b degradable

P-Life Degradable Plastics Technology

Pacific Enterprise Japan Ltd.

< P-Life Degradable Plastics Technology >P-Life is a patented technology based on US Pat. No.6,482,872 Process for Manufacturing a Biodegradable Polymeric Composition. P-Life additive is a specially formulated proprietary mixture of degradants (Pro-oxidant catalysts such as transition metals etc) with following features. Dosage Level: 1% against let down polyolefin polymers (PE, PP). Blending: Blended directly with resin pellets in a converting stage. Ingredients: All ingredients consisting of P-Life are registered in FDA.

Table.1 P-Life Additive (Composition) P-Life SMC2360 Metal Salt of Fatty Acid Rare Earth Compounds Lubricant Table2. FDA Migration Test Testing Items Extractable fraction in N-hexane Extractable fraction in Xylene Test Sample: P-Life dosed PE Film Test Standard: FDA 21CFR 177.1520 (Substances used as single or repeated use of food contact surfaces) Testing Body: Hong Kong Productivity Council Table3. P-Life Dosed PE Film Properties Testing Items Tensile Strength at Break (kg/cm2) MD Elongation at Break (%) MD Dart Impact (g) Tear Strength (g) MD P-Life dosed HDPE 763 85 200 64 HDPE 100% 741 92 170 51 Results (%) 2.2% 5.2% Pass Criteria 6.4% 9.8% Remarks Pass Pass % 50-70 10-20 10-20 FDA 21CFR 175.300 21CFR 178.2010 21CFR 175.105

Thickness of films: 0.015mm, Blowing Temperature: 190C

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< P-Life Product Line-up >

1. P-Life Additive (Catalyst Type) Product Name SMC2360 SMC54 Appearance Powder Liquid Colour Light Beige Light Brown Melting Point 80-95C Packaging Unit 20kg/bag *50gallon/drum

*50gallon: Appx.190liter

2. P-Life Additive (Master Batch Type) Product Name NA207-66PL-10 *NA207-66PL-20 P-Life Dosage (SMC2360) 10% 20% LDPE(MI:8) LDPE(MI:8) 20kg/bag 20kg/bag Carrie Resin Packaging Unit

*NA207-66PL-20: Specially Ordered Product, 3Mt for Minimum Order Lot

3. P-Life HDPE Resin Product Name *9001PL P-Life Dosage (SMC2360) 1% 0.05 0.95 25kg/bag *9001PL: Specially Ordered Product, 40Mt for Minimum Order Lot *Application: Shopping Bags, Garbage Bags, Packaging Films etc MFR Density Packaging Unit

P-Life HDPE Resin (#9001PL)

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< Evaluation of Biodegradability for P-Life Degradable Plastics > Degradation Steps of P-Life Degradable PlasticsStep1: P-Life Degradable Plastics start to degrade once they are disposed in the natural environment (Sun Light, Heat and Oxygen) after completion of their lifetime as plastic products. It is called Oxidative Degradation enhanced by P-Life (A specially formulated proprietary mixture of degradants). As a result of this, the oxidative reaction leads chain scission of polyolefin polymers and the production of low molecular mass oxidation products such as carboxylic acids etc. The Oxidative Degradation of P-Life Degradable Plastics is confirmed through the various accelerated abiotic testing such as Thermal and UV Exposure Testing based on ASTM Standards (Please refer to Annex1). And the GPC Analysis for Molecular Weight is also shown in Annex1. Through the Step 1, P-Life Degradable Plastics become embrittled and they are ready to be bio-assimilated by the living organism. Step2: The low molecular mass oxidation products in the process of degradation Step1 are going to be bio-assimilated gradually in soil or bio-active composting environment. It is called Biodegradation (or Mineralization). When the plastic materials tend to be digested by the living organism, they are transformed into Carbon Dioxide (CO2), Water (H2O) and Biomass as a result of its metabolism including the respiration. Therefore, unless the plastic materials are bio-assimilated by the living organism, the Carbon Dioxide will never be evolved from them.

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Evaluation of BiodegradabilityIn order to confirm the biodegradability of P-Life Degradable Plastics, ISO14855 method is used. ISO14855 is defined as Determination of the ultimate aerobic biodegradability and disintegration of plastic materials under controlled composting conditions Method by analysis of evolved carbon dioxide. Chemicals Evaluation and Research Institute, Japan (CERI, www.ceri.jp) accredited as an Authorized Testing Body in Japan conducted the biodegradability testing with P-Life Degradable Plastics. P-Life dosed LDPE Films, which were oxo-degraded through Step1, were evaluated for the testing. The test result showed that the degree of biodegradability was 30% after 144days and it was still increasing. This investigation has shown that when the P-Life dosed plastics are degraded into low molecular mass products, the plastics are certainly bio-assimilated.

