b100 guideline final 26mar09

8/14/2019 B100 Guideline Final 26Mar09

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BIODIESEL

GUIDELINES

From the

Worldwide Fuel Charter

Committee

MARCH 2009

For copies, please visit the association websites.

Alliance ofAutomobile Manufacturers

1401 Eye Street, N.W., Suite 900Washington D.C., 20005

Tel: 1 (202) 326-5500Fax: 1 (202) 326-5568www.autoalliance.org

Engine ManufacturersAssociation

Two North LaSalle Street, Suite 1700Chicago IL, 60602

Main Telephone: 1 (312) 827-8700Facsimile: 1 (312) 827-8737www.enginemanufactures.org

Japan AutomobileManufacturers Association

Jidosha Kiakan1-30, Shiba Daimon 1-Chome

Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-0012 JapanTel: +81-3-5405-6125Fax: +81-3-5405-6136www.japanauto.com

European AutomobileManufacturers Association

Avenue des Nerviens 85B-1040 Brussels, Belgium

Tel: +32 2 732 55 50Fax: +32 2 738 73 10

www.acea.be


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European AutomobileManufacturers

Association

Alliance of AutomobileManufacturers

Engine ManufacturersAssociation

Japan Automobile ManufacturersAssociation

March2009

Subject: WorldwideBiofuelsHarmonisationDearBiodieselGuidelinesRecipient:

Onbehalfofautomobileandenginemanufacturersfromaroundtheworld,wearepleasedtopresentthisFirst

EditionofBiodieselGuidelinesfromtheWorldwideFuelCharter(WWFC)Committee.WecreatedtheWWFCin

1998topromotegreaterunderstandingoftheimpactoffuelqualityonengineandvehicleemissionsand

performanceandtopromoteharmonizationoffuelqualityworldwideinaccordancewithengineandvehicle

needsin

different

markets.

RapidgrowthintheuseofethanolandbiodieselpromptedtheWWFCCommitteetoaddresstheneedformore

informationabouttheseimportantrenewablefuels. Aswithconventionalgasolineanddieselfuel,biofuelquality

mustmatchtheneedsandcapabilitiesofengineandvehicletechnologies,especiallyasthesetechnologies

becomemoreadvancedtomeetultracleanemissionstandards. Thisdocumentprovidesourguidanceon

biodieselquality;acompaniondocumentprovidesguidanceonethanolquality.

Giventhewidevariationinperformanceandmeasurementmethodsofbiofuelblendsatdifferentblendlevels,

thisguidancefocusesonthequalityoftheblendstockusedtomakefinishedbiofuelblends,ratherthanonthe

finishedfuelsthemselves. Specifically,wecreatedthisdocumenttoguideblenderswhoproduceanduse100%

biodieselanddieselfuelblendstockstomakefinished5%biodieselblends. Theresultingfinishedfuelsshould

continuetomeettherecommendationscontainedintheWWFCforthevariouscategoriesofmarketfuels.

Theuse

of

ethanol

and

biodiesel

fuels

is

important

to

help

extend

supplies

of

gasoline

and

diesel

fuel.

As

renewablefuels,theyhavethepotentialtohelpreduceemissionsofgreenhousegases. Properformulationalso

canhelpassureloweremissionsofconventionalpollutants. Thekeytoachievinglowemissionsistosustainably

producegoodqualityblendstocksandtoblendanddistributethefinishedfuelsinawaythatpreservestheir

qualitywhentheyreachtheconsumer.

Thisdocumentrepresentsourbestcollectivejudgmentatthistime,basedonexperiencewithbiodieselproduced

fromconventionalfeedstocks,suchasrapeseedandsoyandaidedbycommentsfrominterestedparties.We

recognizethatitstechnicalinformationwillcontinuetoevolve,sothisdocumentwillalsochangeaswelearn

more.Weappreciatetheeffortsofthosewhoprovidedinformationandcomments,andweareespeciallygrateful

tothosewhoexpressedsupportforthisendeavor.

Welookforwardtoworkingwithyoutosupportthedevelopmentanduseofhighqualityrenewablefuelsforthe

benefitofconsumersandtheenvironmentworldwide.

IvanHodac

SecretaryGeneral

ACEA

DaveMcCurdy

President&CEO

Alliance

JedR.Mandel

President

EMA

YoshiyasuNao

President

JAMA


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ii

ListofMembers

ACEAmembercompanies

BMWGroup,DAFTrucksNV,DaimlerAG,FiatSpA,FordofEuropeGmbH,GeneralMotorsEuropeAG,MAN

NutzfahrzeugeAG,PorscheAG,PSAPeugeotCitron,RenaultSA,ScaniaAB,ToyotaMotorEurope,

VolkswagenAG,ABVolvo.

Alliancemembercompanies

BMWofNorthAmerica,ChryslerLLC,FordMotorCompany,GeneralMotorsCorporation,JaguarLandRover,

MazdaNorthAmericanOperations,MercedesBenzUSA,MitsubishiMotorSalesofAmerica,Inc.,PorscheCars

NorthAmerica,Inc.,ToyotaMotorNorthAmerica,Inc.,VolkswagenGroupofAmerica.

