby

alim

ited

poly

clon

alan

tibod

y.J

Am

So

cM

ass

Sp

ect

rom9:

157–

65,1

998.

(Med

line:

9834

4538

).

[Jia

ng(1

998)

]S

.Ji

ang,

K.

Lin,

&M

.Lu

.A

conf

orm

atio

n-sp

ecifi

cm

ono-

clon

alan

tibod

yre

actin

gw

ithfu

sion

-act

ive

gp41

from

the

hum

anim

mun

-od

efici

ency

viru

sty

pe1

enve

lope

glyc

opro

tein

.J

Viro

l72:

1021

3–7,

1998

.(M

edlin

e:99

0309

35)

Not

es:

MA

bN

C-1

spec

ifica

llyre

cogn

izes

the

fuso

-ge

nic

core

ofgp

41,

whi

chal

low

sfo

ran

alys

isof

CD

4-in

duce

dco

nfor

ma-

tiona

lcha

nges

ingp

120

and

gp41

asw

ella

sid

entifi

catio

nof

med

iato

rsfo

rH

IV-1

fusi

on.

[Kal

land

(199

4a)]

K.H

.Kal

land

,A.M

Szi

lvay

,K.A

.Bro

ksta

d,W

.Sae

trev

ik,

&G

.H

auke

nes.

The

hum

anim

mun

odefi

cien

cyvi

rus

type

1R

evpr

otei

nsh

uttle

sbe

twee

nth

ecy

topl

asm

and

nucl

ear

com

part

men

ts.

Mo

lCe

llB

iol

14:7

436–

7444

,19

94a.

(Med

line:

9502

1273

)N

otes

:Te

nan

ti-N

efM

Abs

wer

ege

nera

ted

and

map

ped.

Nef

isex

pres

sed

intw

ois

omor

phic

form

s,an

dw

assh

own

tobe

expr

esse

dm

ainl

yin

the

Gol

gico

mpl

exan

dat

the

nucl

ear

mem

bran

e,bu

tocc

asio

nally

xin

the

nucl

eus,

part

icul

arly

inM

T-4

cells

.

Ant

ibod

yR

efer

ence

sB Cell

IV-D

-20

DE

C20

00

[Kal

land

(199

4b)]

K.H

.Kal

land

,A.M

Szi

lvay

,E.L

angh

off,

&G

.Hau

kene

s.S

ubce

llula

rdi

strib

utio

nof

hum

anim

mun

odefi

cien

cyvi

rus

type

1R

evan

dco

loca

lizat

ion

ofR

evw

ithR

NA

splic

ing

fact

ors

ina

spec

kled

patte

rnin

the

nucl

eopl

asm

.JV

irol6

8:14

75–1

485,

1994

b.(M

edlin

e:94

1498

36).

[Kam

inch

ik(1

990)

]J.

Kam

inch

ik,N

.Bas

han,

D.P

inch

asi,

B.A

mit,

N.S

arve

r,M

.I.J

ohns

ton,

M.F

isch

er,Z

.Yav

inan

dM

Gor

ecki

,&A

.Pan

et.E

xpre

ssio

nan

dbi

oche

mic

alch

arac

teriz

atio

nof

hum

anim

mun

odefi

cien

cyvi

rus

type

1ne

fgen

epr

oduc

t.JV

irol6

4:34

47–3

454,

1990

.(M

edlin

e:90

2790

77).

[Kan

g(1

994)

]C

.-Y.

Kan

g,K

.Har

ihar

an,P

.L.N

ara,

J.S

odro

ski,

&J.

P.M

oore

.Im

mun

izat

ion

with

aso

lubl

eC

D4-

gp12

0co

mpl

expr

efer

entia

llyin

duce

sne

utra

lizin

gan

ti-hu

man

imm

unod

efici

ency

viru

sty

pe1

antib

odie

sdi

rect

edto

conf

orm

atio

n-de

pend

ente

pito

pes

ofgp

120.

JV

irol6

8:58

54–5

862,

1994

.(M

edlin

e:94

3351

02)N

otes

:Mos

toft

heM

Abs

gene

rate

din

this

stud

yw

ere

conf

orm

atio

nal,

butt

here

wer

efo

urth

atbo

und

aV

3lo

oppe

ptid

e.T

hese

four

coul

dne

utra

lize

lab

stra

ins

with

diffe

rent

effic

ienc

ies.

The

seM

Abs

wer

eve

ryse

nsiti

veto

subs

titut

ions

inth

eV

3lo

op,b

utal

soto

subs

titut

ions

inth

eba

seof

the

V1/

V2

loop

stru

ctur

e(1

20/1

21V

K/L

E),

indi

catin

gan

unde

rlyin

gco

nfor

mat

iona

lcha

ract

er.A

dditi

onal

ly,m

any

anti-

CD

4bi

ndin

gsi

teM

Abs

wer

ede

scrib

ed,t

hats

hare

da

sens

itivi

tyto

subs

titut

ions

atre

sidu

es36

8an

d37

0.A

noth

ercl

ass

ofM

Abs

was

foun

dth

atap

pear

edto

beco

nfor

mat

iona

llyse

nsiti

ve,a

ndsh

ared

are

duct

ion

inbi

ndin

gw

ithth

eam

ino

acid

subs

titut

ion

88N

/Pin

the

C1

dom

ain.

[Kar

wow

ska

(199

2a)]

S.

Kar

wow

ska,

M.

K.

Gor

ny,

A.

Buc

hbin

der,

V.G

i-an

akak

os,C

.Will

iam

s,T.

Fue

rst,

&S

.Zol

la-P

azne

r.P

rodu

ctio

nof

hum

anm

onoc

lona

lant

ibod

ies

spec

ific

for

conf

orm

atio

nala

ndlin

ear

non-

V3

epi-

tope

sof

gp12

0.AID

SR

es

Hu

mR

etr

oviru

ses8:10

99–1

106,

1992

a.(M

edlin

e:92

3687

27)N

otes

:Asi

ngle

linea

rMA

bw

asge

nera

ted,

toth

eim

mun

odom

i-na

ntdo

mai

nin

the

C-t

erm

inal

port

ion

ofgp

120.

Thi

san

tibod

ydi

dno

tinh

ibit

rCD

4-rg

p120

bind

ing

orne

utra

lize

IIIB

orM

N.T

hree

conf

orm

atio

nale

pi-

tope

bind

ing

MA

bsw

ere

also

desc

ribed

inth

ispa

per

that

coul

dne

utra

lize

IIIB

and

MN

.

[Kar

wow

ska

(199

2b)]

S.K

arw

owsk

a,M

.K.G

orny

,A.B

uchb

inde

r,&

S.Z

olla

-P

azne

r.Ty

pe-s

peci

fichu

man

mon

oclo

nal

antib

odie

scr

oss-

reac

tw

ithth

eV

3-lo

opof

vario

usH

IV-1

isol

ates

.Va

ccin

es

92p

ages

171–

174,

1992

b.N

otes

:Edi

tors

:F.B

row

n,H

.S.G

insb

erg

and

R.L

erne

r,C

old

Spr

ing

Har

bor

Labo

rato

ryP

ress

,Col

dS

prin

gH

arbo

r,N

Y.

[Kar

wow

ska

(199

3)]

S.

Kar

wow

ska,

M.

K.

Gor

ny,

S.

Cul

pepp

er,

S.

Bur

da,

S.

Laal

,K

.S

aman

ich,

&S

.Z

olla

-Paz

ner.

The

sim

ilarit

ies

and

dive

rsity

amon

ghu

man

mon

oclo

nala

ntib

odie

sto

the

CD

4-bi

ndin

gdo

mai

nof

HIV

-1.

Va

ccin

es

93p

ages

229–

232,

1993

.N

otes

:E

dito

rs:

F.B

row

n,H

.G

insb

erg

and

R.

Lern

er,

Col

dS

prin

gH

arbo

rLa

bora

tory

Pre

ss,

Col

dS

prin

gH

arbo

r,N

Y.44

7-D

was

the

mos

tbro

adly

cros

s-re

activ

ean

ti-V

3hu

man

MA

bte

sted

.

[Kau

l(19

99)]

R.

Kau

l,D

.T

raba

ttoni

,J.

Bw

ayo,

D.

Arie

nti,

A.

Zag

liani

,F.

Mw

angi

,C.K

ariu

ki,E

.Ngu

gi,K

.Mac

Don

ald,

T.B

lake

Bal

l,M

.Cle

rici,

&F.

Plu

mm

er.

HIV

-1-s

peci

ficm

ucos

alIg

Ain

aco

hort

ofH

IV-1

resi

stan

tK

enya

nse

xw

orke

rs.AID

S13

:23–

29,1

999.

(Med

line:

9922

3948

).

[Kel

ler

&A

rora

(199

9)]

M.

Kel

ler

&Y.

Aro

ra.

Inhi

bitio

nof

anti-

V3

loop

re-

spon

seto

are

com

bina

ntgp

120

SF

2va

ccin

ebe

pree

xist

ing

mon

oclo

nalA

b.A

IDS

Re

sa

nd

Hu

ma

nR

etr

oviru

ses

15:8

55–6

0,19

99.(

Med

line:

9930

8904

).

[Kel

ler

(199

3)]

P.M

.K

elle

r,B

.A

.A

rnol

d,A

.R

.S

haw

,R

.L.

Tolm

an,

F.Va

nM

iddl

esw

orth

,S.B

ondy

,V.K

.Rus

ieck

i,S

.Koe

nig,

S.Z

olla

-Paz

ner,

P.C

onar

d,E

.A

.E

min

i,&

A.

J.C

onle

y.Id

entifi

catio

nof

HIV

vacc

ine

cand

idat

epe

ptid

esby

scre

enin

gra

ndom

phag

eep

itope

libra

ries.

Viro

log

y19

3:70

9–71

6,19

93.

(Med

line:

9321

2503

)N

otes

:Alib

rary

of15

mer

sw

assc

reen

edfo

rre

activ

ityw

ith44

7-52

D.1

00s

of15

mer

sre

acte

d,of

whi

ch70

wer

ese

quen

ced.

All

buto

neco

ntai

ned

the

mot

ifG

PX

R.

[Kes

sler

(199

5)]

J.A

.Kes

sler

,P.M

.McK

enna

,E.A

.Em

ini,

&A

.J.C

onle

y.In

vitr

oas

sess

men

tof

the

ther

apeu

ticpo

tent

ialo

fan

ti-H

IV-1

mon

oclo

nal

neut

raliz

ing

antib

odie

s.Ge

nM

ee

tA

mS

oc

Mic

rob

iol95

:586

,T–

25,

1995

.N

otes

:Aid

slin

e:96

0506

22A

bstr

act.

[Kes

sler

II(1

997)

]J.

A.K

essl

erII,

P.M

.McK

enna

,E.A

.Em

ini,

C.P

.Cha

n,M

.D.P

atel

,S.K

.Gup

ta,G

.E.M

ark

III,C

.F.B

arba

sIII

,D.R

.Bur

ton,

&A

.J.

Con

ley.

Rec

ombi

nant

hum

anm

onoc

lona

lan

tibod

yIg

G1b

12ne

utra

lizes

dive

rse

hum

anim

mun

odefi

cien

cyvi

rus

type

1pr

imar

yis

olat

es.

AID

SR

es

Hu

mR

etr

oviru

ses1

3:57

5–82

,19

97.

(Med

line:

9728

1567

)N

otes

:A

nti-

CD

4bi

ndin

gdo

mai

nan

tibod

ies

gene

rally

dono

tneu

tral

ize

prim

ary

HIV

-1is

olat

es,w

ithth

eex

cept

ion

ofIg

G1b

12.M

any

prim

ary

isol

ates

wer

esh

own

tobe

neut

raliz

edby

IgG

1b12

,in

clud

ing

seve

raln

on-B

clad

ein

tern

atio

nal

isol

ates

.N

eutr

aliz

atio

nof

apr

imar

yis

olat

ew

ithM

Ab

IgG

1b12

did

not

requ

ireco

ntin

uous

expo

sure

toth

ean

tibod

y.A

com

plet

eIg

G1

mol

ecul

eof

ase

lect

edb1

2FA

bm

utan

twith

a>

400-

fold

incr

ease

inaf

finity

was

asse

mbl

edan

dev

alua

ted

inth

ein

fect

ivity

redu

ctio

nas

say

inco

mpa

rativ

est

udie

sw

ithth

epa

rent

IgG

1b12

antib

ody.

The

mut

antd

idno

tret

ain

the

leve

lofp

rimar

y

Ant

ibod

yR

efer

ence

sB Cell

IV-D

-21

DE

C20

00

isol

ate

neut

raliz

atio

npo

tenc

yof

IgG

1b12

,des

pite

the

incr

ease

inaf

finity

for

gp12

0.

[Kho

uri(

1995

)]Y.

F.K

hour

i,K

.McI

ntos

h,L.

Cav

acin

i,M

.Pos

ner,

M.P

agan

o,R

.Tuo

mal

a,&

W.A

.Mar

asco

.Ve

rtic

alT

rans

mis

sion

ofH

IV-1

.Cor

rela

tion

with

mat

erna

lvira

lloa

dan

dpl

asm

ale

vels

ofC

D4

bind

ing

site

anti-

gp12

0an

tibod

ies.

JC

linIn

vest

95:7

32–7

37,

1995

.(M

edlin

e:95

1647

06)

Not

es:

Diff

eren

ces

inle

vels

ofA

bsdi

rect

edag

ains

tth

em

onom

eric

gp12

0an

dag

ains

tthe

V3

loop

regi

onof

gp12

0w

ere

nots

igni

fican

tlydi

ffere

ntbe

twee

ntr

ansm

ittin

gan

dno

n-tr

ansm

ittin

gm

othe

rs.D

iffer

ence

sw

ere

obse

rved

inth

ele

vels

ofC

D4

bind

ing

site

antib

odie

s,as

dete

rmin

edby

the

abili

tyof

dilu

ted

mat

erna

lpl

asm

ato

inhi

bit

bind

ing

ofth

eC

D4

bind

ing

site

mon

oclo

nal

antib

ody

F10

5(M

Ab

F10

5)to

mon

omer

icgp

120.

[Kim

(199

7)]

J.J.

Kim

,V.

Ayy

avoo

,M

.L.

Bag

araz

zi,

M.

Cha

tterg

oon,

J.D

.B

oyer

,B.W

ang,

&D

.B.W

eine

r.D

evel

opm

ento

fam

ultic

ompo

nent

can-

dida

teva

ccin

efo

rH

IV-1

.Va

ccin

e15:

879–

83,1

997.

(Med

line:

9737

8941

).

[Kin

ney

Tho

mas

(198

8)]

E.

Kin

ney

Tho

mas

,J.

N.

Web

er,

J.M

cClu

re,

P.R

.C

laph

am,M

.C.S

ingh

al,M

.K.S

hriv

er,&

R.A

.Wei

ss.

Neu

tral

izin

gm

on-

oclo

nal

antib

odie

sto

the

AID

Svi

rus.

AID

S2:

25–2

9,19

88.

(Med

line:

8819

2838

).

[Kita

mur

a(1

999)

]Y.

Kita

mur

a,T.

Ishi

kaw

a,N

.Oku

i,N

.Kob

ayas

hi,T

.Kan

da,

T.S

him

ada,

K.

Miy

ake,

&K

.Yo

shiik

e.In

hibi

tion

ofre

plic

atio

nof

HIV

-1at

both

early

and

late

stag

esof

the

vira

llife

cycl

eby

sing

le-c

hain

antib

ody

agai

nstv

irali

nteg

rase

.JA

cqu

irIm

mu

ne

De

ficS

ynd

rHu

mR

etr

oviro

l20

:105

–14

,199

9.(M

edlin

e:99

1399

18).

[Kla

sse

(199

3a)]

P.K

lass

e,J.

A.

McK

eatin

g,M

.S

chut

ten,

M.

S.

Rei

tz,

&M

.R

ober

t-G

urof

f.A

nim

mun

e-se

lect

edpo

int

mut

atio

nin

the

tran

smem

-br

ane

prot

ein

ofhu

man

imm

unod

efici

ency

viru

sty

pe1

(HX

B2-

Env

:Ala

582(

–>T

hr))

decr

ease

svi

raln

eutr

aliz

atio

nby

mon

oclo

nala

ntib

odie

sto

the

CD

4-bi

ndin

gsi

te.V

irolo

gy

196:

332–

337,

1993

a.(M

edlin

e:93

3624

23).

[Kla

sse

(199

1)]

P.J.

Kla

sse,

R.P

ipko

rn,&

J.B

lom

berg

.A

clus

ter

ofco

ntin

u-ou

san

tigen

icst

ruct

ures

inth

etr

ansm

embr

ane

prot

ein

ofH

IV-1

:Ind

ivid

ual

patte

rns

ofre

activ

ityin

hum

anse

ra.

Mo

lIm

mu

no

l28:

613–

622,

1991

.(M

ed-

line:

9131

9155

).

[Kla

sse

(199

3b)]

P.J.

Kla

sse,

R.P

ipko

rn,J

.Blo

mbe

rg,K

.-Y.

Han

,B.H

ilton

,&

J.A

.F

erre

tti.

Thr

ee-d

imen

sion

alst

ruct

ure

and

antig

enic

ityof

tran

smem

bran

e-pr

otei

npe

ptid

esof

the

hum

anim

mun

odefi

cien

cyvi

rus

type

1.F

EB

SL

ett

ers3

23:6

8–72

,199

3b.

(Med

line:

9326

5946

).

[Kla

sse

&S

atte

ntau

(199

6)]

P.J.

Kla

sse

&Q

.J.S

atte

ntau

.A

ltere

dC

D4

inte

r-ac

tions

ofH

IVty

pe1

LAIv

aria

nts

sele

cted

fort

heca

paci

tyto

indu

cem

em-

bran

efu

sion

inth

epr

esen

ceof

am

onoc

lona

lant

ibod

yto

dom

ain

2of

CD

4.A

IDS

Re

sH

um

Re

trov

iru

ses12:1

015–

1021

,199

6.(M

edlin

e:96

4247

56).

[Kou

p(1

991)

]R

.A.K

oup,

J.E

.Rob

inso

n,Q

.V.N

guye

n,C

.A.P

ikor

a,B

.Bla

is,

A.R

oske

y,D

.Pan

ical

i,&

J.L.

Sul

livan

.A

ntib

ody-

depe

nden

tcel

l-med

iate

dcy

toto

xici

tydi

rect

edby

ahu

man

mon

oclo

nala

ntib

ody

reac

tive

with

gp12

0of

HIV

-1.

AID

S5:

1309

–131

4,19

91.

(Med

line:

9211

8257

).

[Kro

pelin

(199

8)]

M.K

rope

lin,C

.Sus

al,V

.Dan

iel,

&G

.Ope

lz.

Inhi

bitio

nof

HIV

-1rg

p120

bind

ing

toC

D4+

Tce

llsby

mon

oclo

nala

ntib

odie

sdi

rect

edag

ains

tthe

gp12

0C

1or

C4

regi

on.

Imm

un

olL

ett6

3:19

–25,

1998

.(M

edlin

e:98

3839

39).

[Kun

ert(

1998

)]R

.Kun

ert,

F.R

uker

,&H

.Kat

inge

r.M

olec

ular

char

acte

riza-

tion

offiv

ene

utra

lizin

gan

ti-H

IVty

pe1

antib

odie

s:id

entifi

catio

nof

non-

conv

entio

nal

Dse

gmen

tsin

the

hum

anm

onoc

lona

lan

tibod

ies

2G12

and

2F5.

AID

SR

es

Hu

mR

etr

oviru

ses14:1

115–

28,1

998.

(Med

line:

9840

7601

)N

otes

:Stu

dyid

entifi

esfiv

ehu

man

MA

bsw

hich

wer

eab

leto

netu

raliz

epr

i-m

ary

isol

ates

ofdi

ffere

ntcl

adesin

vitr

oan

dre

port

sth

enu

cleo

tide

and

amin

oac

idse

quen

ces

ofth

ehe

avy

and

light

chai

nV

segm

ents

ofth

ean

tibod

ies.

[Kun

ert(

2000

)]R

.K

uner

t,W

.S

tein

felln

er,

M.

Pur

tsch

er,

A.

Ass

adia

n,&

H.

Kat

inge

r.S

tabl

ere

com

bina

ntex

pres

sion

ofth

ean

tiH

IV-1

mon

oclo

nal

antib

ody

2F5

afte

rIg

G3/

IgG

1su

bcla

sssw

itch

inC

HO

cells

.B

iote

chn

ol

Bio

en

g67:

97–1

03,2

000.

(Med

line:

2005

0117

).

[Kus

k(1

992)

]P.

Kus

k,T.

H.

Bug

ge,

B.

O.

Lind

hard

t,E

.F.

Hul

gaar

d,&

K.H

olm

back

.M

appi

ngof

linea

rB

-cel

lepi

tope

son

the

maj

orco

repr

otei

np2

4of

hum

anim

mun

odefi

cien

cyvi

rus

type

1.AID

SR

es

Hu

mR

etr

oviru

ses

8:17

89–1

794,

1992

.(M

edlin

e:93

0904

61)

Not

es:

.T

heep

itope

for

MA

bF

5-2

was

foun

dto

bere

activ

ew

ithhu

man

sera

from

HIV

-1in

fect

edin

divi

d-ua

ls,

and

reac

tivity

toth

isep

itope

was

asso

ciat

edw

ithdi

seas

epr

ogre

ssio

nan

dlo

wC

D4

T-ce

llco

unts

.

[Kus

k(1

988)

]P.

Kus

k,K

.Ulri

ch,J

.Zeu

then

,&G

.Pal

lese

n.Im

mun

olog

ical

char

acte

rizat

ion

and

dete

ctio

nof

the

maj

orco

repr

otei

np2

4of

the

hum

anim

mun

odefi

cien

cyvi

rus

(HIV

)usi

ngm

onoc

lona

lant

ibod

ies.

JA

IDS

1:32

6–33

2,19

88.

(Med

line:

8911

0736

).

Ant

ibod

yR

efer

ence

sB Cell

IV-D

-22

DE

C20

00

[Kut

tner

(199

2)]

G.

Kut

tner

,E

.G

iess

man

n,B

.N

iem

ann,

K.

Win

kler

,R

.Gru

now

,J.H

inku

la,J

.Ros

en,B

.Wah

ren,

&R

.von

Bae

hr.I

mm

unog

lobu

-lin

Vre

gion

san

dep

itope

map

ping

ofa

mur

ine

mon

oclo

nala

ntib

ody

agai

nst

p24

core

prot

ein

ofH

IV-1

.Mo

lIm

mu

no

l29:

561–

564,

1992

.(M

edlin

e:92

2279

56)

Not

es:

The

nucl

eotid

ese

quen

ceof

the

VD

JH

and

VJ L

regi

ons

ofa

mur

ine

MA

b(C

B-m

ab-p

24/1

3-5)

agai

nstp

24w

asob

tain

ed.

[Kw

ong

(199

8)]

P.D

.Kw

ong,

R.W

yatt,

J.R

obin

son,

R.W

.Sw

eet,

J.S

odro

ski,

&W

.A.H

endr

icks

on.

Str

uctu

reof

anH

IVgp

120

enve

lope

glyc

opro

tein

inco

mpl

exw

ithth

eC

D4

rece

ptor

and

ane

utra

lizin

ghu

man

antib

ody.

Na

ture

393:

648–

659,

1998

.(M

edlin

e:98

3033

79)N

otes

:Com

men

tin:

Nat

ure

1998

Jun

18;3

93(6

686)

:630

-1.

The

X-r

aycr

ysta

lst

ruct

ure

was

solv

edat

2.5

Are

solu

tion

ofH

IV-1

gp12

0co

reco

mpl

exed

with

hum

anC

D4

and

the

antig

en-

bind

ing

frag

men

tofa

neut

raliz

ing

antib

ody

that

bloc

ksch

emok

ine-

rece

ptor

bind

ing.

[Laa

l(19

94)]

S.L

aal,

S.B

urda

,M.K

.Gor

ny,S

.Kar

wow

ska,

A.B

uchb

inde

r,&

S.Z

olla

-Paz

ner.

Syn

ergi

stic

neut

raliz

atio

nof

hum

anim

mun

odefi

cien

cyvi

rus

type

1by

com

bina

tions

ofhu

man

mon

oclo

nal

antib

odie

s.JV

irol

68:4

001–

4008

,19

94.

(Med

line:

9424

674)

Not

es:

Ant

ibod

ies

toth

eC

-te

rmin

alpa

rtof

gp12

0an

dth

eV

3lo

opw

ere

show

nto

act

syne

rgis

tical

lyw

ithan

ti-C

D4

bind

ing

site

MA

bsin

term

sof

neut

raliz

atio

n.C

-ter

min

alan

-tib

odie

sdi

dno

tsyn

ergi

zeV

3lo

opM

Ab

neut

raliz

atio

n.

[LaC

asse

(199

8)]

R.

A.

LaC

asse

,K

.E

.F

ollis

,T.

Mou

dgil,

M.

Tra

hey,

J.M

.B

inle

y,V.

Pla

nelle

s,S

.Zol

la-P

azne

r,&

J.H

.Nun

berg

.Cor

ecep

toru

tiliz

atio

nby

hum

anim

mun

odefi

cien

cyvi

rus

type

1is

not

apr

imar

yde

term

inan

tof

neut

raliz

atio

nse

nsiti

vity

.JV

irol7

2:24

91–5

,19

98.

(Med

line:

9813

9151

)N

otes

:AT-

cell

line-

adap

ted

(TC

LA)

deriv

ativ

eof

SIp

rimar

yis

olat

e16

8Pac

quire

dth

eab

ility

toto

bene

utra

lized

byan

ti-V

3M

Abs

257-

D,2

68-D

and

50.1

.T

hepr

imar

yis

olat

eco

uld

use

eith

erC

CR

5or

CX

CR

4,an

dw

asno

tne

utra

lized

whe

nin

fect

ion

was

dire

cted

via

eith

erpa

thw

ay,

but

the

TC

LAde

rivat

ive

uses

CX

CR

4on

lyan

dis

neut

raliz

ed.T

hus

core

cept

orus

age

isno

tth

epr

imar

yde

term

inan

tofd

iffer

entia

lneu

tral

izat

ion

sens

itivi

tyin

prim

ary

vers

usT

CLA

stra

ins.

[Lai

sney

&S

tros

berg

(199

9)]

I.L.

Lais

ney

&A

.D.S

tros

berg

.Dua

lspe

cific

ityof

ahu

man

neut

raliz

ing

mon

oclo

nala

ntib

ody,

spec

ific

for

the

V3

loop

ofG

P12

0(H

IV-1

).Im

mu

no

lLe

tt67:

185–

92,1

999.

(Med

line:

9929

5799

).

[Lak

e(1

989)

]D

.Lak

e,T.

Sug

ano,

Y.M

atsu

mot

o,Y.

Mas

uho,

E.A

.Pet

erse

n,P.

Feo

rino,

&E

.M

.H

ersh

.A

Hyb

ridom

aP

rodu

cing

Hum

anM

onoc

lona

l

Ant

ibod

yS

peci

ficfo

rG

lyco

prot

ein

120k

Da

ofH

uman

Imm

unod

efici

ency

Viru

s(H

IV-1

).L

ifeS

cie

nce

s45:

iii–x

,198

9.(M

edlin

e:90

0430

18).

[Lak

e(1

992)

]D

.F.L

ake,

T.K

awam

ura,

T.To

miy

ama,

W.E

.Rob

inso

n,Y.

Mat

-su

mot

o,Y.

Mas

uho,

&E

.M

.H

ersh

.G

ener

atio

nan

dch

arac

teriz

atio

nof

ahu

man

mon

oclo

nala

ntib

ody

that

neut

raliz

esdi

vers

eH

IV-1

isol

ates

invi

tro.

AID

S6:

17–2

4,19

92.

(Med

line:

9218

1621

).

[Lam

an(1

992)

]J.

D.L

aman

,M.M

.Sch

elle

kens

,Y.H

.Aba

ciog

lu,G

.K.L

ewis

,M

.Ter

smet

te,R

.A.M

.Fou

chie

r,J.

P.M

.Lan

gedu

k,E

.Cla

asse

n,&

W.J

.A.

Boe

rsm

a.Va

riant

-spe

cific

mon

oclo

nala

ndgr

oup-

spec

ific

poly

clon

alhu

man

imm

unod

efici

ency

viru

sty

pe1

neut

raliz

ing

antib

odie

sra

ised

with

synt

hetic

pept

ides

from

the

gp12

0th

irdva

riabl

edo

mai

n.JV

irol6

6:18

23–1

831,

1992

.(M

edlin

e:92

3337

09).

[Lam

an(1

993)

]J.

D.

Lam

an,

M.

M.

Sch

elle

kens

,G

.K

.Le

wis

,J.

P.M

oore

,T.

J.M

atth

ews,

J.P.

M.

Lang

edijk

,R

.H

.M

eloe

n,W

.J.

A.

Boe

rsm

a,&

E.C

laas

sen.

AH

idde

nR

egio

nin

the

Thi

rdVa

riabl

eD

omai

nof

HIV

-1III

Bgp

120

Iden

tified

bya

Mon

oclo

nalA

ntib

ody.A

IDS

Re

sH

um

Re

trov

iru

ses

9:60

5–61

2,19

93.

(Med

line:

9337

8781

)N

otes

:Ape

ptid

e(F

VT

IGK

IGN

M-

RQ

AH

C)i

nduc

edM

Ab

bind

sto

the

carb

oxy-

term

inal

flank

ofth

eV

3-lo

op,

butt

heep

itope

ison

lyex

pose

don

gp12

0w

hen

itis

trea

ted

with

SD

S-D

TT.

[Lan

gedi

jk(1

991)

]J.

P.M

.Lan

gedi

jk,N

.K.T

.Bac

k,P.

J.D

urda

,J.G

ouds

mit,

&R

.H.M

eloe

n.N

eutr

aliz

ing

activ

ityof

anti-

pept

ide

antib

odie

sag

ains

tthe

prin

cipa

lneu

tral

izat

ion

dom

ain

ofhu

man

imm

unod

efici

ency

viru

sty

pe1.

JG

en

Viro

l72:

2519

–252

6,19

91.

(Med

line:

9201

3970

)N

otes

:MA

bsw

ere

rais

edag

ains

tR

IQR

GP

GR

AF

VT

IGK

byim

mun

izin

gm

ice.

Fin

est

ruct

ure

ofM

Ab

bind

ing

site

sw

asm

appe

dus

ing

peps

can.

Pre

serv

atio

nof

the

βtu

rnat

the

tipof

the

loop

was

criti

cal.

[Lan

gedi

jk(1

992)

]J.

P.M

.La

nged

ijk,

N.

K.

T.B

ack,

E.

Kin

ney-

Tho

mas

,C

.Bru

ck,M

.Fra

ncot

te,J

.Gou

dsm

it,&

R.H

.Mel

oen.

Com

paris

onan

dfin

em

appi

ngof

both

high

and

low

neut

raliz

ing

mon

oclo

nala

ntib

odie

sag

ains

tth

epr

inci

paln

eutr

aliz

atio

ndo

mai

nof

HIV

-1.Arc

hV

irol1

26:1

29–1

46,1

992.

(Med

line:

9239

8435

).

[Lan

gedi

jk(1

995)

]J.

P.M

.Lan

gedi

jk,G

.Zw

art,

J.G

ouds

mit,

&R

.H.M

eloe

n.F

ine

Spe

cific

ityof

antib

ody

reco

gniti

onm

aypr

edic

tam

ino

acid

subs

titut

ion

inth

eth

irdva

riabl

ere

gion

ofgp

120

durin

gH

IVTy

pe1

infe

ctio

n.AID

SR

es

Hu

mR

etr

oviru

ses11

:115

3–62

,19

95.

(Med

line:

9615

7202

)N

otes

:To

inve

stig

ate

how

HIV

-1es

cape

sfr

omre

cogn

ition

,a

pane

lof

V3

pept

ides

Ant

ibod

yR

efer

ence

sB Cell

IV-D

-23

DE

C20

00

base

don

sequ

ence

sde

rived

from

6H

IV-1

posi

tive

indi

vidu

als

was

test

edfo

rre

activ

ityw

ithau

tolo

gous

sera

sam

pled

over

time.

The

V3

regi

onun

derg

oes

imm

une

esca

peth

roug

hm

utat

ion.

[Las

ky(1

987)

]L.

A.

Lask

y,G

.N

akam

ura,

D.

H.

Sm

ith,

C.

Fen

nie,

C.

Shi

-m

asak

i,E

.P

atze

r,P.

Ber

man

,T.

Gre

gory

,&

D.

J.C

apon

.D

elin

eatio

nof

aR

egio

nof

the

Hum

anIm

mun

odefi

cien

cyV

irus

Type

1gp

120

Gly

copr

o-te

inC

ritic

alfo

rIn

tera

ctio

nw

ithth

eC

D4

Rec

epto

r.Ce

ll50

:975

–985

,198

7.(M

edlin

e:87

3017

41).

[Lee

(199

5)]

C.-

N.

Lee,

J.R

obin

son,

G.

Maz

zara

,Y.

-L.

Che

ng,

M.

Ess

ex,

&T.

-H.L

ee.

Con

trib

utio

nof

hype

rvar

iabl

edo

mai

nsto

the

conf

orm

atio

nof

abr

oadl

yne

utra

lizin

ggl

ycop

rote

in12

0ep

itope

.A

IDS

Re

sH

um

Re

trov

iru

ses

11:7

77–7

81,

1995

.(M

edlin

e:96

0538

39)

Not

es:

Del

etio

nof

the

V4

orV

5do

mai

ns,

inco

ntra

stto

the

V1,

V2

and

V3

dom

ains

ofgp

120,

affe

ctth

ebr

oadl

yne

utra

lizin

gep

itope

reco

gniz

edby

1.5e

bydi

stur

bing

the

over

all

conf

orm

atio

nof

the

enve

lope

prot

ein.

[Lee

(199

7)]

S.

Lee,

K.

Ped

en,

D.

S.

Dim

itrov

,C

.C

.B

rode

r,J.

Man

isch

e-w

itz,G

.Den

isov

a,J.

M.G

ersh

oni,

&H

.Gol

ding

.E

nhan

cem

ento

fhum

anim

mun

odefi

cien

cyvi

rus

type

1en

velo

pe-m

edia

ted

fusi

onby

aC

D4-

gp12

0co

mpl

ex-s

peci

ficm

onoc

lona

lant

ibod

y.JV

irol7

1:60

37–4

3,19

97.(

Med

line:

9736

6665

).

[Leg

aste

lois

&D

esgr

ange

s(20

00)]

I.Le

gast

eloi

s&

C.

Des

gran

ges.

Des

ign

and

intr

acel

lula

rac

tivity

ofa

hum

ansi

ngle

-cha

inan

tibod

yto

hum

anim

-m

unod

efici

ency

viru

sty

pe1

cons

erve

dgp

41ep

itope

.J

Viro

l74

:571

2–5,

2000

.(M

edlin

e:20

2838

32).

[Les

car

(199

9)]

J.Le

scar

,J.B

rynd

a,P.

Rez

acov

a,R

.Sto

urac

ova,

M.M

.Rio

t-to

t,V.