Conclusion P-Life is a specially formulated degradant catalyst which leads polyolefin polymers such as polyethylene and polypropylene, considered as non-biodegradable polymers, into *Oxo-Biodegradable Plastics. The Oxidative Degradation of P-Life Degradable Plastics was confirmed through the various accelerated abiotic testing based on ASTM Standards. The biodegradability of P-Life Degradable Plastics was officially approved by Analysis of Evolved Carbon Dioxide (ISO14855), conducted by Chemicals Evaluation and Research Institute, Japan.

*Oxo-Biodegradable Plastics: Plastic materials that undergo a two step degradation, initially by an oxidative process that is promoted by the inclusion of catalytic additives and subsequently by biodegradation.

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Conclusion (Charts)P-Life Degradable Plastic Products (*Oxo-Biodegradable Plastics) FDA Migration Test according to FDA 21CFR 177.1520: PASSED Food Sanitation Law in Japan, No.20 in 1982, No.370 in 1959: PASSED

Sun Light, Heat and Oxygen (The Natural Environment)

Step1 Oxidative Degradation (Production of low molecular mass oxidation products.)

CONFIRMED

through

the

various

accelerated abiotic testing based on ASTM Standards. CONFIRMED through the GPC Analysis for Molecular Weight.

Natural Soil or Composting Environment

Step2 Bio-Degradation (Bio-assimilation of low molecular mass oxidation products.) APPROVED by CERI Japan through the Biodegradability Testing according to ISO 14855.

*Oxo-Biodegradable Plastics: Plastic materials that undergo a two step degradation, initially by an oxidative process that is promoted by the inclusion of catalytic additives and subsequently by biodegradation.

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< Lifetime Prediction of P-Life Degradable Plastics >In most cases, plastic materials should manage a predetermined service life before physical degradation commences. There should be no significant changes in the physical and mechanical properties of the materials during its service life. All types of degradable plastics including P-Life Degradable Plastics are in a delicate balance between the achievement of useful technological performance and a rapid and effective degradability. The Service Life of P-Life Degradable Plastics should be predicted by conducting the accelerated abiotic testing such as Thermal and UV Exposure Testing based on ASTM Standards since P-Life Degradable Plastics undergo the oxidative process as an initial degradation step (Step 1).

Guideline 1 day of Thermal Exposure (80C) is about equal to 4-6 days in an active composting environment (60C) and 4 months at room temperature (24C) environment. 1 day of UV Exposure testing (50C) is approximately equal to 2 weeks at a climate similar to Miami, Florida. However, the Service Life of P-Life Degradable Plastics will be varied in the respective local environmental conditions.

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< References & Applications for P-Life Degradable Plastics > Various Bags Coin Bags Garbage Bags Document Bags Shopping Bags Food Packaging Roll Bags Food Trays Materials for Packaging Loose Fills Foamed Sheets PP Straps PP Ropes Others Stationery Goods Card Holders Sheets for Civil Engineering Plastic Sand Bags Seedling Bags Agri-Mulch Films

References of P-Life Degradable PlasticsFinancial Institutions in East Asia Public Hospitals in Hong Kong Super Markets in Hong Kong Shopping Malls in Thailand Bakery Shop Chains in Hong Kong Stationery Manufacture in Japan Supermarkets in Caribbean Islands Semiconductor Equipment Company in Japan

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Annex1

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Confirmation of Oxidative DegradationThermal Exposure Testing at 80 (Elongation, %)

300 250 200 150 100 50 0

Elongation (%)

P-Life Control

0

1

2

3

Exposure Time in Days

Test Sample: P-Life dosed HDPE Film (0.03mm) Test Standard: ASTM D5510-94

UV Exposure Testing (Elongation, %)

300 250 200 150 100 50 0

Elongation (%)

P -Lie f C ontrol

0

4

8

12

Exposure Time in Days

Test Sample: P-Life dosed HDPE Film (0.03mm) Test Standard: ASTM G154

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GPC Analysis for Molecular WeightTest Sample: *P-Life dosed LDPE Film (0.03mm) Test Method: GPC (Gel Permeation Chromatography) Analysis Testing Body: Chemicals Evaluation and Research Institute, Japan (CERI) Table4. GPC Analysis Test Results Sample P-Life Dosed LDPE Film *Mw 2,020 *Mn 1,000 PDI* 2.0