EMAmembercompanies

AmericanHondaMotorCo.,Inc.,Briggs&StrattonCorporation,CaterpillarInc.,ChryslerLLC,CNHGlobalN.V.,

CumminsInc.,Daimler Trucks North America LLC, Deere&Company,DeutzCorporation,DresserWaukesha,

FiatPowertrainTechnologiesS.p.A,FordMotorCompany,GeneralMotorsCorporation,HinoMotors,Ltd.,

IsuzuManufacturingServicesofAmerica,Inc.,KohlerCompany,KomatsuLtd.,KubotaEngineAmerica

Corporation,MTUDetroitDiesel,Inc.,Navistar,Inc.,OnanCumminsPowerGeneration,PACCARInc,ScaniaCVAB,VolkswagenGroupofAmerica,Inc.,VolvoPowertrainCorporation,WrtsilNorthAmerica,Inc.,

YamahaMotorCorporation,YanmarAmericaCorporation

JAMAmembercompanies

DaihatsuMotorCo.Ltd.,FujiHeavyIndustriesLtd.,HinoMotorsLtd.,HondaMotorCo.Ltd.,IsuzuMotors

Limited,KawasakiHeavyIndustriesLtd.,MazdaMotorCorporation,MitsubishiFusoTruckandBus

Corporation,MitsubishiMotorsCorporation,NissanDieselMotorCo.Ltd.,NissanMotorCo.Ltd.,Suzuki

MotorCorporation,ToyotaMotorCorporation,YamahaMotorCo.Ltd.

Associatemembers

AssociationofInternationalAutomobileManufacturers(AIAM)

AssociationofInternationalAutomotiveManufacturersofCanada(AIAMC)

AssociacionMexicanadelaIndustriaAutomotriz,A.C.(AMIA)

BrazilianAssociationofmotorvehicleandmotorisedagriculturalmachinerymanufacturers(ANFAVEA)

CanadianVehicleManufacturers Association(CVMA)

ChamberofAutomotiveManufacturersofthePhilippines,Inc.(CAMPI)

ChinaAssociationofAutomobileManufacturers(CAAM)

IndonesiaAutomotiveFederation(IAF)

KoreaAutomobileManufacturersAssociation(KAMA)

NationalAssociationofAutomobileManufacturersofSouthAfrica(NAAMSA)

MalaysianAutomotiveAssociation(MAA)

ThaiAutomotiveIndustryAssociation(TAIA)

VietnamAutomobileManufacturersAssociation(VAMA)

Supportingorganisations:

OrganisationInternationaledesConstructeursdAutomobiles(OICA)


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iii

Acronyms

ABNTNBR AssociaoBrasileiradeNormasTcnicas(BrazilianStandardsNumber)

ACEA AssociationdesConstructeursEuropensdAutomobiles(Europeanautomotive

manufacturersassociation)

Alliance AllianceofAutomobileManufactures

ASTM ASTMInternational(formerlyAmericanSocietyforTestingandMaterials)

Biodiesel Thisdocumentdefinesbiodieselasanesterbasedfuel,createdbyreactingvegetableoranimalfatswithalcohol,meetingcertainspecificationsandableto

beusedindieselengines. BiodieselisoftensynonymouswithFAME.

BTL BiomasstoLiquid

BXX Biodieselblendcontainingaspecifiedamountofbiodieselbyvolume(e.g.,B20

contains20%biodieselbyvolume)

Ca Calcium

CEC CoordinatingEuropeanCouncilfortheDevelopmentofPerformanceTestsfor

TransportationFuels,LubricantsandOtherFluids

CEN/TR ComitEuropeandeNormalisation(EuropeanCommitteeforStandardization)

/TechnicalReport

DPF Dieselparticulatefilter

EMA EngineManufacturersAssociation

EN EuropeanNorm

FAEE FattyAcidEthylEster

FAME FattyAcidMethylEster

HVO Hydrotreatedvegetableoil

ICP Inductivelycoupledplasma

ISO InternationalOrganizationforStandardization

JAMA JapanAutomobileManufacturers Association

JIS JapaneseIndustrialStandards

K Potassium

KOH Potassiumhydroxide

Mg Magnesium

mod Modified

Na SodiumNaOH Sodiumhydroxide

ppm Partspermillion

prEN ProvisionalEuropeanNorm

PSADW AfamilyofPSAGroupdieselengines manufacturedforuseinPeugeot and

Citronautomobiles.

TAN TotalAcidNumber

WWFC WorldwideFuelCharter
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSA_Grouphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSA_Grouphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSA_Grouphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peugeothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peugeothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citro%C3%ABnhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citro%C3%ABnhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peugeothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSA_Group


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iv

CONTENTS

ListofMembers ............................................................................................. ii

Acronyms ..................................................................................................... iii

Introduction .................................................................................................. 1

GuidelinesforB100BlendstockforuseinuptoB5Blends ................................ 2

SummaryofGuidelines ................................................................................ 11

SummaryofTestMethods............................................................................ 13


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Introduction

ThepurposeoftheWorldwideFuelCharteristopromotehighqualityandharmonizedfuelsonaglobal

basis,consideringtheneedforoptimumengineandvehicleperformanceanddurabilityandforthe

cleanestpossibleoperationofengineandvehicletechnologies. Meetingthisobjectivewillbenefit

consumers,simplifyfuelmarkets,facilitatetradeandhelpgovernmentsmeetpublicpolicygoals.

Biofuelsareofparticularinteresttodayduetotheirpotentialtohelpreducetheuseofpetroleumbased

fuels,improveenergysecurityandreducegreenhousegasemissions. Biodieselisoneofthesefuelsthat

isviableandinusetoday,alongotherpromisingalternativedieselfuelssuchasrenewabledieselfuel

(hydrotreatedvegetableoil(HVO))andbiomasstoliquid(BTL)fuels. Goodbiodieselqualityis

fundamentaltoitscontinuedsuccessasafuel. Theguidancepresentedherecontainsmanufacturer

recommendationsregardingthebiodieselqualityneededforproperengineandvehicleoperation.

Therecommendedlimitsintheseguidelinesarespecificallyestablishedfor100%biodiesel(B100)

blendstockintendedforblendingwithpetroleumbaseddieselfueltomakeablendcontaininga

maximumof5%biodieselbyvolume(B5)suitableforuseinvehicleswithcompressionignition

engines. Higherlevelblendsmayrequiredifferentspecifications,labeling,andothercontrolsto

adequately

protect

consumers.

