ba malayalam iii sem core course - madhyama …2 school of distance education am[-y-a-]-t\w...

$: BA Malayalam III Sem Core Course - Madhyama …2 School of Distance Education am[-y-a-]-T\w UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT SCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATION B.A. MALAYALAM III SEMESTER CORE COURSE$
1

School of Distance Education

am[-y-a-]-T\w

am[-y-a-]-T\wam[-y-a-]-T\wam[-y-a-]-T\wam[-y-a-]-T\wam[-y-a-]-T\wB.A. MALAYALAM

CORE COURSE

III Semester

UNIVERSITY OF CALICUTSCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATION

Calicut University, P.O. Malappuram, Kerala, India-673 635

143

2


am[-y-a-]-T\w

UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT

SCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATION

B.A. MALAYALAM

III SEMESTER

CORE COURSE

am[-y-a-]-T\w Prepared by: Sri. Sathian. M. Assistant Professor

Dept. of Malayalam Govt. Arts & Science College, Kozhikode

Scrutinised by: Dr. K.M.Priyadarsan Lal ‘Swathi’ Malapparamba. P.O. Kozhikode - 673 009

Layout & Settings: Computer Section SDE

©Reserved

3


am[-y-a-]-T\w

CONTENTS PAGES

MODULE - 1 05 - 13

MODULE - II 14 - 20

MODULE - 1II 21 - 29

MODULE - IV 30 - 34

MODULE - V 35 - 48

4


am[-y-a-]-T\w

5


am[-y-a-]-T\w

samU-yqƒ ˛ 1

I ]e-Xcw Bi-b-hn-\n-a-b-ßƒ

Hcp hy-‡n-bpsS a\- n-ep-≠m-Ip∂ hnNm-c-ßfpw Bi-b-ßfpw as‰mcp hy-‡n-bn-te°v

]I¿∂p \¬Ip∂ ]In-sb-bmWv Bi-b-hn-\n-abw/Bi-b-kw-th-Z\w F∂Xv sIm≠v A¿∞-

am-°p-∂-Xv. a\p-j-ys‚ kmaq-ln-Ihpw kmwkvIm-cn-Ihpw uXn-I-hp-amb ]ptcm-K-Xnbv°v CØcw

Bi-b-hn-\n-a-b-ßƒ Bh-iyam-Wv. Iq´wIqSn Pohn-°m≥ a\p-j-y≥ Bcw-`n-®Xp apXte

Bi-b-hn-\n-a-b-Øn-\p-ff am¿K-ßƒ a\p-j-y≥ Bcm™p-sIm-≠n-cn-°-Ww. Aßn-s\-bmWv mj-

bpsS cq]-h¬°-cWw \S-°p-∂-Xv. mj-sIm≠v ASp-Øp≈ hy-‡n-Iƒ XΩn-ep-ff kwth-Z-\ta

\S°q F∂-Xn-\m¬ hnZq-c-Øp-f-f-h-cp-ambn Bib kwth-Z-\-Øn-\p-ff am¿K-ßƒ

a\p-j-y≥ Is≠-Øp-hm≥ XpS-ßn. ktµ-i-ßƒ sImSp-Ø-bv°-epw, IsØ-gp-X-ep-sa√mw Zqc-

ßsf A]-k-‡-am-°p-hm≥ th≠n Bbn-cp-∂p. A£-c-hn-Z-y-bpsS I≠p-]n-Sp-Ø-X-Xn\p tij-

ambncp∂p IsØ-gpØv t]mep-ff hn\n-a-b-am¿K-ßƒ ky-jvSn-°-s∏-´-Xv. AXn-\p-apºv IqIn

hnfn®pw Xo IØn®pw Nne ]tX-y-I- hnh-c-ßƒ ssIam-dm≥ ]mNo\ a\p-j-y≥ ian-®n-cp-∂p.