Chi

tarr

a,M

.Fab

ry,M

.Hor

ejsi

,J.S

edla

cek,

&G

.A.B

entle

y.In

hibi

tion

ofth

eH

IV-1

and

HIV

-2pr

otea

ses

bya

mon

oclo

nala

ntib

ody.Pro

tein

Sci

8:26

86–9

6,19

99.

(Med

line:

2009

5845

).

[Les

car

(199

6)]

J.Le

scar

,R.S

tour

acov

a,M

.M.R

iotto

t,V.

Chi

tarr

a,J.

Bry

nda,

M.F

abry

,M.H

orej

si,J

.Sed

lace

k,&

G.A

.Ben

tley.

Pre

limin

ary

crys

tallo

-gr

aphi

cst

udie

sof

anan

ti-H

IV-1

prot

ease

antib

ody

whi

chin

hibi

tsen

zym

eac

tivity

.Pro

tein

Sci

5:96

6–96

8,19

96.

(Med

line:

9630

3819

).

[Les

car

(199

7)]

J.Le

scar

,R.S

tour

acov

a,M

.M.R

iotto

t,V.

Chi

tarr

a,J.

Bry

nda,

M.

Fab

ry,

M.

Hor

ejsi

,J.

Sed

lace

k,&

G.

A.

Ben

tley.

Thr

ee-d

imen

sion

alst

ruct

ure

ofan

Fab

-pep

tide

com

plex

:str

uctu

ralb

asis

ofH

IV-1

prot

ease

inhi

-bi

tion

bya

mon

oclo

nala

ntib

ody.J

Mo

lBio

l267

:120

7–22

,199

7.(M

edlin

e:

9729

4651

)N

otes

:(G

enba

nk:

U62

632

U62

633)

F11

.2.3

2is

aM

Ab

rais

edag

ains

tH

IV-1

prot

ease

whi

chin

hibi

tspr

oteo

lytic

activ

ity.

The

stru

ctur

eof

the

com

plex

ofth

eF

abfr

agm

ent

and

the

synt

hetic

pept

ide

that

itbi

nds

to,

resi

dues

36to

46of

prot

ease

,ha

vebe

ende

term

ined

at2.

2A

Are

solu

tion,

and

that

ofth

eF

abin

the

free

stat

eha

sbe

ende

term

ined

at2.

6A

Are

solu

tion.

The

conf

orm

atio

nof

the

boun

dpe

ptid

esh

ows

noov

eral

lstr

uctu

rals

imila

rity

toth

eco

rres

pond

ing

segm

enti

nH

IV-1

prot

ease

.

[Lev

in(1

997)

]R

.Lev

in,A

.M.M

hash

ilkar

,T.D

orfm

an,A

.Buk

ovsk

y,C

.Zan

i,J.

Bag

ley,

J.H

inku

la,M

.Nie

drig

,J.A

lber

t,B

.Wah

ren,

H.G

.Got

tling

er,&

W.A

.Mar

asco

.In

hibi

tion

ofea

rlyan

dla

teev

ents

ofth

eH

IV-1

repl

icat

ion

cycl

eby

cyto

plas

mic

Fab

intr

abod

ies

agai

nst

the

mat

rixpr

otei

n,p1

7.M

ol

Me

d3:

96–1

10,1

997.

(Med

line:

9723

9591

).

[Lev

y-M

intz

(199

6)]

P.Le

vy-M

intz

,L.D

uan,

H.Z

hang

,B.H

u,G

.Dor

nadu

la,

M.

Zhu

,J.

Kul

kosk

y,D

.B

izub

-Ben

der,

A.

M.

Ska

lka,

&R

.J.

Pom

eran

tz.

Intr

acel

lula

rex

pres

sion

ofsi

ngle

-cha

inva

riabl

efr

agm

ents

toin

hibi

tea

rlyst

ages

ofth

evi

ral

life

cycl

eby

targ

etin

ghu

man

imm

unod

efici

ency

viru

sty

pe1

Inte

gras

e.JV

irol7

0:88

21–8

832,

1996

.(M

edlin

e:97

1260

87)

Not

es:

See

com

men

tsin

JV

irol1

998

Apr

;72(

4):3

505-

6.

[Lew

is(1

991)

]G

.Le

wis

,Y.

Aba

ciog

lu,

T.F

outs

,J.

Sam

son,

M.

Moo

rem

an,

G.

Bau

er,

R.

Tus

kan,

G.

Col

e,&

R.

Kam

in-L

ewis

.E

pito

pedo

min

ance

inth

ean

tibod

yre

spon

seto

reco

mbi

nant

gp16

0of

HIV

-IIIB

.V

acc

ine

s9

1pag

es15

7–16

3,19

91.

Not

es:E

dito

rs:F

.Bro

wn,

R.C

hano

ckan

dH

.S.G

insb

erg

and

R.

Lern

erC

old

Spr

ing

Har

bor

Labo

rato

ryP

ress

,C

old

Spr

ing

Har

bor,

NY.

[Li(

1997

)]A

.Li

,T.

W.

Bab

a,J.

Sod

rosk

i,S

.Z

olla

-Paz

ner,

M.

K.

Gor

ny,

J.R

obin

son,

M.

R.

Pos

ner,

H.

Kat

inge

r,C

.F.

Bar

bas

III,

D.

R.

Bur

ton,

T.-C

.C

hou,

&R

.M

Rup

rech

t.S

yner

gist

icne

utra

lizat

ion

ofa

chim

eric

SIV

/HIV

type

1vi

rus

with

com

bina

tions

ofhu

man

anti-

HIV

type

1en

velo

pem

onoc

lona

lant

ibod

ies

orhy

perim

mun

egl

obul

ins.AID

SR

es

an

dH

um

an

Re

trov

iru

ses1

3:64

7–65

6,19

97.

(Med

line:

9168

233)

Not

es:M

ultip

leco

m-

bina

tions

ofM

Abs

wer

ete

sted

for

thei

rab

ility

tosy

nerg

ize

neut

raliz

atio

nof

aS

HIV

cons

truc

tcon

tain

ing

HIV

IIIB

env.

All

ofth

eM

Ab

com

bina

tions

trie

dw

ere

syne

rgis

tic,s

ugge

stin

gsu

chco

mbi

natio

nsm

aybe

usef

ulfo

rpa

s-si

veim

mun

othe

rapy

orim

mun

opro

phyl

axis

.Bec

ause

SH

IVca

nre

plic

ate

inrh

esus

mac

aque

s,su

chap

proa

ches

can

pote

ntia

llybe

stud

ied

inan

itin

vivo

mon

key

mod

el.

Ant

ibod

yR

efer

ence

sB Cell

IV-D

-24

DE

C20

00

[Li(

1998

)]A

.Li

,H

.K

atin

ger,

M.

R.

Pos

ner,

L.C

avac

ini,

S.

Zol

la-P

azne

r,M

.K

.G

orny

,J.

Sod

rosk

i,T.

C.

Cho

u,T.

W.

Bab

a,&

R.

M.

Rup

rech

t.S

yner

gist

icne

utra

lizat

ion

ofsi

mia

n-hu

man

imm

unod

efici

ency

viru

sS

HIV

-vp

u+by

trip

lean

dqu

adru

ple

com

bina

tions

ofhu

man

mon

oclo

nala

ntib

odie

san

dhi

gh-t

itera

nti-h

uman

imm

unod

efici

ency

viru

sty

pe1

imm

unog

lobu

lins.

JV

irol7

2:32

35–4

0,19

98.

(Med

line:

9818

4563

).

[Li(

1993

)]X

.Li,

E.A

man

doro

n,M

.A.W

ainb

erg,

&M

.A.P

arni

ak.

Gen

era-

tion

and

char

acte

rizat

ion

ofm

urin

em

onoc

lona

lant

ibod

ies

reac

tive

agai

nst

N-t

erm

inal

and

othe

rre

gion

sof

HIV

-1re

vers

etr

ansc

ripta

se.

JM

ed

Viro

l39

:251

–259

,199

3.(M

edlin

e:93

2249

19).

[Lia

o(2

000)

]M

.Lia

o,Y.

Lu,Y

.Xia

o,M

.P.D

ieric

h,&

Y.C

hen.

Indu

ctio

nof

high

leve

lofs

peci

fican

tibod

yre

spon

seto

the

neut

raliz

ing

epito

peE

LDK

WA

onH

IV-1

gp41

bype

ptid

e-va

ccin

e*[In

Pro

cess

Cita

tion]

.P

ep

tide

s21:

463–

8,20

00.

(Med

line:

2028

3864

).

[Lin

sley

(198

8)]

P.S

.Lin

sley

,J.A

.Led

bette

r,E

.Kin

ney-

Tho

mas

,&S

.-L.

Hu.

Effe

cts

ofA

nti-g

p120

Mon

oclo

nalA

ntib

odie

son

CD

4R

ecep

torB

indi

ngby

the

env

Pro

tein

ofH

uman

Imm

unod

efici

ency

Viru

sTy

pe1.

JV

irol6

2:36

95–

3702

,198

8.(M

edlin

e:88

3331

43).

[Lio

u(1

989)

]R

.S.L

iou,

E.M

.Ros

en,M

.S.C

.Fun

g,W

.N.C

.Sun

,C.S

un,

W.G

ordo

n,N

.T.C

hang

,&T.

W.C

hang

.Ach

imer

icm

ouse

-hum

anan

tibod

yth

atre

tain

ssp

ecifi

city

for

HIV

-1gp

120

and

med

iate

sth

ely

sis

ofth

eH

IV-

1-in

fect

edce

lls.J

Imm

un

ol1

43:3

967–

3975

,198

9.(M

edlin

e:90

0789

97).

[Litw

in(1

996)

]V.

Litw

in,K

.A.N

agas

him

a,A

.M.R

yder

,C.H

.Cha

ng,J

.M.

Car

ver,

W.C

.Ols

on,M

.Aliz

on,K

.W.H

asel

,P.J

.Mad

don,

&G

.P.A

llaw

ay.

Hum

anim

mun

odefi

cien

cyvi

rus

type

1m

embr

ane

fusi

onm

edia

ted

bya

labo

rato

ry-a

dapt

edst

rain

and

apr

imar

yis

olat

ean

alyz

edby

reso

nanc

een

ergy

tran

sfer

.JV

irol7

0:64

37–6

441,

1996

.(M

edlin

e:96

3231

71)

Not

es:F

usio

nof

prim

ary

(JR

FL)

and

TC

LA(L

AI)

stra

ins

ofth

evi

rus

wer

est

udie

d.T

hede

gree

,kin

etic

s,ne

utra

lpH

and

diva

lent

catio

nsre

quire

men

tsw

ere

sim

ilar

for

mem

bran

efu

sion

for

both

viru

ses.

How

ever

,th

ein

hibi

tion

offu

sion

bysC

D4

and

CD

4-Ig

G2

occu

rred

atvi

rus

neut

raliz

atio

nco

ncen

trat

ions

for

JRF

L,bu

thig

her

conc

entr

atio

nsw

ere

requ

ired

toin

hibi

tLA

Ifus

ion

than

tone

utra

lize

LAI,

sugg

estin

gth

atvi

raln

eutr

aliz

atio

nan

dfu

sion

-inhi

bitio

nar

edi

stin

ct.

[Liu

(199

5)]

X.L

iu,A

.Ota

,M.W

atan

abe,

S.U

eda,

A.S

aito

h,H

.Shi

naga

wa,

A.

Nak

ata,

T.K

urim

ura,

X.

Wan

g,Y.

Zha

o,&

etal

.T

hree

antig

enic

re-

gion

sin

p17

ofhu

man

imm

unod

efici

ency

viru

sty

pe1

(HIV

-1)

reve

aled

by

mou

sem

onoc

lona

lant

ibod

ies

and

hum

anan

tibod

ies

inH

IV-1

carr

ier

sera

.M

icro

bio

lIm

mu

no

l39:

775–

85,1

995.

(Med

line:

9615

6439

).

[Llo

rent

e(1

999)

]M

.Ll

oren

te,

S.

San

chez

-Pal

omin

o,S

.M

anes

,P.

Luca

s,L.

Kre

mer

,I.

M.

De

Alb

oran

,J.

L.To

ran,

J.A

lcam

i,G

.D

elR

eal,

&M

.-A

.C

.N

atur

alhu

man

antib

odie

sre

trie

ved

byph

age

disp

lay

libra

ries

from

heal

thy

dono

rs:p

olyr

eact

ivity

and

reco

gniti

onof

hum

anim

mun

odefi

cien

cyvi

rus

type

1gp1

20ep

itope

s.Sca

nd

JIm

mu

no

l50:2

70–9

,19

99.

(Med

line:

9937

7229

).

[Loc

her

(199

9)]

C.

P.Lo

cher

,R

.M

.G

rant

,E

.A

.C

ollis

son,

G.

Rey

es-T

eran

,T.

Elb

eik,

J.O

.K

ahn,

&J.

A.

Levy

.A

ntib

ody

and

cellu

lar

imm

une

re-

spon

ses

inbr

eakt

hrou

ghin

fect

ion

subj

ects

afte

rH

IVty

pe1

glyc

opro

tein

120

vacc

inat

ion.

AID

SR

es

Hu

mR

etr

oviru

ses15:1

685–

9,19

99.

(Med

line:

2007

2107

).

[Loo

mis

-Pric

e(1

997)

]L.

D.

Loom

is-P

rice,

M.

Levi

,P.

R.

Bur

nett,

J.E

.va

nH

amon

t,R

.A.S

hafe

r,B

.Wah

ren,

&D

.L.B

irx.

Line

arep

itope

map

ping

ofhu

mor

alre

spon

ses

indu

ced

byva

ccin

atio

nw

ithre

com

bina

ntH

IV-1

Env

e-lo

pepr

otei

ngp

160.J

Ind

Mic

rob

iolB

iote

chn

ol19

:58–

65,1

997.

(Med

line:

9742

6676

).

[Lop

alco

(199

3)]

L.Lo

palc

o,R

.Lo

nghi

,F.

Cic

com

asco

lo,

A.

De

Ros

si,

M.P

elag

i,F.

And

roni

co,J

.P.M

oore

,B.T

.Sch

ulz,

A.B

eret

ta,&

A.G

.Sic

-ca

rdi.

Iden

tifica

tion

ofhu

man

imm

unod

efici

ency

viru

sty

pe1

glyc

opro

tein

gp12

0/gp

41in

tera

ctin

gsi

tes

byth

eid

ioty

pic

mim

icry

oftw

om

onoc

lona

lan-

tibod

ies.

AID

SR

es

Hu

mR

etr

oviru

ses9:33

–39,

1993

.(M

edlin

e:93

1522

84)

Not

es:

The

MA

bM

38bi

nds

toth

eca

rbox

yte

rmin

usof

gp12

0,in

agp

41bi

ndin

gre

gion

.Thi

sM

Ab

was

used

tocr

eate

anan

ti-id

ioty

peM

Ab,

9G5A

,w

hich

can

bind

togp

41at

the

base

ofth

ecy

stei

nelo

op.T

hebi

ndin

gdo

mai

nsof

thes

etw

om

onoc

lona

lsar

eco

nsis

tent

with

the

C5

dom

ain

ofgp

120

bein

gab

leto

bind

toth

egp

41cy

stei

nelo

op.T

heM

Ab

M38

also

bind

sto

hum

anH

LAm

olec

ules

,in

antig

enic

hom

olog

yor

poss

ibly

mol

ecul

arm

imic

ry.

[Lu

(200

0a)]

Y.Lu

,Y.X

iao,

J.D

ing,

M.D

ieric

h,&

Y.H

.Che

n.Im

mun

ogen

ic-

ityof

neut

raliz

ing

epito

pes

onm

ultip

le-e

pito

peva

ccin

esag

ains

tHIV

-1.

Int

Arc

hA

llerg

yIm

mu

no

l121:

80–4

,200

0a.

(Med

line:

2015

3311

).

[Lu

(200

0b)]

Y.Lu

,Y.

Xia

o,J.

Din

g,M

.P.

Die

rich,

&Y.

H.

Che

n.M

ulti-

epito

peva

ccin

esin

tens

ivel

yin

crea

sed

leve

lsof

antib

odie

sre

cogn

izin

gth

ree

neut

raliz

ing

epito

pes

onhu

man

imm

unod

efici

ency

viru

s-1

enve

lope

prot

ein.

Sca

nd

JIm

mu

no

l51:4

97–5

01,2

000b

.(M

edlin

e:20

2534

66).

Ant

ibod

yR

efer

ence

sB Cell

IV-D

-25

DE

C20

00

[Lun

din

(199

6)]

K.

Lund

in,

A.

Sam

uels

son,

M.

Jans

son,

J.H

inku

laJ,

B.

Wah

ren,

H.

Wig

zell,

&M

.A

.P

erss

on.

Pep

tides

isol

ated

from

rand

ompe

ptid

elib

rarie

son

phag

eel

icit

ane

utra

lizin

gan

ti-H

IV-1

resp

onse

:an

aly-

sis

ofim

mun

olog

ical

mim

icry

.Imm

un

olo

gy8

9:57

9–58

6,19

96.

(Med

line:

9014

825)

.

[Ly

&S

tam

atat

os(2

000)

]A

.Ly

&L.

Sta

mat

atos

.V

2lo

opgl

ycos

ylat

ion

ofth

ehu

man

imm

unod

efici

ency

viru

sty

pe1

SF

162

enve

lope

faci

litat

esin

ter-

actio

nof

this

prot

ein

with

CD

4an

dC

CR

5re

cept

ors

and

prot

ects

the

viru

sfr

omne

utra

lizat

ion

byan

ti-V

3lo

opan

dan

ti-C

D4

bind

ing

site

antib

odie

s[In

Pro

cess

Cita

tion]

.JV

irol7

4:67

69–7

6,20

00.

(Med

line:

2034

7338

).

[Mac

ieje

wsk

i(19

95)]

J.P.

Mac

ieje

wsk

i,F.

F.W

eich

old,

N.S

.You

ng,A

.Car

a,D

.Z

ella

,M

.S

.R

eitz

Jr,

&R

.C

.G

allo

.In

trac

ellu

lar

expr

essi

onof

an-

tibod

yfr

agm

ents

dire

cted

agai

nst

HIV

reve

rse

tran

scrip

tase

prev

ents

HIV

infe

ctio

nin

vitr

o.N

atM

ed1

:667

–673

,199

5.(M

edlin

e:96

0715

29)

Not

es:

Tra

nsdu

ctio

nof

gene

sth

aten

code

and

expr

ess

anti-

RT

Fab

inhi

bit

the

en-

zym

e,m

akin

gce

llsre

sist

antt

oH

IVin

fect

ion

bybl

ocki

ngan

early

stag

eof

vira

lrep

licat

ion.

The

auth

ors

prop

ose

that

iftr

ansd

uctio

nof

ave

ctor

into

lym

phoh

aem

atop

oiet

icst

emce

llsor

mat

ure

lym

phoc

ytes

beco

mes

feas

ible

,ge

netr

ansf

erth

erap

yha

spr

omis

efo

rtr

eatin

gA

IDS

.

[Mae

da(1

992)

]Y.

Mae

da,S

.Mat

sush

ita,T

.Hat

tori,

T.M

urak

ami,

&K

.Tak

at-

suki

.Cha

nges

inth

eR

eact

ivity

and

Neu

tral

izin

gA

ctiv

ityof

aTy

pe-S

peci

ficN

eutr

aliz

ing

Mon

oclo

nalA

ntib

ody

Indu

ced

byIn

tera

ctio

nof

Sol

uble

CD

4w

ithgp

120.

AID

SR

es

Hu

mR

etr

oviru

ses8:20

49–2

054,

1992

.(M

edlin

e:93

1522

78).

[Man

ca(1

995)

]F.

Man

ca,D

.Fen

oglio

,M.T

.Val

le,G

.L.P

ira,A

.Kun

kl,R

.S.

Bal

dera

s,R

.G

.B

acca

la,

D.

H.

Kon

o,A

.F

erra

ris,

D.

Sav

erin

o,F.

Lan-

cia,

L.Lo

zzi,

&A

.N

.T

heofi

lopo

ulos

.H

uman

The

lper

cells

spec

ific

for

HIV

reve

rse

tran

scrip

tase

:po

ssib

lero

lein

intr

astr

uctu

ralh

elp

for

HIV

enve

lope

-spe

cific

antib

odie

s.Eu

rJ

Imm

un

ol2

5:12

17–1

223,

1995

.(M

ed-

line:

9529

3014

).

[Man

i(19

94)]

J.-C

.Man

i,V.

Mar

chi,

&C

.Cuc

urou

.E

ffect

ofH

IV-1

pept

ide

pres

enta

tion

onth

eaf

finity

cons

tant

sof

two

mon

oclo

nala

ntib

odie

sde

ter-

min

edby

BIA

core

tech

nolo

gy.M

olI

mm

un

ol3

1:43

9–44

4,19

94.

(Med

line:

9423

9428

)N

otes

:Tw

oM

Abs

are

desc

ribed

;on

e41

-1di

dno

tre

quire

the

Cys

-Cys

disu

lfide

brid

gean

dlo

opfo

rmat

ion,

the

othe

r9-1

1de

pend

son

loop

form

atio

n.

[Mar

asco

(199

2)]

W.A

.Mar

asco

,J.B

agle

y,C

.Zan

i,M

.Pos

ner,

L.C

avac

ini,

W.A

.Has

eltin

e,&

J.S

odro

ski.

Cha

ract

eriz

atio

nof

the

cDN

Aof

aB

road

lyR

eact

ive

Neu

tral

izin

gH

uman

anti-

gp12

0M

onoc

lona

lA

ntib

ody.J

Clin

Inve

st90

:146

7–14

78,1

992.

(Med

line:

9301

6879

1).

[Mar

asco

(199

3)]

W.A

.Mar

asco

,W.A

.Has

eltin

e,&

S.Y

.Che

nS

Y.

Des

ign,

intr

acel

lula

rex

pres

sion

,an

dac

tivity

ofa

hum

anan

ti-hu

man

imm

unod

efi-

cien

cyvi

rus

type

1gp

120

sing

le-c

hain

antib

ody.Pro

cN

atl

Aca

dS

ciU

SA

90:7

889–

7893

,199

3.(M

edlin

e:93

3615

51)

Not

es:C

omm

enti

n:P

roc

Nat

lA

cad

Sci

US

A19

9390

:742

7-8.

[Mar

ks(1

992)

]J.

D.

Mar

ks,

B.

Wah

ren,

G.

Gill

jam

,J.

Hin

kula

,&

G.

Win

-te

r.C

loni

ngof

anH

IV-1

neut

raliz

ing

V3

spec

ific

mon

oclo

nala

ntib

ody

and

expr

essi

onas

am

ouse

-hum

anch

imae

rican

tigen

bind

ing

frag

men

tan

dan

-tib

ody.

JA

cqu

irIm

mu

ne

De

ficS

ynd

r1991

:116

2,19

92.

Not

es:

Aid

slin

e:11

1629

1Abs

trac

t:V

IIth

Inte

rnat

iona

lCon

fere

nce

onA

IDS

,Flo

renc

e,Ita

ly,

proc

eedi

ngs.

[Mar

oun

(199

9)]

R.G

.Mar

oun,

D.K

rebs

,M.R

osha

ni,H

.Por

umb,

C.A

ucla

ir,F.

Tro

alen

,&

S.

Fer

man

djia

n.C

onfo

rmat

iona

lasp

ects

ofH

IV-1

inte

gras

ein

hibi

tion

bya

pept

ide

deriv

edfr

omth

een

zym

ece

ntra

ldo

mai

nan

dby

antib

odie

sra

ised

agai

nst

this

pept

ide.Eu

rJ

Bio

che

m26

0:14

5–55

,19

99.

(Med

line:

9919

1694

).

[Mas

cola

(199

7)]

J.R

.M

asco

la,

M.

K.

Loud

er,

T.C

.Va

nCot

t,C

.V.

Sap

an,

J.S

.La

mbe

rt,

L.R

.M

uenz

,B

.B

unow

,D

.L.

Birx

,&

M.

L.R

obb.

Pot

ent

and

syne

rgis

ticne

utra

lizat

ion

ofhu

man

imm

unod

efici

ency

viru

s(H

IV)t

ype

1pr

imar

yis

olat

esby

hype

rimm

une

anti-

HIV

imm

unog

lobu

linco

mbi

ned

with

mon

oclo

nal

antib

odie

s2F

5an

d2G

12.JV

irol

71:7

198–

206,

1997

.(M

edlin

e:97

4564

78)

Not

es:

HIV

IGde

rived

from

the

plas

ma

ofH

IV-1

-in

fect

eddo

nors

,and

MA

bs2F

5an

d2G

12w

ere

test

edag

ains

tapa

nelo

f15

clad

eB

HIV

-1is

olat

es,u

sing

asi

ngle

conc

entr

atio

nth

atis

achi

evab

lein

vivo

(HIV

IG,2

,500

mic

rog/

ml;

MA

bs,2

5m

icro

g/m

l).W

hile

the

thre

ean

tibod

yre

agen

tsne

utra

lized

man

yof

the

viru

ses

test

ed,

pote

ncy

varie

d.T

hevi

rus

neut

raliz

atio

nac

hiev

edby

doub

leor

trip

leco

mbi

natio

nsw

asge

nera

llyeq

ual

toor

grea

ter

than

that

pred

icte

dby

the

effe

ctof

indi

vidu

alan

tibod

ies,

and

the

trip

leco

mbi

natio

nw

assh

own

tobe

syne

rgis

tican

dto

have

the

grea

test

brea

dth

and

pote

ncy.

Pas

sive

imm

unot

hera

pyfo

rtr

eatm

ent

orpr

ophy

laxi

sof

HIV

-1sh

ould

cons

ider

mix

ture

sof

thes

epo

tent

neut

raliz

ing

antib

ody

reag

ents

.

Ant

ibod

yR

efer

ence

sB Cell

IV-D

-26

DE

C20

00

[Mat

suo

(199

2)]

K.

Mat

suo,

Y.N

ishi

no,

T.K

imur

a,R

.Y

amag

uchi

,A

.Y

a-m

azak

i,T.

Mik

ami,

&K

.Iku

ta.

Hig

hly

cons

erve

dep

itope

dom

ain

inm

ajor

core

prot

ein

p24

isst

ruct

ural

lysi

mila

ram

ong

hum

an,

sim

ian

and

felin

eim

mun

odefi

cien

cyvi

ruse

s.J

Ge

nV

irol7

3:24

45–2

450,

1992

.(M

edlin

e:93

0190

72)

Not

es:T

wo

MA

bsar

ede

scrib

edth

atbi

ndto

ahi

ghly

cons

erve

dre

gion

inp2

4,w

ithan

tigen

icco

nser

vatio

nbe

twee

nF

IV,S

IVan

dH

IV-1

.The

auth

ors

sugg

estt

his

mig

htbe

anim

mun

odom

inan

tdom

ain.

[Mat

sush

ita(1

992)

]S

.Mat

sush

ita,H

.Mae

da,K

.Kim

achi

,Y.E

da,Y

.Mae

da,

T.M

urak

ami,

S.

Toki

yosh

i,&

K.

Taka

tsuk

i.C

hara

cter

izat

ion

ofa

mou

se/h

uman

chim

eric

mon

oclo

nala

ntib

ody

(Cβ

1)to

apr

inci

paln

eutr

aliz

-in

gdo

mai

nof

the

hum

anim

mun

odefi

cien

cyvi

rus

type

1en

velo

pepr

otei

n.A

IDS

Re

sH

um

Re

trov

iru

ses8:11

07–1

115,

1992

.(M

edlin

e:92

3687

28).

[Mat

sush

ita(1

995)

]S

.M

atsu

shita

,S

.M

atsu

mi,

K.

Yosh

imur

a,T.

Mor

ikita

,T.

Mur

akam

i,&

K.T

akat

suki

.N

eutr

aliz

ing

mon

oclo

nala

ntib

odie

sag

ains

thu

man

imm

unod

efici

ency

viru

sty

pe2

gp12

0.JV

irol6

9:33

33–3

340,

1995

.(M

edlin

e:95

2644

21).

[Mat

sush

ita(1

988)

]S

.M

atsu

shita

,M

.R

ober

-Gur

off,

J.R

usch

e,A

.K

oito

,T.

Hat

tori,

H.

Hos

hino

,K

.Ja

vahe

rian,

K.

Taka

tsuk

i,&

S.

Put

ney.

Cha

r-ac

teriz

atio

nof

aH

uman

Imm

unod

efici

ency

Viru

sne

utra

lizin

gm

onoc

lona

lan

tibod

yan

dm

appi

ngth

ene

utra

lizin

gep

itope

.J

Viro

l62:

2107

–211

4,19

88.

(Med

line:

8821

5041

).

[McD

ouga

l(19

96)]

J.S

.M

cDou

gal,

M.

S.

Ken

nedy

,S

.L.

Orlo

ff,J.

K.

A.

Nic

hols

on,

&T.

J.S

pira

.M

echa

nism

sof

hum

anim

mun

odefi

cien

cyvi

rus

type

1(H

IV-1

)neu

tral

izat

ion:

Irre

vers

ible

inac

tivat

ion

ofin

fect

ivity

byan

ti-H

IV-1

antib

ody.

JV

irol7

0:52

36–5

245,

1996

.(M

edlin

e:96

3570

49)

Not

es:

Stu

dies

ofpo

lycl

onal

sera

auto

logo

usvi

rus

inac

tivat

ion

indi

cate

sth

atin

in-

divi

dual

sov

ertim

e,vi

ralp

opul

atio

nsem

erge

that

are

resi

stan

tto

inac

tivat

ing

effe

cts

ofea

rlier

sera

.

[McE

lrath

(200

0)]

M.

J.M

cElra

th,

L.C

orey

,D

.M

onte

fiori,

M.

Wol

ff,D

.Sch

war

tz,M

.Kee

fer,

R.B

elsh

e,B

.S.G

raha

m,T

.Mat

thew

s,P.

Wrig

ht,

G.

Gor

se,

R.

Dol

in,

P.B

erm

an,

D.

Fra

ncis

,A

.M

.D

ulie

ge,

D.

Bol

ogne

si,

D.

Sta

blei

n,N

.K

ette

r,&

P.F

ast.

Aph

ase

IIst

udy

oftw

oH

IVty

pe1

en-

velo

peva

ccin

es,c

ompa

ring

thei

rim

mun

ogen

icity

inpo

pula

tions

atris

kfo

rac

quiri

ngH

IVty

pe1

infe

ctio

n.A

IDS

Vacc

ine

Eva

luat

ion

Gro

up[In

Pro

-ce

ssC

itatio

n].A

IDS

Re

sH

um

Re

trov

iru

ses16

:907

–19,

2000

.(M

edlin

e:20

3318

71).

[McK

eatin

g(19

96)]

J.A

.McK

eatin

g.B

iolo

gica

lcon

sequ

ence

sof

hum

anim

-m

unod

efici

ency

viru

sty

pe1

enve

lope

poly

mor

phis

m:

does

varia

tion

mat

-te

r?19

95F

lem

ing

Lect

ure.J

Ge

nV

irol7

7:29

05–2

919,

1996

.(M

edlin

e:97

1524

98).

[McK

eatin

g(1

993a

)]J.

A.M

cKea

ting,

J.B

enne

tt,S

.Zol

la-P

azne

r,M

.Sch

ut-

ten,

S.

Ash

elfo

rd,

A.

Leig

h-B

row

n,&

P.B

alfe

.R

esis

tanc

eof

ahu

man

seru

m-s

elec

ted

hum

anim

mun

odefi

cien

cyvi

rus

type

1es

cape

mut

antt

one

u-tr

aliz

atio

nby

CD

4bi

ndin

gsi

tem

onoc

lona

lant

ibod

ies

isco

nfer

red

bya

sin-

gle

amin

oac

idch

ange

ingp

120.J

Viro

l67:

5216

–522

5,19

93a.

(Med

line:

9335

3595

).

[McK

eatin

g(1

992a

)]J.

A.

McK

eatin

g,J.

Cor

dell,

C.

J.D

ean,

&P.

Bal

fe.

Syn

ergi

stic

inte

ract

ion

betw

een

ligan

dsbi

ndin

gto

the

CD

4bi

ndin

gsi

tean

dV

3do

mai

nof

hum

anim

mun

odefi

cien

cyvi

rus

type

Igp

120.

Viro

log

y19

1:73

2–74

2,19

92a.

(Med

line:

9307

9876

).

[McK

eatin

g(1

992b

)]J.

A.M

cKea

ting,

J.P.

Moo

re,M

.Fer

guso

n,H

.S.M

ars-

den,

S.

Gra

ham

,J.

W.

Alm

ond,

D.

J.E

vans

,&

R.

A.

Wei

ss.

Mon

oclo

nal

antib

odie

sto

the

C4

regi

onof

hum

anim

mun

odefi

cien

cyvi

rus

type

1gp

120:

use

into

polo

gica

lana

lysi

sof

aC

D4

bind

ing

site

.A

IDS

Re

sH

um

Re

trov

iru

ses

8:45

1–45

9,19

92b.

(Med

line:

9228

7630

)N

otes

:Ant

ibod

ies

wer

ege

nera

ted

usin

gan

antig

enpo

liovi

rus

chim

era,

expr

essi

ngaa

430-

446

ofgp

120.

Re-

sults

sugg

est

that

WQ

EV

GK

AM

YAm

aybe

expo

sed

onth

esu

rfac

eof

rec

gp12

0.

[McK

eatin

g(1

993b

)]J.

A.

McK

eatin

g,C

.S

hotto

n,J.

Cor

dell,

S.

Gra

ham

,P.

Bal

fe,N

.Sul

livan

,M.C

harle

s,M

.Pag

e,A

.Bol

mst

edt,

S.O

lofs

son,

S.C

.K

aym

an,

Z.

Wu,

A.

Pin

ter,

C.

Dea

n,J.

Sod

rosk

i,&

R.

A.

Wei

ss.

Cha

rac-

teriz

atio

nof

neut

raliz

ing

mon

oclo

nala

ntib

odie

sto

linea

rand

conf

orm

atio

n-de

pend

ent

epito

pes

with

inth

efir

stan

dse

cond

varia

ble

dom

ains

ofhu

man

imm

unod

efici

ency

viru

sty

pe1

gp12

0.JV

irol6

7:49

32–4

944,

1993

b.(M

ed-

line:

9332

3237

)N

otes

:Sub

stitu

tions

inth

eV

2lo

opca

nre

sult

inco

mpl

ete

diss

ocia

tion

ofgp

120

and

gp41

,su

gges

ting

alte

ratio

nsin

V2

can

affe

ctsu

buni

tas

sem

bly.

Oth

ersu

bstit

utio

nsal

low

edgp

120-

gp41

asso

ciat

ion

and

expr

essi

on,

but

inhi

bite

dvi

rale

ntry

orsy

ncyt

ia.

Bin

ding

ofso

me

neut

ral-

izin

gM

Abs

was

alte

red

byV

2su

bstit

utio

ns.