*Mw: Weight average molecular weight *Mn: Number average of molecular weight *PDI: Mw/Mn *P-Life dosed LDPE Film was thermally treated at 60C for 28 days in order to enhance the oxidative degradation described at Step1. Table5. Molecular Weight Change in Oxidative Degradation Thermal Exposure at 60C 0day 28days Mw 113,280 2,020 Mn 16,650 1,000 PDI 6.8 2.0

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Photos of Field Testing (Outdoor)

Test Sample: P-Life dosed HDPE Bags (0.05mm)

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Annex2

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40 35CO2 Production(g)The Vessel with P-Life dosed LDPE film The Blank Vessel

30 25 20 15 10 5 0 0

20

40

60Days

80

100

120

140

60 50 Biodegradability(%) P-Life dosed LDPE Film 40 30 20 10 0 0 20 40 60 Days 80 100 120 140

*Biodegradability(%) = ((CO2)SML-(CO2)BK) / Theoretical amount of CO2 x 100 *(CO2)SML: The cumulative amount of CO2 evolved in the vessel with test material. *(CO2)BK: The cumulative amount of CO2 evolved in the blank vessel.

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OXO DEGRADABLE MASTERBATCH

EFL0387

Thermo oxidation degradation test (Aging test)Test samples Dosage Exposure condition Setting temperature Exposure time : : : : : : : : : :

LDPE film 80 micron 1.0%, 1.5% and 2.0% Heat oven with air ventilation 70 C 70C 24 hours / 12 days LDPE 80 1.0%, 1.5% 2.0% 70C 24 / 12 1


EFL0387

Thermo oxidation degradation test (Aging test)

Test procedure LDPE films incorporated with vary dosage oxo degradable masterbatches were placed on paper and Al-foil. The weight of the films were registered. The test specimen were placed in the oven at 70C. At the interval of 2 days, the test specimens were reweight and calculate on weight decreased.

LDPE 70 2 2


EFL0387

Evaluation the test resultThe performance of EFL0387 Oxo degradable masterbatch incorporated in LDPE film was found to be excellent. Even at low let down ratio, the weight decreased dramatically up to 40% after 12 days f ti The film ld degrade d of ttesting. Th fil could d d more th than 50% at 2% LDR. Test result on Al-foil showed higher degradation rate. This is due to the heat reflecting from the foil to other side of the film film.

EFL0387 Oxo degradable masterbatch 1.0% 40% 12 2.0% 50%

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EFL0387

Average Weight Decrease of Film incorporated with EFL0387 at 1.0 / 1.5 / 2.0% LDR on Paper EFL0387 1.0 / 1.5 / 2.0% 60 EFL0387/2.0% 50 EFL0387/1.5%

Weight Dec crease in Percen nt

40

EFL0387/1.0%

30

20

10

0 0 2 4

Days of Testing

6

8

10

12

14

4


EFL0387

Average Weight Decrease of Film incorporated with EFL0387 at 1.0 / 1.5 / 2.0% LDR on Al Foil EFL0387 1.0 / 1.5 / 2.0% 70 EFL0387/2.0% 60 EFL0387/1.5% 50 EFL0387/1.0%

W Weight Decrease in Percent

40

30

20

10

0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

Days of Testing

5


EFL0387

EFL0387 Oxo degradable masterbatch LDPE Film thickness 80 micron LDR 1.5% Day 1 Weight lost 0%


6


EFL0387



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EFL0387

Comparison with other ProductsEFL0387 Oxo degradable masterbatch showed better performance at same LDR and testing conditions comparing with other products. The efficiency of the oxidative active ingredient in EFL0387 Oxo degradable masterbatch could react fast, causing rapid degradation of the film.

