B cells give rise to plasma cells, which produce ------------------

Antibodies

Name the structure which is often referred to as the pacemaker of the heart

Sino-atrial node / SA node

Name this cellB-lymphocyte

Name this cell

Plasma cells

Name this cell

Memory B-cells

Name this cell

T-cell

Name this cell

APC

Name this cell

T helper cell

Name this cell

Cytotoxic T cell

Name this cell

Virus infected host cell

Name 1 characteristic of non-specific immunity (aside from it’s non-specificity)

No memory

Identify whether these are part of innate immune response or the acquired immune response

Natural killer cells Innate

Lymphocytes Innate

MacrophagesInnate and acquired

Humoral immunity is mediated by which type of lymphocytes?

B-lymphocytes

What surface marker is present on helper T-cells?

CD 4

Which type of immunity involves antigen-presenting cells?(A)Humoral immunity(B)Cell-mediated immunity

Cell-mediated immunity

Name 2 components of saliva

1. Salivary amylase2. Mucin3. Lysozyme

What are villi? Where are they found?What is it’s functionWhat kind of cells line the villus

Villi are finger like projections On the walls of the small intestineWhere absorption of digested food occursIt is lined by columnar epithelium

What are gastric pits?

Depressions in the stomach lining that lead to gastric glands

What three things are produced by the gastric glands?

1. Pepsinogen2. HCl3. Mucin

How is pepsinogen activated?

The longer inactive pepsinogen is cleaved to form pepsin by the HCl.

The resultant pepsin activates formation of more of itself ( + feedback)

What is chyme?

The partially digested food that is present in the stomach. Is usually acidic and Can be described as a soupy liquid

Where does chyme go? What controls it’s flow?

Chyme leaves the stomach to enter the duodenumThe pyloric sphincter controls it’s flow into the duodenum

Name one protein-digesting enzyme produced by the pancreas

Trypsin / Chymotrypsin

While chyme is acidic, the food in the duodenum is neutral in pHWhat secretion is responsible for this pH change?

The bicarbonate base in the pancreatic juice

Which enzyme breaks down fats?Which organ produces this enzyme?Where does fat digestion occur?Is fat absorbed through the blood or lymph?

LipasePancreasSmall intestioneLymph (lacteal vessel)

Which bacterium causes ulcers?

Helicobacter pylori

Type-1 diabetesAlso called as?Time of onset? Pathology – what is the trouble?Treatment?

Juvenile diabetes Young age

Destruction of pancreatic cellsthat produce insulin.An auto-immune disorder

Insulin supplementation

Type-2 diabetesAlso called as?Time of onset? Pathology – what is the trouble?

Adult-onset diabetes Middle/old age

Insulin receptor deficiency or malfunction

Which two hormones control blood glucose levels?

Insulin and glucagon

Which organ is responsible for the release of these hormones?

Pancreas

Which hormone is released when blood glucose levels are high?

Insulin

Which cells are the targets of insulin?

Muscle and liver cells

What exactly does insulin do?

Induces muscle and liver cells to take up glucose from blood stream and store it as glycogen

Which hormone is released when blood glucose levels are low?

Glucagon

Glucagon is produced by -----------------

Pancreas

What are the targets of glucagon? Muscle and liver cells

What exactly does glucagon do?

Promotes muscle and liver cells to break-down glycogen and release glucose

What hormone is produced by the stomach?

Gastrin

What is gastrin’s function?

Promotes release of gastric juices by the stomach

When is gastrin secreted?

Only when chyme is present

Name the hormone produced by adipose tissue

Leptin

Does leptin stimulate or suppress appetite?

suppresses appetite

What hormones are produced by the duodenum?

CCK and secretin

What are the functions of CCK and secretin?

CCK suppresses appetite

CCK and secretin promote release of bile by the gall bladderAnd pancreatic juice by the pancreas

When are these hormones produced?

Only when chyme is present in the duodenum

What protects the stomach from it’s own acids?

The layer of mucus that lines the stomach

Name the chamber that receives deoxygenated blood from all parts of the body

Right atrium

Which 2 blood vessels bring all this deoxygenated blood?

Superior and inferior vena cava

Where does the blood go from here?

To the right ventricle

Which valve controls the flow of blood in this direction?

Tricuspid valve Is this valve supported by chordae tendanae?

Yes

What are chordae tendanae, exactly?

Chords of tendon that anchor valves the walls of the ventricle

Which chamber of the heart pumps blood to the lungs?

Right ventricle

Which blood vessel carries blood to the lungs?

Pulmonary artery

Does it carry oxygenated or deoxygenated blood?

Deoxygenated

What are the 2 phases of the cardiac cycle?

Systole and diastole

What cardiac events characterize systole?

Ventricles contractBlood is pushed up the arteries (pulmonary artery and aorta)SL valves are open; AV valves closeLubbExerts pressure on the arteries – measured as 120 mm of Hg

Name 1 factor that affects systole

Exercise

Name 1 factor that affects diastole

Hardening of the arteries – leading to poor arterial recoil