For

MA

bC

RA

-4,

chan

ges

atre

sidu

es19

1/19

2/19

3(Y

SL/

GS

S),

and

for

11/6

8b,

chan

ges

atre

sidu

es18

3/18

4(P

I/SG

),w

ithin

V2,

and

forb

oth

MA

bsa

posi

tion

435

(Y/H

)cha

nge

inC

4,ab

roga

tebi

ndin

g.T

hese

MA

bsca

nbi

ndto

V1

and

V2

dom

ains

inth

e

Ant

ibod

yR

efer

ence

sB Cell

IV-D

-27

DE

C20

00

abse

nce

ofC

4do

mai

n,so

the

C4

subs

titut

ion

prob

ably

resu

ltsin

conf

orm

a-tio

nalc

hang

e.

[McK

eatin

g(1

992c

)]J.

A.

McK

eatin

g,M

.T

hali,

C.

Fur

man

,S

.K

arw

owsk

a,M

.K.G

orny

,J.C

orde

ll,S

.Zol

la-P

azne

r,J.

Sod

rosk

i,&

R.A

.Wei

ss.A

min

oac

idre

sidu

esof

the

hum

anim

mun

odefi

cien

cyvi

rus

type

1gp

120

criti

calf

orth

ebi

ndin

gof

rata

ndhu

man

neut

raliz

ing

antib

odie

sth

atbl

ock

the

gp12

0-sC

D4

inte

ract

ion.

Viro

log

y19

0:13

4–14

2,19

92c.

(Med

line:

9241

0588

).

[McK

eatin

g(1

996)

]J.

A.

McK

eatin

g,Y.

J.Z

hang

,C

.A

rnol

d,R

.F

rede

riks-

son,

E.

M.

Fen

yo,

&P.

Bal

fe.

Chi

mer

icvi

ruse

sex

pres

sing

prim

ary

enve

-lo

pegl

ycop

rote

ins

ofhu

man

imm

unod

efici

ency

viru

sty

peIs

how

incr

ease

dse

nsiti

vity

tone

utra

lizat

ion

byhu

man

sera

.V

irolo

gy

220:

450–

460,

1996

.(M

edlin

e:86

6139

5)N

otes

:Chi

mer

icvi

ruse

sfo

rHX

B2

with

prim

ary

isol

ate

gp12

0ga

vepa

ttern

sof

cell

trop

ism

and

cyto

path

icity

iden

tical

toth

eor

igi-

nalp

rimar

yvi

ruse

s.S

era

that

wer

eun

able

tone

utra

lize

the

prim

ary

isol

ates

wer

ein

som

eca

ses

able

tone

utra

lize

chim

eric

viru

ses,

indi

catin

gth

atso

me

ofth

ene

utra

lizin

gep

itope

sw

ere

ingp

41.

[McK

nigh

t(19

95)]

A.

McK

nigh

t,R

.A

.W

eiss

,C

.S

hotto

n,Y.

Take

uchi

,H

.H

oshi

no,

&P.

R.

Cla

pham

.C

hang

ein

trop

ism

upon

imm

une

esca

peby

hum

anim

mun

odefi

cien

cyvi

rus.J

Viro

l69:

3167

–317

0,19

95.

(Med

line:

9522

2771

).

[McL

ain

&D

imm

ock(

1994

)]L.

McL

ain

&N

.J.D

imm

ock.

Sin

gle-

and

mul

ti-hi

tkin

etic

sof

imm

unog

lobu

linG

neut

raliz

atio

nof

hum

anim

mun

odefi

cien

cyvi

rus

type

1by

mon

oclo

nala

ntib

odie

s.JG

en

Viro

l75:

1457

–146

0,19

94.

(Med

line:

9426

7431

).

[Met

las

(199

9a)]

R.M

etla

s,D

.Tra

jkov

ic,T

.Srd

ic,V

.Vel

jkov

ic,&

A.C

olom

-ba

tti.

Hum

anim

mun

odefi

cien

cyvi

rus

V3

pept

ide-

reac

tive

antib

odie

sar

epr

esen

tin

norm

alH

IV-n

egat

ive

sera

.A

IDS

Re

sH

um

Re

trov

iru

ses15:6

71–7

,19

99a.

(Med

line:

9926

0289

).

[Met

las

(199

9b)]

R.M

etla

s,D

.Tra

jkov

ic,T

.Srd

ic,V

.Vel

jkov

ic,&

A.C

olom

-ba

tti.

Ant

i-V3

and

anti-

IgG

antib

odie

sof

heal

thy

indi

vidu

als

shar

eco

m-

plem

enta

rity

stru

ctur

es.J

Acq

uir

Imm

un

eD

efic

Syn

dr21

:266

–70,

1999

b.(M

edlin

e:99

3550

57).

[Mha

shilk

ar(1

995)

]A

.M

.M

hash

ilkar

,J.

Bag

ley,

S.

Y.C

hen,

A.

M.

Szi

l-va

y,D

.G

.H

ella

nd,

&W

.A

.M

aras

co.

Inhi

bitio

nof

HIV

-1Ta

t-m

edia

ted

LTR

tran

sact

ivat

ion

and

HIV

-1in

fect

ion

byan

ti-Ta

tsi

ngle

chai

nin

trab

od-

ies.

EM

BO

J14

:154

2–15

51,

1995

.(M

edlin

e:95

2467

47)

Not

es:

Ant

i-Tat

intr

abod

ies

spec

ific

for

the

N-t

erm

inal

activ

atio

ndo

mai

nof

Tat,

bloc

kTa

t-m

edia

ted

tran

sact

ivat

ion

ofth

eH

IV-1

LTR

and

intr

acel

lula

rtr

affic

king

ofTa

tin

mam

mal

ian

cells

.Thu

ssi

ngle

chai

nin

trab

odie

sca

nef

fect

ivel

yta

rget

mol

ecul

esin

the

cyto

plas

man

dnu

clea

rco

mpa

rtm

ents

ofeu

kary

otic

cells

and

anti-

Tati

ntra

bodi

esm

aybe

usef

ulfo

rge

neth

erap

yof

HIV

-1in

fect

ion

and

AID

S.

[Mill

ar(1

998)

]A

.L.M

illar

,N.A

.Jac

kson

,H.D

alto

n,K

.R.J

enni

ngs,

M.L

evi,

B.W

ahre

n,&

N.J

.Dim

moc

k.R

apid

anal

ysis

ofep

itope

-par

atop

ein

tera

c-tio

nsbe

twee

nH

IV-1

and

a17

-am

ino-

acid

neut

raliz

ing

mic

roan

tibod

yby

elec

tros

pray

ioni

zatio

nm

ass

spec

trom

etry

.E

urJ

Bio

che

m258

:164

–9,1

998.

(Med

line:

9906

7031

).

[Mitc

hell

(199

8)]

W.

M.

Mitc

hell,

L.D

ing,

&J.

Gab

riel.

Inac

tivat

ion

ofa

com

mon

epito

pere

spon

sibl

efo

rth

ein

duct

ion

ofan

tibod

y-de

pend

ent

en-

hanc

emen

tofH

IV.A

IDS

12:1

47–5

6,19

98.

(Med

line:

9812

7881

).

[Mo

(199

7)]

H.

Mo,

L.S

tam

atat

os,

J.E

.Ip

,C

.F.

Bar

bas,

P.W

.H

.I.

Par

ren,

D.R

.Bur

ton,

J.P.

Moo

re,&

D.D

.Ho.

Hum

anim

mun

odefi

cien

cyvi

rus

type

1m

utan

tsth

ates

cape

neut

raliz

atio

nby

hum

anm

onoc

lona

lant

ibod

yIg

G1b

12.

JV

irol7

1:68

69–6

874,

1997

.(M

edlin

e:97

4047

00)N

otes

:AJR

CS

Fre

sist

ant

varia

ntw

asse

lect

edby

cultu

ring

inth

epr

esen

ceof

IgG

1b12

.The

resi

stan

tvi

rus

rem

aine

dse

nsiti

veto

2G12

and

2F5

and

toC

D4-

IgG

,enc

oura

ging

for

the

poss

ibili

tyof

com

bina

tion

ther

apy.

[Moj

a(2

000)

]P.

Moj

a,C

.T

ranc

hat,

I.T

chou

,B

.P

ozze

tto,

F.Lu

cht,

C.

Des

-gr

ange

s,&

C.G

enin

.Neu

tral

izat

ion

ofhu

man

imm

unod

efici

ency

viru

sty

pe1

(HIV

-1)

med

iate

dby

paro

tidIg

Aof

HIV

-1-in

fect

edpa

tient

s[In

Pro

cess

Cita

tion]

.JIn

fect

Dis

181:

1607

–13,

2000

.(M

edlin

e:20

2837

27).

[Mom

any

(199

6)]

C.

Mom

any,

L.C

.K

ovar

i,A

.J.

Pro

ngay

,W

.K

elle

r,R

.K

.G

itti,

B.M

.Lee

,A.E

.Gor

bale

nya,

L.To

ng,J

.McC

lure

,L.S

.Ehr

lich,

M.F

.S

umm

ers,

C.C

arte

r,&

M.G

.Ros

sman

.C

ryst

alst

ruct

ure

ofdi

mer

icH

IV-1

caps

idpr

otei

n.N

atu

reS

tru

ctB

iol3:

763–

770,

1996

.(M

edlin

e:96

3787

87).

[Mon

dor

(199

8)]

I.M

ondo

r,S

.Ugo

lini,

&Q

.J.S

atte

ntau

.Hum

anim

mun

ode-

ficie

ncy

viru

sty

pe1

atta

chm

entt

oH

eLa

CD

4ce

llsis

CD

4in

depe

nden

tand

gp12

0de

pend

ent

and

requ

ires

cell

surf

ace

hepa

rans

.J

Viro

l72:

3623

–34,

1998

.(M

edlin

e:98

2167

21).

[Mon

tefio

ri&

Eva

ns(1

999)

]D

.Mon

tefio

ri&

T.E

vans

.Tow

ard

anH

IVTy

pe1

vacc

ine

that

gene

rate

spo

tent

broa

dly

cros

s-re

activ

ene

utra

lizin

gan

tibod

ies.

AID

SR

es

an

dH

um

an

Re

trov

iru

ses

15:6

89–9

8,19

99.(

Med

line:

9928

4356

).

Ant

ibod

yR

efer

ence

sB Cell

IV-D

-28

DE

C20

00

[Mon

tefio

ri(1

993)

]D

.C

.M

onte

fiori,

B.

S.

Gra

ham

,J.

Zho

u,J.

Zho

u,R

.A

.B

ucco

,D

.H

.S

chw

artz

,L.

A.

Cav

acin

i,M

.R

.P

osne

r,&

the

NIH

-NIA

IDA

IDS

Vacc

ine

Clin

ical

Tria

lsN

etw

ork.

V3-

Spe

cific

Neu

tral

izin

gA

ntib

odie

sin

Ser

aF

rom

HIV

-1gp

160-

imm

uniz

edVo

lunt

eers

Blo

ckV

irus

Fus

ion

and

Act

Syn

ergi

stic

ally

with

Hum

anM

onoc

lona

lAnt

ibod

yto

the

Con

form

atio

n-de

pend

ent

CD

4B

indi

ngS

iteof

gp12

0.JC

linIn

vest

92:8

40–8

47,

1993

.(M

edlin

e:93

3528

32).

[Mon

tefio

ri(1

991)

]D

.C

.M

onte

fiori,

I.Y.

Zho

u,B

.B

arne

s,D

.La

ke,

E.

M.

Her

sh,Y

.Mas

uho,

&L.

B.L

efko

witz

Jr.

Hom

otyp

ican

tibod

yre

spon

ses

tofr

esh

clin

ical

isol

ates

ofhu

man

imm

unod

efici

ency

viru

s.V

irolo

gy

182:

635–

643,

1991

.(M

edlin

e:91

2207

13).

[Moo

re&

Trk

ola(

1997

)]J.

Moo

re&

A.T

rkol

a.H

IVty

pe1

core

cept

ors,

neu-

tral

izat

ion

sero

type

san

dva

ccin

ede

velo

pmen

t.A

IDS

Re

sH

um

Re

trov

iru

ses

13:7

33–7

36,1

997.

(Med

line:

9731

5042

).

[Moo

re(1

990)

]J.

P.M

oore

.S

impl

em

etho

dsfo

rm

onito

ring

HIV

-1an

dH

IV-

2gp

120

bind

ing

toso

lubl

eC

D4

byen

zym

e-lin

ked

imm

unos

orbe

ntas

say:

HIV

-2ha

sa

25-f

old

low

eraf

finity

and

HIV

-1fo

rso

lubl

eC

D4.A

IDS

NY

4:29

7,19

90.

(Med

line:

9027

4915

).

[Moo

re&

Bin

ley(

1998

)]J.

P.M

oore

&J.

Bin

ley.

HIV

Env

elop

e’s

lette

rsbo

xed

into

shap

e.Na

ture

393:

630–

631,

1998

.(M

edlin

e:98

3033

75)

Not

es:

Com

men

ton

Nat

ure

1998

Jun

18;3

93(6

686)

:648

-59

and

Nat

ure

1998

Jun

18;3

93(6

686)

:705

-11.

[Moo

re(1

994a

)]J.

P.M

oore

,Y.

Cao

,D

.D

.H

o,&

R.

A.

Kou

p.D

evel

op-

men

tof

the

anti-

gp12

0an

tibod

yre

spon

sedu

ring

sero

conv

ersi

onto

hum

anim

mun

odefi

cien

cyvi

rus

type

1.JV

irol6

8:51

42–5

155,

1994

a.(M

edlin

e:94

3091

81)N

otes

:Thr

eese

roco

nver

ting

indi

vidu

als

wer

est

udie

d.T

heea

rli-

estd

etec

tabl

ean

ti-gp

120

antib

odie

sw

ere

both

conf

orm

atio

nala

ndan

ti-V

3lo

op,a

ndco

uld

bede

tect

edon

lyaf

ter

the

peak

vire

mia

has

pass

ed.N

oun

i-fo

rmpa

ttern

ofau

tolo

gous

neut

raliz

ing

anti-

CD

4BS

oran

ti-V

3M

Abs

was

obse

rved

.

[Moo

re(1

995a

)]J.

P.M

oore

,Y.C

ao,L

.Qin

g,Q

.J.S

atte

ntau

,J.P

yati,

R.K

o-du

ri,J.

Rob

inso

n,C

.F.

Bar

bas

III,

D.

R.

Bur

ton,

&D

.D

.H

o.P

rimar

yis

olat

esof

hum

anim

mun

odefi

cien

cyvi

rus

type

Iar

ere

lativ

ely

resi

stan

tto

neut

raliz

atio

nby

mon

oclo

nala

ntib

odie

sto

gp12

0,an

dth

eirn

eutr

aliz

atio

nis

notp

redi

cted

byst

udie

sw

ithm

onom

eric

gp12

0.JV

irol6

9:10

1–10

9,19

95a.

(Med

line:

9507

4853

)N

otes

:A

pane

lof

anti-

gp12

0M

Abs

and

sera

from

HIV

-1in

fect

edin

divi

dual

sw

aste

sted

for

itsab

ility

tone

utra

lize

prim

ary

isol

ates

.Mos

tMA

bsbo

und

with

high

affin

ityto

gp12

0m

onom

ers

from

the

vario

usis

olat

es,b

utw

ere

note

ffect

ive

atne

utra

lizin

g.T

heM

Ab

IgG

1b12

,w

hich

bind

sto

adi

scon

tinuo

usan

ti-C

D4

bind

ing

site

epito

pe,

was

able

tone

utra

lize

mos

toft

hepr

imar

yis

olat

es.

[Moo

re&

Ho(

1993

)]J.

P.M

oore

&D

.D.H

o.A

ntib

odie

sto

disc

ontin

uous

orco

nfor

mat

iona

llyse

nsiti

veep

itope

son

the

gp12

0gl

ycop

rote

inof

hum

anim

-m

unod

efici

ency

viru

sty

pe1

are

high

lypr

eval

enti

nse

raof

infe

cted

hum

ans.

JV

irol6

7:86

3–87

5,19

93.

(Med

line:

9312

4581

)N

otes

:CD

4BS

antib

odie

sar

epr

eval

ent

inH

IV-1

-pos

itive

sera

,w

hile

neut

raliz

ing

MA

bsto

C4,

V2,

and

V3

and

MA

bsto

linea

rep

itope

sar

ele

ssco

mm

on.M

ostl

inea

rep

itope

MA

bsin

hum

anse

raar

edi

rect

edag

ains

tthe

V3

regi

on,a

ndcr

oss-

reac

tive

MA

bste

ndto

bedi

rect

edag

ains

tdis

cont

inuo

usep

itope

s.

[Moo

re&

Ho(

1995

)]J.

P.M

oore

&D

.D.H

o.H

IV-1

neut

raliz

atio

n:th

eco

n-se

quen

ces

ofad

apta

tion

togr

owth

ontr

ansf

orm

edT-

cells

.A

IDS

9su

ppl

A:S

117–

S13

6,19

95.(

Med

line:

9641

6784

)Not

es:T

his

revi

ewco

nsid

ers

the

rela

tive

impo

rtan

ceof

ane

utra

lizin

gan

tibod

yre

spon

sefo

rthe

deve

lopm

ent

ofa

vacc

ine,

and

for

dise

ase

prog

ress

ion

durin

gth

ech

roni

cph

ase

ofH

IV-1

infe

ctio

n.It

sugg

ests

that

T-ce

llim

mun

itym

aybe

mor

eim

port

ant.

The

dis-

tinct

ion

betw

een

MA

bsth

atca

nne

utra

lize

prim

ary

isol

ates

,an

dth

ose

that

are

effe

ctiv

eat

neut

raliz

ing

only

labo

rato

ryad

apte

dst

rain

sis

disc

usse

din

deta

il.A

ltern

ativ

eco

nfor

mat

ions

ofen

velo

pean

dno

n-co

ntig

uous

inte

ract

-in

gdo

mai

nsin

gp12

0ar

edi

scus

sed.

The

sugg

estio

nth

atso

lubl

em

onom

eric

gp12

0m

ayse

rve

asa

vira

ldec

oyth

atdi

vert

sth

ehu

mor

alim

mun

ere

spon

seit

invi

vois

putf

orth

.

[Moo

re(1

994b

)]J.

P.M

oore

,F.E

.McC

utch

an,S

.-W

.Poo

n,J.

Mas

cola

,J.L

iu,

Y.C

ao,&

D.D

.Ho.

Exp

lora

tion

ofan

tigen

icva

riatio

nin

gp12

0fr

omcl

ades

Ath

roug

hF

ofhu

man

imm

unod

efici

ency

viru

sty

pe1

byus

ing

mon

oclo

nal

antib

odie

s.J

Viro

l68:

8350

–836

4,19

94b.

(Med

line:

9505

6067

)Not

es:F

our

offiv

ean

ti-V

3M

Abs

wer

esl

ight

lycr

oss-

reac

tive

with

incl

ade

B,

but

not

very

reac

tive

outs

ide

clad

eB

.Tw

odi

scon

tinuo

usC

D4

bind

ing

site

Mab

sap

pear

tobe

pan-

reac

tive.

Ant

i-V2

MA

bsw

ere

only

spor

adic

ally

reac

tive

insi

dean

dou

tsid

eof

clad

eB

.

[Moo

re(1

990)

]J.

P.M

oore

,J.A

.McK

eatin

g,R

.A.W

eiss

,&Q

.J.S

atte

ntau

.D

isso

ciat

ion

ofgp

120

from

HIV

-1vi

rions

indu

ced

byso

lubl

eC

D4.Sci

en

ce25

0:11

39–1

142,

1990

.(M

edlin

e:91

0680

08).

Ant

ibod

yR

efer

ence

sB Cell

IV-D

-29

DE

C20

00

[Moo

re(1

994c

)]J.

P.M

oore

,Q.J

.Sat

tent

au,R

.Wya

tt,&

J.S

odro

ski.

Pro

bing

the

Str

uctu

reof

the

Hum

anIm

mun

odefi

cien

cyV

irus

Sur

face

Gly

copr

otei

ngp

120

with

aP

anel

ofm

onoc

lona

lant

ibod

ies.JV

irol6

8:46

9–48

4,19

94c.

(Med

line:

9407

6440

)Not

es:.

Thi

sst

udy

com

pare

da

larg

enu

mbe

rofM

Abs

that

bind

tolin

ear

epito

pes

ofgp

120,

and

com

pare

dbi

ndin

gaf

finiti

esfo

r:i)

nativ

ean

dS

DS

-DD

Tde

natu

red

gp12

0,(c

lone

BH

10of

the

LAI

isol

ate

expr

esse

din

CH

Oce

lls);

ii)re

com

bina

ntgp

120

lack

ing

the

V1,

V2,

V3

loop

s;iii

)a

pane

lof

20m

erpe

ptid

es;

iv)

apa

nel

ofgp

120

mut

ants

;an

dv)

olig

omer

icve

rsus

mon

omer

icgp

120.

The

bind

ing

ratio

ofna

tive

vers

usde

natu

red

mon

omer

icgp

120

isin

clud

edin

the

tabl

ein

this

data

base

.The

senu

mbe

rssh

ould

beco

nsid

ered

with

the

follo

win

gpo

ints

inm

ind:

aco

n-tin

uous

epito

pem

aybe

part

ially

expo

sed

onth

esu

rfac

e;an

da

prep

arat

ion

ofrg

p120

isno

tho

mog

eneo

usan

dco

ntai

nsfu

llyfo

lded

,pa

rtly

dena

ture

d,an

dso

me

com

plet

ely

unfo

lded

spec

ies,

soth

eco

nfor

mat

ion

ofw

hati

sco

n-si

dere

dto

bea

nativ

epr

otei

nw

illno

ton

lyre

flect

fully

fold

edgp

120.

The

auth

ors

sugg

estt

hata

fivef

old

incr

ease

inth

eaf

finity

for

aM

Ab

bind

ing

tode

natu

red

vers

usna

tive

gp12

0in

dica

tes

that

the

epito

peis

inac

cess

ible

inth

ena

tive

form

.We

also

have

incl

uded

here

info

rmat

ion

extr

acte

dfr

omM

oore

et

al‘s

list

ofth

egp

120

mut

atio

nsth

atre

duce

dth

ebi

ndin

gof

apa

rtic

ular

MA

b.In

map

ping

ofex

pose

dre

gion

sof

gp12

0,C

2,C

3,an

dC

5do

mai

nep

itope

sw

ere

foun

dto

bind

pref

eren

tially

tode

natu

red

gp12

0.V

1,V

2an

dV

3,pa

rtof

C4,

and

the

extr

eme

carb

oxy

term

inus

ofC

5w

ere

expo

sed

onth

ena

tive

mon

omer

.In

the

olig

omer

icfo

rmof

the

mol

ecul

e,on

lyV

2,V

3an

dpa

rtof

C4

are

wel

lexp

osed

asco

ntin

uous

epito

pes.

[Moo

re(1

993a

)]J.

P.M

oore

,Q

.J.

Sat

tent

au,

H.

Yosh

iyam

a,M

.T

hali,

M.C

harle

s,N

.Sul

livan

,S.-

W.P

oon,

M.S

.Fun

g,F.

Tra

inca

rd,M

.Pin

kus,

G.

Rob

ey,

J.E

.R

obin

son,

D.

D.

Ho,

&J.

Sod

rosk

i.P

robi

ngth

est

ruct

ure

ofth

eV

2do

mai

nof

hum

anim

mun

odefi

cien

cyvi

rus

type

1su

rfac

egl

yco-

prot

ein

gp12

0w

itha

pane

lofe

ight

mon

oclo

nala

ntib

odie

s:hu

man

imm

une

resp

onse

toth

eV

1an

dV

2do

mai

ns.

JV

irol6

7:61

36–6

151,

1993

a.(M

edlin

e:93

3818

17).

[Moo

re&

Sod

rosk

i(199

6)]

J.P.

Moo

re&

J.S

odro

ski.

Ant

ibod

ycr

oss-

com

petit

ion

anal

ysis

ofth

ehu

man

imm

unod

efici

ency

viru

sty

pe1

gp12

0ex

terio

ren

velo

pegl

ycop

rote

in.J

Viro

l70

:186

3–18

72,

1996

.(M

edlin

e:96

1905

89)

Not

es:

46an

ti-gp

120

mon

omer

MA

bsw

ere

used

tocr

eate

aco

mpe

titio

nm

atrix

,an

dM

Ab

com

petit

ion

grou

psw

ere

defin

ed.

The

data

sugg

ests

that

ther

ear

etw

ofa

ces

ofth

egp

120

glyc

opro

tein

:afa

ceoc

cupi

edby

the

CD

4BS

,whi

chis

pres

umab

lyal

soex

pose

don

the

olig

omer

icen

velo

pe

glyc

opro

tein

com

plex

,and

ase

cond

face

whi

chis

pres

umab

lyin

acce

ssib

leon

the

olig

omer

and

inte

ract

sw

itha

num

ber

ofno

nneu

tral

izin

gan

tibod

ies.

[Moo

re(1

993b

)]J.

P.M

oore

,M

.T

hali,

B.

A.

Jam

eson

,F.

Vig

naux

,G

.K

.Le

wis

,S.-

W.P

oon,

M.S

.Fun

g,P.

J.D

urda

,L.A

kerb

lom

,B.W

ahre

n,D

.D.

Ho,

Q.J

.Sat

tent

au,&

J.S

odro

ski.

Imm

unoc

hem

ical

anal

ysis

ofth

egp

120

surf

ace

glyc

opro

tein

ofhu

man

imm

unod

efici

ency

viru

sty

pe1:

Pro

bing

the

stru

ctur

eof

the

C4

and

V4

dom

ains

and

the

inte

ract

ion

ofth

eC

4do

mai

nw

ithth

eV

3lo

op.

JV

irol

73:4

785–

4796

,19

93b.

(Med

line:

9332

3221

)N

otes

:Gen

eral

obse

rvat

ions

:C4

and

V3

MA

bsar

ese

nsiti

veto

the

way

the

epito

pes

are

pres

ente

d,an

dth

isse

nsiti

vity

cann

otbe

corr

elat

edto

pept

ide

bind

ing.

Som

eV

3-C

4do

mai

nin

tera

ctio

nw

asin

dica

ted

base

don

mut

atio

nan

din

terf

eren

cest

udie

s.

[Moo

re(1

995b

)]J.

P.M

oore

,A.T

rkol

a,B

.Kor

ber,

L.J.

Boo

ts,J

.A.K

essl

erII,

F.E

.McC

utch

an,J

.Mas

cola

,D.D

.Ho,

J.R

obin

son,

&A

.J.C

onle

y.A

hum

anm

onoc

lona

lant

ibod

yto

aco

mpl

exep

itope

inth

eV

3re

gion

ofgp

120

ofhu

man

imm

unod

efici

ency

viru

sty

pe1

has

broa

dre

activ

ityw

ithin

and

outs

ide

clad

eB

.JV

irol6

9:12

2–13

0,19

95b.

(Med

line:

9507

4855

)N

otes

:T

heep

itope

was

defin

edas

incl

udin

gam

ino

acid

son

both

side

sof

the

loop

ofth

eV

3lo

op:

-I—

-G–F

Y-T,

whe

reth

eG

isth

ese

cond

Gof

the

GP

GR

tipof

the

loop

.T

his

antib

ody

boun

dw

ellt

ogp

120

mol

ecul

esfr

omcl

ades

A,B

,C,E

,and

F,w

hen

the

criti

cala

min

oac

ids

wer

epr

esen

t.B

indi

ngdi

dno

tpa

ralle

lneu

tral

izat

ion

how

ever

;19

bco

uld

prod

uce

a50

-fol

dre

duct

ion

ofin

fect

ivity

inso

me

prim

ary

Bis

olat

es,

and

inC

clad

eis

olat

esat

low

viru

sin

putc

once

ntra

tions

,but

noti

nis

olat

esfr

omal

lcla

des

whe

rebi

ndin

gco

uld

occu

r(A

,E,a

ndF

).

[Moo

re(1

994d

)]J.

P.M

oore

,R.L

.Will

ey,G

.K.L

ewis

,J.R

obin

son,

&J.

So-

dros

ki.

Imm

unol

ogic

alev

iden

cefo

rin

tera

ctio

nsbe

twee

nth

efir

st,

seco

ndan

dfif

thco

nser

ved

dom

ains

ofth

egp

120

surf

ace

glyc

opro

tein

ofhu

man

imm

unod

efici

ency

viru

sty

pe1.J

Viro

l68:

6836

–684

7,19

94d.

(Med

line:

9501

8590

)N

otes

:M

utat

ion

267N

/Qin

C2

regi

onre

sults

inex

posi

ngth

eca

rbox

y-te

rmin

alen

dgp

120.

[Moo

re(1

993c

)]J.

P.M

oore

,H.Y

oshi

yam

a,D

.D.H

o,J.

E.R

obin

son,

&J.

So-

dros

ki.

Ant

igen

icva

riatio

nin

gp12

0sfr

omm

olec

ular

clon

esof

HIV

-1LA

I.A

IDS

Re

sH

um

Re

trov

iru

ses9:11

85–1

193,

1993

c.(M

edlin

e:94

1906

23)

Not

es:T

hebi

ndin

gof

MA

bsto

four

mol

ecul

arcl

ones

ofH

IV-1

LAI:

HxB

2,H

xB3,

Hx1

0,an

dN

L4-3

,was

mea

sure

d.D

espi

teth

ecl

ose

rela

tions

hip

be-

twee

nth

ese

clon

es,t

here

isco

nsid

erab

leva

riatio

nin

thei

rant

igen

icst

ruct

ure,

Ant

ibod

yR

efer

ence

sB Cell

IV-D

-30

DE

C20

00

judg

edby

MA

bre

activ

ities

toth

eV

2,V

3,an

dC

4do

mai

nsan

dto

disc

ontin

u-ou

sep

itope

s.S

mal

lvar

iatio

nsin

sequ

ence

can

prof

ound

lyaf

fect

reco

gniti

onof

gp12

0by

allfi

vegr

oups

ofde

fined

anti-

gp12

0ne

utra

lizin

gan

tibod

ies.

[Mor

an(1

993)

]M

.J.

Mor

an,

J.S

.A

ndris

,Y.

-I.

Mat

sum

ato,

J.D

.C

apra

,&

E.

M.

Her

sh.

Varia

ble

regi

onge

nes

ofan

ti-H

IVhu

man

mon

oclo

nala

nti-

bodi

es:

Non

-res

tric

ted

use

ofth

eV

gene

repe

rtoi

rean

dex

tens

ive

som

atic

mut

atio

n.M

olI

mm

un

ol3

0:15

43–1

551,

1993

.(M

edlin

e:94

0498

45)

Not

es:

Seq

uenc

edva

riabl

ere

gion

sfr

omfo

urhu

man

anti-

HIV

-1M

Abs

:ant

i-gp1

2013

,S1-

1an

dH

BW

4;an

dan

ti-gp

41N

o.86

.Ext

ensi

veso

mat

icm

utat

ion

was

obse

rved

and

unde

r-re

pres

enta

tion

ofV

HIII

usag

e.

[Mor

ner

(199

9)]

A.M

orne

r,A

.Ach

our,

M.N

orin

,R.T

hors

tens

son,

&E

.Bjo

r-lin

g.F

ine

char

acte

rizat

ion

ofa

V3-

regi

onne

utra

lizin

gep

itope

inhu

man

imm

unod

efici

ency

viru

sty

pe2

[InP

roce

ssC

itatio

n].

Viru

sR

es5

9:49

–60,

1999

.(M

edlin

e:20

3112

26).

[Muh

lbac

her

(199

9)]

M.

Muh

lbac

her,

M.

Spr

uth,

F.S

iege

l,R

.Z

ange

rle,

&M

.P.D

ieric

h.Lo

ngitu

dina

lstu

dyof

antib

ody

reac

tivity

agai

nstH

IV-1

enve

-lo

pean

da

pept

ide

repr

esen

ting

aco

nser

ved

site

onG

p41

inH

IV-1

-infe

cted

patie

nts.

Imm

un

ob

iolo

gy2

00:2

95–3

05,1

999.

(Med

line:

9934

4625

).

[Mul

ler

(199

1)]

S.

Mul

ler,

H.-

T.W

ang,

S.-

V.K

aver

i,S

.C

hatto

padh

yay,

&H

.Koh

ler.

Gen

erat

ion

and

Spe

cific

ityof

Mon

oclo

nalA

nti-I

diot

ypic

Ant

i-bo

dies

Aga

inst

Hum

anH

IV-S

peci

ficA

ntib

odie

s.JIm

mu

no

l147

:933

–941

,19

91.

(Med

line:

9131

8181

).

[Mus

ter

(199

5)]

T.M

uste

r,B

.F

erko

,A

.K

lima,

M.

Pur

tsch

er,

A.

Trk

ola,

P.S

chul

z,A

.G

rass

auer

,O

.G

.E

ngle

hard

,A

.G

arci

a-S

astr

e,P.

Pal

ese,

&H

.Kat

inge

r.M

ucos

alM

odel

ofIm

mun

izat

ion

agai

nsth

uman

imm

unod

efi-

cien

cyvi

rus

type

1w

itha

chim

eric

influ

enza

viru

s.JV

irol6

9:66

78–6

686,

1995

.(M

edlin

e:96

0137

60).

[Mus

ter

(199

4)]

T.M

uste

r,R

.G

uine

a,A

.T

rkol

a,M

.P

urts

cher

,A

.K

lima,

F.S

tein

dl,

P.P

ales

e,&

H.

Kat

inge

r.C

ross

-Neu

tral

izat

ion

activ

ityag

ains

tdi

verg

enth

uman

imm

unod

efici

ency

viru

sty

pe1

isol

ates

indu

ced

byth

egp

41se

quen

ceE

LDK

WA

S.J

Viro

l68:

4031

–403

4,19

94.

(Med

line:

9424

6751

).

[Mus

ter

(199

3)]

T.M

uste

r,F.

Ste

indl

,M

.P

urts

cher

,A

.T

rkol

a,A

.K

lima,

G.

Him

mle

r,F.

Ruk

er,

&H

.K

atin

ger.

Aco

nser

ved

neut

raliz

ing

epito

peon

gp41

ofhu

man

imm

unod

efici

ency

viru

sty

pe1.JV

irol6

7:66

42–6

647,

1993

.(M

edlin

e:94

0168

48)

Not

es:

Pep

tides

cont

aini

ngth

eam

ino

acid

se-

quen

ceLD

KW

AS

orD

KW

AS

Lsh

owed

redu

ced

reac

tivity

.T

hepe

ptid

es

LELD

KW

and

KW

AS

LWsh

owed

nosi

gnifi

cant

reac

tion.

The

seda

tasu

g-ge

stth

atth

eep

itope

ofth

eM

Ab

2F5

com

pris

esth

eam

ino

acid

sequ

ence

ELD

KW

A,w

ithD

KW

Abe

ing

the

core

sequ

ence

.

[Mye

rs(1

993)

]R

.M

yers

,T.

Mei

ller,

W.

Fal

kler

,J.

Pat

el,

&J.

Jose

ph.

Ahu

man

mon

oclo

nal

antib

ody

toa

cryp

ticgp

41ep

itope

onH

IV-1

infe

cted

cells

.A

bst

rG

en

Me

et

Am

So

cM

icro

bio

l93:4

44,

1993

.N

otes

:A

idsl

ine:

9329

1838

Abs

trac

tT70

.