Finished

biodiesel

diesel

fuel

blends,

as

well

as

finished

petroleum

baseddieselfuel,shouldcontinuetomeettherequirementsoftheappropriatedieselfuelcategoryin

theWorldwideFuelCharter.

Biodieselqualitychangesovertimeduetotheinherentnatureofthefuel. Oxidationreactionsbeginto

affectthefuelassoonasthebiodieseliscreated. Storageconditions,especiallytemperature,exposure

towaterandexposuretooxygenwhichisnaturallypresentinambientair,influencetherateof

oxidation. Antioxidantadditivescanhelpslowthisdegradationprocessandimprovefuelstabilityupto

apoint. Theireffectivenessdependsontheiradditiontothebiodieselduringorassoonafter

productionaspractical. Theoveruseofantioxidantscanleadtotheadditionalformationofsludge.

Thus,caremustbetakeninchoosingtheantioxidanttypeandamountformaximumeffectiveness. Itis

alsocriticalforbiodieselblendstockstomeetthelimitsspecifiedinthisguidance. Afterblending,

distributorsandretailersshouldavoidstoringblendsforexcessivetimeperiodsorunderadverseconditions,andtheyshouldmonitortheblendsqualityatleastuntilthefuelistransportedorsold.

Theseguidelinesarebasedonengineandvehiclemanufacturerexperiencewithbiodieselfuelsmade

fromfeedstockscommonlyusedtodayinvariousmarketsaroundtheworld. Theguidelinesare

performancebasedandfeedstockneutral. Asnewfeedstocksareidentified,thepropertiesandlimits

specifiedheremayrequirerevisiontoensuretheircontinuedsuitability.

Biodieselfuelandbiodieselfuelblendsmusthaveuniformpropertiesthroughout,toensureaconsistent

qualitybothpriortoandafterblending. Highspeedinjectionblendingispreferredtosplashblendingas

ameanstoensureuniformqualitythroughoutthefinalfuelblend. Theblendingprocessand

confirmationofuniformpropertiesisveryimportant,especiallywhensplashblendingisused. Blenders

andconsumersshouldcheckwiththeirsuppliersandrequestconfirmationoffeedstockandfinished

productuniformity.

Biodieselfuelandbiodieselfuelblendsmustcomplywithalllegalrequirementsregardinglabeling. Both

blendersandconsumerswillbenefitfromhavingaccurateinformationaboutbiodieselcontent. Engine

andvehiclemanufacturerswillcontinuetoevaluatetheseGuidelinesforongoingapplicabilityto

increasinglysophisticatedvehiclesystemsandcomponents,whichmustcomplywithnumerous

governmentregulations. TheWWFCCommitteewillreviewandrevisetheserecommendationsas

necessarytoreflectchangesinengineandvehicletechnologies,biodieselproductionandmarketing

practicesandtestmethods.

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GuidelinesforB100BlendstockforuseinuptoB5Blends

Property Limit Units TestMethods

Estercontent 96.5min %m/mEN14103mod

Other: ABNTNBR15342

LinolenicAcidMethylEster 12.0max %m/m EN14103mod

Polyunsaturatedacid

methylester( 4double

bonds)

1max %m/m prEN15779

Estercontent

ThefuelsestercontentindicatestheamountofFAMEinthefuel,andtherefore,itisanindicatorofthe

fuels

quality.

A

low

amount

of

ester

may

indicate

that

unreacted

compounds,

such

as

tri

glycerides,

or

processrelatedcompounds,suchascatalysts(KOH/NaOH)ormethanol,remaininthefuel. Lowlevels

alsomayindicatecontaminationwithnonFAMEcompounds. Theseimpuritiesmaycausefuelfilter

plugging,enginedepositsorotherproblems. Locallawmayrequiremeasuringthefuelsestercontent;

estermeasurementalsocanhelppreventorminimizefraudunderincentiveprograms.

LinolenicAcidMethylEster

Thisester,whichisinherenttocertainfeedstocks,containsthreedoublebondswhichmakethe

moleculehighlyunstable. Thus,thesemoleculesoxidizeorpolymerizeeasily,therebycreatingacidsor

sludge.

Polyunsaturatedacidmethylester( 4doublebonds)

These

esters

will

rapidly

polymerize

and

should

be

absent

from

the

fuel

to

protect

against

sludge.

Limitingotherpolyunsaturatedmoleculeswiththreeormoredoublebondswillimprovefuelstability.

Notesregardingtestmethods:EN14103isvalidforbothmethylandethylestersbuthasalimitedrangewhenusedforethylesters.

Thistestisbeingimprovedtocovermoreesters. Methodsformeasuringlargeesterswithfourormore

doublebondsareunderdevelopment.

OxidationStability:

prEN15751orEN14112as

alternativeInductionPeriod 10min hr

Oxidationstabilityisveryimportant. InadditiontooxidationstabilityasmeasuredbyInductionPeriod,

seediscussionbelowrelatedtochangeinTotalAcidNumber.

OxidationstabilityisoneofthemostimportantpropertiesbecauseFAMEoxidizeseasilycomparedwith

petroleumdieselfuelandproducesreactionproductsthatcandamagetheengineorvehicle. Fuelswith

ahighnumberofmoleculeswithmethylenegroupsadjacenttodoublebondsareparticularly

susceptibletooxidation. Theoxidationprocessbeginsassoonasthevegetableoiliscreatedand

continuesuntilthebeginningofreesterification. Oxidationproducesperoxides(hydroperoxides)

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whichundergofurtherreactiontoformacids,whicharethemselvesoxidizingagents. Moleculesmay

alsopolymerizeandformgums,sludgeorotherinsolublecompounds;unlikeperoxides,whichusually

disappearatsomepointduringreesterification,polymersthatformduringoxidationdonotdisappear

andremaininthemixture. Theoxidationreactioncontinuesuntilthereactivesitesoravailableoxygen

aredepleted. TheRancimattestmethod,EN14112(orprEN15751),providesanindicationofthe

amountoftime(inductionperiod)thefuelcanbestoredbeforetheproductionofacidsindicatesthe

fuelisbecomingunstable.