EFL0387 Oxo degradable masterbatch

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EFL0387

Average Weight Decrease at 1.0% LDR on Paper 1.0% 45 40 EFL0387

Weight Decrease in Pe D ercent

35 Competitor A 30 Competitor B 25 20 15 10 5 0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

Days of Testing

9


EFL0387

Average Weight Decrease at 1.5% LDR on Paper g g p 1.5% 50

We Decrease in Percent eight e

45 40 35 30

EFL0387

Competitor A Competitor B

25 20 15 10 5 0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

Days of Testing y g

10


EFL0387

Average Weight Decrease at 2.0% LDR on Paper 2.0% 60 EFL0387 50

Weight Decrease in Percent

40 Competitor A C tit 30 Competitor B

20

10

0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

Days of Testing 11


EFL0387

Average Weight Decrease at 1.0% LDR on Al-Foil 1.0% 60 50 EFL0387

Weightt Decrease in Percent P

40

Competitor A

Competitor B 30

20

10

0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

Days of Testing f i

12


EFL0387

Average Weight Decrease at 1.5% LDR on Al-Foil 1.5% 60 EFL0387 50

Weigh Decrease in Percent ht n

Competitor A 40 Competitor B 30

20

10

0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

Days of Testing 13


EFL0387

Average W i ht D A Weight Decrease at 2 0% LDR on Al F il t 2.0% Al-Foil 2.0% 70 EFL0387 60

Weight Decrease in Percent P

50 40 30 20 10 0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12

Competitor A

Competitor B

14

Days of Testing

14


EFL0387

Thermo oxidation degradation test (Aging test)Dosage a) 1.0% .0% b) 1.5% c) 2.0% d) 3.0% e) 4.0%

H =130 mm

a) 1.0% b) 1.5% c) 2.0% d) 3 0% 3.0% e) 4.0%

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EFL0387

Thermo oxidation degradation test (Aging test)

Test procedure 10 HDPE bottles incorporated with vary dosage oxo degradable masterbatches were produced and the weight of the bottles were registered. The test specimens were placed in the oven at 70C. At the interval of 5 days, the test specimens were reweight and calculate on weight decreased.

10 70 5 16


EFL0387

Evaluation the test resultEFL0387 Oxo degradable masterbatch incorporated in HDPE application showed very good and consistence performance. The blow molded bottle was found brittle even at low let down ratio of 1.0%. 1 0% It was noticed th t th b ttl tturned slightly ti d that the bottle d li htl yellowish and its surface appeared cracking sign after 20 days of the exposure. The bottle was found noticeably brittle and yellowish at let down ratio of 2.0% .

EFL0387 Oxo degradable masterbatch HDPE 1.0% 20 20 2.0%

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EFL0387

Average Weight Decrease of Bottles at Various Dosage 7.00 6.00

4.0% EFL0387

Weigh Decrease in Percent ht

5.00 4.00 3.00 2.00 1.00 0.00 0 5 10 15 20 3.0% EFL0387

2.0% EFL0387

1.5% EFL0387

1.0% EFL0387 25

Days of Testing y g

18


EFL0387

Test Bottle at let down ratio of 1 0% EFL0387 1.0% 1% EFL0387

Day 1 1

Day 5 5

Day 10 10

Day 20 20

19


EFL0387

Test Bottle at let down ratio of 2 0% EFL0387 2.0% 2% EFL0387

Day 1 1

Day 5 5

Day 10 10

Day 20 20

20


EFL0387

Drop Test Comparison of HDPE Bottle and Result Drop Test HDPE Test samples Dimension Weight Weight with water Drop height Drop frequency : : : : : : : : : : : : HDPE Bottle 68 x 45 x 130 mm mm. ~ 28.5 gram 270 gram 2 meters 5 times HDPE 680 x 450 x 1300 . ~ 28.5 270 2 5

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EFL0387

Drop Test Comparison of HDPE Bottle and Result D Test HDPE Drop T t Test procedure 5 HDPE bottles incorporated with vary dosage oxo degradable masterbatches were filled with water. The test specimens were dropped from 2 meters height 5 times to see any distortion of the bottle.

5 2 5

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EFL0387

Evaluation the test result / Dosage Day 1 Day 5 Day 10 Day 15 Day 20

10.0% 1.0% 1.5% 2.0% 3.0% 4.0% 4 0% No distortion No distortion No distortion No distortion No distortion No di i N distortion

5No distortion No distortion No distortion No distortion Broke after 2 drops 2 Broke f drop B k after 2 d 2

10No distortion No distortion

15No distortion Broke after 5 drops 5

20No distortion Broke after 5 drops 5

Broke after 4 drop Broke after 3 drops Broke after 2 drops 4 3 2 4 3 2 Broke after 4 drop Broke after 2 drops Broken before test 4 2 Broken before test Broken before test Broken before test Broken before B k b f test Broken before B k b f test Broken before B k b f test 23


EFL0387

Drop Test Comparison of HDPE Bottle and Result D Test HDPE Drop T t

Before drop test drop test

After drop test drop test

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b degradable

Documents

oxo degradable masterbatch

specially ordered product

life degradable plastics

accelerated abiotic testing

active composting environment

average weight decrease

drop test comparison

test hdpe drop