F∂m¬ CXv Aev]-Zq-c-ßsf amXta _‘n-∏n-°phm≥ Ign-™n-cp-∂p-f-fq. AØcw hgn-I-

fn¬ \n∂pw a\p-j-y≥ Xs‚ _p≤n D]-tbm-Kn®v ]e am¿K-ßfpw tXSn-sIm-≠n-cp-∂p. ]cn-io-en-

∏n® ]£n-Isf D]-tbm-Kn®v ktµ-i-sa-Øn-°p∂-Xn¬ \ns∂√mw hnI-kn®v C∂v \nan-jm¿≤w

sIm≠v Intem-ao-‰-d-Ise hsc hnh-c-ß-sf-Øn-°p-hm-\p-ff hnZy I≠p-]n-Sn®p Ign-™p. IØv,

Iºn-bn-√m-I-ºn, sSen-t^m¨, tdUn-tbm, Sn.hn C‚¿s\‰v XpSßn hnh-c-ßƒ ssIam-dm-\p-ff

hgn-Iƒ AXn-thKw hnI-kn-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-bv°p-∂p. Bi-b-hn-\n-a-cw-K-Øp-≠mb ]ptcm-K-Xn-bpsS

L -ßsf am[-ya hnZ-Kv[¿ aq∂mbn Xcw Xncn-®n- p-≠v.

(1) A£-c-hn-Z-ybpw A®-Snbpw I≠p-]n-Sn-bv°p-∂-Xn\p apºp-ff hmsam-gn-L- w..

(2) A£chnZ-ybpw A®-Snbpw ]Nm-c-Øn-emb hc-sam-gn-L- w.

(3) hmsam-gn-bp-tSbpw hc-sam-gn-bp-tSbpw i‡n-ssN-X-\-y-ßsf ka-\-z-bn-∏n®p sIm≠p

-ff B[p-\nI Ce-IvtSm-WnIv L´w.

I _lp-P-\-kw-th-Z\w (Mass Communication)

a\p-j-ys‚ kmaq-ln-Ihpw kmwkvIm-cn-I-hp-amb ]ptcm-K-Xn-tbbpw _‘-ß-tf-bpw \n¿W-

bn-°p∂ H∂mWv Bi-b-kw-th-Z-\w. CXv hy-‡n-Iƒ XΩnepw hy-‡nbpw kaq-lhpw XΩnepw

\S-°p-∂p. CØ-c-Øn¬ c≠p hn`m-K-ß-fmbn Bi-b-kw-th-Z-\sØ Xncn-bv°mw.

(1) hy-‡n-¥c kwth-Z\w (Inter Personal Communication)

hy-‡n-Iƒ XΩn¬ t\cn´v \S-°p∂ Bi-b-hn-\n-a-b-am-Wn-Xv. Ivfm v apdn-bn¬ \S-°p∂

A[-ym-]-I- -hn-Z-ym¿∞n kwhm-Zw, ]kwKw F∂n-h-sb√mw hy-‡n-¥-c-kw-th-Z-Øn¬s]Spw. as‰mcp

am[-y-a-Øns‚ klm-b-ap-≠m-Im-sa-¶n¬ t]mepw (DZm t^m¨, ss_°v) hy-‡n-Iƒ XΩn-ep-ff

kwth-Z\sØ Bi-b-]-c-ambn Ch kzm-[o-\n-°m-Ø-Xn-\m¬ hy-‡n-¥c kwth-Z-\-Ønv¬s∏-Spw.

(2) _lpP\-kw-th-Z-\w( Mass Communication)

as‰mcp am[-y-aØns‚ klm-b-tØm-sS, hy-‡n-Iƒ XΩn¬ t\cn- -√msX \S-°p∂ Bi-b-

hn-\n-a-b-sØ-bmWv CXpsIm≠v A¿∞-am-°p-∂-Xv. ChnsS Bibw ssIam‰w sNø-s∏-Sp-∂Xv

Hcp hy-I-Xvbn¬ \n∂pw t\cn v ASpØ hy-‡n-bn-te-°-√. BZyw B am[-y-a-Øn-te°v am‰pIbpw

am[yaØns‚ kz- m-h-L-S\ A\p-k-cn-®p-ff Ah-X-c-W-Øn-eqsS ASpØ hy-‡n-bn-te°v ssIam-

6


am[-y-a-]-T\w

‰-s∏-Sp-Ibpw F∂-XmWv _lp-P-\-kw-th-Z\w sIm≠v Dt±-in-°p-∂-Xv. ]X-ßƒ, tdUn-tbm, sSen-

hn-j≥, kn\n-a, C‚¿s\‰v apX-em-b-h-sb√mw _lp-P-\-kw-th-Z-\sØ klm-bn-°p-∂-Xm-Wv. AXn-