Peroxidescandamageordegradeplasticsandelastomers,particularlyathightemperatures. Theacids

corrodemetalsusedinvehicleanddistributionfuelhandlingsystems. Theimpactofacidsonmetalfuel

tanksisespeciallysevere. Evenlightcorrosionfromcarbonicacidsaltswillcausestickydepositsinside

thefuelpumpandinjectors. Thesemetalandcarbonicacidsreactagaintoformsalts. Thesesalts,

whicharesolubleinthefuel,passthroughthefuelfilterbutthensticktothesurfacesofthefuelpump

andfuelinjectors. Thesaltsalsocanformsludgelikeinjectordeposits. Polymers,sludgeandother

insolublematerialsformedduringoxidationcancausefuelfilterblockage.

Historically,petroleumdieselfuelshavebeensuccessfullystoredforextremelylongperiodswithout

oxidizing,butevenlowconcentrationsofFAMEcanreducethestabilityoffinishedblends. Afewcases

ofloweroxidationstabilitythanexpectedhavebeenobservedwithbiodieselblendsmadewithverylowsulfurpetroleumdieselfuels;sometheorizethischangemayberelatedtothetypeofprocessing

requiredtoproducetheverylowsulfurlevels.

Dependingonstorageconditions(e.g.,temperature,humidityintheairspace,presenceofwater,and

otherfactors),FAMEthatmeetsthespecifiedlimitatthetimeofretailsaleshouldprovidesixmonthsof

storagecapabilitybeforeunacceptabledegradationoftheFAMEorblendsoccurs.

Toreducethepotentialformarketproblems,theoxidationstabilityoftheblendstockmustexceedthe

recommendedminimuminductionperiod,andthefinishedfuelalsomustmeetitsownoxidation

stabilityrequirement. Iftheoxidationstabilityoftheblendstockispoor,theoxidationstabilityofthe

finishedfuelwillbepoor. Antioxidantadditivescanhelpachievetherecommendedlimit;researchis

continuingintoantioxidanttypes,effectivenessanddosinglevels. Whenusingantioxidantstoimprove

theoxidationstability,producersshouldaddtheantioxidantstofreshlymadeFAMEorevenduring

FAMEproductionformaximumeffectiveness. Duetofuelchangesovertime,fuelprovidersshould

monitorthefuelqualityandtakestepstominimizedegradationandavoidtheuseofdegradedfuel.

Notesregardingtestmethods:TheprovisionalmethodprEN15751isknownasthemodifiedRancimattestmethodforB100and

biodieselblends. WhentestingB100,testmethodstomeasureinsolublessuchaspolymers,sludgeand

othersubstances(EN12205orASTMD2274)mustbemodifiedtouseglassfiberfilterstoavoid

degradingthefiltermedia.

IodineNumber 130max* gI2/100g EN14111

Iodinenumberindicatesthetotalnumberofdoublebonds(i.e.,levelofsaturation)inthemixtureof

molecules. Opinionsdifferregardingwhethertheiodinenumberhelpsindicateoxidationstability,

whereahigheriodinenumberrepresentsloweroxidationstability. Totheextentitdoeshelpindicate

oxidationstability,theiodinenumbermayprovideinformationaboutthefuelstendencytoform

sludge,affectlubricantqualityand/orcausecorrosion.

*Limitingtheiodinenumberto130maxcanprecludetheuseofcertainfeedstocksthatareprominent

indifferentregions,especiallysoybean,sunflowerandotherunsaturatedoils,butcontrolmaybe

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unnecessaryifthefuelhasgoodoxidationstabilityasmeasuredbyothermethods. Measuringoxidation

stabilityonlybytheRancimatmethod(EN14112)maybeinadequate,however,becausethistestonly

evaluatesthefuelsacidformingtendencyandcannotevaluateitstendencytoformsludge. Tobypass

theiodinenumberlimit,FAMEproducersandprovidersmusttakeadditionalsteps,suchastestingfor

andlimitingsludgeformationorusingmethodstoevaluatesludgeformingtendencies,toprevent

problems. Thereareindicationsthatexhaustaftertreatmenttechnologiesutilizinglatepostinjectionfor

activePMtrapregenerationmayneedamorestringentlimit.

Thelimitrecommendedhererepresentsthecurrentopinionofvehicleandenginemanufacturers,but

furtherresearchisneededtounderstandtherelationofthispropertytoengineperformanceandto

determinewhatiodinelimits,ifany,arenecessaryandsufficientforadequatestability.

TotalAcidNumber 0.50max mgKOH/g

ISO6618

ASTMD664,D974

JISK2501

Other: ABNTNBR14448

Acid

number

is

a

measure

of

the

acids

in

the

fuel.

These

acids

emanate

from

two

sources:

(i)

acids

used

intheproductionofthebiodieselthatarenotcompletelyremovedintheproductionprocess;and(ii)as

abyproductfromdegradationbyoxidation. TheacidsaremeasuredintermsofamountofKOH

requiredtoneutralizeagramofFAME. Forbiodieselblends,theacidnumberwillchangeasaresultof

thenormaloxidationprocessovertime,andrecentresearchhasshownthatthischangeisagood

indicatorofB100stability. Ifthefuelisnotusedimmediatelyafterpurchase,buyersshouldmonitor

theirbiodieselfuelblendsforchangesinacidnumbers,asanindicatoroffueldegradation. The

presenceofacidsinthefuelcanharminjectionsystemsandothermetalliccomponents.