[Nak

amur

a(1

992)

]G

.R.N

akam

ura,

R.B

yrn,

K.R

osen

thal

,J.P

.Por

ter,

M.R

.H

obbs

,L.R

iddl

e,D

.J.E

astm

an,D

.Dow

benk

o,T.

Gre

gory

,B.M

.Fen

dly,

&P.

W.B

erm

an.

Mon

oclo

nala

ntib

odie

sto

the

extr

acel

lula

rdo

mai

nof

HIV

-1III

Bgp

160

that

neut

raliz

ein

fect

ivity

,blo

ckbi

ndin

gto

CD

4,an

dre

actw

ithdi

vers

eis

olat

es.AID

SR

es

Hu

mR

etr

oviru

ses8:18

75–1

885,

1992

.(M

edlin

e:93

1439

97).

[Nak

amur

a(1

993)

]G

.R.N

akam

ura,

R.B

yrn,

D.M

.Wilk

es,J

.A.F

ox,M

.R.

Hob

bs,R

.Has

tings

,H.C

.Wes

slin

g,M

.A.N

orcr

oss,

B.M

.Fen

dly,

&P.

W.

Ber

man

.S

trai

nsp

ecifi

city

and

bind

ing

affin

ityre

quire

men

tsof

neut

raliz

ing

mon

oclo

nala

ntib

odie

sto

the

C4

dom

ain

ofgp

120

from

hum

anim

mun

od-

efici

ency

viru

sty

pe1.

JV

irol6

7:61

79–6

191,

1993

.(M

edlin

e:93

3818

21)

Not

es:

Mul

tiple

CD

4bi

ndin

gdo

mai

nan

tibod

ies

are

desc

ribed

;on

lyon

eha

sa

linea

rpe

ptid

ere

activ

ity(1

3H8)

.A

V3

loop

bind

ing

antib

ody

isal

sode

scrib

ed(1

026)

.

[Nar

a(1

990)

]P.

L.N

ara,

L.S

mit,

N.D

unlo

p,W

.Hat

ch,M

.Mer

ges,

D.W

ater

s,J.

Kel

liher

,R

.C

.G

allo

,P.

J.F

isch

inge

r,&

J.G

ouds

mit.

Em

erge

nce

ofvi

ruse

sre

sist

antt

one

utra

lizat

ion

byV

3-sp

ecifi

can

tibod

ies

inex

perim

enta

lhu

man

imm

unod

efici

ency

viru

sty

pe1

IIIB

infe

ctio

nof

chim

panz

ees.

JV

irol

64:3

779–

3791

,199

0.(M

edlin

e:90

3178

76).

[Nes

hat(

2000

)]M

.N

.N

esha

t,L.

Goo

dglic

k,K

.Li

m,

&J.

Bra

un.

Map

ping

the

Bce

llsu

pera

ntig

enbi

ndin

gsi

tefo

rH

IV-1

gp12

0on

aV

(H)3

Ig.

Int

Imm

un

ol1

2:30

5–12

,200

0.(M

edlin

e:20

1669

82).

[Neu

rath

(199

5)]

A.

R.

Neu

rath

,N

.S

tric

k,K

.Li

n,&

S.

Jian

g.M

ultif

acet

edco

nseq

uenc

esof

anti-

gp41

mon

oclo

nala

ntib

ody

2F5

bind

ing

toH

IVty

pe1

virio

ns.

AID

SR

es

Hu

mR

etr

oviru

ses11

:687

–96,

1995

.(M

edlin

e:96

0782

29).

[Nie

drig

(199

2a)]

M.N

iedr

ig,M

.Bro

ker,

G.W

alte

r,W

.Stu

ber,

H.-

P.H

arth

us,

S.

Meh

di,

H.

R.

Gel

derb

lom

,&

G.

Pau

li.M

urin

em

onoc

lona

lan

tibod

ies

Ant

ibod

yR

efer

ence

sB Cell

IV-D

-31

DE

C20

00

dire

cted

agai

nst

the

tran

smem

bran

epr

otei

ngp

41of

hum

anim

mun

odefi

-ci

ency

viru

sty

pe1

enha

nce

itsin

fect

ivity

.JG

en

Viro

l73:

951–

954,

1992

a.(M

edlin

e:92

3410

76).

[Nie

drig

(199

2b)]

M.N

iedr

ig,H

.-P.

Har

thus

,M.B

roke

r,H

.Bic

khar

d,G

.Pau

li,H

.R

.G

elde

rblo

m,

&B

.W

ahre

n.In

hibi

tion

ofvi

ralr

eplic

atio

nby

mon

o-cl

onal

antib

odie

sdi

rect

edag

ains

thum

anim

mun

odefi

cien

cyvi

rus

gp12

0.J

Ge

nV

irol7

3:24

51–2

455,

1992

b.(M

edlin

e:93

0190

73).

[Nie

drig

(199

1)]

M.

Nie

drig

,J.

Hin

kula

,H

.-P.

Har

thus

,M

.B

roke

r,L.

Hop

p,G

.Pau

li,&

B.W

ahre

n.C

hara

cter

izat

ion

ofm

urin

em

onoc

lona

lant

ibod

ies

dire

cted

agai

nstt

heco

repr

otei

nsof

hum

anim

mun

odefi

cien

cyvi

rus

type

s1

and

2.J

Viro

l65:

4529

–453

3,19

91.

(Med

line:

9130

3716

)N

otes

:Mul

tiple

anti-

HIV

p24

MA

bsw

ere

gene

rate

dus

ing

HIV

-1III

Bp2

4or

HIV

-2R

OD

p26

asim

mun

ogen

s.T

heep

itope

sfo

rth

ese

MA

bsw

ere

map

ped,

and

the

cros

s-re

activ

itybe

twee

nH

IV-1

IIIB

,H

IV-2

RO

Dan

dS

IVM

AC

antig

ens

wer

eco

mpa

red

usin

gm

ultip

lean

tibod

ybi

ndin

gas

says

.Whi

leso

me

ofth

ean

tibod

ies

rais

edw

ere

cros

s-re

activ

eby

som

eor

allo

fthe

assa

ys,(

ELI

SA

,W

B,

imm

unofl

uore

scen

ce,

imm

unop

reci

pita

tion

and

alka

line

phos

phat

ase

anti-

alka

line

phos

phat

ase

assa

y),

the

diffe

rent

assa

ysof

ten

gave

diffe

rent

resu

lts.

Onl

yth

ean

tibod

ies

rais

edto

HIV

-1III

Bp2

4ar

ein

clud

edin

this

data

base

.

[Nie

drig

(198

9)]

M.N

iedr

ig,J

.Hin

kula

,W.W

eige

lt,J.

L’A

ge-S

tehr

,G.P

auli,

J.R

osen

,&B

.Wah

ren.

Epi

tope

map

ping

ofm

onoc

lona

lant

ibod

ies

agai

nst

hum

anim

mun

odefi

cien

cyvi

rus

type

1st

ruct

ural

prot

eins

byus

ing

pept

ides

.J

Viro

l63:

3525

–352

8,19

89.

(Med

line:

8931

1648

)N

otes

:M

ultip

lelin

ear

MA

bep

itope

sw

ere

desc

ribed

inp2

4an

dp1

7.S

ever

alM

Abs

wer

eab

leto

reac

tw

ithH

IV-2

RO

Dan

dS

IVM

AC

inan

imm

unob

lot

assa

y,as

wel

las

with

HIV

-1.

[Nie

drig

(198

8)]

M.N

iedr

ig,J

.-P.

Rab

anus

,J.L

.Ste

hr,H

.R.G

elde

rblo

m,&

G.P

auli.

Mon

oclo

nala

ntib

odie

sdi

rect

edag

ains

thum

anim

mun

odefi

cien

cyvi

rus

gag

prot

eins

with

spec

ifici

tyfo

rco

nser

ved

epito

pes

inH

IV-1

,H

IV-

2an

dsi

mia

nim

mun

odefi

cien

cyvi

rus.J

Ge

nV

irol6

9:21

09–2

114,

1988

.(M

edlin

e:88

2999

73).

[Nils

en(1

996)

]B

.M.N

ilsen

,I.R

.Hau

gan,

K.B

erg,

L.O

lsen

,P.O

.Bro

wn,

&D

.E

.H

ella

nd.

Mon

oclo

nalA

ntib

odie

sag

ains

tH

uman

Imm

unod

efici

ency

viru

sty

pe1

inte

gras

e:ep

itope

map

ping

and

diffe

rent

iale

ffect

sof

inte

gras

eac

tiviti

esin

vitr

o.J

Viro

l70:

1580

–158

7,19

96.

(Med

line:

9619

0555

)Not

es:

Inth

isst

udy,

17an

ti-in

tegr

ase

mur

ine

Mab

sw

ere

gene

rate

dan

dep

itope

s

wer

em

appe

dby

dele

tion

mut

atio

nsan

dpe

ptid

esc

anni

ng.

The

abili

tyof

MA

bbi

ndin

gto

inhi

bit(

orst

imul

ate)

end-

proc

essi

ng,D

NA

join

ing,

rein

te-

grat

ion,

and

disi

nteg

ratio

nen

zym

efu

nctio

nsit

invi

tro

was

dete

rmin

ed.

[Nya

mbi

(199

8)]

P.N

.Nya

mbi

,M.K

.Gor

ny,L

.Bas

tiani

,G.v

ande

rG

roen

,C

.W

illia

ms,

&S

.Z

olla

-Paz

ner.

Map

ping

ofep

itope

sex

pose

don

inta

cthu

man

imm

unod

efici

ency

viru

sty

pe1

(HIV

-1)

virio

ns:

ane

wst

rate

gyfo

rst

udyi

ngth

eim

mun

olog

icre

late

dnes

sof

HIV

-1.

JV

irol7

2:93

84–9

1,19

98.

(Med

line:

9844

0613

)N

otes

:18

hum

anM

Abs

bind

ing

togp

120

and

gp41

wer

ete

sted

usin

ga

nove

lass

ayto

test

bind

ing

toin

tact

HIV

-1vi

rions

.The

new

met

hod

invo

lves

usin

gM

Abs

toth

eho

stpr

otei

nsin

corp

orat

edin

tovi

rions

tobi

ndth

emto

ELI

ZA

plat

es.

Ant

igen

icco

nser

vatio

nin

epito

pes

ofH

IV-1

incl

ades

A,

B,

D,

F,G

,an

dH

was

stud

ied.

MA

bsw

ere

sele

cted

that

wer

edi

rect

edag

ains

tV2,

V3,

CD

4bd,

C5

orgp

41re

gion

s.A

ntib

odie

sag

ains

tV

2,th

eC

D4B

S,

and

sp41

show

edw

eak

and

spor

adic

reac

tiviti

es,

whi

lebi

ndin

gst

rong

lyto

gp12

0,su

gges

ting

thes

eep

itope

sar

ehi

dden

whe

ngp

120

isin

itsna

tive,

quat

erna

ryst

ruct

ure.

[Nya

mbi

(200

0)]

P.N

.N

yam

bi,

H.

A.

Mba

h,S

.B

urda

,C

.W

illia

ms,

M.

K.

Gor

ny,

A.

Nad

as,

&S

.Z

olla

-Paz

ner.

Con

serv

edan

dex

pose

dep

itope

son

inta

ct,n

ativ

e,pr

imar

yhu

man

imm

unod

efici

ency

viru

sty

pe1

virio

nsof

grou

pM

.J

Viro

l74:

7096

–107

,200

0.(M

edlin

e:20

3473

73).

[Ogg

ioni

(199

9)]

M.

R.

Ogg

ioni

,D

.M

edag

lini,

L.R

oman

o,F.

Per

uzzi

,T.

Mag

gi,L

.Loz

zi,L

.Bra

cci,

M.Z

azzi

,F.M

anca

,P.E

.Val

ensi

n,&

G.P

ozzi

.A

ntig

enic

ityan

dim

mun

ogen

icity

ofth

eV

3do

mai

nof

HIV

type

1gl

yco-

prot

ein

120

expr

esse

don

the

surf

ace

ofS

trep

toco

ccus

gord

onii.

AID

SR

es

Hu

mR

etr

oviru

ses1

5:45

1–9,

1999

.(M

edlin

e:99

2101

30).

[O’H

agan

(200

0)]

D.

T.O

’Hag

an,

M.

Ugo

zzol

i,J.

Bar

ackm

an,

M.

Sin

gh,

J.K

azza

z,K

.H

iggi

ns,

T.C

.Va

ncot

t,&

G.

Ott.

Mic

ropa

rtic

les

inM

F59

,a

pote

ntad

juva

ntco

mbi

natio

nfo

ra

reco

mbi

nant

prot

ein

vacc

ine

agai

nst

HIV

-1.

Va

ccin

e18:

1793

–801

,200

0.(M

edlin

e:20

1651

32).

[Ohl

in(1

989)

]M

.Ohl

in,P

.-A

.Bro

liden

,L.D

anie

lsso

n,B

.Wah

ren,

J.R

osen

,M

.Jon

dal,

&C

.A.K

.Bor

reba

eck.

Hum

anm

onoc

lona

lant

ibod

ies

agai

nst

are

com

bina

ntH

IVen

velo

pean

tigen

prod

uced

bypr

imar

yin

vitr

oim

mu-

niza

tion.

Cha

ract

eriz

atio

nan

dep

itope

map

ping

.Im

mu

no

log

y68:

325–

331,

1989

.(M

edlin

e:90

0775

07).

[Ohl

in(1

992)

]M

.O

hlin

,J.

Hin

kula

,P.

-A.

Bro

liden

,R

.G

runo

w,

C.

A.

K.

Bor

reba

eck,

&B

.Wah

ren.

Hum

anM

oAbs

prod

uced

from

norm

al,H

IV-1

-

Ant

ibod

yR

efer

ence

sB Cell

IV-D

-32

DE

C20

00

nega

tive

dono

rsan

dsp

ecifi

cfo

rgl

ycop

rote

ingp

120

ofth

eH

IV-1

enve

lope

.C

linE

xpIm

mu

no

l89:

290–

295,

1992

.(M

edlin

e:92

3469

04).

[Ohn

o(1

991)

]T.

Ohn

o,M

.Te

rada

,Y.

Yone

da,

K.

W.

She

a,R

.F.

Cha

mbe

rs,

D.M

.Str

oka,

M.N

akam

ura,

&D

.W.K

ufe.

Abr

oadl

yne

utra

lizin

gm

ono-

clon

alan

tibod

yth

atre

cogn

izes

the

V3

regi

onof

hum

anim

mun

odefi

cien

cyvi

rus

type

1gl

ycop

rote

ingp

120.P

roc

Na

tlA

cad

Sci

US

A88:

1072

6–10

729,

1991

.(M

edlin

e:92

0733

60).

[Oka

da(1

994)

]T.

Oka

da,B

.K.P

atte

rson

,P.

A.O

tto,&

M.E

.Gur

ney.

HIV

Type

1In

fect

ion

ofC

D4+

T-ce

llsD

epen

dsC

ritic

ally

onB

asic

Am

ino

Aci

dR

esid

ues

inth

eV

3D

omai

nof

Env

elop

eG

lyco

prot

ein

120.

AID

SR

es

Hu

mR

etr

oviru

ses1

0:80

3–81

1,19

94.

(Med

line:

9507

7999

).

[Oka

mot

o(1

998)

]Y.

Oka

mot

o,Y.

Eda

,A

.O

gura

,S

.S

hiba

ta,

T.A

mag

ai,

Y.K

atsu

ra,

T.A

sano

,K

.K

imac

hi,

K.

Mak

izum

i,&

M.

Hon

da.

InS

CID

-hu

mic

e,pa

ssiv

etr

ansf

erof

ahu

man

ized

antib

ody

prev

ents

infe

ctio

nan

dat

roph

icch

ange

ofm

edul

lain

hum

anth

ymic

impl

antd

ueto

intr

aven

ous

in-

ocul

atio

nof

prim

ary

HIV

-1is

olat

e.JIm

mu

no

l160

:69–

76,1

998.

(Med

line:

9821

1683

).

[Old

ston

e(1

991)

]M

.B.A

.Old

ston

e,A

.Tis

hon,

H.L

ewic

ki,H

.J.D

yson

,V.A

.F

eher

,N.A

ssa-

Mun

t,&

P.E

.Wrig

ht.

Map

ping

the

anat

omy

ofth

eim

mun

-od

omin

ant

dom

ain

ofth

ehu

man

imm

unod

efici

ency

viru

sgp

41tr

ansm

em-

bran

epr

otei

n:pe

ptid

eco

nfor

mat

ion

anal

ysis

usin

gm

onoc

lona

lant

ibod

ies

and

prot

onnu

clea

rmag

netic

reso

nanc

esp

ectr

osco

py.

JV

irol6

5:17

27–1

734,

1991

.(M

edlin

e:91

1627

18)

Not

es:

Dis

ulfid

ebo

ndbe

twee

ncy

stei

nes

and

type

Ire

vers

etu

rnab

out

the

resi

dues

SG

KL

are

stru

ctur

alfe

atur

esof

the

imm

unod

omin

antd

omai

nof

gp41

:CS

GK

LIC

.

[Ors

ini(

1995

)]M

.J.

Ors

ini,

A.

N.

Tha

kur,

W.

W.

And

rew

s,M

.-L.

Ham

-m

arsk

jold

,&

D.

Rek

osh.

Exp

ress

ion

and

Pur

ifica

tion

ofth

eH

IVTy

pe1

Rev

Pro

tein

Pro

duce

din

Esc

heric

hia

coli

and

ItsU

sein

the

Gen

erat

ion

ofM

onoc

lona

lAnt

ibod

ies.A

IDS

Re

sH

um

Re

trov

iru

ses11:9

45–9

53,1

995.

(Med

line:

9602

0095

).

[Orv

ell(

1991

)]C

.O

rvel

l,T.

Ung

e,R

.B

hikh

abha

i,K

.B

ackb

ro,

U.

Rud

en,

B.S

tran

dber

g,B

.Wah

ren,

&E

.M.F

enyo

.Im

mun

olog

ical

char

acte

rizat

ion

ofth

ehu

man

imm

unod

efici

ency

viru

sty

pe1

reve

rse

tran

scrip

tase

prot

ein

byth

eus

eof

mon

oclo

nal

antib

odie

s.JG

en

Viro

l72:

1913

–191

8,19

91.

(Med

line:

9134

1478

).

[Osc

herw

itz(1

999)

]J.

Osc

herw

itz,F

.M.G

otch

,K.B

.Cea

se,&

J.A

.Ber

zof-

sky.

New

insi

ghts

and

appr

oach

esre

gard

ing

B-

and

T-ce

llep

itope

sin

HIV

vacc

ine

desi

gn[In

Pro

cess

Cita

tion]

.AID

S13

Sup

plA:

S16

3–74

,19

99.

(Med

line:

2034

0299

).

[Ota

(199

9)]

A.

Ota

,A

.N

.B

autis

ta,

M.

L.Y

adav

,&

S.

Ued

a.A

nti-P

30-

52m

onoc

lona

lan

tibod

ycr

oss-

reac

ted

toE

nvV

3an

din

hibi

ted

the

vira

lm

ultip

licat

ion

ofH

IV-1

-infe

cted

MT-

4ce

lls.H

ybrid

om

a18:

139–

47,1

999.

(Med

line:

9930

6681

).

[Ota

(199

8)]

A.

Ota

,X

.Li

u,H

.F

ujio

,N

.S

akat

o,&

S.

Ued

a.R

ando

mex

-pr

essi

onof

hum

anim

mun

odefi

cien

cyvi

rus-

1(H

IV-1

)p17

(epi

tope

s)on

the

surf

ace

ofth

eH

IV-1

-infe

cted

cell.H

ybrid

om

a17

:73–

5,19

98.

(Med

line:

9818

3842

).

[Ota

&U

eda(

1998

)]A

.Ota

&S

.Ued

a.E

valu

atio

nof

the

affin

itym

easu

rem

ent

ofan

ti-H

IV-1

p17

mon

oclo

nala

ntib

ody

byB

IAco

re.Hyb

rid

om

a17:

471–

7,19

98.

(Med

line:

9908

9389

).

[Ota

&U

eda(

1999

)]A

.Ota

&S

.Ued

a.In

hibi

tory

mec

hani

smof

anti-

P30

-52

mon

oclo

nala

ntib

ody

agai

nsth

uman

imm

unod

efici

ency

viru

sty

pe1

(HIV

-1)

mul

tiplic

atio

nin

infe

cted

MT-

4ce

lls.H

ybrid

om

a18:

235–

41,1

999.

(Med

-lin

e:99

4022

22).

[Ota

ke(1

994)

]K

.O

take

,Y.

Fuj

ii,Y.

Nis

hino

,Q

.Z

hong

,K

.F

ujin

aga,

M.K

ameo

ka,K

.Ohk

i,&

K.I

kuta

.T

heca

rbox

yl-t

erm

inal

regi

onof

HIV

-1ne

fpr

otei

nis

ace

llsu

rfac

edo

mai

nth

atca

nin

tera

ctw

ithC

D4+

Tce

lls.

JIm

mu

no

l153

:582

6–58

37,

1994

.(M

edlin

e:95

0816

31)

Not

es:

Thi

sst

udy

show

sth

atth

eC

-ter

min

alen

dof

Nef

isac

cess

ible

toA

bs.

Thi

sdo

mai

nco

uld

bind

ina

solu

ble

form

toC

D4+

,uni

nfec

ted

cells

,and

this

inte

ract

ion

isin

hibi

ted

inth

epr

esen

ceof

the

C-t

erm

inal

spec

ific

antib

odie

s.S

yncy

tium

form

atio

nw

asre

duce

dby

thes

eA

bsor

pept

ides

.Abs

coul

dst

ain

IIIB

/M10

,bu

tnot

MN

/M10

,inf

ecte

dce

lls,i

na

mem

bran

eim

mun

ofluo

resc

ence

assa

y.

[Otte

ken

(199

6)]

A.O

tteke

n,P.

L.E

arl,

&B

.Mos

s.F

oldi

ng,a

ssem

bly,

and

in-

trac

ellu

lart

raffi

ckin

gof

the

hum

anim

mun

odefi

cien

cyvi

rus

type

1E

nvel

ope

glyc

opro

tein

anal

yzed

with

mon

oclo

nala

ntib

odie

sre

cogn

izin

gm

atur

atio

nal

inte

rmed

iate

s.JV

irol7

0:34

07–1

5,19

96.

(Med

line:

9621

1471

).

[Otte

ken

(199

2)]

A.O

tteke

n,S

.Nic

k,W

.Ber

gter

,G.V

oss,

A.F

aiss

t,C

.Sta

hl-

Hen

nig,

&G

.Hun

sman

n.Id

entifi

catio

nof

aga

gpr

otei

nep

itope

cons

erve

dam

ong

allf

our

grou

psof

prim

ate

imm

unod

efici

ency

viru

ses

byus

ing

mon

-oc

lona

lant

ibod

ies.J

Ge

nV

irol7

3:27

21–2

724,

1992

.(M

edlin

e:93

0190

29)

Ant

ibod

yR

efer

ence

sB Cell

IV-D

-33

DE

C20

00

Not

es:

Ant

i-SIV

agm

TY

O-7

Mab

sw

ere

obta

ined

byin

trap

erito

neal

imm

u-ni

zatio

nof

mic

e.Tw

ore

acte

dw

ithp1

7an

dth

ree

with

p24.

The

anti-

p24

MA

bsre

cogn

ized

anep

itope

pres

enti

nS

IVag

mT

YO

-7,S

IVag

mT

YO

-5,a

ndH

IV-2

/SIV

mac

.The

anti-

p17

reco

gniz

edan

epito

pepr

esen

tin

SIV

agm

TY

O-

7,S

IVag

mT

YO

-5,

HIV

-2/S

IVm

ac,

SIV

agm

TY

O-1

,H

IV-1

,an

dS

IVm

nd.

Thi

sst

udy

show

sth

atth

em

atrix

prot

ein

expr

esse

sat

leas

tone

high

lyco

n-se

rved

epito

pe.

[Ovo

d(1

992)

]V.

Ovo

d,A

.La

gers

tedt

,A

.R

anki

,F.

O.

Gom

bert

,R

.S

pohn

,M

.Ta

htin

en,

G.

Jung

,&

K.

J.K

rohn

.Im

mun

olog

ical

varia

tion

and

im-

mun

ohis

toch

emic

allo

caliz

atio

nof

HIV

-1N

efde

mon

stra

ted

with

mon

o-cl

onal

antib

odie

s.A

IDS

6:25

–34,

1992

.(M

edlin

e:92

1816

22)

Not

es:

Ten

anti-

Nef

MA

bsw

ere

gene

rate

dan

dm

appe

d.N

efis

expr

esse

din

two

iso-

mor

phic

form

s,an

dw

assh

own

tobe

expr

esse

dm

ainl

yin

the

Gol

gico

mpl

exan

dat

the

nucl

ear

mem

bran

e,bu

tocc

asio

nally

xin

the

nucl

eus,

part

icul

arly

inM

T-4

cells

.

[Pal

(199

2)]

R.

Pal

,F.

diM

arzo

Vero

nese

,B

.C

.N

air,

R.

Rah

man

,G

.H

oke,

S.W

.Mum

baue

r,&

M.G

.Sar

ngad

hara

n.C

hara

cter

izat

ion

ofa

neut

raliz

ing

mon

oclo

nala

ntib

ody

toth

eex

tern

algl

ycop

rote

inof

HIV

-1.

Inte

rviro

log

y86

:86–

93,1

992.

(Med

line:

9318

6358

).

[Pal

ker

(198

7)]

T.J.

Pal

ker,

T.J.

Mat

thew

s,M

.E.C

lark

,G.J

.Cia

ncol

o,R

.R.

Ran

dall,

A.J

.Lan

gloi

s,G

.C.W

hite

,B.S

afei

,R.S

nyde

rman

,D.P

.Bol

og-

nesi

,&B

.F.H

ayne

s.A

cons

erve

dep

itope

atth

eC

OO

Hte

rmin

usof

hum

anim

mun

odefi

cien

cyvi

rus

gp12

0en

velo

pepr

otei

nco

ntai

nsan

imm

unod

om-

inan

tep

itope

.Pro

cN

at

Aca

dS

ciU

SA8

4:24

79–2

483,

1987

.(M

edlin

e:87

1756

97).

[Pap

side

ro(1

988)

]L.

D.

Pap

side

ro,

B.

J.P

oies

z,&

R.

A.

Mon

tagn

a.M

ono-

clon

alA

ntib

ody

Iden

tifies

aH

ighl

yC

onse

rved

and

Imm

unod

omin

ant

Epi

-to

peof

the

Hum

anIm

mun

odefi

cien

cyV

irus

Tra

nsm

embr

ane

Pro

tein

.H

y-b

rid

om

a7:

117–

128,

1988

.(M

edlin

e:88

2266

64).

[Pap

side

ro(1

989)

]L.

D.

Pap

side

ro,

M.

She

u,&

F.W

.R

usce

tti.

Hum

anim

-m

unod

efici

ency

viru

sty

pe1-

neut

raliz

ing

mon

oclo

nala

ntib

odie

sw

hich

reac

tw

ithp1

7co

repr

otei

n:ch

arac

teriz

atio

nan

dep

itope

map

ping

.J

Viro

l63:

267–

272,

1989

.(M

edlin

e:89

0688

40)N

otes

:Tw

oM

abs

with

over

lapp

ing

bind

ing

site

son

p17

redu

ced

the

infe

ctiv

ityof

free

viru

s.A

p24

mon

oclo

nalw

asno

tab

leto

doth

is.

[Par

k(2

000)

]E

.J.

Par

k,M

.K

.G

orny

,S

.Z

olla

-Paz

ner,

&G

.V.

Qui

nnan

.A

glob

alne

utra

lizat

ion

resi

stan

ceph

enot

ype

ofhu

man

imm

unod

efici

ency

viru

sty

pe1

isde

term

ined

bydi

stin

ctm

echa

nism

sm

edia

ting

enha

nced

infe

c-tiv

ityan

dco

nfor

mat

iona

lcha

nge

ofth

een

velo

peco

mpl

ex.

JV

irol7

4:41

83–

91,2

000.

(Med

line:

2021

9411

).

[Par

ker

(199

6)]

C.E

.Par

ker,

D.I

.Pap

ac,S

.K.T

roja

k,&

K.B

.Tom

er.E

pito

pem

appi

ngby

mas

ssp

ectr

omet

ry:d

eter

min

atio

nof

anep

itope

onH

IV-1

IIIB

p26

reco

gniz

edby

am

onoc

lona

lant

ibod

y.JIm

mu

no

l157

:198

–206

,199

6.(M

edlin

e:96

2646

91).

[Par

ren

&B

urto

n(19

97)]

P.W

.Par

ren

&D

.Bur

ton.

Ant

ibod

ies

Aga

inst

HIV

-1fr

omP

hage

Dis

play

Libr

ary:

Map

ping

ofan

Imm

une

Res

pons

ean

dP

rogr

ess

tow

ard

Ant

ivira

lIm

mun

othe

rapy

.Ch

em

Imm

un

ol65

:18–

56,

1997

.(M

ed-

line:

9717

1699

)N

otes

:E

dito

r,J.

D.

Cap

ra.

An

exce

llent

revi

ewof

the

po-

tent

ialf

oran

tivira

lim

mun

eth

erap

yus

ing

anti-

HIV

hum

anm

onoc

lona

lan-

tibod

ies,

emph

asiz

ing

phag

edi

spla

ylib

rary

tech

nolo

gy,

and

appl

icat

ion

toH

IV.F

abs

togp

120

and

gp41

are

sum

mar

ized

.The

met

hodo

logy

ofse

lect

ion

fore

nhan

ced

affin

ityis

disc

usse

d,an

daf

finity

show

nto

bere

late

dto

neut

ral-

izat

ion.

Fab

sex

pres

sed

inph

age

disp

lay

libra

ries

wer

ege

nera

llyco

nver

ted

toIg

Gm

olec

ules

only

ifth

eysh

owne

utra

lizat

ion

pote

ntia

lin

vitr

o,

and

this

conv

ersi

onto

anIg

Gen

hanc

esne

utra

lizin

gpo

tent

ialf

orim

mun

othe

ra-

peut

ics.

The

use

ofph

age

disp

lay

libra

ries

toas

sess

vacc

ines

isdi

scus

sed.

gp12

0,gp

160

and

gp14

0-ol

igom

eric

vacc

ines

wer

eco

mpa

red

asan

tigen

for

sele

ctio

nfr

omph

age

disp

lay

libra

ries.

Des

pite

the

fact

that

CD

4BS

,V3

loop

,and

CD

4BS

-V2

loop

dire

cted

Abs

wer

eob

tain

edin

vacc

inee

s,no

neof

thes

eva

ccin

esef

ficie

ntly

sele

cted

neut

raliz

ing

Abs

from

long

-ter

mas

ymp-

tom

atic

dono

rsin

phag

edi

spla

ylib

rarie

s.T

hepr

otei

nw

ithth

ebe

stpo

tent

ial

usin

gth

ism

etho

dw

asfo

und

tobe

nativ

eol

igom

eric

HIV

-1E

nvel

ope

ex-

pres

sed

onin

fect

edce

lls.T

hepo

ssib

ility

ofus

ing

2G12

,IgG

1b1

2an

d2F

5in

com

bina

tion

for

imm

unot

hera

pyis

disc

usse

d.

[Par

ren

(199

5)]

P.W

.Par

ren,

H.J

.Ditz

el,R

.J.G

uliz

ia,J

.M.B

inle

y,C

.F.B

.3r

d,D

.R

.B

urto

n,&

D.

E.

Mos

ier.

Pro

tect

ion

agai

nst

HIV

-1in

fect

ion

inhu

-PB

L-S

CID

mic

eby

pass

ive

imm

uniz

atio

nw

itha

neut

raliz

ing

hum

anm

onoc

lona

lant

ibod

yag

ains

tth

egp

120

CD

4-bi

ndin

gsi

te.

AID

S9:

F1–

F6,

1995

.(M

edlin

e:95

3911

59)

Not

es:

The

Fab

b12,

at1.

9m

g/kg

,w

asab

leto

prot

ect

25%

ofhu

-PB

L-S

CID

mic

efr

omH

IV-1

infe

ctio

nsh

owin

gth

atco

mpl

ete

prot

ectio

nag

ains

tHIV

-1in

fect

ion

can

beac

hiev

edin

the

hu-P

BL-

SC

IDm

odel

bypa

ssiv

eim

mun

izat

ion

with

phys

iolo

gica

llyre

leva

ntdo

ses

ofan

tibod

y.

Ant

ibod

yR

efer

ence

sB Cell

IV-D

-34

DE

C20

00

[Par

ren

(199

7a)]

P.W

.Par

ren,

M.C

.Gau

duin

,R.A

.Kou

p,P.

Poi

gnar

d,P.

Fis

i-ca

ro,

D.

R.

Bur

ton,

&Q

.J.

Sat

tent

au.

Rel

evan

ceof

the

antib

ody

resp

onse

agai

nst

hum

anim

mun

odefi

cien

cyvi

rus

type

1E

nvel

ope

tova

ccin

ede

sign

[cor

rect

edan

dre

publ

ishe

din

Imm

unol

Lett

1997

Jul;5

8(2)

:125

-32]

.Im

-m

un

olL

ett5

7:10

5–12

,199

7a.

(Med

line:

9737

6324

).

[Par

ren

(199

7b)]

P.W

.Par

ren,

M.C

.Gau

duin

,R.A

.Kou

p,P.

Poi

gnar

d,Q

.J.

Sat

tent

au,P

.Fis

icar

o,&

D.R

.Bur

ton.

Err

atum

toR

elev

ance

ofth

ean

tibod

yre

spon

seag

ains

thum

anim

mun

odefi

cien

cyvi

rus

type

1E

nvel

ope

tova

ccin

ede

sign

[cor

rect

edan

dre

publ

ishe

dar

ticle

orig

inal

lypr

inte

din

Imm

unol

Lett

1997

Jun

1;57

(1-3

):10

5-12

].Imm

un

olL

ett5

8:12

5–32

,19

97b.

(Med

line:

9741

5525

).

[Par

ren

(199

8a)]

P.W

.Par

ren,

I.M

ondo

r,D

.Nan

iche

,H.J

.Ditz

el,P

.J.K

lass

e,D

.R.B

urto

n,&

Q.J

.Sat

tent

au.N

eutr

aliz

atio

nof

hum

anim

mun

odefi

cien

cyvi

rus

type

1by

antib

ody

togp

120

isde

term

ined

prim

arily

byoc

cupa

ncy

ofsi

tes

onth

evi

rion

irres

pect

ive

ofep

itope

spec

ifici

ty.

JV

irol7

2:35

12–9

,19

98a.