\m-emWv Chsb _lp-P-\-am[yaßƒ F∂p hnfn-°p-∂-Xv.

I (4) A®-Sn-bpsS Bhn¿`mhw

]pcmX kwkvIm-c-ß-tfm-sSm∏w Xs∂ A®-Sn-bpsS Ncn-Xhpw Bcw-`n-®n-´p-≠v.

taml≥tPmZmtcm-bnepw _m_n-tem-Wn-b-bnepw Ifn-a¨ ]X-e-ßƒ, ac-∏-e-I-Iƒ, sagp-Ip-]-e-I-

Iƒ F∂n-h-bn¬ A£-I-c-ßƒ sImØn-sb-Sp-°p∂ coXn \ne-hn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xmbn Ncn-X-Im-

c-∑m¿ tcJ-s∏Sp-Øn-bn- p≠vv. _n.-kn.-c≠mw \q‰mw-≠n¬Øs∂ CØ-c-Øn-ep-ff A®-Sn-Iƒ ssN\-

bn¬ \S-∂n-cp-∂-Xmbn tcJ-I-fp-≠v. F∂m¬ IS-em-kns‚ Bhn¿`m-h-Øn\pw ]N-c-W-Øn\pw

tij-amWv B[p-\nI coXn-bn-ep-ff A®Sn-bpsS IS-∂p-h-chv km[-y-am-Ip-∂-Xv. ssN\-°m-cmWv

IS-emkv \n¿am-W-Øns‚ am¿K-Z¿in-Iƒ. ]Xn-\©mw \q‰m-t≠m-Sp-IqSn IS-em p \n¿ΩmW

hnZy temI-Øns‚ ]e mK-ß-fnepw km¿∆-Xn-I-am-hp-Ibpw sNbvXp.

tPml≥ Kp´≥_¿Kv (1398- 1468) F∂ P¿Ω≥Imc-\mWv B[p-\nI A®-Sn-bpsS D]-

⁄m-Xm-hv. am‰n-sh-bv°m-hp∂ ssS∏p-I-fpf acw sIm≠p-ff A®-Sn-b¥w 1450- ¬ At±lw

Bhn-jvI-cn-®p. 1456 BKkvXv 24- -\pB ] n¬ \n∂pw At±lw 1282 t]Pp-I-fp-ff "42 sse≥

ss__nƒ' F∂p hnfn-°-s∏-Sp∂ eØn≥ `mj-bn-epff ss__nfns‚ 200 ]Xn-Iƒ A®-Sn-

°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. CtXm-Sp-IqSn A®-Sn-bpsS B[p-\nI NcnXw Bcw- n-°p-I-bm-bn.

I hnIm-kw.

tPmlm≥ Kp´≥_¿Kns‚ A®-Sn-b¥w ]mh¿Øn-I-ambtXmSp-IqSn CXns\ ]n≥Xp-S¿∂v

[mcmfw A®-Sn-b-¥-ßƒ bqtdm-∏n-em-I-am\w ÿm]n-°-s∏- p. XpS¿∂p-ff h¿j-ß-fn¬ A®-

Sn-bpsS hym-]\w hfsc thK-Øn-em-bn-cp-∂p. 1476- ¬ Xs∂ A®-Sn-b¥w CwKvf-≠n-se-Øn-

t®¿∂p. "The Recuyell of the History of Tyoye’ BWv CwKvfojv `mj-bn¬ A®-Sn® BZ-y-

KŸw. dj-y-bn¬ 1553 epw Ata-cn-°-bn¬ 1685- epw ]Ya A®-Sn-imeIƒ ÿm]n-X-am-bn. 1557-

˛¬ tKmh-bnse ] n¬ \n∂pw A®-Sn® ^m≥knkv tkh-y-dpsS Hcp thtZm-]-tZ-i-amWv

C¥ybn¬ apZWw sNbvX BZ-y-KŸw F∂mWv Icp-X-∂-Xv.