ChangeinTAN

Researchsuggeststhatmeasuringthechangeintotalacidnumberisagoodwaytomeasurefuel

stability. Theproposedlimitforfinishedblends(only)is0.12mgKOH/gmaximumafteraging,following

theEN12205/ASTMD2274protocolat115C.

Notesregardingtestmethods:EN14104isspecificallydesignedforB100. ASTMD664,apotentiometricmethod,andISO6618/ASTM

D974,whicharecolorimetricmethods,canbeusedonblendsbutresultsbetweenthetwomethods

shouldnotbeinterchanged.JISK2501canbeusedforbothB100andfinishedblends.

Methanol 0.20max %m/m

EN14110

JISK2536

Other: ABNTNBR15343

Methanol/OtherAlcohols

MethanolisarawmaterialusedtoproduceFAME. Otheralcohols,suchasethanol,alsomaybeused,

producingfattyacidethylester(FAEE),butthereislimitedexperienceinproducingFAEEandwith

selectingandapplyinganethanollimit. Ethanolalsocanentertheproductthroughcontamination.

Alcoholremainingintheproduct,suchasfromincompletereactionduringproductionorcontamination,

canhaveharmfuleffects: loweredflashpoint,decreasedlubricity,corrodedinjectorsanddegraded

materialsusedinfueldistributionandvehiclefuelsystems. Collectively,thesepotentialproblemsraise

handlingandsafetyconcerns.

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Notesregardingtestmethods:Thesetestmethodsdonotmeasureotheralcoholsthatmaybepresentintheesterproduct,buta

preliminaryinvestigationhasshownthatasmallchangetoEN14110willallowethanolmeasurement.

Glycerides EN14105

Monoglyceride 0.80max %m/m

EN14105

ASTMD6584

Other: ABNTNBR15342

Diglyceride 0.20max %m/m

EN14105

ASTMD6584

Other: ABNTNBR15342

Triglyceride 0.20max %m/m

EN14105

ASTMD6584

Other: ABNTNBR15342

Glycerin(glycerol)

Freeglycerin 0.02max %m/m

EN14105/14106

ASTMD6584

Other: ABNTNBR15341

Totalglycerin 0.25max %m/m

EN14105

ASTMD6584

Other: ABNTNBR15344

Glycerides: Mono,Di,andTri

Glycerides,whicharehighmolecularweightreactantsinthebiodieselproductionprocess,canremain

unreactedintheFAMEafterprocessing. Theyareundesirablebecausetheycancausefilterplugging,

especiallyatcoldtemperatures,andinjectorandenginedeposits;theycanalsolimitvehicleoperability

overawiderangeofconditions. Monoglyceridescanleadtoincreasedinjectordeposits. Highmono

glyceridecontenthasbeenlinkedtosoliddepositsinB5wherethefuelwasstoredintanksunder

Scandinavianwinterconditions. Atsuchlowtemperatures,amaximumlimitof0.40%m/mis

recommended. Thelimitmayberevisitedafterinvestigationsarecomplete. Diglyceridescanleadto

filterplugging. Triglyceridecontentisagoodindicatorofunreactedoilsorgreasesinthebiodiesel.

Glyceridescanbecontrolledtolowlevelsthroughtheuseofgoodoperatingproceduresduring

production.

Glycerin(glycerol),TotalandFree

Glycerin,whichisabyproductofthechemicalreactionthatproducesbiodiesel,mayremaininthefuelif

theesterisinadequatelyseparatedorwashed. Glycerinalsomayseparateoutoftheliquidduring

storageafteranymethanol,whichactsasasolvent,hasevaporated. Onceseparated,theglycerinwill

falltothetankbottomandattractsuchpolarcompoundsaswater,monoglyceridesandsoapsthatcan

blockfilters,damageinjectors,causeinjectorcokingandotherenginedeposits,andotherwisemakethe

fuelincompatiblewithvehiclematerialsandreduceenginedurability.

Glycerincanbecontrolledthroughtheuseofgoodoperatingpracticesduringproduction.

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Notesregardingtestmethods:Infinishedfuelblends,petroleumdieselfuelcomponentscaninterferewiththeabilitytodirectly

measureglycerininthefuel. Whenanacceptabletestmethodforglycerininafuelblendisavailable,a

limitvalueforblendswillbeestablished.

Anew,simplifiedcoldfiltrationtestprocedurerelatedtosomeglyceridesisindevelopment.

Duetothepresenceofhydroxylgroupsinthemainestercarbonchain,theonlymethodlistedthatis

suitableforusewithcastoroilderivedFAMEistheBrazilianABNTNBR15344.

Glyceridemeasurementscanbeusedtocalculatetotalandfreeglycerin.

Density Report g/ml

ENISO3675

ASTMD4052

JISK2249

Other: ENISO12185,ABNTNBR

7148/14065

Biodieseldensityisusuallyhigherthanthatoffossildieselfuel,withthespecificvaluesdependingon

fattyacidcompositionandpurity. MostbatchesofFAMEcontainonlyabouttendifferentmolecules

withdensitiesusuallywithinaverynarrowrange. ContaminationcansignificantlyaffectFAMEdensity,

sothispropertycanbeusedtoindicatecontaminationbysomeunwantedcompoundsandtomonitor

fuelquality.

KinematicViscosity@40C 2.0 5.0 mm2/s

ENISO3104

ASTMD445

JISK2283

Other: ABNTNBR10441

KinematicviscosityisaninherentpropertyofFAMEsdifferentfeedstocksthataffectsinjector

lubrication

and

fuel

atomization.

Biodiesel

fuel

blends

generally

have

improved

lubricity;

however,

their

higherviscositylevelstendtoformlargerdropletsoninjectionwhichcancausepoorcombustionand

increasedexhaustsmokeundercertainoperatingconditions. AtFAMEblendinglevelsupto5%by

volume,thesuggestedlimitsprovideanacceptableleveloffuelsystemperformanceforthefinished

fuelblendsandallowblendingwithoutchangingtheviscosityofthebasedieselfuel. Adheringtothe

limitswillalsohelpharmonizeFAMEquality.