(Med

line:

9821

6707

)N

otes

:T

heau

thor

spr

opos

eth

atth

eoc

cu-

panc

yof

bind

ing

site

son

HIV

-1vi

rions

isth

em

ajor

fact

orin

dete

rmin

ing

neut

raliz

atio

n,irr

espe

ctiv

eof

epito

pesp

ecifi

city

.Neu

tral

izat

ion

was

assa

yed

T-ce

ll-lin

e-ad

apte

dH

IV-1

isol

ates

.B

indi

ngof

Fab

sto

mon

omer

icrg

p120

was

notc

orre

late

dw

ithbi

ndin

gto

func

tiona

lolig

omer

icgp

120

orne

utra

l-iz

atio

n,w

hile

bind

ing

tofu

nctio

nalo

ligom

eric

gp12

0w

ashi

ghly

corr

elat

edw

ithne

utra

lizat

ion.

The

ratio

sof

olig

omer

bind

ing/

neut

raliz

atio

nw

ere

sim

-ila

rfor

antib

odie

sto

diffe

rent

neut

raliz

atio

nep

itope

s,w

itha

few

exce

ptio

ns.

[Par

ren

(199

9)]

P.W

.P

arre

n,J.

P.M

oore

,D

.R

.B

urto

n,&

Q.

J.S

atte

ntau

.T

hene

utra

lizin

gan

tibod

yre

spon

seto

HIV

-1:v

irale

vasi

onan

des

cape

from

hum

oral

imm

unity

[InP

roce

ssC

itatio

n].AID

S13

Sup

plA:

S13

7–62

,199

9.(M

edlin

e:20

3402

98).

[Par

ren

(199

8b)]

P.W

.Par

ren,

M.W

ang,

A.T

rkol

a,J.

M.B

inle

y,M

.Pur

tsch

er,

H.K

atin

ger,

J.P.

Moo

re,&

D.R

.Bur

ton.

Ant

ibod

yne

utra

lizat

ion-

resi

stan

tpr

imar

yis

olat

esof

hum

anim

mun

odefi

cien

cyvi

rus

type

1.J

Viro

l72:

1027

0–4,

1998

b.(M

edlin

e:99

0309

46).

[Pee

t(19

98)]

N.

M.

Pee

t,J.

A.

McK

eatin

g,J.

B.

deS

ouza

,I.

M.

Roi

tt,P.

J.D

elve

s,&

T.Lu

nd.

The

effe

ctof

low

-pro

file

serin

esu

bstit

utio

nsin

the

V3

loop

ofH

IV-1

.Viro

log

y25

1:59

–70,

1998

.(M

edlin

e:99

0330

93).

[Pet

rov

(199

0)]

R.V

.Pet

rov,

R.M

.Kha

itov,

I.G

.Sid

orov

ich,

S.P

.Pav

likov

,I.

A.

Nik

olae

va,

M.

E.

Ivac

henk

o,S

.M

.A

ndre

ev,

&L.

Y.U

.S

klya

rov.

The

use

ofsy

nthe

ticpe

ptid

esin

the

diag

nosi

sof

HIV

infe

ctio

ns.

Bio

me

dS

ci1:

239–

244,

1990

.(M

edlin

e:91

3637

60)

Not

es:P

eptid

esfr

om2

regi

ons

ofE

nvw

ere

part

icul

arly

imm

unor

eact

ive

inE

LIS

Ate

sts

with

hum

anse

rafr

omH

IV-1

posi

tive

indi

vidu

als:

495-

516

ofgp

120

(SP

-III)

,pe

ptid

e58

4-60

2of

gp41

(LS

-19)

,an

dpe

ptid

e60

1-61

6of

gp41

(SP

-15)

.U

gand

ase

rare

acte

dw

ithbo

thS

P-I

IIfr

omH

TLV

-III

and

SP

-29

(gp4

1,59

8-60

9)fr

omth

eLA

V-E

LIis

olat

e.H

IV-1

pept

ides

from

gp32

wer

eno

tcro

ss-r

eact

ive.

[Pin

cus

(199

1)]

S.H

.Pin

cus,

R.L

.Col

e,E

.M.H

ersh

,D.L

ake,

Y.M

asuh

o,P.

J.D

urda

,&J.

McC

lure

.In

Vitr

oE

ffica

cyof

Ant

i-HIV

Imm

unot

oxin

sTa

rget

edby

Vario

usA

ntib

odie

sto

the

Env

elop

eP

rote

in.

JIm

mu

no

l146

:431

5–43

24,

1991

.(M

edlin

e:91

2507

25)

Not

es:

Six

MA

bs,

(907

,92

4,11

0.1,

41.1

,86

and

P5-

3)an

dpo

lycl

onal

pool

edse

rum

antib

odie

spu

rified

ongp

160

wer

eco

uple

dto

RA

Cto

crea

teim

mun

otox

ins.

Onl

y41

.1-R

AC

,an

anti-

gp41

MA

b-im

mun

otox

inan

dth

epo

lycl

onal

imm

unot

oxin

show

eddi

rect

activ

ityag

ains

tmul

tiple

stra

ins,

and

activ

ityof

anim

mun

otox

inw

asfo

und

nott

obe

dire

ctly

corr

elat

edw

ithce

llsu

rfac

ebi

ndin

g.

[Pin

cus

(199

8)]

S.

H.

Pin

cus,

R.

L.C

ole,

R.

Wat

son-

McK

own,

A.

Pin

ter,

W.

Hon

nen,

B.

Col

e,&

K.

S.

Wis

e.Im

mun

olog

iccr

oss-

reac

tion

betw

een

HIV

type

1p1

7an

dM

ycop

lasm

ahy

orhi

nis

varia

ble

lipop

rote

in.

AID

SR

es

Hu

mR

etr

oviru

ses1

4:41

9–25

,199

8.(M

edlin

e:98

2068

78).

[Pin

cus

&M

cClu

re(1

993)

]S

.H.P

incu

s&

J.M

cClu

re.S

olub

leC

D4

enha

nces

the

effic

acy

ofim

mun

otox

ins

dire

cted

agai

nst

gp41

ofth

ehu

man

imm

un-

odefi

cien

cyvi

rus.

Pro

cN

atl

Aca

dS

ciU

SA9

0:33

2–6,

1993

.(M

edlin

e:93

1263

70).

[Pin

cus

(199

3)]

S.H

.Pin

cus,

K.G

.Mes

ser,

D.H

.Sch

war

tz,G

.K.L

ewis

,B.S

.G

raha

m,W

.A.B

lattn

er,&

G.F

ishe

r.D

iffer

ence

sin

the

antib

ody

resp

onse

tohu

man

imm

unod

efici

ency

viru

s-1

Env

elop

egl

ycop

rote

in(g

p160

)in

infe

cted

labo

rato

ryw

orke

rsan

dva

ccin

ees.JC

linIn

vest

91:1

987–

96,1

993.

(Med

line:

9325

3041

).

[Pin

cus

(198

9)]

S.

H.

Pin

cus,

K.

Weh

rly,

&B

.C

hese

bro.

Tre

atm

ent

ofH

IVtis

sue

cultu

rein

fect

ion

with

mon

oclo

nala

ntib

ody-

ricin

Ach

ain

conj

ugat

es.

JIm

mu

no

l142

:307

0–30

75,1

989.

(Med

line:

8921

5266

).

[Pin

cus

(199

6)]

S.H

.Pin

cus,

K.W

ehrly

,R.C

ole,

H.F

ang,

G.K

.Lew

is,J

.Mc-

Clu

re,

A.

J.C

onle

y,B

.W

ahre

n,M

.R

.P

osne

r,A

.L.

Not

kins

,S

.A

.T

illey

,A

.Pin

ter,

L.E

iden

,M.T

eint

ze,D

.Dor

war

d,&

V.V.

Tols

tikov

.In

vitr

oef

fect

sof

anti-

HIV

imm

unot

oxin

sdi

rect

edag

ains

tm

ultip

leep

itope

son

HIV

type

Ant

ibod

yR

efer

ence

sB Cell

IV-D

-35

DE

C20

00

1en

velo

pegl

ycop

rote

in16

0.AID

SR

es

Hu

mR

etr

oviru

ses12

:104

1–10

51,

1996

.(M

edlin

e:96

4247

59)

Not

es:

Apa

nel

ofan

ti-gp

160

MA

bsto

was

used

toco

nstr

ucta

nti-H

IVim

mun

otox

ins

byco

uplin

gan

tibod

ies

toric

inA

chai

n(R

AC

).T

heab

ility

ofth

eim

mun

otox

ins

toki

llH

IV-1

-infe

cted

cells

was

test

edin

tissu

ecu

lture

.Im

mun

otox

ins

that

bind

epito

pes

onth

ece

llsu

rfac

eki

lled

infe

cted

cells

,al

thou

ghki

lling

was

not

dire

ctly

prop

ortio

nal

tobi

ndin

g.T

heac

tivity

ofan

ti-gp

41im

mun

otox

ins

was

mar

kedl

yen

hanc

edin

the

pres

ence

ofsC

D4.

[Pin

ter

(199

3a)]

A.P

inte

r,W

.J.H

onne

n,M

.E.R

acho

,&S

.A.T

illey

.Apo

tent

,ne

utra

lizin

ghu

man

mon

oclo

nala

ntib

ody

agai

nsta

uniq

ueep

itope

over

lap-

ping

the

CD

4-bi

ndin

gsi

teof

HIV

-1gp

120

that

isbr

oadl

yco

nser

ved

acro

ssN

orth

Am

eric

anan

dA

fric

anvi

ral

isol

ates

.AID

SR

es

Hu

mR

etr

oviru

ses

9:98

5–99

6,19

93a.

(Med

line:

9410

7600

).

[Pin

ter

(199

3b)]

A.

Pin

ter,

W.

J.H

onne

n,&

S.

A.

Till

ey.

Con

form

atio

nal

chan

ges

affe

ctin

gth

eV

3an

dC

D4-

bind

ing

dom

ains

ofhu

man

imm

unod

efi-

cien

cyvi

rus

type

1gp

120

asso

ciat

edw

ithen

vpr

oces

sing

and

with

bind

ing

oflig

ands

toth

ese

site

s.JV

irol6

7:56

92–5

697,

1993

b.(M

edlin

e:93

3536

54).

[Pin

ter

(198

9)]

A.P

inte

r,W

.J.H

onne

n,S

.A.T

illey

,C.B

ona,

H.Z

agho

uani

,M

.K.G

orny

,&S

.Zol

la-P

azne

r.O

ligom

eric

Str

uctu

reof

gp41

,the

Tra

ns-

mem

bran

eP

rote

inof

Hum

anIm

mun

odefi

cien

cyV

irus

Type

1.JV

irol

63:2

674–

2679

,198

9.(M

edlin

e:89

2590

48).

[Pin

ter

(199

5)]

C.

Pin

ter,

A.

G.

Sic

card

i,&

A.

Cliv

io.

Pro

duct

ion

ofhu

man

imm

unod

efici

ency

viru

sby

chro

nica

llyin

fect

edce

llsgr

own

inpr

otei

n-fr

eem

ediu

m.C

ell

Bio

lIn

t19:

507–

515,

1995

.(M

edlin

e:95

3680

20).

[Piro

fski

(199

3)]

L.-A

.P

irofs

ki,

E.

K.

Tho

mas

,&

M.

D.

Sch

arff.

Varia

ble

regi

onge

neut

iliza

tion

and

mut

atio

nin

agr

oup

ofne

utra

lizin

gm

urin

ean

ti-hu

man

imm

unod

efici

ency

viru

sty

pe1

prin

cipa

lneu

tral

izin

gde

term

inan

tan-

tibod

ies.

AID

SR

es

Hu

mR

etr

oviru

ses9:41

–49,

1993

.(M

edlin

e:93

1522

85)

Not

es:

Obs

erve

dre

stric

ted

subs

etof

mur

ine

Vhe

avy

and

light

chai

nge

neel

emen

tsin

ase

tof5

antib

odie

sth

atbi

ndto

the

tipof

the

V3

loop

.

[Poi

gnar

d(1

996a

)]P.

Poi

gnar

d,T.

Fou

ts,

D.

Nan

iche

,J.

P.M

oore

,&

Q.

J.S

atte

ntau

.N

eutr

aliz

ing

antib

odie

sto

hum

anim

mun

odefi

cien

cyvi

rus

type

-1

gp12

0in

duce

enve

lope

glyc

opro

tein

subu

nit

diss

ocia

tion.JE

xpM

ed

183:

473–

484,

1996

a.(M

edlin

e:96

1952

01)

Not

es:B

indi

ngof

Ant

i-V3

and

the

CD

4Ine

utra

lizin

gM

Abs

indu

ces

shed

ding

ofgp

120

once

llsin

fect

edw

ithth

eT-

cell

line-

adap

ted

HIV

-1m

olec

ular

clon

eH

x10.

Thi

sw

assh

own

bysi

gnifi

cant

incr

ease

sof

gp12

0in

the

supe

rnat

ant,

and

expo

sure

ofa

gp41

epito

peth

atis

mas

ked

inth

eol

igom

er.M

Abs

bind

ing

eith

erto

the

V2

loop

orto

CD

4BS

disc

ontin

uous

epito

pes

dono

tind

uce

gp12

0di

ssoc

iatio

n.T

his

sugg

ests

HIV

neut

raliz

atio

npr

obab

lyis

caus

edby

seve

ralm

echa

nism

s,an

don

eof

the

mec

hani

sms

may

invo

lve

gp12

0di

ssoc

iatio

n.

[Poi

gnar

d(1

996b

)]P.

Poi

gnar

d,P.

J.K

lass

e,&

Q.J

.Sat

tent

au.

Ant

ibod

yne

u-tr

aliz

atio

nof

HIV

-1.

Imm

un

olo

gy

Tod

ay1

7:23

9–24

6,19

96b.

(Med

line:

9710

4961

)N

otes

:Com

preh

ensi

vere

view

ofH

IVen

velo

pegp

120

and

gp41

antib

ody

bind

ing

dom

ains

,an

ddi

ffere

ntcr

oss-

reac

tivity

grou

psof

MA

bsab

ility

tone

utra

lize

prim

ary

isol

ates

.The

dist

inct

ion

betw

een

neut

raliz

atio

nof

labo

rato

ryst

rain

san

dpr

imar

yis

olat

esis

disc

usse

d.T

heon

lyth

ree

epi-

tope

sth

atha

veco

nfirm

edbr

oad

neut

raliz

atio

nag

ains

tasp

ectr

umof

isol

ates

are

gp12

0ep

itope

sfo

rIg

G1b

12an

d2G

12,a

ndth

egp

41ep

itope

of2F

5.

[Poi

gnar

d(1

999)

]P.

Poi

gnar

d,R

.Sab

be,G

.R.P

icch

io,M

.Wan

g,R

.J.G

uliz

ia,

H.

Kat

inge

r,P.

W.

Par

ren,

D.

E.

Mos

ier,

&D

.R

.B

urto

n.N

eutr

aliz

ing

antib

odie

sha

velim

ited

effe

cts

onth

eco

ntro

lofe

stab

lishe

dH

IV-1

infe

ctio

nin

vivo

.Im

mu

nity

10:4

31–8

,199

9.(M

edlin

e:99

2441

92).

[Pol

lock

(198

9)]

B.J

.Pol

lock

,A.S

.McK

enzi

e,B

.E.K

emp,

D.A

.McP

hee,

&A

.J.F

.D’A

pice

.H

uman

mon

oclo

nala

ntib

odie

sto

HIV

-1:c

ross

-rea

ctio

nsw

ithga

gan

den

vpr

otei

ns.Clin

Exp

Imm

un

ol78

:323

–328

,198

9.(M

edlin

e:90

1252

11).

[Pos

ner

(199

2a)]

M.

Pos

ner,

L.C

avac

ini,

C.

Em

es,

J.P

ower

,M

.G

orny

,&

S.

Zol

la-P

azne

r.H

uman

Mon

oclo

nalA

ntib

odie

sto

the

V3

Loop

ofgp

120

Med

iate

Varia

ble

and

Dis

tinct

Effe

cts

onB

indi

ngan

dV

iralN

eutr

aliz

atio

nby

aH

uman

Mon

oclo

nalA

ntib

ody

toth

eC

D4

Bin

ding

Site

.J

Ce

llB

ioch

em

Sup

plO

(16

part

E):6

9,19

92a.

[Pos

ner

(199

3)]

M.R

.Pos

ner,

L.A

.Cav

acin

i,C

.L.E

mes

,J.P

ower

,&R

.Byr

n.N

eutr

aliz

atio

nof

HIV

-1by

F10

5,a

Hum

anM

onoc

lona

lAnt

ibod

yto

the

CD

4B

indi

ngS

iteof

gp12

0.J

AID

S6:

7–14

,199

3.(M

edlin

e:93

1082

53).

[Pos

ner

(199

5)]

M.

R.

Pos

ner,

L.A

.C

avac

ini,

J.G

ambe

rtog

lio,

C.

Spi

no,

E.

Wol

fe,

C.

Tra

pnel

l,N

.K

ette

r,S

.H

amm

er,

&M

.S

amor

e.A

nA

CT

Gph

ase

Iasa

fety

and

phar

mac

okin

etic

tria

lof

imm

unot

hera

pyw

ithth

ean

ti-C

D4

bind

ing

site

hum

anm

onoc

lona

lant

ibod

yF

105.

Na

tlC

on

fHu

mR

etr

o-

viru

ses

Re

latI

nfe

ct(2

nd

)1995

:150

,199

5.N

otes

:Aid

slin

e:95

9205

46A

b-st

ract

:E

ight

HIV

-pos

itive

asym

ptom

atic

indi

vidu

als

wer

egi

ven

F10

5by

Ant

ibod

yR

efer

ence

sB Cell

IV-D

-36

DE

C20

00

intr

aven

ous

infu

sion

.The

rew

ere

nocl

inic

alsi

deef

fect

sor

chan

ges

inbi

o-ch

emic

alte

sts

amon

gth

eei

ghtv

olun

teer

s.T

hepl

asm

aha

lflif

eof

F10

5ha

da

rang

eof

8.7-

18.6

days

.

[Pos

ner

(199

2b)]

M.

R.

Pos

ner,

H.

S.

Elb

oim

,T.

Can

non,

L.C

avic

ini,

&T.

Hid

eshi

ma.

Fun

ctio

nal

Act

ivity

ofan

HIV

-1N

eutr

aliz

ing

IgG

Hum

anM

onoc

lona

lAnt

ibod

y:A

DC

Can

dC

ompl

emen

t-M

edia

ted

Lysi

s.A

IDS

Re

sH

um

Re

trov

iru

ses8:

553–

558,

1992

b.(M

edlin

e:92

3851

56).

[Pos

ner

(199

1)]

M.R

.Pos

ner,

T.H

ides

him

a,T.

Can

non,

M.M

ukhe

rjee,

K.H

.M

ayer

,&

R.

A.

Byr

n.A

nIg

Ghu

man

mon

oclo

nal

antib

ody

that

reac

tsw

ithH

IV-I

/gp1

20,i

nhib

itsvi

rus

bind

ing

toce

lls,a

ndne

utra

lizes

infe

ctio

n.J

Imm

un

ol1

46:4

325–

4332

,19

91.

(Med

line:

9125

0726

)N

otes

:O

rigin

alpa

per

desc

ribin

gth

ene

utra

lizin

gM

Ab

F10

5.

[Pot

ts(1

993)

]B

.J.

Pot

ts,

K.

G.

Fie

ld,

Y.W

u,M

.P

osne

r,L.

Cav

acin

i,&

M.W

hite

-Sch

arf.

Syn

ergi

stic

Inhi

bitio

nof

HIV

-1by

CD

4B

indi

ngD

omai

nR

eage

nts

and

V3-

Dire

cted

Mon

oclo

nalA

ntib

odie

s.V

irolo

gy

197:

415–

419,

1993

.(M

edlin

e:94

0255

92)

Not

es:

Fou

ran

ti-V

3lo

opM

Abs

,(5

9.1,

83.1

,50

.1,

and

58.2

),w

ere

eval

uate

dfo

rth

eir

affin

ity,

neut

raliz

atio

npo

tenc

ies,

and

thei

rab

ility

tosy

nerg

ize

F10

5or

sCD

4ne

utra

lizat

ion.

The

mos

tim

-po

rtan

tpa

ram

eter

for

syne

rgy

was

the

capa

city

tone

utra

lize

agi

ven

viru

sin

depe

nden

tly.

[Pou

mbo

urio

s(1

995)

]P.

Pou

mbo

urio

s,W

.ElA

hmar

,D.A

.McP

hee,

&B

.E.

Kem

p.D

eter

min

ants

ofhu

man

imm

unod

efici

ency

viru

sty

pe1

enve

lope

glyc

opro

tein

olig

omer

icst

ruct

ure.J

Viro

l69:

1209

–121

8,19

95.

(Med

line:

9511

5079

).

[Pou

mbo

urio

s(1

992)

]P.

Pou

mbo

urio

s,D

.A

.M

cPhe

e,&

B.

E.

Kem

p.A

nti-

body

epito

pes

sens

itive

toth

est

ate

ofhu

man

imm

unod

efici

ency

viru

sty

pe1

gp41

olig

omer

izat

ion

map

toa

puta

tive

alph

a-he

lical

regi

on.

AID

SR

es

Hu

mR

etr

oviru

ses8:

2055

–206

2,19

92.

(Med

line:

9315

2279

).

[Pur

tsch

er(1

996)

]M

.P

urts

cher

,A

.T

rkol

a,A

.G

rass

auer

,P.

M.

Sch

ulz,

A.

Klim

a,S

.D

oppe

r,G

.G

rube

r,A

.B

ucha

cher

,T.

Mus

ter,

&H

.K

atin

ger.

Res

tric

ted

antig

enic

varia

bilit

yof

the

epito

pere

cogn

ized

byth

ene

utra

lizin

ggp

41an

tibod

y2F

5.AID

S10

:587

–593

,199

6.(M

edlin

e:96

3745

85)

Not

es:

Bin

ding

and

neut

raliz

atio

nto

gp41

ELD

KW

Ava

riant

sby

anti-

gp41

MA

b2F

5w

ere

stud

ied.

LDK

Wis

the

core

bind

ing

mot

if.

[Pur

tsch

er(1

994)

]M

.Pur

tsch

er,A

.Trk

ola,

G.G

rube

r,A

.Buc

hach

er,R

.Pre

dl,

F.S

tein

dl,

C.

Taue

r,R

.B

erge

r,N

.B

arre

tt,A

.Ju

ngba

uer,

&H

.K

atin

ger.

Abr

oadl

yne

utra

lizin

ghu

man

mon

oclo

nala

ntib

ody

agai

nstg

p41

ofhu

man

imm

unod

efici

ency

viru

sty

pe1.A

IDS

Re

sH

um

Re

trov

iru

ses10:1

651–

1658

,19

94.

(Med

line:

9519

4731

).

[Qia

n&

Tom

er(1

998)

]X

.H

.Q

ian

&K

.B

.To

mer

.A

ffini

tyca

pilla

ryel

ec-

trop

hore

sis

inve

stig

atio

nof

anep

itope

onhu

man

imm

unod

efici

ency

viru

sre

cogn

ized

bya

mon

oclo

nal

antib

ody.E

lect

rop

ho

resi

s19:

415–

9,19

98.

(Med

line:

9821

1519

).

[Ran

ki(1

994)

]A

.Ran

ki,A

.Lag

erst

edt,

V.O

vod,

E.A

avik

,&K

.Kro

hn.

Ex-

pres

sion

kine

tics

and

subc

ellu

lar

loca

lizat

ion

ofH

IV-1

regu

lato

rypr

otei

nsN

efan

dTa

tin

esta

blis

hed

lym

phoi

dce

lllin

es.Arc

hV

irol1

39:3

65–3

78,

1994

.(M

edlin

e:95

1340

92).

[Ran

ki(1

995)

]A

.Ran

ki,M

.Nyb

erg,

V.O

vod,

M.H

altia

,I.E

lova

ara,

R.R

ain-

inko

,H.H

aapa

salo

,&K

.Kro

hn.

Abu

ndan

texp

ress

ion

ofH

IVN

efan

dR

evpr

otei

nsin

brai

nas

troc

ytes

invi

vois

asso

ciat

edw

ithde

men

tia.

AID

S9:

1001

–10

08,1

995.

(Med

line:

9608

5714

)N

otes

:HIV

Nef

prot

ein

was

foun

din

the

brai

nce

llsof

infe

cted

indi

vidu

als

with

clin

ical

neur

olog

ical

dise

ase.

[Rei

tz(1

988)

]M

.S.R

eitz

,C.W

ilson

,C.N

augl

e,&

M.R

ober

t-G

urof

f.G

en-

erat

ion

ofa

neut

raliz

atio

n-re

sist

ant

varia

ntof

HIV

-1is

due

tose

lect

ion

for

apo

int

mut

atio

nin

the

enve

lope

gene

.Ce

ll54

:57–

63,

1988

.(M

edlin

e:88

2534

26)

Not

es:G

row

thof

HX

B2

inth

eco

nsta

ntpr

esen

ceof

ane

utra

liz-

ing

antis

erum

yiel

ded

avi

ralp

opul

atio

nre

sist

ant

toth

esa

me

seru

m.

gp41

mut

atio

n58

2(A

lato

Thr

)co

nfer

red

the

resi

stan

tphe

noty

pe.

[Ric

hard

son

Jr(1

996)

]T.

M.

Ric

hard

son

Jr,

B.

L.S

tryj

ewsk

i,C

.C

.B

rode

r,J.

A.H

oxie

,J.R

.Mas

cola

,P.L

.Ear

l,&

R.W

.Dom

s.H

umor

alre

spon

seto

olig

omer

ichu

man

imm

unod

efici

ency

viru

sty

pe1

enve

lope

prot

ein.

JV

irol

70:7

53–6

2,19

96.

(Med

line:

9613

5183

)N

otes

:A

nE

nvan

tigen

capt

ure

enzy

me-

linke

dim

mun

osor

bent

assa

yus

ing

aso

lubl

e,ol

igom

eric

form

ofH

IV-1

IIIB

Env

(gp1

40)

that

cont

ains

gp12

0an

dth

egp

41ec

todo

mai

nw

asde

velo

ped.

The

gp14

0,ca

ptur

edby

vario

usm

onoc

lona

lant

ibod

ies

(MA

bs),

reta

ined

itsna

tive

olig

omer

icst

ruct

ure:

itbo

und

CD

4an

dw

asre

cogn

ized

byM

Abs

toco

nfor

mat

iona

lepi

tope

sin

gp12

0an

dgp

41,

incl

udin

gol

igom

er-

spec

ific

epito

pes

ingp

41.

[Rin

i(19

93)]

J.M

.Rin

i,E

.A.S

tura

,P.A

.Sal

inas

,A.T

.Pro

fy,&

I.A

.Wils

on.

Cry

stal

stru

ctur

eof

ahu

man

imm

unod

efici

ency

viru

sty

pe1

neut

raliz

ing

antib

ody,

50.1

,in

com

plex

with

itsV

3lo

oppe

ptid

ean

tigen

.P

roc

Na

tlA

cad

Sci

US

A90:

6325

–632

9,19

93.

(Med

line:

9331

7674

)N

otes

:T

heV

3

Ant

ibod

yR

efer

ence

sB Cell

IV-D

-37

DE

C20

00

antig

enic

site

isst

retc

hed

out,

nott

heβtu

rnse

enas

the

prim

ary

dete

rmin

ant

inot

her

publ

ishe

dan

ti-V

3pe

ptid

eF

abst

ruct

ures

.

[Riz

zuto

(199

8)]

C.D

.Riz

zuto

,R.W

yatt,

N.H

erna

ndez

-Ram

os,Y

.Sun

,P.D

.K

won

g,W

.A.H

endr

icks

on,&

J.S

odro

ski.

Aco

nser

ved

HIV

gp12

0gl

yco-

prot

ein

stru

ctur

ein

volv

edin

chem

okin

ere

cept

orbi

ndin

g.S

cie

nce

280:

1949

–53

,19

98.

(Med

line:

9829

6366

)N

otes

:T

his

pape

rco

mpa

res

the

epito

pefo

rC

D4

indu

cibl

eM

Abs

with

the

chem

okin

eco

-rec

epto

rbi

ndin

gsi

teon

the

gp12

0m

olec

ule.

Site

-dire

cted

mut

agen

esis

ofY

U2

Env

was

guid

edby

info

rmat

ion

obta

ined

from

the

crys

talli

zed

CD

4-17

b-gp

120

core

stru

ctur

e,K

won

ge

tal,

1998

.YU

2is

apr

imar

ym

acro

phag

etr

opic

R5

isol

ate

with

high

affin

ityfo

rbo

thC

D4

and

CC

R5.

Apr

otei

nw

ithth

eV

1-V

2lo

ops

dele

ted,

calle

dw

t∆w

asth

eba

sis

for

the

assa

yw

hich

dete

cted

bind

ing

ofvi

rus

toce

llsex

pres

sing

CC

R5

inth

epr

esen

ceof

sCD

4.P

rein

cuba

ton

with

MA

b17

bbl

ocks

bind

ing,

asdi

dth

ena

tura

llig

and

for

CC

R5,

MIP

-1β

and

anti-

CC

R5

MA

b2D

7.M

utat

ions

437

P/A

and

442

Q/L

incr

ease

dC

CR

5bi

ndin

gaf

fin-

ity.T

here

gion

ofgp

120

CC

R5

bind

ing

issh

own

tobe

the

high

lyco

nser

ved

β-s

heet

brid

ging

stru

ctur

e,lo

cate

dpr

oxim

alto

the

V3

loop

.

[Rob

en(1

994)

]P.

Rob

en,J

.P.M

oore

,M.T

hali,

J.S

odro

ski,

C.F

.Bar

bas

III,

&D

.R.B

urto

n.R

ecog

nitio

nP

rope

rtie

sof

aP

anel

ofH

uman

Rec

ombi

nant

Fab

frag

men

tsto

the

CD

4bi

ndin

gsi

teof

gp12

0th

atsh

owdi

fferin

gab

ilitie

sto

neut

raliz

ehu

man

imm

unod

efici

ency

viru

sty

pe1.JV

irol6

8:48

21–4

828,

1994

.(M

edlin

e:94

3091

44).

[Rob

ert-

Gur

off(

1994

)]M

.R

ober

t-G

urof

f,A

.Lo

uie,

M.

Mya

gkik

h,F.

Mic

hael

s,M

.P.

Kie

ny,

M.

E.

Whi

te-S

char

f,B

.P

otts

,D

.G

rogg

,&

M.

S.

Rei

tz.

Alte

ratio

nof

V3

loop

cont

ext

with

inth

een

velo

peof

hum

anim

mun

odefi

cien

cyvi

rus

type

1en

hanc

esne

utra

liza-

tion.

JV

irol

68:3

459–

3466

,19

94.

(Med

line:

9424

6688

)N

otes

:M

N-V

3lo

opin

sert

edin

toa

HB

X2

back

grou

ndre

sults

inen

hanc

edne

utra

lizat

ion

ofan

ti-M

NV

3M

Ab

50.1

and

hum

anH

IV+

sera

whe

nth

ech

imer

icvi

rus

was

com

pare

dto

MN

.Enh

ance

daf

finity

,and

grea

ter

prop

ortio

nsof

labe

led

infe

cted

H9

cells

byFA

CS

anal

ysis

,wer

eal

soob

serv

edus

ing

two

anti-

MN

V3

MA

bs,5

0.1

and

83.1

.

[Rob

ert-

Heb

man

n(1

992a

)]V.

Rob

ert-

Heb

man

n,S

.E

mili

ani,

F.Je

an,

M.R

esni

coff,

&C

.Dev

aux.

Clo

nala

naly

sis

ofm

urin

eB

-cel

lres

pons

eto

the

hum

anim

mun

odefi

cien

cyvi

rus

type

1(H

IV-1

)-ga

gp1

7an

dp2

5an

tigen

s.M

olI

mm

un

ol2

9:72

9–73

8,19

92a.

(Med

line:

9229

3165

).

[Rob

ert-

Heb

man

n(1

992b

)]V.

Rob

ert-

Heb

man

n,S

.E

mili

ani,

M.

Res

nico

ff,F.

Jean

,&C

.Dev

aux.

Sub

typi

ngof

hum

anim

mun

odefi

cien

cyvi

rus

isol

ates

with

apa

nelo

fm

onoc

lona

lant

ibod

ies:

iden

tifica

tion

ofco

nser

ved

and

di-

verg

ente

pito

pes

onp1

7an

dp2

5co

repr

otei

ns.

Mo

lIm

mu

no

l29:

1175

–118

3,19

92b.

(Med

line:

9240

8665

).

[Rob

inso

n(1

992)

]J.

Rob

inso

n,H

.Yo

shiy

ama,

D.

Hol

ton,

S.

Elli

ot,

&D

.D

.H

o.D

istin

ctan

tigen

icsi

tes

onH

IVgp

120

iden

tified

bya

pane

lof

hum

anm

onoc

lona

lant

ibod

ies.J

Ce

llB

ioch

em

Sup

pl16

E:71

,199

2.

[Rob

inso

n(1

990a

)]J.

E.

Rob

inso

n,D

.H

olto

n,S

.P

ache

co-M

orel

l,J.

Liu,

&H

.M

cMur

do.

Iden

tifica

tion

ofco

nser

ved

and

varia

ble

epito

pes

ofhu

man

imm

unod

efici

ency

viru

sty

pe-1

(HIV

-1)

gp12

0by

hum

anm

onoc

lona

lant

i-bo

dies

prod

uced

byE

BV

tran

sfor

med

cell

lines

.A

IDS

Re

sH

um

Re

trov

iru

ses

6:56

7–57

9,19

90a.

(Med

line:

9029

8073

).

[Rob

inso

n(1

991)

]W

.E.R

obin

son,

M.K

.Gor

ny,J

.-Y.

Xu,

W.M

.Mitc

hell,

&S

.Zol

la-P

azne

r.Tw

oIm

mun

odom

inan

tDom

ains

ofgp

41B

ind

Ant

ibod

ies

Whi

chE

nhan

ceH

uman

Imm

unod

efici

ency

Viru

sTy

pe1

Infe

ctio

nIn

Vitr

o.J

Viro

l65:

4169

–417

6,19

91.

(Med

line:

9130

3668

).

[Rob

inso

n(1

990b

)]W

.E

.R

obin

son,

T.K

awam

ura,

M.

K.

Gor

ny,

D.

Lake

,J.

-Y.

Xu,

Y.M

atsu

mot

o,T.

Sug

ano,

Y.M

asuh

o,W

.M

.M

itche

ll,E

.H

ersh

,&

S.Z

olla

-Paz

ner.

Hum

anm

onoc

lona

lant

ibod

ies

toth

ehu

man

imm

unod

-efi

cien

cyvi

rus

type

1(H

IV-1

)tr

ansm

embr

ane

glyc

opro

tein

gp41

enha

nce

HIV

-1in

fect

ion

invi

tro.

Pro

cN

atl

Aca

dS

ciU

SA8

7:31

85–3

189,

1990

b.(M

edlin

e:90

2221

94)N

otes

:Thr

eegp

41M

Abs

outo

f16

Env

and

Gag

MA

bste

sted

enha

nced

HIV

-1III

Bin

fect

ion

ofM

T-2

cells

.The

enha

ncin

gan

tibod

-ie

sw

ere

com

petit

ive

with

the

imm

unod

omin

ante

pito

pes

ofgp

41re

cogn

ized

byse

rafr

omH

IV-1

infe

cted

subj

ects

.