A®-Sn-k-º-Zmbw temIØv ]N-cn-∏n-®-Xn¬ ][m-\-]¶v hln-®Xv InkvXob anj-W-dn-

amcpw ]m›m-X-ycmb A[n-\n-th-i-°m-cp-am-Wv. aX-]-N-c-Øn-\mbn hnhn-[-tZ-i-ß-fn-embn FØn-

t®¿∂ anj-Wn-am¿ bqtdm∏n¬ \n∂v A®-Sn-km-a-Kn-Iƒ FØn-®Xv A®-Sn-b-¥-Øns‚ hym-]-\-

Øn\v Imc-W-am-bn. BZ-y-Im-eØv bqtdm-∏n¬ \n∂pw A®-Sn-km-a-Kn-Iƒ FØn-®Xv A®-Sn-b-

¥-Øns‚ hym-]-\-Øn\v Imc-W-am-bn. BZ-y-ImeØv bqtdm-∏n¬ \n∂pw A®-Sn-b-¥hpw A\p-

_-‘-km-a-Kn-I-Ifpw hnZ-Kv[cpw InkvXp-a-X-]-N-c-W-Øn\p amXta Ib‰n Ab-®n-cp-∂p-f-fp.

]n∂oSv A®-Sn-bpsS km[-y-X-Iƒ a\- n-em-°nb ]mtZ-inI c-Wm-[n-]≥amcpw A®-Sn-b-¥-ßƒ

ÿm]n°p∂-Xn-\mbn ap∂n- n-d-ßp-I-bp-≠m-bn.

1456-- se Kp´≥_¿Kns‚ A®-Sn-b-¥-Øn¬\n∂pw A®Sn C∂v hf-sc-b-[nIw aptºm´p

t]mbn. A®-Snbpw ]kn-≤o-I-c-Whpw hym-h-km-bn-Im-h-i-y-ß-fpsS Xe-Øn-te°v FØn-t®¿∂-

tXmsS A®-Sn-b-¥-ßƒ F∂ k¶ev]ta amdn-°-gn™p. Hmtcm A£-c-ß-fmbn s]dp-°n-sh-

°p∂ A®p-\n-c-Ø¬ (Composition) t]mepw an°-hmdpw b¥-ßƒ D]-tbmKn-®mWv \S-Øp-∂-

Xv. t^mt´m Km^n-bpsS hnI-k-tØmsS A®-Sn-bnepw hºn® am‰-ßƒ Zy-i-y-am-bn- p-≠v. C∂v

][m-\-ambpw teml-A-®p-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn-°mØ t^mt´m-tImw-]-kn-j≥ AYhm t^mt´m ssS∏v

sk‰nMv kwhn-[m-\-Øn-emWv A®-Sn-Iƒ \S-°p-∂-Xv.

7


am[-y-a-]-T\w

A®-Sn-am[-y-aØns‚ khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ.

G‰hpw ]g°ap-ff _lpP-\-am-[-y-a-amWv ]Xw. BZ-y-Im-eØv P\-ß-fpsS i_vZ-ambn

apg-ßns°m≠n-cp∂ ]X-ßƒ hmWn-P-y-h-XvI-cn-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw Iwtºm-f-Øns‚ Bh-i-y-I-X-

Iƒ°-\p-k-cn®v amdp-Ibpw sNbvXp-sIm-≠n-bv°p∂p. F∂mepw ]X-ß-fn-ep-ff Bfp-I-fpsS

hni-zm-k-yX Ipd-bp-∂n-√. Hmtcm ]pXnb hm¿Øm-am-[-y-a-ßfpsS IS-∂p-h-chpw A®Sn am[-y-a-