Fortemperaturesatorbelow 20C,viscosityshouldbeatorbelow48mm2/stoavoidpotentially

dangerousloadsonthefuelinjectionpumpdrivesystem.

FlashPoint 100min CISO3679

ASTMD93

Theflashpointtemperatureistheminimumtemperatureatwhichthefuelwillignite(flash)on

applicationofanignitionsourceunderspecifiedconditions. Itisusedtoclassifyfuelsfortransportand

storageaccordingtohazardlevel;minimumflashpointtemperaturesarerequiredforpropersafetyand

handlingofthefuel.

Flashpointvariesinverselywiththefuelsvolatility,andbiodieselsflashpointcandecreaserapidlyas

theamountofresidualalcoholincreases. Thus,thebiodieselflashpointmeasurementhelpsindicate

thepresenceofmethanol. Fuelprovidersmustmeasurethebiodieselflashpointpriortoblendingwith

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fossildieselfuel;sincethepetroleumcomponentsflashpointwillbemuchlower,onecannotrelyon

theblendsflashpointmeasurementtoindicatethepresenceofmethanol.

CetaneNumber 51min

ISO5165

ASTMD613

JIS

K2280

Cetanenumberisameasureofthefuelsignitionandcombustionqualitycharacteristics. Fuelswithlow

cetanenumberswillcausehardstarting,roughoperation,noiseandincreasedsmokeopacity. Finished

blendsshouldmeetrelevantWWFCcategorylimits.

Water 500max mg/kg EN12937

WaterandSediment 0.05max %v/v ASTMD2709

TotalContamination 24max mg/kgEN12662

ASTMD2276,D5452,D6217

WaterandSediment/TotalContamination

Thefuelshouldbeclearinappearanceandfreeofvisiblewaterandsediment/totalcontamination. The

presenceofthesematerialscanshortenfilterlifeorplugfuelfilters,whichcanleadtoenginefuel

starvation.

Wateracceleratesoxidation,dramaticallyincreasescorrosivityandpromotesmicrobialgrowth. Since

FAMEiscapableofabsorbingsignificantlymorewaterthanpetroleumdieselfuel,itisespecially

importanttodehydrateFAMEduringproductionandtominimizethepotentialtocreatefreewater

duringblendingordistribution. Thelevelofwaterspecifiediswithinthesolubilitylevelofwaterinfuel

and,assuch,doesnotrepresentfreewater.

Esterificationandproductrefiningprocesses,alongwithfeedstockselection,tendtoproducemany

typesofcontamination,suchasbysoap. PoorfuelhandlingpracticescanintroduceothercontaminantsorcompoundsthatarenotsolubleinFAME. Smallamountsofsuchcontaminationwillcausefuelfilter

pluggingandinjectordepositsandshouldbewellcontrolledtopreventproblems. Ifwaterismeasured

independentlyfromsediment,thefuelshouldalsomeetaseparateTotalContaminationlimit.

Engineandfuelinjectionequipmentmanufacturerscontinuetodevelopfuelsystemstoreduce

emissionsandfuelconsumptionandtoimproveperformance. Injectionpressureshaveincreased

dramatically;currentinjectorsoperateatpressuresashighas2400bars,andinjectorswithevenhigher

pressurecapabilitiesareindevelopment. Suchlevelsofinjectionpressuredemandreducedorificesizes

andcomponentclearances,typicallyrangingfrom2to5mininjectors. Small,hardparticles,which

mayremaininthefuelthatarecarriedintotheseengineparts,arepotentialsourcesofinjectorand

subsequentenginefailure.

Therecommendedlimitsallowcomparingmeasuredresultstoamaximumlevelacceptableforproper

engineoperation.

Notesregardingmethods:Measuringfuelparticlecontaminationnecessarilyconsiderstotalmass,sizeandnumberofparticlesper

sizeclass(i.e.,particlesizedistribution). TheISO4406protocolprovidesameansofexpressingthelevel

ofcontaminationbysizedistribution. ASTMD2276allowslinesamplinginthefield. Whatevermethod

isused,glassfiberfiltersshouldbeusedinsteadofamembranefilter.

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AshContent 0.001max %m/m

ISO6245

ASTMD482

JISK2272

SulfatedAsh 0.005max %m/m

ISO3987

ASTMD874

Other: ABNTNBR984

Ash SulfatedandOther

Ashisameasureoftheamountofmetalsandotherinorganiccontaminantscontainedinthefuel. Ash

precursorsmaybepresentinthreeforms(i)abrasivesolids,(ii)solublemetallicsoaps,and(iii)residual

biodieselcatalyst;whenoxidizedduringcombustion,thesematerialsformash.

Ashhasbeenlinkedtoenginedepositsandfilterplugging,andmetallicsoapscancontributetodeposits

inthefuelsystem. Abrasivesolidsandbiodieselcatalystmaterialsalsocauseincreasedwearofinternal

fuelsystemenginecomponentsexposedtofuelafterinjection.

Dieselparticulatefilters(DPF),whichbeganappearinginmid2000toachieveextremelylowparticulate

emissionsandstringentemissionstandards,areparticularlysusceptibletoimpairmentfromash. Allash

formingcompoundscancontributetotheaccumulationofmaterialonthesefilters. Rapidaccumulation

ofashrequiresmorefrequentfiltermaintenanceandwillreducevehiclefueleconomy.

Thelevelsspecifiedareconsideredacceptableforengineperformance,andslightlylessstringentlimits

maybeacceptableforvehicleswithoutaDPF(seetheWorldwideFuelCharterforlimitsinCategories1,

2and3). Morestringentlimitsthanshownabove,however,maybenecessaryforoptimalparticulate

filtermaintenanceintervals.