[Rov

insk

i(19

95)]

B.R

ovin

ski,

L.R

odrig

ues,

S.X

.Cao

,F.L

.Yao

,U.M

cGui

n-ne

ss,C

.Sia

,G.C

ates

,S.Z

olla

-Paz

ner,

S.K

arw

owsk

a,T.

J.M

atth

ews,

C.B

.M

cDan

al,

J.M

asco

la,

&M

.H

.K

lein

.In

duct

ion

ofH

IVty

pe1

neut

ral-

izin

gan

den

v-C

D4

bloc

king

antib

odie

sby

imm

uniz

atio

nw

ithge

netic

ally

engi

neer

edH

IVty

pe1-

like

part

icle

sco

ntai

ning

unpr

oces

sed

gp16

0gl

y-co

prot

eins

.AID

SR

es

Hu

mR

etr

oviru

ses11

:118

7–11

95,

1995

.(M

edlin

e:96

1572

06).

[Saa

rloos

(199

5)]

M.N

.Saa

rloos

,T.F

.Lin

t,&

G.T

.Spe

ar.

Effi

cacy

ofH

IV-

spec

ific

and

’ant

ibod

y-in

depe

nden

t’m

echa

nism

sfo

rcom

plem

enta

ctiv

atio

nby

HIV

-infe

cted

cells

.C

linE

xpIm

mu

no

l99:

189–

195,

1995

.(M

edlin

e:95

1539

00).

Ant

ibod

yR

efer

ence

sB Cell

IV-D

-38

DE

C20

00

[Saf

rit(1

993)

]J.

T.S

afrit

,M.S

.C.F

ung,

C.A

.And

rew

s,D

.G.B

raun

,W.N

.C.

Sun

,T.W

.Cha

ng,&

R.A

.Kou

p.hu

-PB

L-S

CID

mic

eca

nbe

prot

ecte

dfr

omH

IV-1

infe

ctio

nby

pass

ive

tran

sfer

ofm

onoc

lona

lant

ibod

yto

the

prin

cipa

lne

utra

lizin

gde

term

inan

tofe

nvel

ope

gp12

0.AID

S7:

15–2

1,19

93.(

Med

line:

9318

3427

).

[Sai

to(1

994)

]Y.

Sai

to,

L.S

hare

r,L.

Eps

tein

,.O

vere

xpre

ssio

nof

Nef

asa

mar

ker

for

rest

ricte

dH

IV-1

infe

ctio

nof

astr

ocyt

esin

post

mor

tem

pedi

atric

cent

raln

ervo

ustis

sues

.N

eu

rolo

gy4

4:47

4–48

1,19

94.(

Med

line:

9419

5501

).

[Sak

aida

(199

7)]

H.

Sak

aida

,T.

Mur

akam

i,S

.K

awam

ata,

T.H

atto

ri,&

T.U

chiy

ama.

V3

loop

ofhu

man

imm

unod

efici

ency

viru

sty

pe1

supp

ress

esin

terle

ukin

2-in

duce

dT

cell

grow

th.AID

SR

es

Hu

mR

etr

oviru

ses13

:151

–9,

1997

.(M

edlin

e:97

1596

84)

Not

es:

See

com

men

tsin

AID

SR

esH

umR

etro

viru

ses

13:6

33(1

997)

.

[Sal

zwed

el(2

000)

]K

.S

alzw

edel

,E

.D

.S

mith

,B

.D

ey,

&E

.A

.B

erge

r.S

e-qu

entia

lCD

4-co

rece

ptor

inte

ract

ions

inhu

man

imm

unod

efici

ency

viru

sty

pe1

Env

func

tion:

solu

ble

CD

4ac

tivat

esE

nvfo

rco

rece

ptor

-dep

ende

ntfu

sion

and

reve

als

bloc

king

activ

ities

ofan

tibod

ies

agai

nst

cryp

ticco

nser

ved

epi-

tope

son

gp12

0.JV

irol7

4:32

6–33

,200

0.(M

edlin

e:20

0579

26).

[Sas

aki(

1998

)]S

.S

asak

i,K

.S

umin

o,K

.H

amaj

ima,

J.F

ukus

him

a,N

.Is

hii,

S.K

awam

oto,

H.M

ohri,

C.R

.Ken

sil,

&K

.Oku

da.

Indu

ctio

nof

syst

emic

and

muc

osal

imm

une

resp

onse

sto

hum

anim

mun

odefi

cien

cyvi

rus

type

1by

aD

NA

vacc

ine

form

ulat

edw

ithQ

S-2

1sa

poni

nad

juva

ntvi

ain

tram

uscu

lar

and

intr

anas

alro

utes

.JV

irol7

2:49

31–9

,199

8.(M

edlin

e:98

2417

32).

[Sat

tent

au(1

995)

]Q

.J.S

atte

ntau

.C

onse

rvat

ion

ofH

IV-1

gp12

0ne

utra

lizin

gep

itope

saf

ter

form

alin

inac

tivat

ion.A

IDS

9:13

83–1

385,

1995

.(M

edlin

e:96

1883

19).

[Sat

tent

au(1

996)

]Q

.J.S

atte

ntau

.N

eutr

aliz

atio

nof

HIV

-1by

antib

ody.

Cu

rrO

pin

inIm

mu

no

l8:5

40–5

45,1

996.

(Med

line:

9639

1802

)N

otes

:Rev

iew

.

[Sat

tent

au&

Moo

re(1

991)

]Q

.J.

Sat

tent

au&

J.P.

Moo

re.

Con

form

atio

nal

chan

ges

indu

ced

inth

ehu

man

imm

unod

efici

ency

viru

sen

velo

pegl

ycop

ro-

tein

byso

lubl

eC

D4

bind

ing.

JE

xpM

ed1

74:4

07–4

15,

1991

.(M

edlin

e:91

3113

00)

Not

es:s

CD

4bi

ndin

gto

gp12

0in

duce

sco

nfor

mat

iona

lcha

nges

with

inen

velo

peol

igom

ers.

Thi

sw

asm

easu

red

onH

IV-1

-infe

cted

cells

byth

ein

crea

sed

bind

ing

ofgp

120/

V3

loop

spec

ific

MA

bs,a

ndon

the

surf

ace

ofvi

rions

byin

crea

sed

clea

vage

ofth

eV

3lo

opby

anex

ogen

ous

prot

eina

se.[S

atte

ntau

&M

oore

(199

5)]

Q.J

.Sat

tent

au&

J.P.

Moo

re.

Hum

anim

mun

od-

efici

ency

viru

sty

pe1

neut

raliz

atio

nis

dete

rmin

edby

epito

peex

posu

reon

the

gp12

0ol

igom

er.J

Exp

Me

d182

:185

–196

,199

5.(M

edlin

e:95

3108

50)

Not

es:T

his

stud

ysu

gges

tsth

atan

tibod

ies

spec

ific

for

one

offiv

edi

ffere

ntbi

ndin

gre

gion

son

gp12

0ar

eas

soci

ated

with

vira

lneu

tral

izat

ion:

V2,

V3,

C4,

the

CD

4bi

ndin

gsi

te,

and

aco

mpl

exdi

scon

tinuo

usep

itope

that

does

noti

nter

fere

with

CD

4bi

ndin

g.K

inet

icbi

ndin

gpr

oper

ties

ofa

seto

fMA

bsth

atbi

ndto

thes

ere

gion

sw

ere

stud

ied,

anal

yzin

gbi

ndin

gto

both

func

tiona

lol

igom

eric

LAI

gp12

0an

dso

lubl

em

onom

eric

LAI

BH

10gp

120;

neut

ral-

izat

ion

ID50s

wer

eal

soev

alua

ted.

Itw

asfo

und

that

the

neut

raliz

atio

nID

50s

was

rela

ted

toth

eab

ility

tobi

ndol

igom

eric

,no

tm

onom

eric

,gp

120,

and

conc

lude

dth

atw

ithth

eex

cept

ion

ofth

eV

3lo

op,r

egio

nsof

gp12

0th

atar

eim

mun

ogen

icw

illbe

poor

lypr

esen

ted

once

ll-lin

e-ad

apte

dvi

rions

.Fur

ther

,th

eas

soci

atio

nra

te,

estim

ated

asth

et

1/2

tore

ach

equi

libriu

mbi

ndin

gto

mul

timer

ic,v

irion

asso

ciat

ed,g

p120

,app

ears

tobe

am

ajor

fact

orre

latin

gto

affin

ityan

dpo

tenc

yof

the

neut

raliz

atio

nre

spon

seto

cell-

line-

adap

ted

viru

s.

[Sat

tent

au(1

993)

]Q

.J.

Sat

tent

au,

J.P.

Moo

re,

F.V

igna

ux,

F.T

rain

card

,&

P.P

oign

ard.

Con

form

atio

nalc

hang

esin

duce

din

the

enve

lope

glyc

opro

tein

sof

the

hum

anan

dsi

mia

nim

mun

odefi

cien

cyvi

ruse

sby

solu

ble

rece

ptor

bind

ing.

JV

irol6

7:73

83–7

393,

1993

.(M

edlin

e:94

0473

53).

[Sat

tent

au(1

995)

]Q

.J.S

atte

ntau

,S.Z

olla

-Paz

ner,

&P.

Poi

gnar

d.E

pito

peex

-po

sure

onfu

nctio

nal,

olig

omer

icH

IV-1

gp41

mol

ecul

es.

Viro

log

y20

6:71

3–71

7,19

95.

(Med

line:

9513

3216

)N

otes

:M

ost

gp41

epito

pes

are

mas

ked

whe

nas

soci

ated

with

gp12

0on

the

cell

surf

ace.

Wea

kbi

ndin

gof

anti-

gp41

MA

bsca

nbe

enha

nced

bytr

eatm

entw

ithsC

D4.

MA

b2F

5bi

nds

toa

mem

-br

ane

prox

imal

epito

pew

hich

bind

sin

the

pres

ence

ofgp

120

with

outs

CD

4.

[Sch

effe

l(19

99)]

J.W

.Sch

effe

l,R

.Zie

man

n,D

.Haw

ksw

orth

,J.T

yner

,R.K

.H

ickm

an,&

J.H

acke

tt.M

onoc

lona

lant

ibod

ies

toan

HIV

-1gr

oup

Oen

ve-

lope

reco

mbi

nant

.JA

cqu

irIm

mu

ne

De

ficS

ynd

r22:2

21–7

,199

9.(M

edlin

e:20

2311

10).

[Sch

neid

er(1

991)

]T.

Sch

neid

er,

H.-

P.H

arth

us,

P.H

elde

bran

dt,

M.

Nie

drig

,M

.B

roke

r,W

.W

eige

lt,A

.B

eck,

&G

.P

auli.

Epi

tope

sof

the

HIV

-1-

nega

tive

fact

orre

activ

ew

ithm

urin

em

onoc

lona

lant

ibod

ies

and

hum

anH

IV-

1-po

sitiv

ese

ra.A

IDS

Re

sH

um

Re

trov

iru

ses7:37

–43,

1991

.(M

edlin

e:91

1975

64)

Not

es:E

pito

pes

for

9m

urin

eM

Abs

wer

em

appe

d,an

dfo

und

tobe

loca

ted

in4

imm

unog

enic

regi

ons.

7/10

sera

from

HIV

-1po

sitiv

ein

di-

vidu

als

reac

ted

toth

efo

urne

fim

mun

ogen

icre

gion

s.

Ant

ibod

yR

efer

ence

sB Cell

IV-D

-39

DE

C20

00

[Sch

onni

ng(1

998)

]K

.S

chon

ning

,A

.B

olm

sted

t,J.

Nov

otny

,O

.S

.Lu

nd,

S.

Olo

fsso

n,&

J.E

.H

anse

n.In

duct

ion

ofan

tibod

ies

agai

nst

epito

pes

inac

cess

ible

onth

eH

IVty

pe1

enve

lope

olig

omer

byim

mun

izat

ion

with

reco

mbi

nant

mon

omer

icgl

ycop

rote

in12

0.AID

SR

es

Hu

mR

etr

oviru

ses

14:1

451–

6,19

98.

(Med

line:

9903

9929

).

[Sch

onni

ng(1

999)

]K

.Sch

onni

ng,O

.Lun

d,O

.S.L

und,

&J.

E.H

anse

n.S

to-

ichi

omet

ryof

mon

oclo

nala

ntib

ody

neut

raliz

atio

nof

T-ce

lllin

e-ad

apte

dhu

-m

anim

mun

odefi

cien

cyvi

rus

type

1.JV

irol7

3:83

64–7

0,19

99.

(Med

line:

9941

2352

).

[Sch

utte

n(1

995a

)]M

.Sch

utte

n,A

.C.A

ndew

eg,M

.L.B

osch

,&A

.D.O

ster

-ha

us.

Enh

ance

men

tof

Infe

ctiv

ityof

aN

on-S

yncy

tium

Indu

cing

HIV

-1by

sCD

4an

dby

Hum

anA

ntib

odie

sth

atN

eutr

aliz

eS

yncy

tium

Indu

cing

HIV

-1.

Sca

nd

JIm

mu

no

l41:1

8–22

,199

5a.

(Med

line:

9512

5392

).

[Sch

utte

n(1

997)

]M

.Sch

utte

n,A

.C.A

ndew

eg,G

.F.R

imm

elzw

aan,

&A

.D.

Ost

erha

us.

Mod

ulat

ion

ofpr

imar

yhu

man

imm

unod

efici

ency

viru

sty

pe1

enve

lope

glyc

opro

tein

-med

iate

den

try

byhu

man

antib

odie

s.J

Ge

nV

irol

78:9

99–1

006,

1997

.(M

edlin

e:97

2969

47)

Not

es:

Ase

ries

ofH

IV-1

enve

-lo

pegl

ycop

rote

ins

from

rela

ted

prim

ary

viru

sis

olat

esof

diffe

rent

SIp

heno

-ty

pes,

toge

ther

with

chim

eras

ofth

ese

prot

eins

,w

ere

test

edin

anen

velo

petr

ans-

com

plem

enta

tion

assa

yfo

rth

eir

sens

itivi

tyto

eith

eran

tibod

ym

edi-

ated

inhi

bitio

nor

enha

ncem

ento

fHIV

-1en

try.

Inco

ntra

stto

the

inhi

bitio

nof

HIV

-1en

try,

antib

ody

med

iate

den

hanc

emen

twas

nott

empe

ratu

rede

pen-

dent

and

coul

dno

tbe

med

iate

dby

F(a

b)fr

agm

ents

,im

plic

atin

gcr

oss-

linki

ngas

anim

port

ant

step

.E

nhan

cem

ent

orin

hibi

tion

seem

edto

bede

term

ined

byvi

rus

isol

ate

rath

erth

anby

the

spec

ifici

tyof

the

antis

erum

used

.2F

5w

asth

eon

lyM

Ab

that

inhi

bite

dth

een

try

ofal

lviru

ses.

[Sch

utte

n(1

995b

)]M

.Sch

utte

n,J.

P.La

nged

ijk,A

.C.A

ndew

eg,R

.C.H

uis-

man

,R.H

.Mel

oen,

&A

.D.O

ster

haus

.C

hara

cter

izat

ion

ofa

V3

dom

ain-

spec

ific

neut

raliz

ing

hum

anm

onoc

lona

lan

tibod

yth

atpr

efer

entia

llyre

c-og

nize

sno

n-sy

ncyt

ium

-indu

cing

hum

anim

mun

odefi

cien

cyvi

rus

type

1st

rain

s.J

Ge

nV

irol7

6:16

65–1

673,

1995

b.(M

edlin

e:90

4937

2)N

otes

:C

hara

cter

izat

ion

ofH

uMA

bM

N21

5.

[Sch

utte

n(1

993)

]M

.Sch

utte

n,A

.McK

nigh

t,R

.C.H

uism

an,M

.Tha

li,J.

A.

McK

eatin

g,J.

Sod

rosk

i,J.

Gou

dsm

it,&

A.

D.

Ost

erha

us.

Fur

ther

char

-ac

teriz

atio

nof

anan

tigen

icsi

teof

HIV

-1gp

120

reco

gniz

edby

viru

sne

u-tr

aliz

ing

hum

anm

onoc

lona

lant

ibod

ies.AID

S7:

919–

923,

1993

.(M

edlin

e:

9336

3254

)N

otes

:Thr

eehu

man

anti-

CD

4bi

ndin

gsi

teM

Abs

wer

ech

arac

-te

rized

.Am

ino

acid

subs

titut

ions

that

bloc

kM

Ab

bind

ing

wer

esi

mila

rbu

tsl

ight

lydi

ffere

ntth

anth

ose

foun

din

mur

ine

anti-

CD

4bi

ndin

gsi

teM

Abs

.

[Sch

utte

n(1

996)

]M

.Sch

utte

n,K

.Ten

ner-

Rac

z,P.

Rac

z,D

.W.v

anB

ekku

m,

&A

.D

.O

ster

haus

.H

uman

antib

odie

sth

atne

utra

lize

prim

ary

hum

anim

-m

unod

efici

ency

viru

sty

pe1

invi

tro

dono

tpro

vide

prot

ectio

nin

aninvi

vom

od

el.J

Ge

nV

irol7

7:16

67–1

675,

1996

.(M

edlin

e:96

3325

03).

[Sco

ttJr

(199

0)]

C.F

.Sco

ttJr

,S.S

ilver

,A.T

.Pro

fy,S

.D.P

utne

y,A

.Lan

gloi

s,K

.Wei

nhol

d,&

J.E

.Rob

inso

n.H

uman

mon

oclo

nala

ntib

ody

that

reco

gniz

esth

eV

3re

gion

ofhu

man

imm

unod

efici

ency

viru

sgp

120

and

neut

raliz

esth

ehu

man

T-ly

mph

otro

pic

viru

sty

peIII

MN

stra

in.P

roc

Na

tlA

cad

Sci

US

A87

:859

7–86

01,1

990.

(Med

line:

9104

6042

).

[Sel

igm

an(1

996)

]S

.J.

Sel

igm

an,

J.M

.B

inle

y,M

.K

.G

orny

,D

.R

.B

urto

n,S

.Z

olla

-Paz

ner,

&K

.A

.S

okol

owsk

i.C

hara

cter

izat

ion

byse

riald

elet

ion

com

petit

ion

ELI

SA

sof

HIV

-1V

3lo

opep

itope

sre

cogn

ized

bym

onoc

lona

lan

tibod

ies.

Mo

lIm

mu

no

l33:

737–

745,

1996

.(M

edlin

e:96

4069

82).

[Sha

fferm

an(1

989)

]A

.S

haffe

rman

,J.

Lenn

ox,

H.

Gro

sfel

d,J.

Sad

off,

R.

R.

Red

field

,&D

.S.B

urke

.P

atte

rns

ofan

tibod

yre

cogn

ition

ofse

lect

edco

n-se

rved

amin

oac

idse

quen

ces

from

the

HIV

enve

lope

inse

rafr

omdi

ffere

ntst

ages

ofH

IVin

fect

ion.A

IDS

Re

sH

um

Re

trov

iru

ses5:33

–39,

1989

.(M

ed-

line:

8924

7164

).

[Sha

ng(1

991)

]F.

Sha

ng,H

.Hua

ng,K

.Rev

esz,

H.-

C.C

hen,

R.H

erz,

&A

.Pin

-te

r.C

hara

cter

izat

ion

ofm

onoc

lona

lant

ibod

ies

agai

nst

the

hum

anim

mun

-od

efici

ency

viru

sm

atrix

prot

ein,

p17g

ag:i

dent

ifica

tion

ofep

itope

sex

pose

dat

the

surf

aces

ofin

fect

edce

lls.JV

irol

65:4

798–

4804

,19

91.

(Med

line:

9133

3022

)N

otes

:Six

MA

bsw

ithlin

ear

epito

pes

wer

em

appe

d.T

hese

Abs

coul

don

lybi

ndto

HIV

-infe

cted

cells

that

had

been

perm

eabl

ized

with

ace-

tone

.Onl

yG

11g1

and

G11

h3,t

wo

antib

odie

sth

atdi

dno

tbin

dto

pept

ides

,bu

ton

lyto

inta

ctp1

7,co

uld

reac

tw

ithliv

eH

IV-1

infe

cted

cells

.T

hese

antib

odie

sw

ere

notn

eutr

aliz

ing.

[Shi

bata

(199

9)]

R.

Shi

bata

,T.

Igar

ashi

,N

.H

aigw

ood,

A.

Buc

kler

-Whi

te,

R.

Oge

rt,

W.

Ros

s,R

.W

illey

,M

.C

ho,

&M

.M

artin

.N

eutr

aliz

ing

anti-

body

dire

cted

agai

nstt

heH

IV-1

enve

lope

glyc

opro

tein

can

com

plet

ely

bloc

kH

IV-1

/SIV

chim

eric

infe

ctio

nsof

mac

aque

sm

onke

ys.

Na

tMe

d5:2

04–2

10,

1999

.(M

edlin

e:99

1280

59).

Ant

ibod

yR

efer

ence

sB Cell

IV-D

-40

DE

C20

00

[Shi

ver

(199

7)]

J.W

.S

hive

r,M

.E

.D

avie

s,Y.

Yas

utom

i,H

.C

.P

erry

,D

.C

.F

reed

,N

.L.

Letv

in,

&M

.A

.Li

u.A

nti-H

IVen

vim

mun

ities

elic

ited

bynu

clei

cac

idva

ccin

es.Va

ccin

e15:

884–

7,19

97.

(Med

line:

9737

8942

).

[Sho

tton

(199

5)]

C.

Sho

tton,

C.

Arn

old,

Q.

Sat

tent

au,

J.S

odro

ski,

&J.

A.

McK

eatin

g.Id

entifi

catio

nan

dch

arac

teriz

atio

nof

mon

oclo

nal

antib

odie

ssp

ecifi

cfo

rpo

lym

orph

ican

tigen

icde

term

inan

tsw

ithin

the

V2

regi

onof

the

hum

anim

mun

odefi

cien

cyvi

rus

type

1en

velo

pegl

ycop

rote

in.

JV

irol

69:2

22–2

30,

1995

.(M

edlin

e:95

0748

68)

Not

es:

Ant

i-V2

linea

ran

dco

n-fo

rmat

ion

depe

nden

tM

Abs

wer

est

udie

d.A

llV

2A

bsst

udie

dco

uld

bind

IIIB

,but

faile

dto

neut

raliz

eno

n-cl

onal

stoc

ks.E

pito

peex

posu

reis

diffe

rent

inrg

p120

com

pare

dto

nativ

egp

120.

HX

B2

V2-

MA

bne

utra

lizat

ion

esca

pem

utan

tsw

ere

sequ

ence

d.

[Sid

orov

a(19

99)]

E.

Sid

orov

a.H

uman

mon

oclo

nal

antib

odie

sto

MN

-24

pept

ide

ofgp

120

HIV

-1.H

um

An

tibo

die

s9:1

07–1

0,19

99.

(Med

line:

9933

4303

).

[Ski

nner

(198

8a)]

M.

A.

Ski

nner

,A

.J.

Lang

lois

,C

.B

.M

cDan

al,

J.S

.M

c-D

ouga

l,D

.P.

Bol

ogne

si,

&T.

J.M

atth

ews.

Neu

tral

izin

gA

ntib

odie

sto

anIm

mun

odom

inan

tE

nvel

ope

Seq

uenc

eD

oN

otP

reve

ntgp

120

Bin

ding

toC

D4.

JV

irol6

2:41

95–4

200,

1988

a.(M

edlin

e:89

0121

92)

Not

es:

Thi

sre

-po

rtw

asan

early

sugg

estio

nth

atth

ere

are

atle

astt

wo

clas

ses

ofbi

olog

ical

lyac

tive

antib

odie

sto

HIV

:one

clas

sis

isol

ate

rest

ricte

d,pr

imar

ilydi

rect

edto

ahy

perv

aria

ble

loop

stru

ctur

eof

gp12

0an

dno

tin

volv

edin

CD

4bi

ndin

g;th

ese

cond

clas

sis

dire

cted

atm

ore

cons

erve

dst

ruct

ures

that

may

dire

ctly

bloc

kC

D4

bind

ing.

[Ski

nner

(198

8b)]

M.A

.Ski

nner

,R.T

ing,

A.J

.Lan

gloi

s,K

.J.W

einh

old,

H.K

.Ly

erly

,K

.Ja

vahe

rian,

&T.

J.M

atth

ews.

Cha

ract

eris

tics

ofa

neut

raliz

ing

mon

oclo

nal

antib

ody

toth

eH

IVen

velo

pegl

ycop

rote

in.

AID

SR

es

Hu

mR

etr

oviru

ses4

:187

–197

,198

8b.

(Med

line:

8828

1280

).

[Sm

ith(1

998)

]A

.D.S

mith

,S.C

.Gei

sler

,A.A

.Che

n,D

.A.R

esni

ck,B

.M.

Roy

,P.J

.Lew

i,E

.Arn

old,

&G

.F.A

rnol

d.H

uman

rhin

oviru

sty

pe14

:hum

anim

mun

odefi

cien

cyvi

rus

type

1(H

IV-1

)V

3lo

opch

imer

asfr

oma

com

bina

-to

riall

ibra

ryin

duce

pote

ntne

utra

lizin

gan

tibod

yre

spon

ses

agai

nst

HIV

-1.

JV

irol7

2:65

1–9,

1998

.(M

edlin

e:98

0804

59)

Not

es:T

hetip

ofth

eM

NV

3lo

op,I

GP

GR

AF

YT

TK

N,w

asin

sert

edin

toco

ld-c

ausi

nghu

man

rhin

oviru

s14

(HR

V14

)an

dch

imer

asw

ere

imm

unos

elec

ted

usin

gM

Abs

447-

52-D

,69

4/98

-D,

NM

-01,

and

59.1

,fo

rgo

odpr

esen

tatio

nof

the

V3

antig

enic

re-

gion

.The

sele

cted

chim

eric

viru

ses

wer

ene

utra

lized

byan

ti-V

3lo

opM

Abs

.

The

chim

eric

viru

ses

elic

ited

pote

ntN

Abs

agai

nstA

LA-1

and

MN

ingu

inea

pigs

.

[Sor

ense

n(1

994)

]A

.S

oren

sen,

C.

Nie

lsen

,M

.A

rend

rup,

H.

Cla

usen

,J.

Nie

lsen

,E.O

sina

ga,A

.Ros

eto,

&J.

-E.S

.Han

sen.

Neu

tral

izat

ion

epito

pes

onH

IVps

eudo

type

dw

ithH

TLV

-I:C

onse

rvat

ion

ofca

rboh

ydra

teep

itope

s.J

Acq

Imm

un

eD

ef

Syn

d7:11

6–12

3,19

94.

(Med

line:

9413

3079

)N

otes

:P

seud

otyp

esw

ere

form

edw

ithH

IVan

dH

TLV

-I.M

Ab

9284

,dire

cted

atth

eV

3lo

opof

gp12

0,fa

iled

toin

hibi

tthe

infe

ctio

nof

CD

-4ne

gativ

ece

llsw

ithps

eudo

type

s,bu

tan

ti-H

TLV

seru

mdi

din

hibi

tin

fect

ion.

HIV

and

HT

LV-I

appe

arto

indu

ceco

mm

onca

rboh

ydra

tene

utra

lizin

gep

itope

s.

[Spe

ar(1

994)

]G

.T.

Spe

ar,

D.

M.

Take

fman

,S

.S

harp

e,M

.G

hass

emi,

&S

.Z

olla

-Paz

ner.

Ant

ibod

ies

toth

eH

IV-1

V3

loop

inse

rum

from

infe

cted

pers

ons

cont

ribut

ea

maj

orpr

opor

tion

ofim

mun

eef

fect

orfu

nctio

nsin

clud

-in

gco

mpl

emen

tac

tivat

ion,

antib

ody

bind

ing,

and

neut

raliz

atio

n.V

irolo

gy

204:

609–

15,1

994.

(Med

line:

9502

7690

).

[Spe

ar(1

993)

]G

.T.

Spe

ar,

D.

M.

Take

fman

,B

.L.

Sul

livan

,A

.L.

Land

ay,

&S

.Zol

la-P

azne

r.C

ompl

emen

tact

ivat

ion

byhu

man

mon

oclo

nala

ntib

od-

ies

tohu

man

imm

unod

efici

ency

viru

s.JV

irol6

7:53

–59,

1993

.(M

edlin

e:93

1008

37)

Not

es:

Thi

sst

udy

look

edat

the

abili

tyof

16hu

man

MA

bsto

activ

ate

com

plem

ent.

MA

bsdi

rect

edag

ains

tth

eV

3re

gion

coul

din

duce

C3

depo

sitio

non

infe

cted

cells

and

viro

lysi

sof

free

viru

s,bu

tan

tibod

-ie

sto

the

CD

4BS

and

C-t

erm

inal

regi

onan

dtw

ore

gion

sin

gp41

coul

din

duce

noco

mpl

emen

tmed

iate

def

fect

s.P

re-t

reat

men

twith

sCD

4co

uld

in-

crea

seco

mpl

emen

t-m

edia

ted

effe

cts

ofan

ti-gp

41M

Abs

,but

decr

ease

dth

eco

mpl

emen

t-m

edia

ted

effe

cts

ofV

3M

Abs

.A

nti-g

p41

MA

bsw

ere

able

toaf

fect

IIIB

butn

otM

Nvi

roly

sis,

sugg

estin

gsp

onta

neou

ssh

eddi

ngof

gp12

0on

IIIB

virio

nsex

pose

sgp

41ep

itope

s.Ig

Gis

otyp

edi

dno

tap

pear

toha

vean

effe

cton

viro

lysi

sor

C3

depo

sitio

n.

[Spe

rlagh

(199

3)]

M.

Spe

rlagh

,K

.S

tefa

no,

F.G

onza

lez-

Sca

rano

,S

.Li

ang,

J.H

oxie

,H.M

aruy

ama,

M.P

rew

ett,

S.M

atsu

shito

,&D

.Her

lyn.

Mon

oclo

nal

anti-

idio

type

antib

odie

sth

atm

imic

the

epito

peon

gp12

0de

fined

byth

ean

ti-H

IV-1

mon

oclo

nal

antib

ody

0.5β.

AID

S7:

1553

–155

9,19

93.

(Med

line:

9411

4127

).

[Sta

mat

atos

&C

heng

-May

er(1

995)

]L.

Sta

mat

atos

&C

.Che

ng-M

ayer

.Str

uc-

tura

lmod

ulat

ions

ofth

een

velo

pegp

120

glyc

opro

tein

ofhu

man

imm

unod

-efi

cien

cyvi

rus

type

1up

onol

igom

eriz

atio

nan

dth

edi

ffere

ntia

lV

3lo

op

Ant

ibod

yR

efer

ence

sB Cell

IV-D

-41

DE

C20

00

epito

peex

posu

reof

isol

ates

disp

layi

ngdi

stin

cttr

opis

mup

onvi

ral-s

olub

lere

cept

orbi

ndin

g.J

Viro

l69:

6191

–619

8,19

95.

(Med

line:

9539

5953

).

[Sta

mat

atos

&C

heng

-May

er(1

998)

]L.

Sta

mat

atos

&C

.C

heng

-May

er.

An

enve

lope

mod

ifica

tion

that

rend

ers

apr

imar

y,ne

utra

lizat

ion-

resi

stan

tcla

deB

hum

anim

mun

odefi

cien

cyvi

rus

type

1is

olat

ehi

ghly

susc

eptib

leto

neu-

tral

izat

ion

byse

rafr

omot

her

clad

es.JV

irol7

2:78

40–5

,19

98.

(Med

line:

9840

6184

).

[Sta

mat

atos

(199

7)]

L.S

tam

atat

os,S

.Zol

la-P

azne

r,M

.K.G

orny

,&C

.Che

ng-

May

er.

Bin

ding

ofan

tibod

ies

tovi

rion-

asso

ciat

edgp

120

mol

ecul

esof

prim

ary-

like

hum

anim

mun

odefi

cien

cyvi

rus

type

1(H

IV-1

)is

olat

es:

ef-

fect

onH

IV-1

infe

ctio

nof

mac

roph

ages

and

perip

hera

lblo

odm

onon

ucle

arce

lls.V

irolo

gy

229:

360–

9,19

97.

(Med

line:

9727

1298

).

[Sta

nfiel

d(1

999)

]R

.Sta

nfiel

d,E

.Cab

ezas

,A.S

atte

rthw

ait,

E.S

tura

,A.P

rofy

,&

I.W

ilson

.D

ual

conf

orm

atio

nsfo

rth

eH

IV-1

gp12

0V

3lo

opin

com

-pl

exes

with

diffe

rent

neut

raliz

ing

Fab

s.Str

uct

ure

7:13

1–42

,199

9.(M

edlin

e:99

1481

21).

[Stig

ler

(199

5)]

R.

D.

Stig

ler,

F.R

uker

,D

.K

atin

ger,

G.

Elli

ott,

W.

Hoh

ne,

P.H

enkl

ein,

J.X

.Ho,

K.K

eelin

g,D

.C.C

arte

r,E

.Nug

el,&

etal

.In

tera

ctio

nbe

twee

na

Fab

frag

men

tag

ains

tgp

41of

hum

anim

mun

odefi

cien

cyvi

rus

1an

dits

pept

ide

epito

pe:c

hara

cter

izat

ion

usin

ga

pept

ide

epito

pelib

rary

and

mol

ecul

arm

odel

ing.P

rote

inE

ng8

:471

–9,1

995.

(Med

line:

9601

6641

).

[Sto

iber

(199

6)]

H.

Sto

iber

,C

.P

inte

r,A

.G

.S

icca

rdi,

A.

Cliv

io,

&M

.P.

Die

rich.

Effi

cien

tde

stru

ctio

nof

hum

anim

mun

odefi

cien

cyvi

rus

inhu

man

seru

mby

inhi

bitin

gth

epr

otec

tive

actio

nof

com

plem

entf

acto

rH

and

deca

yac

cele

ratin

gfa

ctor

(DA

F,C

D55

).JE

xpM

ed1

83:3

07–3

10,1

996.

(Med

line:

9613

6775

)N

otes

:H

IVan

dH

IV-in

fect

edce

llsar

eno

tsu

bjec

tto

effic

ient

com

plem

ent-

med

iate

dly

sis,

even

inth

epr

esen

ceof

HIV

-spe

cific

antib

od-

ies.

HIV

isin

trin

sica

llyre

sist

antt

ohu

man

com

plem

ent.

Dec

ayac

cele

ratin

gfa

ctor

(DA

F)

and

hum

anco

mpl

emen

tfa

ctor

H(C

FH

),a

hum

oral

nega

tive

regu

lato

rof

com

plem

entw

hich

bind

sto

gp41

are

criti

calf

orth

isre

sist

ance

.M

Ab

2F5

can

inhi

bitC

HF

bind

ing

and

faci

litat

eco

mpl

emen

tmed

iate

dly

sis.

[Sug

iura

(199

9)]

W.S

ugiu

ra,C

.C.B

rode

r,B

.Mos

s,&

P.L.