ß-fpsS ]m[m-\yw C√m-Xm°pw F∂v Nn¥n-®-h-cp-≠v. _n¬tK‰vkv C≥¿s\‰ns‚ Bhn¿`m-h-

tØm-S-\p-_-‘n®v 2000 ¬ ]X-ß-fpsS acWw t]mepw ]h-Nn-®n-cp-∂p. Sn.-hn, tdUn-tbm, C‚¿

s\-‰v F∂n-h-bpsS hn]p-e-amb ]N-cm-Øn-s\m∂pw Xs∂ ]XØns‚ kzm-[o\sØ Xf-®n-Sm≥

Ign-™n- n-√.

a‰v am[-y-a-ßƒs°m-∂p-an-√mØ Nne khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ Xs∂bmWv ]XsØ ]m[m-\-y-

tØmsS C∂pw \ne-\n¬°p-∂-Xv. Zy-i-y˛-im-hy am[-y-a-ßƒ t\cn´v Cµn-b-kw-th-Z\w

km[yam°p-∂-XmWv F∂m¬ ]X-ßƒ hmb-\bpw AsXm-sSm∏w Nn¥m-ti-jnbpw D]-tbm-Kn-

t°-≠n-h-cp-∂p. hmb\°mcs‚ kuI-c-y-Øn\pw kml-N-c-y-Øn\pw A\p-k-cn®v ]Xw hmbn-

°p-hm≥ Ign-bpw. bmXbntem hoSn\v ]pdtØm GXv kmlNcyØnepw hmbn°mw(C‚¿s\‰v

hmb\sbmgnsI as‰mcp am[yaØn\pw Cu KpWw C√. C‚¿s\‰nepw Hcp Xcw A®Sn

Xs∂bmsW∂mWv am[yahnZKv[cpsS A`n]mbw.) ]XØns‚ hm¿ØIfpw NnXßfpw

tiJcn®psh°m\pw ]n∂oSv Bhiyw hcptºmƒ kuIcy]q¿∆w hmbn°m\pw

A]KYn°phm\pw hmb\°mcs\ A®Sn am[yaßƒ A\phZn°p∂p. Cu KpWw a‰v

am[yaßƒ°v henb tXmXn¬ t\SnsbSp°phm≥ Ign™nń√. IqSmsX \n›eNnXßfpsS

kuµcyhpw kzm[o\hpw sSenhnj≥ NnXßƒ°v t]mepw t\SnsbSp°phm≥ Ign™nń√.

CXpsIms≠√mamWv Hcp hnjbsØ°pdn®pff X’ab kwt]jWw I≠m¬t∏mepw

]nt‰∂v s]mXpP\w ]XsØ Bibn°p∂Xv.

C¥-y-bnse ]X-]-h¿Ø-\nØns‚ Ncn-Xw.

_lp-P\ kwth-Z-\-Øns‚ BZ-y-Ime amX-r-I-Iƒ \ap°v inemimk\ßfn¬

Is≠Øphm≥ Ignbpw. Imcyßƒ Adnbn°p∂Xn\mbpw a‰pw cmPm°∑m¿ Nne Ipdn∏pIƒ

P\ßƒ°mbn \¬Inbncp∂p. Aibhn\nab ImeL´Øns‚ hcsamgn L´sØ

]Xn\n[nIcn°p∂ BZyIme amXyIIfmbn CXns\ ]cnKWn°mw. B[p\nI coXnbnepff

]X]h¿Ø\Øns‚ NcnXw C¥ybn¬ Bcw`n°p∂Xv ]m›mXy∑mcpsS

BKa\tØmsSbmWv. C¥ybnemZyambn ]kn≤oIyXamb ]Xw _wKmƒ Kk‰v(1780) BWv.

_nójv ]uc\mbncp∂p Pbnwkv AKÃkv ln°n Bbncp∂p Cu ]Xw ]pdØnd°nbXv.

C¥ybnse _nńjv ]uc∑msc amXw ap∂n¬ I≠psIm≠mWv ln°n Cu hmcnI

]kn≤oIcn®Xv.