Notesregardingtestmethods:Forthegivenmethods,alargesamplesize(min100g)isneededtoobtainprecisiontothreesignificant

digits. Moresensitiveandprecisetestmethodsareneededtodetermineashatthelowestlevels.

CarbonResidue:

Ramsbottom,on100%

distillationresidue

0.05max %m/m ASTMD4530

Carbonresidue,whichformsoncombustion,isasourceofparticulatematterwithinthevehiclesystem.

Thispropertyservesasameasureofthetendencytoformdepositsoninjectorsandinthecombustion

chamberandshouldbeminimized.

Notesregardingtestmethods:Sampleshouldbedistilledundervacuumtopreventpolymerization. Ifdistilledatatmosphericpressure,

theamountofresiduewillincreaseandmayproducemisleadingresults.

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Corrosion: Ferrouslightrusting,

maxRating ASTMD665ProcedureA

Corrosiontestingindicatespotentialcompatibilityproblemsbetweenfuelsandfuelsystemcomponents

madeofvariousmetals.

Notesregardingtestmethods:Theratingismadeafter3hoursat50Cbycomparingthesampletoastandard.

Sulfur 10max ppm

EN20846/20884

ASTMD5453/D2622

JISK35411, 2, 6or 7

Manygovernmentsregulatesulfurlevelsinfueltoassurecompatibilitywithemissioncontrolsystems

andtoenablethesesystemstomeetemissionstandards. Biodieselblendsmaynotexceedthe

applicablemaximumsulfurlevelsdefinedforpetroleumdieselfuel;fortunately,mostbiodieselnaturally

containslessthan10ppmsulfur. SeetheWorldwideFuelCharterforadditionaldiscussionabout

sulfursnumerousadverseimpactsandotherlimitsthatmayapplyinmarketswithlessstringent

requirements.

Notesregardingtestmethods:UseASTMD5453forfuelsanticipatedtohavelessthan20ppmsulfur,forthebestaccuracywhenusing

ASTMtestmethods.

Phosphorus 4max mg/kgEN14107

ASTMD4951,D3231

Phosphoruswillbepresentinbiodieselattracelevelsfromphospholipidcompoundsnaturallyfoundin

plantoils,andlargerquantitiescansometimesbefoundasaresultoftheuseofphosphoruscontaining

fertilizertogrowthebiomassfeedstockandinorganicsaltsthatmaybecontainedinusedcookingoils.

Phosphoruscangreatlyimpairtheeffectivenessofemissioncontrolsystems. Itsinfluenceiscumulative,

whichmeansthatevenverylowlevelsinthefuelmayleadtoprematuredeteriorationovertime,

especiallywhenanengineconsumesasignificantamountofcontaminatedfuel. Thelimitmaybe

loweredwhenbettertestmethodsareavailable.

Notesregardingtestmethods:TheISOtestmethodisapplicableandaccuratedownto4ppm. ASTMD4951isprecisedownto0.05%

bymass,+/ 10%;lowervaluesmaybemeasurable,dependingonthesensitivityoftheICPinstrument.

ASTMD3231,amethodformeasuringphosphorusingasoline,maybeacceptablebecauseituses

techniquesthatdecomposetheorganicmaterials,soitisindependentofthematrix. ASTMD3231candetectphosphorusatlevelsbelow1mg/L.

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Alkali(GroupI)metals(Na+K) 5max mg/kg EN14108/14109,EN14538

Alkaline(GroupII)metals(Ca+Mg) 5max mg/kg EN14538

Alkalimetals(Na+K)

Biodiesel

producers

who

use

sodium

and

potassium

to

catalyze

biodiesel

production

should

remove

thesemetalsbeforeallowingthebiodieseltoleavetheproductionprocess. Residualalkalimetalscan

formdepositsinfuelinjectionsystemcomponentsandpoisonemissioncontrolsystems. Sodiumand

potassiumarealsoassociatedwithashformation.

Alkalinemetals(Ca+Mg)

Biodieselproducerswhousealkalinemetalsasabsorbentsduringbiodieselproductionshouldremove

thesemetalsbeforeallowingthebiodieseltoleavetheproductionprocess. Hardwateralsocan

contributealkalinemetalstotheFAME,soproducersshouldusesoftordeionizedwaterduring

processing. Residualalkalinemetalscanformdepositsinfuelinjectionsystemcomponentsandpoison

emissioncontrolsystems. Calciumsoapscancauseinjectionpumpstostick.

TraceMetals/Elements Nointentionaladdition ASTMD7111

TraceMetals/Elements

Metalcompoundsshouldnotbeaddedtothefuel.

Notesregardingtestmethods:ASTMD7111canmeasuretraceelementsbetweenapproximately0.1to0.2mg/kginmiddledistillate

fuels(withaboilingrangebetween150Cto390C).

AdditionalProperties

ConsulttheWorldwideFuelCharterforrecommendedlimitsandtestmethodsforadditional

propertiessuchascoldtemperatureoperability,injectorcleanliness,biologicalgrowthandlubricitythatrequirecontrolinthefinishedbiodieselblend.

GoodHousekeepingPractices

BlendersshouldmanageblendsaccordingtothepracticesoutlinedinthetechnicalreportCEN/TR

15367. ProducersshouldcreateB100fuelsthathavetheminimumpropertiesidentifiedinthis

guidelineatthetimeofdeliveryorblending. Blendersshouldevaluatefinishedproductsforuniform

blendinglevelsandmonitorfuelpropertychangesovertimeincludingacidnumber,appearanceoffree

water,andmicrobialcontamination.

ProducersandblendersalsoshouldbeawarethatragssaturatedwithB100,perhapsduringspillclean

up,mayspontaneouslycombustandposeasafetyhazardundercertainconditions. Handlersshould

consulttheirprofessionalassociationsforfurtherguidance.