Ear

l.C

hara

cter

i-za

tion

ofco

nfor

mat

ion-

depe

nden

tant

i-gp1

20m

urin

em

onoc

lona

lant

ibod

ies

prod

uced

byim

mun

izat

ion

with

mon

omer

ican

dol

igom

eric

hum

anim

mun

-od

efici

ency

viru

sty

pe1

enve

lope

prot

eins

.Viro

log

y25

4:25

7–67

,19

99.

(Med

line:

9914

3340

).

[Sul

livan

(199

8a)]

N.S

ulliv

an,Y

.Sun

,J.B

inle

y,J.

Lee,

C.3

rd.B

arba

s,P.

W.

Par

ren,

D.

R.

Bur

ton,

&J.

Sod

rosk

i.D

eter

min

ants

ofhu

man

imm

unod

e-fic

ienc

yvi

rus

type

1en

velo

pegl

ycop

rote

inac

tivat

ion

byso

lubl

eC

D4

and

mon

oclo

nala

ntib

odie

s.JV

irol7

2:63

32–8

,199

8a.

(Med

line:

9832

5144

).

[Sul

livan

(199

5)]

N.

Sul

livan

,Y.

Sun

,J.

Li,

W.

Hof

man

n,&

J.S

odro

ski.

Rep

licat

ive

func

tion

and

neut

raliz

atio

nse

nsiti

vity

ofen

velo

pegl

ycop

rote

ins

from

prim

ary

and

T-ce

lllin

e-pa

ssag

edhu

man

imm

unod

efici

ency

viru

sty

pe1

isol

ates

.JV

irol6

9:44

13–4

422,

1995

.(M

edlin

e:95

2874

98)

Not

es:T

hree

gp12

0m

olec

ules

deriv

edfr

ompr

imar

yis

olat

esw

ere

com

pare

dto

T-ce

llad

apte

dlin

esH

XB

c2an

dM

N.C

ompl

emen

tatio

nex

perim

ents

show

edvi

ral

entr

yin

tope

riphe

ralb

lood

mon

onuc

lear

cell

targ

ets

was

five-

fold

less

effi-

cien

tfo

rpr

imar

yis

olat

es.

Ant

i-CD

4bi

ndin

gsi

tene

utra

lizin

gM

Abs

wer

efa

rle

sspo

tent

agai

nst

prim

ary

isol

ates

,an

dth

esi

ngle

anti-

V3

MA

bte

sted

was

3-fo

ldle

sspo

tent

.The

diffe

renc

esin

neut

raliz

atio

nef

ficie

ncy

coul

dno

tbe

attr

ibut

edto

diffe

renc

esin

affin

ityfo

rmon

omer

icgp

120,

butw

ere

rela

ted

tobi

ndin

gto

the

olig

omer

icco

mpl

ex.E

nhan

ced

infe

ctiv

ityof

prim

ary

iso-

late

sw

asob

serv

edus

ing

sCD

4an

dM

Ab

F10

5,w

hich

can

neut

raliz

eT-

cell

adap

ted

stra

ins.

[Sul

livan

(199

8b)]

N.

Sul

livan

,Y.

Sun

,Q

.S

atte

ntau

,M

.T

hali,

D.

Wu,

G.

Den

isov

a,J.

Ger

shon

i,J.

Rob

inso

n,J.

Moo

re,

&J.

Sod

rosk

i.C

D4-

Indu

ced

conf

orm

atio

nalc

hang

esin

the

hum

anim

mun

odefi

cien

cyvi

rus

type

1gp

120

glyc

opro

tein

:con

sequ

ence

sfo

rviru

sen

try

and

neut

raliz

atio

n.J

Vi-

rol7

2:46

94–7

03,1

998b

.(M

edlin

e:98

2417

04)

Not

es:A

stud

yof

the

sCD

4in

duci

ble

MA

b17

bi,a

ndth

eM

Ab

CG

10th

atre

cogn

izes

agp

120-

CD

4co

m-

plex

.The

seep

itope

sar

em

inim

ally

acce

ssib

leup

onat

tach

men

tofg

p120

toth

ece

ll.T

heC

D4-

bind

ing

indu

ced

chan

ges

ingp

120

wer

est

udie

d,ex

plor

-in

gth

ese

ques

terin

gof

chem

okin

ere

cept

orbi

ndin

gsi

tes

from

the

hum

oral

resp

onse

.

[Sul

livan

(199

3)]

N.

Sul

livan

,M

.T

hali,

C.

Fur

man

,D

.H

o,&

J.S

odro

ski.

Effe

ctof

amin

oac

idch

ange

sin

the

V2

regi

onof

the

hum

anim

mun

odefi

-ci

ency

viru

sty

pe1

gp12

0gl

ycop

rote

inon

subu

nit

asso

ciat

ion,

sync

ytiu

mfo

rmat

ion,

and

reco

gniti

onby

ane

utra

lizin

gan

tibod

y.J

Viro

l67:

3674

–367

9,19

93.

(Med

line:

9326

7832

)N

otes

:Rec

ogni

tion

ofne

utra

lizin

gM

Ab

G3-

4w

asal

tere

dby

subs

titut

ions

in17

6to

184

inth

eV

2lo

op.

Som

ech

ange

sin

the

V2

loop

can

affe

ctsu

buni

tass

embl

y;ot

her

chan

ges

allo

wex

pres

sion

and

CD

4bi

ndin

gbu

tinh

ibit

sync

ytiu

mfo

rmat

ion

and

vira

lent

ry,s

ugge

stin

gth

atV

1/V

2m

aybe

invo

lved

inpo

stre

cept

orbi

ndin

gev

ents

.

Ant

ibod

yR

efer

ence

sB Cell

IV-D

-42

DE

C20

00

[Sun

(198

9)]

N.

C.

Sun

,D

.D

.H

o,C

.R

.Y.

Sun

,R

.-S

.Li

ou,

W.

Gor

don,

M.S

.C.F

ung,

X.L

.Li,

R.C

.Tin

g,T.

-H.L

ee,N

.T.C

hang

,&T.

W.C

hang

.G

ener

atio

nan

dch

arac

teriz

atio

nof

mon

oclo

nal

antib

odie

sto

the

puta

tive

CD

4-bi

ndin

gdo

mai

nof

hum

anim

mun

odefi

cien

cyvi

rus

type

1gp

120.

JV

irol6

3:35

79–3

585,

1989

.(M

edlin

e:89

3425

91).

[Szi

lvay

(199

5)]

A.M

.Szi

lvay

,K.A

.Bro

ksta

d,R

.Kop

peru

d,G

.Hau

kene

s,&

K.H

.Kal

land

.N

ucle

arex

port

ofth

ehu

man

imm

unod

efici

ency

viru

sty

pe1

nucl

eocy

topl

asm

icsh

uttle

prot

ein

Rev

ism

edia

ted

byits

activ

atio

ndo

mai

nan

dis

bloc

ked

bytr

ansd

omin

ant

nega

tive

mut

ants

.J

Viro

l69:

3315

–332

3,19

95.

(Med

line:

9526

4419

).

[Szi

lvay

(199

2)]

A.M

.Szi

lvay

,S.N

orne

s,I.

R.H

auga

n,L.

Ols

en,V

.R.P

rasa

d,C

.End

rese

n,S

.P.G

off,

&D

.E.H

ella

nd.

Epi

tope

map

ping

ofH

IV-1

reve

rse

tran

scrip

tase

with

mon

oclo

nala

ntib

odie

sth

atin

hibi

tpol

ymer

ase

and

RN

ase

Hac

tiviti

es.J

AID

S5:

647–

657,

1992

.(M

edlin

e:92

3091

78)N

otes

:20

MA

bsar

ede

scrib

ed,o

nly

five

are

able

tobi

ndto

shor

tpep

tides

.The

sefiv

eM

Abs

are

inse

nsiti

veto

mut

atio

nsth

roug

hou

tthe

rest

ofR

T.

[Tak

eda

(199

2)]

A.

Take

da,

J.E

.R

obin

son,

D.

D.

Ho,

C.

Deb

ouck

,N

.L.

Hai

gwoo

d,&

F.A

.Enn

is.D

istin

ctio

nof

hum

anim

mun

odefi

cien

cyvi

rus

type

1ne

utra

lizat

ion

and

infe

ctio

nen

hanc

emen

tby

hum

anm

onoc

lona

lant

ibod

ies

togl

ycop

rote

in12

0.J

Clin

Inv

89:1

952–

1957

,199

2.(M

edlin

e:92

2913

14)

Not

es:

Com

plem

ent

rece

ptor

sfo

rIg

Gon

mon

ocyt

icce

llsca

nse

rve

asa

mea

nsfo

rM

Ab

med

iate

den

hanc

emen

tofH

IV-1

infe

ctio

n.M

Abs

N70

-1.5

and

N70

-2.3

abi

nddi

stin

ctdi

scon

tinuo

usep

itope

sin

gp12

0.N

70-1

.5is

apo

tent

neut

raliz

ing

MA

bw

ithno

enha

ncin

gac

tivity

,whi

leN

70-2

.3a

does

n‘t

neut

raliz

ean

dm

edia

tes

enha

ncem

ento

fHIV

-1in

fect

ion.

[Tak

efm

an(1

998)

]D

.M.T

akef

man

,B.L

.Sul

livan

,B.E

.Sha

,&G

.T.S

pear

.M

echa

nism

sof

resi

stan

ceof

HIV

-1pr

imar

yis

olat

esto

com

plem

ent-

med

i-at

edly

sis.

Viro

log

y24

6:37

0–8,

1998

.(M

edlin

e:98

3277

85).

[Tan

chou

(199

5)]

V.Ta

ncho

u,T.

Del

auna

y,M

.Bod

eus,

B.R

oque

s,J.

L.D

arlix

,&

R.B

enar

ous.

Con

form

atio

nalc

hang

esbe

twee

nhu

man

imm

unod

efici

ency

viru

sty

pe1

nucl

eoca

psid

prot

ein

NC

p7an

dits

prec

urso

rNC

p15

asde

tect

edby

anti-

NC

p7m

onoc

lona

lan

tibod

ies.J

Ge

nV

irol7

6:24

57–2

466,

1995

.(M

edlin

e:96

0308

55).

[Tan

chou

(199

4)]

V.Ta

ncho

u,T.

Del

auna

y,H

.de

Roc

quig

ny,M

.Bod

eus,

J.-L

.D

arlix

,B.R

oque

s,&

R.B

enar

ous.

Mon

oclo

nala

ntib

ody-

med

iate

din

hibi

-tio

nof

RN

Abi

ndin

gan

dan

neal

ing

activ

ities

ofH

IVty

pe1

nucl

eoca

psid

pro-

tein

.AID

SR

es

Hu

mR

etr

oviru

ses10:9

83–9

93,1

994.

(Med

line:

9511

0646

).

[Tan

i(19

94)]

Y.Ta

ni,E

.Don

oghu

e,S

.Sha

rpe,

E.B

oone

,H.C

.Lan

e,S

.Zol

la-

Paz

ner,

&D

.I.

Coh

en.

Enh

ance

din

vitr

ohu

man

imm

unod

efici

ency

viru

sty

pe1

repl

icat

ion

inB

cells

expr

essi

ngsu

rfac

ean

tibod

yto

the

TM

env

prot

ein.

JV

irol6

8:19

42–1

950,

1994

.(M

edlin

e:94

1498

89)N

otes

:The

MA

b98

-6w

asex

pres

sed

asa

surf

ace

anti-

gp41

mon

oclo

nala

ntib

ody

rece

ptor

for

gp41

(sIg

/gp4

1)by

tran

sfec

tion

into

aC

D4-

nega

tive

B-c

elll

ine.

Tra

nsfe

cted

cells

coul

dbi

ndH

IVen

velo

pe,

but

coul

dno

tbe

infe

cted

byH

IV-1

.W

hen

CD

4de

liver

edby

retr

ovira

lco

nstr

ucts

was

expr

esse

don

thes

ece

lls,

they

acqu

ired

the

abili

tyto

repl

icat

eH

IV-1

,an

dsI

g/gp

41sp

ecifi

cally

enha

nced

vira

lrep

licat

ion.

[Tat

sum

i(19

90)]

M.

Tats

umi,

C.

Dev

aux,

F.K

ouril

sky,

&J.

C.

Che

rman

n.C

hara

cter

izat

ion

ofm

onoc

lona

lan

tibod

ies

dire

cted

agai

nst

dist

inct

con-

serv

edep

itope

sof

hum

anim

mun

odefi

cien

cyvi

rus

type

1co

repr

otei

ns.

Mo

lCe

llB

ioch

em

96:1

27–1

36,1

990.

(Med

line:

9110

9746

).

[Tee

uwse

n(1

990)

]V.

J.Te

euw

sen,

K.

H.

Sie

belin

k,S

.C

rush

-Sta

nton

,B

.S

wer

dlow

,J.

J.S

chal

ken,

J.G

ouds

mit,

R.

van

deA

kker

,M

.J.

Stu

kart

,F.

G.

Uyt

deha

ag,

&A

.D

.O

ster

haus

.P

rodu

ctio

nan

dch

arac

teriz

atio

nof

ahu

man

mon

oclo

nala

ntib

ody,

reac

tive

with

aco

nser

ved

epito

peon

gp41

ofhu

man

imm

unod

efici

ency

viru

sty

peI.AID

SR

es

Hu

mR

etr

oviru

ses6:38

1–39

2,19

90.

(Med

line:

9025

3925

).

[Tew

ari(

1998

)]D

.Tew

ari,

S.L

.Gol

dste

in,A

.L.N

otki

ns,&

P.Z

hou.

cDN

Aen

codi

nga

sing

le-c

hain

antib

ody

toH

IVp1

7w

ithcy

topl

asm

icor

nucl

ear

rete

ntio

nsi

gnal

sin

hibi

tsH

IV-1

repl

icat

ion.J

Imm

un

ol1

61:2

642–

7,19

98.

(Med

line:

9839

1083

).

[Tha

li(1

994)

]M

.T

hali,

M.

Cha

rles,

C.

Fur

man

,L.

Cav

acin

i,M

.P

osne

r,J.

Rob

inso

n,&

J.S

odro

ski.

Res

ista

nce

tone

utra

lizat

ion

bybr

oadl

yre

activ

ean

tibod

ies

toth

ehu

man

imm

unod

efici

ency

viru

sty

pe1

gp12

0gl

ycop

rote

inco

nfer

red

bya

gp41

amin

oac

idch

ange

.J

Viro

l68:

674–

680,

1994

.(M

edlin

e:94

1184

14)

Not

es:A

T→A

amin

oac

idsu

bstit

utio

nat

posi

tion

582

ofgp

41co

nfer

red

resi

stan

ceto

neut

raliz

atio

nto

30%

ofH

IVpo

sitiv

ese

ra(W

ilson

eta

l.J

Viro

l64:

3240

-48

(199

0)).

Mon

oclo

nala

ntib

odie

sth

atbo

und

toth

eC

D4

bind

ing

site

wer

eun

able

tone

utra

lize

this

viru

s,bu

tthe

mut

atio

ndi

dno

tre

duce

the

neut

raliz

ing

capa

city

ofa

V2

regi

onM

Ab

G3-

4,V

3re

gion

MA

bs,o

rgp

41ne

utra

lizin

gM

Ab

2F5.

[Tha

li(1

992a

)]M

.Tha

li,C

.Fur

man

,D.D

.Ho,

J.R

obin

son,

S.T

illey

,A.P

inte

r,&

J.S

odro

ski.

Dis

cont

inuo

us,c

onse

rved

neut

raliz

atio

nep

itope

sov

erla

ppin

g

Ant

ibod

yR

efer

ence

sB Cell

IV-D

-43

DE

C20

00

the

CD

4-bi

ndin

gre

gion

ofhu

man

imm

unod

efici

ency

viru

sty

pe1

gp12

0en

-ve

lope

glyc

opro

tein

.JV

irol6

6:56

35–5

641,

1992

a.(M

edlin

e:92

3651

62)

Not

es:

Map

sth

ere

latio

nshi

pbe

twee

nam

ino

acid

subs

titut

ions

that

redu

ceC

D4-

gp12

0in

tera

ctio

n,an

dam

ino

acid

subs

titut

ions

that

redu

ceth

ebi

ndin

gof

disc

ontin

uous

epito

peM

Abs

that

inhi

bitC

D4

bind

ing.

[Tha

li(1

992b

)]M

.Tha

li,C

.Fur

man

,B.W

ahre

n,M

.Pos

ner,

D.H

o,J.

Rob

in-

son,

&J.

Sod

rosk

i.C

oope

rativ

ityof

neut

raliz

ing

antib

odie

sdi

rect

edag

ains

tth

eV

3an

dC

D4

bind

ing

regi

ons

ofth

eH

IV-1

gp12

0en

velo

pegl

ycop

rote

in.

JA

cqIm

mu

ne

De

fSyn

d5:59

1–59

9,19

92b.

(Med

line:

9226

9113

).

[Tha

li(1

993)

]M

.T

hali,

J.P.

Moo

re,

C.

Fur

man

,M

.C

harle

s,D

.D

.H

o,J.

Rob

inso

n,&

J.S

odro

ski.

Cha

ract

eriz

atio

nof

cons

erve

dhu

man

imm

un-

odefi

cien

cyvi

rus

type

1gp

120

neut

raliz

atio

nep

itope

sex

pose

dup

ongp

120-

CD

4bi

ndin

g.J

Viro

l67:

3978

–398

8,19

93.(

Med

line:

9328

7215

)Not

es:F

ive

regi

ons

are

likel

yto

cont

ribut

eto

the

48d

and

17b

disc

ontin

uous

epito

pes,

eith

erdi

rect

lyor

thro

ugh

loca

lcon

form

atio

nale

ffect

s:th

ehy

drop

hobi

crin

g-lik

est

ruct

ure

form

edby

the

disu

lfide

bond

that

links

C3

and

C4,

the

base

ofth

est

em-lo

opth

atco

ntai

nsV

1an

dV

2,an

dth

ehy

drop

hobi

cre

gion

inC

2fr

omA

rg25

2to

Asp

262.

Add

ition

ally

chan

ges

inG

lu37

0,an

dM

et47

5in

C5,

affe

cted

bind

ing

and

neut

raliz

atio

n.T

hehy

drop

hobi

cch

arac

ter

ofth

ese

criti

calr

egio

nsis

cons

iste

ntw

ithth

elim

ited

expo

sure

ongp

120

prio

rto

CD

4bi

ndin

g.

[Tha

li(1

991)

]M

.Tha

li,U

.Ols

hevs

ky,C

.Fur

man

,D.G

abuz

da,M

.Pos

ner,

&J.

Sod

rosk

i.C

hara

cter

izat

ion

ofa

disc

ontin

uous

hum

anim

mun

odefi

cien

cyvi

rus

type

1gp

120

epito

pere

cogn

ized

bya

broa

dly

reac

tive

neut

raliz

ing

hum

anm

onoc

lona

lant

ibod

y.JV

irol6

5(11

):618

8–61

93,

1991

.(M

edlin

e:92

0155

17)

Not

es:

An

early

deta

iled

char

acte

rizat

ion

ofth

em

utat

ions

that

inhi

bitt

hene

utra

lizat

ion

capa

city

ofth

eM

Ab

F10

5,th

atbi

nds

toa

disc

on-

tinuo

usep

itope

and

inhi

bits

CD

4bi

ndin

gto

gp12

0.

[Thi

riart

(198

9)]

C.

Thi

riart

,M

.F

ranc

otte

,J.

Coh

en,

C.

Col

ligno

n,A

.D

el-

ers,

S.

Kum

mer

t,C

.M

olito

r,D

.G

illes

,P.

Roe

lant

s,F.

Van

Wijn

enda

ele,

M.

De

Wild

e,&

C.

Bru

ck.

Sev

eral

antig

enic

dete

rmin

ants

expo

sed

onth

egp

120

moi

ety

ofH

IV-1

gp16

0ar

ehi

dden

onth

em

atur

egp

120.

JIm

mu

no

l14

3:18

32–1

836,

1989

.(M

edlin

e:89

3813

16).

[Till

(198

9)]

M.

A.

Till

,S

.Z

olla

-Paz

ner,

M.

K.

Gor

ny,

J.W

.U

hr,

&E

.S

.V

itetta

.H

uman

imm

unod

efici

ency

viru

s-in

fect

edT

cells

and

mon

ocyt

esar

eki

lled

bym

onoc

lona

lhum

anan

ti-gp

41an

tibod

ies

coup

led

toric

inA

chai

n.P

roc

Na

tlA

cad

Sci

US

A86:

1987

–199

1,19

89.

(Med

line:

8918

4552

).

[Till

ey(1

992)

]S

.A.T

illey

,W.J

.Hon

nen,

M.E

.Rac

ho,T

.-C

.Cho

u,&

A.P

in-

ter.

Syn

ergi

stic

neut

raliz

atio

nof

HIV

-1by

hum

anm

onoc

lona

lant

ibod

ies

agai

nst

the

V3

loop

and

the

CD

4-bi

ndin

gsi

teof

gp12

0.AID

SR

es

Hu

mR

etr

oviru

ses8

:461

–467

,199

2.(M

edlin

e:92

2876

31).

[Till

ey(1

991a

)]S

.A

.T

illey

,W

.J.

Hon

nen,

M.

E.

Rac

ho,

M.

Hilg

artn

er,

&A

.P

inte

r.A

hum

anm

onoc

lona

lan

tibod

yag

ains

tth

eC

D4-

bind

ing

site

ofH

IV-1

gp12

0ex

hibi

tspo

tent

,br

oadl

yne

utra

lizin

gac

tivity

.Re

sV

irol

142:

247–

259,

1991

a.(M

edlin

e:92

1795

21)

Not

es:

Cha

ract

eriz

atio

nof

hu-

man

neut

raliz

ing

MA

b11

25H

.

[Till

ey(1

991b

)]S

.A

.T

illey

,W

.J.

Hon

nen,

M.

E.

Rac

ho,

M.

Hilg

artn

er,

&A

.Pin

ter.

Hum

anM

onoc

lona

lAnt

ibod

ies

Aga

inst

the

Put

ativ

eC

D4

Bin

ding

Site

and

the

V3

Loop

ofH

IVgp

120

Act

inC

once

rtto

Neu

tral

ize

Viru

s.V

IIIn

tern

atio

na

lCo

nfe

ren

ceo

nA

IDS19

91:p

.39,

1991

b.N

otes

:Aid

slin

e:10

0709

1A

bstr

act7

0.

[Tis

dale

(198

8)]

M.T

isda

le,P

.Ert

l,B

.A.L

arde

r,D

.J.M

.Pur

ifoy,

G.D

arby

,&

K.L

.Pow

ell.

Cha

ract

eriz

atio

nof

hum

anim

mun

odefi

cien

cyvi

rus

type

1re

vers

etr

ansc

ripta

seby

usin

gm

onoc

lona

lant

ibod

ies:

role

ofth

eC

term

inus

inan

tibod

yre

activ

ityan

den

zym

efu

nctio

n.JV

irol6

2:36

62–3

667,

1988

.(M

edlin

e:88

3331

39).

[Too

hey

(199

5)]

K.

Tooh

ey,

K.

Weh

rly,

J.N

ishi

o,S

.P

erry

man

,&

B.

Che

se-

bro.

Hum

anim

mun

odefi

cien

cyvi

rus

enve

lope

V1

and

V2

regi

ons

influ

ence

repl

icat

ion

effic

ienc

yin

mac

roph

ages

byaf

fect

ing

viru

ssp

read

.V

irolo

gy

213:

70–9

,199

5.(M

edlin

e:96

0364

81).

[Tor

nato

re(1

994)

]C

.Tor

nato

re,K

.Mey

ers,

W.A

twoo

d,K

.Con

ant,

&E

.Ma-

jor.

Tem

pora

lpat

tern

sof

hum

anim

mun

odefi

cien

cyvi

rus

type

1tr

ansc

ripts

inhu

man

feta

last

rocy

tes.J

Viro

l68:

93–1

02,1

994.

(Med

line:

9407

6466

).

[Trk

ola

(199

6a)]

A.

Trk

ola,

T.D

ragi

c,J.

Art

hos,

J.M

.B

inle

y,W

.C

.O

lson

,G

.P.A

llaw

ay,C

.Che

ng-M

ayer

,J.R

obin

son,

P.J.

Mad

don,

&J.

P.M

oore

.C

D4-

depe

nden

t,an

tibod

y-se

nsiti

vein

tera

ctio

nsbe

twee

nH

IV-1

and

itsco

-re

cept

orC

CR

-5.N

atu

re38

4:18

4–18

7,19

96a.

(Med

line:

9706

4177

)N

otes

:C

CR

-5is

aco

-fac

tor

for

fusi

onof

HIV

-1st

rain

sof

the

non-

sync

ytiu

m-

indu

cing

(NS

I)ph

enot

ype

with

CD

4+T-

cells

.CD

4bi

ndin

ggr

eatly

incr

ease

sth

eef

ficie

ncy

ofgp

120-

CC

R-5

inte

ract

ion.

Neu

tral

izin

gM

Abs

agai

nst

the

V3

loop

and

CD

4-in

duce

dep

itope

son

gp12

0in

hibi

ted

the

inte

ract

ion

ofgp

120

with

CC

R-5

,with

outa

ffect

ing

gp12

0-C

D4

bind

ing.

Ant

ibod

yR

efer

ence

sB Cell

IV-D

-44

DE

C20

00

[Trk

ola

(199

8)]

A.T

rkol

a,T.

Ket

as,V

.N.K

ewal

ram

ani,

F.E

ndor

f,J.

M.B

in-

ley,

H.K

atin

ger,

J.R

obin

son,

D.R

.Litt

man

,&J.

P.M

oore

.N

eutr

aliz

atio

nse

nsiti

vity

ofhu

man

imm

unod

efici

ency

viru

sty

pe1

prim

ary

isol

ates

toan

-tib

odie

san

dC

D4-

base

dre

agen

tsis

inde

pend

ento

fcor

ecep

toru

sage

.J

Viro

l72

:187

6–85

,199

8.(M

edlin

e:98

1390

79).

[Trk

ola

(199

5)]

A.T

rkol

a,A

.B.P

omal

es,H

.Yua

n,B

.Kor

ber,

P.J.

Mad

don,

G.P

.Alla

way

,H.K

atin

ger,

C.F

.Bar

bas

III,D

.R.B

urto

n,D

.D.H

o,&

J.P.

Moo

re.

Cro

ss-c

lade

neut

raliz

atio

nof

prim

ary

isol

ates

ofhu

man

imm

un-

odefi

cien

cyvi

rus

type

1by

hum

anm

onoc

lona

lan

tibod

ies

and

tetr

amer

icC

D4-

IgG

.JV

irol6

9:66

09–6

617,

1995

.(M

edlin

e:96

0137

52)

Not

es:T

hree

MA

bs,I

gG1b

12,2

G12

,and

2F5

tetr

amer

icC

D4-

IgG

2w

ere

test

edfo

rth

eir

abili

tyto

neut

raliz

epr

imar

yis

olat

esfr

omcl

ades

A-F

.2F

5an

dC

D4-

IgG

2w

ere

able

tone

utra

lize

with

inan

dou

tsid

ecl

ade

Bw

itha

high

pote

ncy.

IgG

1b12

and

2G12

coul

dpo

tent

lyne

utra

lize

isol

ates

from

with

incl

ade

B,

buts

how

eda

redu

ctio

nin

effic

acy

outs

ide

ofcl

ade

B.2

F5

neut

raliz

atio

nw

asde

pend

ento

nth

epr

esen

ceof

the

sequ

ence

:LD

KW

.

[Trk

ola

(199

6b)]

A.T

rkol

a,M

.Pur

tsch

er,T

.Mus

ter,

C.B

alla

un,A

.Buc

hach

er,

N.S

ulliv

an,K

.Srin

ivas

an,J

.Sod

rosk

i,J.

P.M

oore

,&H

.Kat

inge

r.H

uman

mon

oclo

nal

antib

ody

2G12

defin

esa

dist

inct

ive

neut

raliz

atio

nep

itope

onth

egp

120

glyc

opro

tein

ofhu

man

imm

unod

efici

ency

viru

sty

pe1.

JV

irol

70:1

100–

1108

,199

6b.

(Med

line:

9613

5224

).

[Tru

jillo

(199

3)]

J.R

.Tru

jillo

,M.F

.McL

ane,

T.-H

.Lee

,&M

.Ess

ex.

Mol

ec-

ular

mim

icry

betw

een

the

hum

anim

mun

odefi

cien

cyvi

rus

type

1gp

120

V3

loop

and

hum

anbr

ain

prot

eins

.JV

irol

67:7

711–

7715

,19

93.

(Med

line:

9404

7398

).

[Tug

arin

ov(2

000)

]V.

Tug

arin

ov,

A.

Zvi

,R

.Le

vy,

Y.H

ayek

,S

.M

atsu

shita

,&

J.A

nglis

ter.

NM

Rst

ruct

ure

ofan

anti-

gp12

0an

tibod

yco

mpl

exw

itha

V3

pept

ide

reve

als

asu

rfac

eim

port

ant

for

co-r

ecep

tor

bind

ing

[InP

roce

ssC

itatio

n].S

tru

ctu

reFo

ldD

es8

:385

–95,

2000

.(M

edlin

e:20

2643

05).

[Tur

bica

(199

5)]

I.T

urbi

ca,M

.Pos

ner,

C.B

ruck

,&F.

Bar

in.

Sim

ple

enzy

me

imm

unoa

ssay

for

titra

tion

ofan

tibod

ies

toth

eC

D4-

bind

ing

site

ofhu

man

imm

unod

efici

ency

viru

sty

pe1

gp12

0.JC

linM

icro

bio

l33

:331

9–33

23,

1995

.(M

edlin

e:96

1561

53).

[Tur

bica

(199

7)]

I.T

urbi

ca,

F.S

imon

,J.

M.

Bes

nier

,B

.Le

Jeun

e,P.

Cho

utet

and

AG

oude

au,&

F.B

arin

.Te

mpo

rald

evel

opm

enta

ndpr

ogno

stic

valu

eof

antib

ody

resp

onse

toth

em

ajor

neut

raliz

ing

epito

pes

ofgp

120

durin

gH

IV-1

infe

ctio

n.J

Me

dV

irol5

2:30

9–31

5,19

97.

(Med

line:

9735

3800

).

[Tyl

er(1

990)

]D

.S

.Ty

ler,

S.

D.

Sta

nley

,S

.Z

olla

-Paz

ner,

M.

K.

Gor

ny,

P.P.

Sha

dduc

k,A

.J.

Lang

lois

,T.

J.M

atth

ews,

D.

P.B

olog

nesi

,T.

J.P

alke

r,&

K.

J.W

einh

old.

Iden

tifica

tion

ofsi

tes

with

ingp

41th

atse

rve

asta

rget

sfo

ran

tibod

y-de

pend

ent

cellu

lar

cyto

toxi

city

byus

ing

hum

anm

onoc

lona

lan

tibod

ies.

JIm

mu

no

l145

:327

6–32

82,1

990.

(Med

line:

9103

6969

).

[Uge

n(1

993)

]K

.E.U

gen,

Y.R

efal

eli,

U.Z

iegn

er,M

.Aga

djan

yan,

M.A

.R.

Sat

re,

V.S

rikan

tan,

B.

Wan

g,A

.S

ato,

W.

V.W

illia

ms,

&D

.B

.W

eine

r.G

ener

atio

nof

mon

oclo

nala

ntib

odie

sag

ains

tth

eam

ino

term

inus

ofgp

120

that

elic

itan

tibod

y-de

pend

entc

ellu

larc

ytot

oxic

ity.

Va

ccin

es

93p

ages

215–

221,

1993

.N

otes

:E

dito

rs:

F.B

row

n,H

.S

.G

insb

erg

and

R.

Lern

er,

Col

dS

prin

gH

arbo

rLa

bora

tory

Pre

ss,C

old

Spr

ing

Har

bor,

NY.

[Ugo

lini(

1997

)]S

.Ugo

lini,

I.M

ondo

r,P.

W.H

.IP

arre

n,D

.R.B

urto

n,S

.A.

Till

ey,P

.J.K

lass

e,&

Q.J

.Sat

tent

au.I

nhib

ition

ofvi

rus

atta

chm

entt

oC

D4+

targ

etce

llsis

am

ajor

mec

hani

smof

Tce

lllin

e-ad

apte

dH

IV-1

neut

raliz

atio

n.J

Exp

Me

d186

:128

7–12

98,1

997.

(Med

line:

9747

7412

).

[Val

enzu

ela

(199

8)]

A.

Vale

nzue

la,

J.B

lanc

o,B

.K

rust

,R

.F

ranc

o,&

A.

G.

Hov

anes

sian

.Neu

tral

izin

gA

ntib

odie

sag

ains

tthe

V3

loop

ofhu

man

imm

un-

odefi

cien

cyty

pe1

gp12

0bl

ock

the

CD

4-de

pend

enta

ndin

depe

nden

tbin

ding

ofth

evi

rus

toce

lls.J

Viro

l71:

8289

–829

8,19

98.

(Med

line:

9800

1346

).

[Val

vatn

e(1

996)

]H

.Val

vatn

e,A

.M.S

zilv

ay,&

D.E

.Hel

land

.A

mon

oclo

nal

antib

ody

defin

esa

nove

lHIV

type

1Ta

tdo

mai

nin

volv

edin

tran

s-ce

llula

rtr

ans-

activ

atio

n.A

IDS

Re

sH

um

Re

trov

iru

ses12:6

11–6

19,1

996.

(Med

line:

9629

1772

)N

otes

:CAT

and

beta

-gal

acto

sida

seas

says

,and

imm

unofl

uore

s-ce

nce

anal

ysis

wer

eus

edto

stud

yth

ece

llula

rupt

ake

ofth

eH

IV-1

Tatp

rote

in.

AM

Ab

bind

ing

toth

eba

sic

dom

ain

and

the

RG

Dse

quen

cein

hibi

tstr

ans-

activ

atio

nby

exog

enou

sTa

t.T

hein

hibi

tion

ofth

ece

llula

rupt

ake

ofTa

tby

anan

ti-Ta

tmon

oclo

nala

ntib

ody

and

byth

ese

rum

com

pone

nts

impl

ies

spec

ific

bind

ing

ofTa

tto

the

cell

mem

bran

e.

[Van

Cot

t(19

95)]

T.C

.Van

Cot

t,F.

R.B

ethk

e,D

.S.B

urke

,R.R

.Red

field

,&D

.L.B

irx.L

ack

ofin

duct

ion

ofan

tibod

ies

spec

ific

forc

onse

rved

,dis

cont

in-

uous

epito

pes

ofH

IV-1

enve

lope

glyc

opro

tein

byca

ndid

ate

AID

Sva

ccin

es.

JIm

mu

no

l155

:410

0–41

10,1

995.

(Med

line:

9600

3456

)N

otes

:The

Ab

re-

spon

sein

both

HIV

-1in

fect

edan

dun

infe

cted

volu

ntee

rsim

mun

ized

with

HIV

-1re

cen

velo

pesu

buni

tvac

cine

s(G

enen

tech

gp12

0IIIB

,Mic

roG

eneS

ysgp

160I

IIB,

orIm

mun

oAG

gp16

0IIIB

)pr

efer

entia

llyin

duce

dA

bsre

activ

eon

lyto

the

dena

ture

dfo

rmof

gp12

0.T

his

may

expl

ain

the

inab

ility

ofth

eva

ccin

eese

rato

neut

raliz

epr

imar

yH

IV-1

isol

ates

.