_wKmƒ Kk‰v ]kn≤oIyXamb 1780 Ign™v \mev ]Xn‰m≠v Ign™mWv

BZy`mjm]Xamb "dpKvZ¿i≥' (1818) Cdßp∂Xv. Cu Imebfhn\pffn¬ C¥ybn¬

I¬°Ø , t_mws_, aZmkv F∂o aq∂v CwKvfojv tIµoIyX \Kcßfnte ]Xßƒ

Cdßnbncp∂pffqv; AXpw BwKvtfm C¥y°m¿°v th≠n amXhpw. C¥ym Kk‰v, _wKmƒ

tP¿W¬ (I¬°´), aZmkv Iqcnb¿, C¥y slmdmƒUv (aZmkv) t_mws_ sldmƒUv,

t_mws_ KÃv(t_mws_) F∂nhbmbncp∂p A°mesØ ][m\ ]Xßƒ. 1857˛hscbpff

BZyIme C¥y≥ ]Xßƒ s]mXpsh cmjvSob ]iv\ßfnsem∂pw CSs]ń√.

anjWdn˛Xt±iob]Xßsf√mw Xs∂ CXn¬\n∂pw ap‡ambncp∂n√. AtXmsSm∏w Xs∂

i‡amb \nb¥Wßfpw _nójv A[nImcnIƒ \S∏n¬ hcpØnbncp∂p.

8


am[-y-a-]-T\w

C¥y≥ kzmX¥ycwKw ˛ kzmX¥yØn\p apºpw ]nºpw.

_nójv `cWImeØv BIvSnwKv Kh¿W¿ P\dembncp∂ sa‰v Imw^v 1835 C¥y≥

]Xßƒ°ptaepff F√m \nb¥Wßfpw ]n≥hen®p. CXv C¥y≥ ]X]h¿Ø\

NcnXØnepff ][m\s∏´ \mgnII√mbncp∂p. Cu kzmX¥yw 1857˛se H∂mw kzmX¥ykacw

hsc \ne\n∂p. Cu A\pIqemhÿbn¬ [mcmfw ]Xßƒ ]pdØph∂p.

kzX¥y]q¿∆ C¥ybn¬ \thm∞m\ ]ÿm\Ønepw kzmX¥y kacØnepw kPoh

]¶mfnØw hln® an°h¿°pw ]X]h¿Ø\\hpambn _‘ap≠mbncp∂p. cmPmdmw

taml≥tdmbn , _meKwKm[cXneI≥, tKm]meIyjvW tKmJse, kp_mjv Nµt_mkv ,

sI.]n.tIihtat\m≥ F∂nhsc√mw ]XßfpsS tijn Xncn®dn™hcmbncp∂p. H∂mw

kzmX¥ykacImeØv _nójv \nbaßfpsS \nb¥Wßƒ AXn ewLn®p ]h¿Øn®

hy‡nbmbncp∂p "lnµp s]Sn-b‰vv' F∂ CwKvfojv ]X-Øns‚ ]Xm-[n-]-cm-bn-cp∂p lcojv

Nµ apJ¿Pn. 1851˛¬ t_mws_-bn¬ \n∂v ]kn-≤oIc-W-am-cw`n® "ckvXv tKm^vX¿' F∂

KpP-dmØn ]X-Øns‚ ]Xm[n-]¿ ZmZm-_mbv \h-tdmPn Bbn-cp-∂p. C¥-y≥ kzm-X-¥-y-k-a-c-

Ønse _lp-P\ t\Xm-hm-bn-cp∂p _me-Kw-Km-[-c-Xn-e-Is‚ G‰hpw i‡-amb Bbp[w ]X-

am-bn-cp-∂p. adm-Ø, tIkcn F∂o c≠v ]X-ßƒ At±-l-Øns‚ t\X-y-X-z-Øn¬ ]pd-Øn-d-ßn.