Labeling

Vehicleandenginemanufacturersdesigntheirproductsforcompatibilitywithdifferentconcentrations

ofbiodiesel. TheseguidelinesareforB100usedforblendingatlevelsuptoB5only. Vehicleandengine

manufacturerconcernsaboutbiodieselcompatibilityandqualityincreaseasthebiodieselcontent

increasesandthereforeanyblendsgreaterthanB5dispensedfrompumpsshouldbelabeledtoidentify

theblend.

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SummaryofGuidelines

Property Value Units TestMethodsEstercontent 96.5min %m/m

EN14103mod

Other: ABNTNBR15342

LinolenicAcidMethylEster 12.0max %m/m EN14103modPolyunsaturatedacidmethyl

ester(4doublebonds)1max %m/m prEN15779

OxidationStability:

InductionPeriod10min hr

prEN15751orEN14112as

alternative

IodineNumber 130max1 gI2/100g EN14111

TotalAcidNumber 0.5max mgKOH/g

ISO6618

ASTMD664,D974

JISK2501

Other: ABNTNBR14448

Methanol 0.20max %m/m

EN14110

JISK2536Other: ABNTNBR15343

Glycerides EN14105

Monoglyceride 0.80max %m/m

EN14105

ASTMD6584

Other: ABNTNBR15342

Diglyceride 0.20max %m/m

EN14105

ASTMD6584

Other: ABNTNBR15342

Triglyceride 0.20max %m/m

EN14105

ASTMD6584

Other: ABNTNBR15342

Glycerin(glycerol)

Freeglycerin 0.02max %m/m

EN14105/14106

ASTMD6584

Other: ABNTNBR15341

Totalglycerin 0.25max %m/m

EN14105

ASTMD6584

Other: ABNTNBR15344

Density report g/ml

ENISO3675

ASTMD4052

JISK2249

Other: ENISO12185,

ABNTNBR7148/14065

KinematicViscosity@40C 2.0 5.02 mm2/s

ENISO3104

ASTMD445

JISK2283

1Thislimitmayunnecessarilyprecludecertainfeedstocks. Someenginetechnologiesmayneedamorestringentlimit.

2Fortemperaturesatorbelow20C,viscosityshouldbeatorbelow48mm

2/stoavoidpotentiallydangerousloadsonthe

fuelinjectionpumpdrivesystem.

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18/21

Property Value Units TestMethodsOther: ABNTNBR10441

FlashPoint 100min CISO3679

ASTMD93

CetaneNumber 51min

ISO5165

ASTMD613

JISK2280

Water 500max mg/kg(ppm) EN12937

WaterandSediment 0.05max %v/v ASTMD2709

TotalContamination 24max mg/kgEN12662

ASTMD2276,D5452,D6217

AshContent 0.001max %m/m

ISO6245

ASTMD482

JISK2272

SulfatedAsh 0.005max %m/m

ISO3987

ASTMD874

Other: ABNTNBR984

CarbonResidue:

Ramsbottom,on100%

distillationresidue

0.05max %m/m ASTMD4530

Corrosion: Ferrouslightrusting,

maxRating ASTMD665ProcedureA

Sulfur 10max ppm

EN20846/20884

ASTMD5453/D2622

JISK35411, 2, 6or 7

Phosphorus 4max mg/kgEN14107

ASTMD4951,D3231

Alkalimetals(Na+K) 5max mg/kg EN14108/14109,EN14538

Alkalinemetals(Ca+Mg) 5max mg/kg EN14538

TraceMetals noaddition ASTMD7111

12


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SummaryofTestMethods3

(seemaintextforadditionalnotes)

Property Units CEN/ISO ASTM JIS Other

Ester

content

%

m/m

EN

14103

mod

ABNT

NBR

15342

LinolenicAcidMethyl

Ester%m/m EN14103mod

Polyunsaturatedacid

methylester(4

doublebonds)

%m/m prEN15779

OxidationStability:

InductionPeriodhr

prEN15751or

EN14112asalternative

IodineNumber gI2/100g EN14111

TotalAcidNumber mgKOH/g ISO6618 D664,D974 K2501 ABNTNBR14448

Methanol %m/m EN14110 K2536 ABNTNBR15343

Glycerides %m/m EN14105

Monoglyceride %m/m EN14105 D6584 ABNTNBR15342

Diglyceride %m/m EN14105 D6584 ABNTNBR15342

Triglyceride %m/m EN14105 D6584 ABNTNBR15342

Glycerin(glycerol)

Freeglycerin %m/mEN14105,

EN14106D6584 ABNTNBR15341

Totalglycerin %m/m EN14105 D6584 ABNTNBR15344

Density g/ml ENISO3675 D4052 K2249

ENISO12185

ABNTNBR

7148/14065

KinematicViscosity mm2/s ENISO3104 D445 K2283 ABNTNBR10441

FlashPoint C ISO3679 D93

CetaneNumber ISO5165 D613 K2280

Water mg/kg EN12937

WaterandSediment %v/v D2709

TotalContamination mg/kg EN12662D2276,D5452,

D6217

AshContent %m/m ISO6245 D482 K2272

3TestmethodsmaybeusedwithB100;consultmethodtodetermineifalsoapplicabletoblends.

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14

Property Units CEN/ISO ASTM JIS Other

SulfatedAsh %m/m ISO3987 D874 ABNTNBR984

CarbonResidue:

Ramsbottom,on

100%distillationresidue

%m/m D4530

FerrousCorrosion ratingD665

ProcedureA

Sulfur ppm EN20846/20884 D5453/D2622 K35411, 2, 6or 7

Phosphorus mg/kg EN14107 D4951,D3231

Alkalimetals(Na,K) mg/kgEN14108/EN14109,

EN14538

Alkalinemetals(Ca,

Mg)mg/kg EN14538

Tracemetals D7111


21/21

b100 guideline final 26mar09

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