Ant

ibod

yR

efer

ence

sB Cell

IV-D

-45

DE

C20

00

[Van

Cot

t(19

94)]

T.C

.Va

nCot

t,F.

R.

Bet

hke,

V.R

.P

olon

is,

M.

K.

Gor

ny,

S.Z

olla

-Paz

ner,

R.R

.Red

field

,&D

.L.B

irx.

Dis

soci

atio

nra

teof

antib

ody-

gp12

0bi

ndin

gin

tera

ctio

nsis

pred

ictiv

eof

V3-

med

iate

dne

utra

lizat

ion

ofH

IV-1

.J

Imm

un

ol1

53:4

49–4

59,1

994.

(Med

line:

9426

7254

)N

otes

:Usi

ngsu

rfac

epl

asm

onre

sona

nce

itw

asfo

und

that

the

rate

ofth

edi

ssoc

iatio

nof

the

MA

b-gp

120

com

plex

,bu

tno

tth

eas

soci

atio

nra

te,

corr

elat

edw

ithM

Abs

abili

tyto

neut

raliz

eho

mol

ogou

svi

rus

(mea

sure

dby

50%

inhi

bitio

nof

p24

prod

uctio

n).A

ssoc

iatio

nco

nsta

nts

wer

esi

mila

rfo

ral

lMA

bste

sted

,va

ryin

gle

ssth

an4-

fold

.Dis

soci

atio

nra

teco

nsta

nts

wer

equ

iteva

riabl

e,w

ith10

0-fo

lddi

ffere

nces

obse

rved

.

[Vel

la(1

993)

]C

.Ve

lla,

M.

Fer

guso

n,G

.D

unn,

R.

Mel

oen,

H.

Lang

edijk

,D

.Eva

ns,&

P.D

.Min

or.

Cha

ract

eriz

atio

nan

dpr

imar

yst

ruct

ure

ofa

hum

anim

mun

odefi

cien

cyvi

rus

type

1(H

IV-1

)ne

utra

lizat

ion

dom

ain

aspr

esen

ted

bya

polio

viru

sty

pe1/

HIV

-1ch

imer

a.JG

en

Viro

l7:1

5–21

,199

3.(M

edlin

e:94

1037

63)

Not

es:T

his

stud

yel

abor

ated

ona

seto

fant

ibod

ies

first

repo

rted

inE

vans

et

al.,

1989

.N

otal

lof

the

neut

raliz

atio

nre

sults

are

cong

ruen

tbe

twee

nth

est

udie

s.T

hean

tibod

ies

inth

isst

udy

wer

era

ised

toa

regi

onin

clud

ing

the

cyto

plas

mic

dom

ain

ofgp

41in

sert

edin

toa

polio

viru

sty

pe1/

HIV

-1ch

imer

a.

[von

Bru

nn(1

993)

]A

.vo

nB

runn

,M

.B

rand

,C

.R

eich

hube

r,C

.M

orys

-W

ortm

ann,

F.D

einh

ardt

,&

F.S

chod

el.

Prin

cipa

lne

utra

lizin

gdo

mai

nof

HIV

-1is

high

lyim

mun

ogen

icw

hen

expr

esse

don

the

surf

ace

ofhe

patit

isB

core

part

icle

s.Va

ccin

e11:

817–

24,1

993.

(Med

line:

9336

2473

).

[Wag

ner

(199

6)]

R.W

agne

r,L.

Dem

l,R

.Sch

irmbe

ck,M

.Nie

drig

,J.R

eim

ann,

&H

.Wol

f.C

onst

ruct

ion,

expr

essi

on,a

ndim

mun

ogen

icity

ofch

imer

icH

IV-

1vi

rus-

like

part

icle

s.V

irolo

gy

220:

128–

140,

1996

.(M

edlin

e:96

2406

35).

[Wag

ner

(199

8)]

R.

Wag

ner,

V.J.

Teeu

wse

n,L.

Dem

l,F.

Not

ka,

A.

G.

Haa

ksm

a,S

.S.J

hagj

hoor

sing

h,H

.Nip

huis

,H.W

olf,

&J.

L.H

eene

y.C

y-to

toxi

cT

cells

and

neut

raliz

ing

antib

odie

sin

duce

din

rhes

usm

onke

ysby

viru

s-lik

epa

rtic

leH

IVva

ccin

esin

the

abse

nce

ofpr

otec

tion

from

SH

IVin

fect

ion.

Viro

log

y24

5:65

–74,

1998

.(M

edlin

e:98

2770

73)

Not

es:

Sel

fas

sem

bled

non-

infe

ctio

usvi

rus.

[Wai

nber

g&

Gu(

1995

)]M

.A

.W

ainb

erg

&Z

.G

u.Ta

rget

ing

HIV

reve

rse

tran

scrip

tase

inno

velw

ays.N

atM

ed1

:628

–629

,199

5.(M

edlin

e:96

0715

18)

Not

es:C

omm

enta

ryon

Mac

ieje

wsk

ie

tal.,

1995

.

[War

rier

(199

5)]

S.V

.War

rier,

E.M

urph

y,I.

Yoko

yam

a,&

S.A

.Till

ey.

Cha

r-ac

teriz

atio

nof

the

Varia

ble

Reg

ions

ofa

Chi

mpa

nzee

Mon

oclo

nalA

ntib

ody

with

Pot

ent

Neu

tral

izin

gA

ctiv

ityA

gain

stH

IV-1

.Mo

lIm

mu

no

l32:

1081

–10

92,1

995.

(Med

line:

9612

8277

).

[War

rier

(199

4)]

S.V

.War

rier,

A.P

inte

r,W

.J.H

onne

n,M

.Gira

rd,E

.Muc

h-m

ore,

&S

.A.T

illey

.Ano

vel,

glyc

an-d

epen

dent

epito

pein

the

V2

dom

ain

ofhu

man

imm

unod

efici

ency

viru

sty

pe1

gp12

0is

reco

gniz

edby

ahi

ghly

po-

tent

,neu

tral

izin

gch

impa

nzee

mon

oclo

nala

ntib

ody.

JV

irol6

8:46

36–4

642,

1994

.(M

edlin

e:94

2679

27).

[War

rier

(199

6)]

S.V

.War

rier,

A.P

inte

r,W

.J.H

onne

n,&

S.A

.Till

ey.

Syn

er-

gist

icN

eutr

aliz

atio

nof

Hum

anIm

mun

odefi

cien

cyV

irus

Type

1by

aC

him

-pa

nzee

Mon

oclo

nalA

ntib

ody

agai

nstt

heV

2D

omai

nof

gp12

0in

Com

bina

-tio

nw

ithM

onoc

lona

lAnt

ibod

ies

agai

nstt

heV

3Lo

opan

dth

eC

D4-

Bin

ding

Site

.JV

irol7

0:44

66–4

473,

1996

.(M

edlin

e:96

2567

57).

[Wat

kins

(199

6)]

B.

A.

Wat

kins

,A

.E

.D

avis

,S

.F

iore

ntin

i,F.

diM

arzo

Vero

nese

,&

M.

S.

Rei

tzJr

.E

vide

nce

for

dist

inct

cont

ribut

ions

ofhe

avy

and

light

chai

nsto

rest

rictio

nof

antib

ody

reco

gniti

onof

the

HIV

-1pr

inci

pal

neut

raliz

atio

nde

term

inan

t.JIm

mu

no

l156

:167

6–16

83,

1996

.(M

edlin

e:96

1646

01).

[Wat

kins

(199

3)]

B.A

.Wat

kins

,M.S

.Rei

tz,C

.A.W

ilson

,K.A

ldric

h,A

.E.

Dav

is,&

M.R

ober

t-G

urof

f.Im

mun

ees

cape

byhu

man

imm

unod

efici

ency

viru

sty

pe1

from

neut

raliz

ing

antib

odie

s:ev

iden

cefo

rm

ultip

lepa

thw

ays.

JV

irol6

7:74

93–7

500,

1993

.(M

edlin

e:94

0473

66)

Not

es:A

neut

raliz

atio

nre

sist

ance

poin

tm

utat

ion

(HX

B2

A28

1V)

was

stud

ied

usin

ga

varie

tyof

MA

bs,

and

itw

assh

own

that

this

subs

titut

ion

affe

cts

adi

ffere

ntep

itope

than

apr

evio

usly

char

acte

rized

neut

raliz

atio

nes

cape

mut

ant(

A58

2T)(

Rei

tz19

88,W

ilson

1990

).

[Weh

rly&

Che

sebr

o(19

97)]

K.

Weh

rly&

B.

Che

sebr

o.p2

4an

tigen

capt

ure

assa

yfo

rqu

antifi

catio

nof

hum

anim

mun

odefi

cien

cyvi

rus

usin

gre

adily

avai

labl

ein

expe

nsiv

ere

agen

ts.

Me

tho

ds:

Aco

mp

an

ion

toM

eth

od

sin

En

zy-

mo

log

y12:

288–

93,1

997.

(Med

line:

9740

1510

).

[Wei

nber

g(1

997)

]J.

Wei

nber

g,H

.X

.Li

ao,

J.V.

Torr

es,

T.J.

Mat

thew

s,J.

Rob

inso

n,&

B.F

.Hay

nes.

Iden

tifica

tion

ofa

synt

hetic

pept

ide

that

mim

-ic

san

HIV

glyc

opro

tein

120

enve

lope

conf

orm

atio

nald

eter

min

ante

xpos

edfo

llow

ing

ligat

ion

ofgl

ycop

rote

in12

0by

CD

4.AID

SR

es

Hu

mR

etr

oviru

ses

13:6

57–6

4,19

97.

(Med

line:

9731

1517

).

[Wei

ssen

horn

(199

6)]

W.W

eiss

enho

rn,S

.A.W

hart

on,L

.J.C

alde

r,P.

L.E

arl,

B.M

oss,

E.A

lipra

ndis

,J.J

.Ske

hel,

&D

.C.W

iley.

The

ecto

dom

ain

ofH

IV-

Ant

ibod

yR

efer

ence

sB Cell

IV-D

-46

DE

C20

00

1E

nvsu

buni

tgp4

1fo

rms

aso

lubl

e,al

pha-

helic

al,r

od-li

keol

igom

erin

the

abse

nce

ofgp

120

and

the

N-t

erm

inal

fusi

onpe

ptid

e.E

MB

OJ1

5:15

07–1

4,19

96.

(Med

line:

9620

3067

).

[Whi

te-S

char

f(19

93)]

M.

E.

Whi

te-S

char

f,B

.J.

Pot

ts,

L.M

.S

mith

,K

.A

.S

okol

owsk

i,J.

R.

Rus

che,

&S

.S

ilver

.B

road

lyne

utra

lizin

gm

onoc

lona

lan

tibod

ies

toth

eV

3re

gion

ofH

IV-1

can

beel

icite

dby

pept

ide

imm

uniz

a-tio

n.V

irolo

gy

192:

197–

206,

1993

.(M

edlin

e:93

2971

06)N

otes

:Usi

nga

V3

loop

pept

ide

asim

mun

ogen

,apa

nelo

f50

anti-

V3

neut

raliz

ing

mon

oclo

nal

antib

odie

sw

ere

gene

rate

d.F

our

ofth

emw

ere

char

acte

rized

inde

tail

inth

ispa

per.

[Wis

new

ski(

1995

)]A

.Wis

new

ski,

L.C

avac

ini,

G.K

ings

bury

,D.S

adde

n,&

M.

Pos

ner.

Ant

i-HIV

hum

anm

onoc

lona

lan

tibod

yva

riabl

ere

gion

gene

usag

e.J

Ce

llB

ioch

em

supp

le21

B:22

9,19

95.

[Wis

new

ski(

1996

)]A

.Wis

new

ski,

L.C

avac

ini,

&M

.Pos

ner.

Hum

anan

tibod

yva

riabl

ere

gion

gene

usag

ein

HIV

-1in

fect

ion.JA

cqu

irIm

mu

ne

De

ficS

ynd

rH

um

Re

trov

irol1

1:31

–38,

1996

.(M

edlin

e:96

1300

44).

[Wol

fe(1

996)

]E

.J.

Wol

fe,

L.A

.C

avac

ini,

M.

H.

Sam

ore,

M.

R.

Pos

ner,

C.K

ozia

l,C

.Spi

no,C

.B.T

rapn

ell,

N.K

ette

r,S

.Ham

mer

,&J.

G.G

ambe

r-to

glio

.Pha

rmac

okin

etic

sof

F10

5,a

hum

anm

onoc

lona

lant

ibod

y,in

pers

ons

infe

cted

with

hum

anim

mun

odefi

cien

cyvi

rus

type

1.Clin

Ph

arm

aco

lTh

er

59:6

62–6

67,1

996.

(Med

line:

9629

0506

).

[Wu

(199

3)]

J.W

u,E

.A

man

doro

n,X

.Li

,M

.A

.W

ainb

erg,

&M

.A

.P

ar-

niak

.M

onoc

lona

lA

ntib

ody-

med

iate

dIn

hibi

tion

ofH

IV-1

Rev

erse

Tra

n-sc

ripta

seP

olym

eras

eA

ctiv

ity.JB

iolC

he

m26

8:99

80–9

985,

1993

.(M

ed-

line:

9325

2974

).

[Wu

(199

6)]

L.W

u,N

.P.

Ger

ard,

R.

Wya

tt,H

.C

hoe,

C.

Par

olin

,N

.R

uff-

ing,

A.

Bor

setti

,A

.A

.C

ardo

so,

E.

Des

jard

in,

W.

New

man

,C

.G

erar

d,&

J.S

odro

ski.

CD

4-in

duce

din

tera

ctio

nof

prim

ary

HIV

-1gp

120

glyc

opro

tein

sw

ithth

ech

emok

ine

rece

ptor

CC

R-5

.N

atu

re38

4:17

9–18

3,19

96.

(Med

line:

9706

4176

)N

otes

:R

esul

tssu

gges

tth

atH

IV-1

atta

chm

ent

toC

D4

crea

tes

ahi

gh-a

ffini

tybi

ndin

gsi

tefo

rC

CR

-5,

lead

ing

tom

embr

ane

fusi

onan

dvi

rus

entr

y.C

D4-

indu

ced

orV

3ne

utra

lizin

gM

Abs

bloc

kth

ein

tera

ctio

nof

gp12

0-C

D4

com

plex

esw

ithC

CR

-5.

[Wu

(199

5)]

Z.

Wu,

S.

C.

Kay

man

,W

.H

onne

n,K

.R

eves

z,H

.C

hen,

S.

V.W

arrie

r,S

.A.T

illey

,J.M

cKea

ting,

C.S

hotto

n,&

A.P

inte

r.C

hara

cter

izat

ion

ofne

utra

lizat

ion

epito

pes

inth

eV

2re

gion

ofhu

man

imm

unod

efici

ency

viru

sty

pe1

gp12

0:ro

leof

glyc

osyl

atio

nin

the

corr

ectf

oldi

ngof

the

V1/

V2

dom

ain.

JV

irol69

:227

1–22

78,

1995

.(M

edlin

e:95

1910

00)

Not

es:

Mos

tep

itope

sba

sed

only

onnu

mbe

ring.

[Wya

tt(1

997)

]R

.Wya

tt,E

.Des

jard

in,U

.Ols

hevs

ky,C

.Nix

on,J

.Bin

ley,

V.O

l-sh

evsk

y,&

J.S

odro

ski.

Ana

lysi

sof

the

inte

ract

ion

ofth

ehu

man

imm

unod

e-fic

ienc

yvi

rus

type

1gp

120

Env

elop

egl

ycop

rote

inw

ithth

egp

41tr

ansm

em-

bran

egl

ycop

rote

in.J

Viro

l71:

9722

–31,

1997

.(M

edlin

e:98

0376

89)N

otes

:T

his

stud

ych

arac

teriz

edth

ebi

ndin

gof

gp12

0an

dgp

41by

com

parin

gA

bre

activ

ityto

solu

ble

gp12

0an

dto

aso

lubl

eco

mpl

exof

gp12

0an

dgp

41ca

lled

sgp1

40.T

heoc

clus

ion

ofgp

120

epito

pes

inth

esg

p140

com

plex

pro-

vide

sa

guid

eto

the

gp12

0do

mai

nsth

atin

tera

ctw

ithgp

41,l

ocal

izin

gth

emin

C1

and

C5

ofgp

120.

Mut

atio

nsth

atdi

srup

tthe

bind

ing

ofth

eoc

clud

edan

tibod

ies

dono

tin

fluen

ceN

Ab

bind

ing

orC

D4

bind

ing,

thus

ifth

egp

41bi

ndin

gdo

mai

nis

dele

ted,

the

imm

unol

ogic

ally

desi

rabl

efe

atur

esof

gp12

0fo

rva

ccin

ede

sign

are

still

inta

ct.

[Wya

tt(1

998)

]R

.Wya

tt,P.

D.K

won

g,E

.Des

jard

ins,

R.W

.Sw

eet,

J.R

obin

-so

n,W

.A

.H

endr

icks

on,

&J.

G.

Sod

rosk

i.T

hean

tigen

icst

ruct

ure

ofth

eH

IVgp

120

enve

lope

glyc

opro

tein

.Na

ture

393:

705–

711,

1998

.(M

edlin

e:98

3033

86)

Not

es:C

omm

enti

n:N

atur

e19

98Ju

n18

;393

(668

6):6

30-1

.The

spat

ialo

rgan

izat

ion

ofth

ene

utra

lizin

gep

itope

sof

gp12

0is

desc

ribed

,bas

edon

epito

pem

aps

inte

rpre

ted

inth

eco

ntex

toft

heX

-ray

crys

tals

truc

ture

ofa

tern

ary

com

plex

that

incl

udes

agp

120

core

,CD

4an

da

neut

raliz

ing

antib

ody.

[Wya

tt(1

995)

]R

.W

yatt,

J.M

oore

,M

.A

ccol

a,E

.D

esja

rdin

,J.

Rob

inso

n,&

J.S

odro

ski.

Invo

lvem

ento

fthe

V1/

V2

varia

ble

loop

stru

ctur

ein

the

expo

sure

ofhu

man

imm

unod

efici

ency

viru

sty

pe1

gp12

0ep

itope

sin

duce

dby

rece

ptor

bind

ing.

JV

irol6

9:57

23–5

733,

1995

.(M

edlin

e:95

3639

86)N

otes

:Del

etio

nsin

the

V1/

V2

loop

sof

gp12

0re

sulte

din

the

loss

ofth

eab

ility

ofsC

D4

toin

duce

bind

ing

ofth

eM

Abs

17b,

48d,

and

A32

.A32

can

indu

cebi

ndin

gof

17b

and

48d;

this

indu

ctio

ndo

esno

tapp

ear

toin

volv

eth

eV

1/V

2re

gion

s.

[Wya

tt&

Sod

rosk

i(199

8)]

R.

Wya

tt&

J.S

odro

ski.

The

HIV

-1en

velo

pegl

y-co

prot

eins

:fus

ogen

s,an

tigen

s,an

dim

mun

ogen

s.S

cie

nce

280:

1884

–188

8,19

98.

(Med

line:

9829

6351

)N

otes

:R

evie

wdi

scus

sing

ofth

em

echa

nism

sus

edby

the

viru

sto

evad

ea

neut

raliz

ing

antib

ody

resp

onse

whi

lem

aint

ain-

ing

vita

lEnv

func

tions

ofbi

ndin

gto

targ

etce

lls,a

ndth

enen

terin

gth

roug

hm

embr

ane

fusi

on.

[Wya

tt(1

993)

]R

.Wya

tt,N

.Sul

livan

,M.T

hali,

H.R

epke

,D.H

o,J.

Rob

inso

n,M

.P

osne

r,&

J.S

odro

ski.

Fun

ctio

nal

and

Imm

unol

ogic

Cha

ract

eriz

atio

n

Ant

ibod

yR

efer

ence

sB Cell

IV-D

-47

DE

C20

00

ofH

uman

Imm

unod

efici

ency

viru

sty

pe1

enve

lope

glyc

opro

tein

sco

ntai

n-in

gde

letio

nsof

the

maj

orva

riabl

ere

gion

s.JV

irol

67:4

557–

4565

,19

93.

(Med

line:

9332

3196

)N

otes

:Affi

nity

ofne

utra

lizin

gM

Abs

dire

cted

agai

nst

the

CD

4bi

ndin

gsi

tew

asin

crea

sed

dram

atic

ally

byde

letio

nm

utan

tsac

ross

the

V1/

V2

and

V3

stru

ctur

es,

sugg

estin

gth

atth

ese

dom

ains

mas

kth

ese

cons

erve

ddi

scon

tinuo

usep

itope

s.

[Wya

tt(1

992)

]R

.W

yatt,

M.

Tha

li,S

.T

illey

,A

.P

inte

r,M

.P

osne

r,D

.H

o,J.

Rob

inso

n,&

J.S

odro

ski.

Rel

atio

nshi

pof

the

hum

anim

mun

odefi

cien

cyvi

rus

type

1gp

120

third

varia

ble

loop

toel

emen

tsof

the

CD

4bi

ndin

gsi

te.

JV

irol6

6:69

97–7

004,

1992

.(M

edlin

e:93

0596

44)N

otes

:Thi

spa

pere

xam

ines

mut

atio

nsw

hich

alte

rM

Ab

bind

ing

and

neut

raliz

atio

n.A

nti-V

3M

Ab

9284

has

enha

nced

bind

ing

due

toa

mut

atio

nin

the

C4

regi

onth

atis

also

impo

rtan

tfo

rC

D4

bind

ing,

and

anti-

CD

4bi

ndin

gM

Abs

F10

5,1.

5ean

d11

25H

show

incr

ease

dpr

ecip

itatio

nof

agp

120

from

whi

chth

eV

3lo

opw

asde

lete

d,re

lativ

eto

wild

type

,in

RIP

Abu

ffer

cont

aini

ngno

n-io

nic

dete

rgen

ts.

[Xia

o(2

000a

)]Y.

Xia

o,M

.Lia

o,Y.

Lu,M

.P.D

ieric

h,&

Y.H

.Che

n.E

pito

pe-

vacc

ines

:a

new

stra

tegy

toin

duce

high

leve

lsof

neut

raliz

ing

antib

odie

sag

ains

tHIV

-1.Im

mu

no

bio

log

y201

:323

–31,

2000

a.(M

edlin

e:20

2365

47).

[Xia

o(2

000b

)]Y.

Xia

o,Y.

Zha

o,Y.

Lu,&

Y.H

.Che

n.E

pito

pe-v

acci

nein

duce

shi

ghle

vels

ofE

LDK

WA

-epi

tope

-spe

cific

neut

raliz

ing

antib

ody.Im

mu

no

lIn

vest

29:4

1–50

,200

0b.

(Med

line:

2017

3079

).

[Xu

(199

1)]

J.-Y

.X

u,M

.K

.G

orny

,T.

Pal

ker,

S.

Kar

wow

ska,

&S

.Z

olla

-P

azne

r.E

pito

pem

appi

ngof

two

imm

unod

omin

ant

dom

ains

ofgp

41,

the

tran

smem

bran

epr

otei

nof

hum

anim

mun

odefi

cien

cyvi

rus

type

1,us

ing

ten

hum

anm

onoc

lona

lan

tibod

ies.J

Viro

l65

:483

2–48

38,

1991

.(M

edlin

e:91

3330

26)

Not

es:

The

imm

unod

omin

ance

oflin

ear

epito

pein

the

regi

on59

0-60

0of

gp41

(clu

ster

I)w

ases

tabl

ishe

d,an

da

seco

ndco

nfor

mat

iona

lep

itope

was

map

ped

that

reac

ted

with

are

gion

betw

een

amin

oac

ids

644

and

663

(clu

ster

II).T

itrat

ion

expe

rimen

tssh

owed

that

ther

ew

as10

0-fo

ldm

ore

antib

ody

tocl

uste

rIt

han

clus

ter

IIin

patie

ntse

ra.

[Yam

ada

(199

1)]

M.

Yam

ada,

A.

Zur

brig

gen,

M.

B.

A.

Old

ston

e,&

R.

S.

Fuj

inam

i.C

omm

onim

mun

olog

icde

term

inan

tbe

twee

nhu

man

imm

unod

-efi

cien

cyvi

rus

type

1gp

41an

das

troc

ytes

.J

Viro

l65

:137

0–13

76,

1991

.(M

edlin

e:91

1407

28).

[Yan

g(1

998)

]G

.Yan

g,M

.P.D

’Sou

za,&

G.N

.Vya

s.N

eutr

aliz

ing

antib

od-

ies

agai

nst

HIV

dete

rmin

edby

ampl

ifica

tion

ofvi

rall

ong

term

inal

repe

at

sequ

ence

sfr

omce

llsin

fect

edin

vitr

oby

nonn

eutr

aliz

edvi

rions

.J

Acq

uir

Imm

un

eD

efic

Syn

drH

um

Re

trov

irol

17:2

7–34

,199

8.(M

edlin

e:98

0972

55)

Not

es:A

neut

raliz

atio

nas

say

was

deve

lope

dba

sed

onhe

min

este

dP

CR

am-

plifi

catio

nof

the

LTR

(HN

PC

R)

–LT

R-H

NP

CR

cons

iste

ntly

reve

aled

HIV

DN

Aan

dw

assh

own

tobe

ara

pid,

spec

ific

and

relia

ble

neut

raliz

atio

nas

say

base

don

test

sw

ith6

MA

bsan

d5

HIV

isol

ates

.

[Yan

g(1

997)

]W

.-P.

Yan

g,K

.G

reen

,S

.P

inz-

Sw

eene

y,A

.T.

Brio

nes,

D.

R.

Bur

ton,

&C

.F.B

arba

sIII

.C

DR

wal

king

mut

agen

esis

for

the

affin

itym

at-

urat

ion

ofa

pote

nthu

man

anti-

HIV

-1an

tibod

yin

toth

epi

com

olar

rang

e.J

Mo

lBio

l254

:392

–403

,199

7.(M

edlin

e:96

0957

99).

[Yos

hida

(199

7)]

K.Y

oshi

da,M

.Nak

amur

a,&

T.O

hno.

Mut

atio

nsof

the

HIV

type

1V

3lo

opun

der

sele

ctio

npr

essu

rew

ithne

utra

lizin

gm

onoc

lona

lant

i-bo

dyN

M-0

1.A

IDS

Re

sH

um

Re

trov

iru

ses13:1

283–

1290

,199

7.(M

edlin

e:93

3984

5).

[Yos

hiya

ma

(199

4)]

H.Y

oshi

yam

a,H

.-M

.Mo,

J.P.

Moo

re,&

D.D

.Ho.

Cha

r-ac

teriz

atio

nof

mut

ants

ofhu

man

imm

unod

efici

ency

viru

sty

pe1

that

have

esca

ped

neut

raliz

atio

nby

mon

oclo

nala

ntib

ody

G3-

4to

the

gp12

0V

2lo

op.

JV

irol6

8:97

4–97

8,19

94.

(Med

line:

9411

8447

)N

otes

:M

Ab

G3-

4bi

nds

aco

nfor

mat

iona

llyse

nsiti

veep

itope

inth

eV

2lo

opof

HIV

-1R

F.R

Fw

ascu

lture

din

the

pres

ence

ofG

3-4

tose

lect

forn

eutr

aliz

atio

nre

sist

ance

.Thr

eein

depe

nden

texp

erim

ents

yiel

ded

esca

pem

utan

ts,a

ndse

quen

cing

reve

aled

two

V2

mut

atio

nsto

bere

spon

sibl

efo

rthe

neut

raliz

atio

nes

cape

phen

otyp

e,17

7Y

/Han

d17

9L/

P.E

xper

imen

tali

ntro

duct

ion

ofth

e17

9P

subs

titut

ion

resu

lted

inno

n-vi

able

viru

s,an

d17

7H

confi

rmed

the

resi

stan

ceph

enot

ype.

[Yu

(200

0)]

T.Yu

,Y.

Bai

,M

.P.

Die

rich,

&Y.

H.

Che

n.In

duct

ion

ofhi

ghle

vels

ofep

itope

-spe

cific

antib

odie

sby

epito

pe/p

eptid

eca

ndid

ate

vacc

ines

agai

nsth

uman

imm

unod

efici

ency

viru

sty

pe-1

(HIV

-1)[

InP

roce

ssC

itatio

n].

Mic

rob

iolI

mm

un

ol4

4:10

5–10

,200

0.(M

edlin

e:20

2606

33).

[Zin

ckgr

af(1

999)

]J.

W.Z

inck

graf

,J.M

.Win

chel

l,&

L.K

.Silb

art.

Ant

ibod

yre

spon

ses

toa

muc

osal

lyde

liver

edH

IV-1

gp12

0-de

rived

C4/

V3

pept

ide.

JR

ep

rod

Imm

un

ol45

:99–

112,

1999

.(M

edlin

e:20

1374

44).

[Zol

la-P

azne

r(1

997)

]S

.Z

olla

-Paz

ner,

C.

Alv

ing,

R.

Bel

she,

P.B

erm

an,

S.

Bur

da,

P.C

higu

rupa

ti,M

.L.

Cle

men

tsM

L,A

.M

.D

ulie

ge,

J.L.

Ex-

cler

,C

.H

ioe,

J.K

ahn,

M.

J.M

cElra

th,

S.

Sha

rpe,

F.S

inan

gil,

K.

Ste

imer

,M

.C

.W

alke

r,N

.W

asse

f,&

S.

Xu.

Neu

tral

izat

ion

ofa

clad

eB

prim

ary

isol

ate

byse

rafr

omhu

man

imm

unod

efici

ency

viru

s-un

infe

cted

reci

pien

ts

Ant

ibod

yR

efer

ence

sB Cell

IV-D

-48

DE

C20

00

ofca

ndid

ate

AID

Sva

ccin

es.J

Infe

ctD

is17

5:76

4–77

4,19

97.

(Med

line:

9724

0668

)Not

es:C

omm

enti

n:J

Infe

ctD

is19

97N

ov;1

76(5

):14

10-2

.Cla

deB

prim

ary

isol

ate

BZ

167

was

neut

raliz

ed,

usin

ga

new

assa

y,by

sera

from

HIV

-uni

nfec

ted

volu

ntee

rsin

vacc

ine

tria

ls.

[Zol

la-P

azne

r(1

999a

)]S

.Z

olla

-Paz

ner,

M.

K.

Gor

ny,

&P.

N.

Nya

mbi

.T

heim

plic

atio

nsof

antig

enic

dive

rsity

for

vacc

ine

deve

lopm

ent.

Imm

un

olL

ett

66:1

59–6

4,19

99a.

(Med

line:

9921

7699

).

[Zol

la-P

azne

r(1

999b

)]S

.Z

olla

-Paz

ner,

M.

K.

Gor

ny,

P.N

.N

yam

bi,

T.C

.Va

nCot

t,&

A.N

adas

.Im

mun

otyp

ing

ofhu

man

imm

unod

efici

ency

viru

sty

pe1

(HIV

):an

appr

oach

toim

mun

olog

iccl

assi

ficat

ion

ofH

IV.

JV

irol7

3:40

42–

51,

1999

b.(M

edlin

e:99

2143

43)

Not

es:

21hu

man

anti-

V3

MA

bsw

ere

stud

ied

with

resp

ectt

ocr

oss-

clad

ere

activ

ityan

dim

mun

olog

ical

rela

tions

hip

toot

her

hum

anan

ti-V

3M

Abs

.Bro

adcr

oss-

reac

tiviti

esw

ere

obse

rved

,and

V3

pept

ides

wer

egr

oupe

din

toim

mun

otyp

esth

atco

ntai

ned

pept

ides

from

seve

ralc

lade

s.

[Zol

la-P

azne

r(1

995)

]S

.Z

olla

-Paz

ner,

J.O

’Lea

ry,

S.

Bur

da,

M.

K.

Gor

ny,

M.

Kim

,J.

Mas

cola

,&

F.M

cCut

chan

.S

erot

ypin

gof

prim

ary

hum

anim

-m

unod

efici

ency

viru

sty

pe1

isol

ates

from

dive

rse

geog

raph

iclo

catio

nsby

flow

cyto

met

ry.J

Viro

l69:

3807

–381

5,19

95.

(Med

line:

9526

4474

)N

otes

:A

seto

f13

hum

anM

Abs

toa

varie

tyof

epito

pes

wer

ete

sted

agai

nsta

pane

lof

prim

ary

isol

ates

ofH

IV-1

,rep

rese

ntin

gdi

ffere

ntge

netic

clad

es.T

heV

3lo

opte

nded

tobe

Bcl

ade

rest

ricte

d,an

da

sing

legp

120

C-t

erm

inus

bind

ing

antib

ody

was

clad

esp

ecifi

c.Tw

oot

herg

p120

C-t

erm

inus

bind

ing

antib

odie

sw

ere

grou

psp

ecifi

c.

[Zol

la-P

azne

r&

Sha

rpe(

1995

)]S

.Z

olla

-Paz

ner

&S

.S

harp

e.A

rest

ing

cell

assa

yfo

rim

prov

edde

tect

ion

ofan

tibod

y-m

edia

ted

neut

raliz

atio

nof

HIV

type

1pr

imar

yis

olat

es.AID

SR

es

Hu

mR

etr

oviru

ses11:1

449–

1458

,199

5.(M

edlin

e:96

2884

43).

[Zvi

(199

7)]

A.Z

vi,D

.J.F

eige

lson

,Y.H

ayek

,&J.

Ang

liste

r.C

onfo

rmat

ion

ofth

epr

inci

paln

eutr

aliz

ing

dete

rmin

anto

fhum

anim

mun

odefi

cien

cyvi

rus

type

1in

com

plex

with

anan

ti-gp

120

viru

sne

utra

lizin

gan

tibod

yst

udie

dby

two-

dim

ensi

onal

nucl

ear

mag

netic

reso

nanc

edi

ffere

nce

spec

tros

copy

.B

ioch

em

istr

y36:

8619

–27,

1997

.(M

edlin

e:97

3619

73).

[Zvi

(199

5a)]

A.

Zvi

,I.

Kus

tano

vich

,D

.F

eige

lson

,R

.Le

vy,

M.

Eis

enst

ein,

S.

Mat

sush

ita,

P.R

icha

let-

Sec

orde

l,M

.H

.R

egen

mor

tel,

&J.

Ang

liste

r.

NM

Rm

appi

ngof

the

antig

enic

dete

rmin

antr

ecog

nize

dby

anan

ti-gp

120,

hu-

man

imm

unod

efici

ency

viru

sne

utra

lizin

gan

tibod

y.E

urJ

Bio

che

m229

:178

–18

7,19

95a.

(Med

line:

9526

2664

).

[Zvi

(199

5b)]

A.Z

vi,I

.Kus

tano

vich

,Y.H

ayek

,S.M

atsu

shita

,&J.

Ang

liste

r.T

hepr

inci

pal

neut

raliz

ing

dete

rmin

ant

ofH

IV-1

loca

ted

inV

3of

gp12

0fo

rms

a12

-res

idue

loop

byin

tern

alhy

drop

hobi

cin

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