as‰mcp ]kn-≤-\mb ]X-]-h¿Ø-I-\m-bn-cp∂p kp_-“-W-y- m-c-Xn. 1904- ¬ kz-tZ-i-an-X≥ F∂

Xangv ]X-Øns‚ kl-]-Xm-[n-]-cmbn IS-∂p-h∂ At±lw "C¥y'F∂Xangv ]X-Øns‚bpw

"bwKv C¥y' F∂ CwKvfojv ]XØns‚bpw ]Xm-[n-]-Xyw Gs‰-Sp-Øn-cp-∂p. C¥-y-bpsS ]Y-

a-]-[m-\-a-¥n-bm-bn-cp∂ Ph-l¿em¬ s\lvdphns‚ tXX-r-X-z-Øn¬ 1938- ¬ XpS-ßnb ]X-amW-

Wv \m-j-W¬ sldm-ƒUv' Ch-sc-°m-sfms° ]X-]-h¿Ø\w kmaq-lnI˛cm-jvSob hnj-b-

ßƒ ssIIm-cyw sNbvX hy‡n alm-flm-Km‘n Bbn-cp-∂p. 1819- ¬ \h-Po-h\ F∂ KpP-

dmØn hmcn-Ibpw AtXm-sSm∏w bwKv C¥y F∂ CwKvfojv hmcn-Ibpw Km‘nPn ]kn-≤o-I-cn-

°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. Ch c≠pw k¿°m¿ I≠p-sI- n-b-Xn-s\-Xp-S¿∂v At±lw lcn-P≥ (1933) F∂

CwKvfojv hmcnI ]pd-Øn-d-°n. acnbv°pw hscbpw At±lw Xs∂-bm-bn-cp∂p ]Xm-[n-]-Xyw

hln-®-Xv. kzm-X-¥y ]q¿∆ C¥-y-bnse kmaq-lnI˛\-thm-∞m\ hnj-b-ß-fnepw kzm-X-¥y

ka-c-Ønepw ]X-ß-fpsS ]¶pw kzm-[o-\hpw \n¿Wm-b-I-am-bn-cp-∂p.

kzm-X-¥-y-e-_v[n°p tijw

kzm-X-¥-y-]q¿h C¥-y-bn¬ ]X-ßƒ ]e \nb-¥-W-ßƒ°pw hnt[-b-cm-bn-c-p∂p. kzm-

X-¥-y-k-a-c-tØm-Sp-ff `bw _nó-jp-Imsc C¥-y≥ ]X-ßsf \nb-¥n-°p-∂-Xn¬ D’p-I-cm-

°n. AXn-s\√mw AXn-ew-Ln®psIm≠mWv C¥-y≥ ]X-ßƒ FXn-cn- -Xv. C¥y kzm-X-¥-y-am-b-

tXm-Sp-IqSn AØcw AXn-ew-L-\-ß-fpsS kml-N-c-y-ßƒ C√m-Xm-hp-Ibpw ]X-ßƒ°pw kzm-

X-¥yw e`n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. `c-W-Iq-S-hp-ambn \√ _‘w \ne-\n¿Øp-∂-Xn\pw cmP-y-c-

£bv°pw sh≠n Bƒ C¥y \yqkv FUn-t‰gvkv tIm¨ -d≥kv (AINEC) D≠m-°nb s]cp-am-

‰-®´w 1947- ¬ \ne-hn¬h-∂p. ]X-ß-fpsS kmaq-ln-I- -cmjvS DØ-c-hm-ZnØw \nd-th-‰p∂ Xc-

Øn-ep-ff s]cp-am‰ N -am-bn-cp∂p AXv. ]o∂oSv ]X-cw-KØv Iao-I-c-W-ßƒ hcp-Øp-∂-Xn\pw

]X-kw-_-‘-amb ÿnXn hnh-c-ßƒ tiJ-cn®v ]T\w \S-Øp-∂-Xn\pw th≠n tIµ-k¿°m¿

kyqkv t]∏¿ cPn-kvSm-dpsS Hmôkv ÿm]n-®Xv ]X-ta-J-e-bnse kp]-[m\ \S-]Sn Bbn-

cp-∂p.

9


am[-y-a-]-T\w

a ] v Iu¨kn¬

1954- se H∂mw ] v IΩo-js‚ ip]m¿i-b-\p-k-cn®v ]X-k-zm-X-¥yw Dd-∏m-°p-hm\pw

]X-]-h¿Ø-\-Øn¬ Db∂ am\-Z-W-U-ßƒ ]men-°p-hm\pw 1956- ¬ cq]-h¬°-cn-°-s∏- -XmWv

] v Iu¨kn¬. PÃnkv at[m¬°¿ Bbn-cp-∂p ] v Iu¨kn-ens‚ BZy sNb¿am≥.

ASn-b-¥-cm-hÿ ImeØv (1975- 77) ]h¿Ø\w \ne-®p-t]m-sb-¶nepw 1978- ¬ tIµ-k¿°m¿

]pXn-sbmcp \nb-a-Øn-eq-sS CXv ]pÿm-]n-®p.

b F.-_n.-kn.

]kn-≤o-I-c-W-ß-fpsS ]Nmcw km£-y-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn\v t_mws_ Bÿm-\-am°n 1948-

˛¬ ÿm]n-X-am-b-XmWv BUn‰v _yqtdm Hm^v k¿Ip-te-j≥ (F _n kn ) ]X-]km-[-I¿,

]c-k-y-Zm-Xm-°ƒ, ]c-ky GP≥kn-Iƒ F∂n-h-cm-bn-cn°pw CXnse AwK-ßƒ.

c ] vSkv‰v Hm^v C¥y (]n.-Sn.-sF)

1947- -B-KÃv 27-\mWv ]n.-Sn.-sF. F∂ hm¿Ø GP≥kn \ne-hn¬ h∂-Xv. 1910- ¬ sI.-

kn.-tdmbn I¬°´ Bÿm-\-am°n Bcw- n® C¥-y-bn-em-Z-ysØ \yqkv GP≥kn-bmb At m-

kn-tb‰vkv ] v Hm v C¥y(F.-]n-.sF) bpsS ]h¿Ø\w ]n.-Sn.sF Gs‰-Sp-Øp. 1860- ¬ apX¬

C¥-y-bn¬ tkh\w e -y-am-°n-bncp-∂ "tdmbn- ¿' F∂ ]kn≤ _n´ojv GP≥kn-bp-ambn kl-

I-cn-®p-sIm-≠mWv ]n.-Sn.sF ]h¿Øn-°p-∂-Xv.

d.bpssW-‰Uv \yqkv Hm^v C¥y (bp.-F≥.-sF)

C¥-y-bnse c≠mw ÿm\-Øp-ff \ykv GP≥kn-bmWv CXv. 1959- -emWv bp.-F≥.sF

ÿm]n-X-am-b-Xv. hm¿Øm GP≥kn-I-fpsS ]h¿Ø\w sas®-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn\v a’cw A\n-

hm-c-y-am-sW∂ t_m[-Øn¬ \n∂v ]X-ÿm-]-\-ßƒ ap≥I-sø-Sp-ØmWv CXv XpS-ßn-b-Xv.

ae-bmf ]X-]-h¿Ø-\w.

hfsc sNdnb Ime-b-fth ae-bmf ]X-]-h¿Ø-\-N-cn-X-Øn-\p-f-fq. 1847 Pq¨ amk-

amWv ae-bm-f-Ønse BZ-y-]-X-amb "cmP-y-k-am-Nmcw' ]pd-Øn-d-ßp-∂-Xv. tUm. sl¿a≥

Kp≠¿´mWv Cu ]X-Øn\v ]n∂n¬ ]h¿Øn® ]Xn` F∂p Icp-Xp-∂p. 1845- ¬ Xe-t»-cn-

bnse C√n-°p-∂n¬ Hcp entØm-] v ÿm]n-®n-cp-∂p. ChnsS \n∂mWv Cu ]Xw ]pd-Øn-d-

ßn-b-Xv. CXn¬ ]Xm-[n-]-cpsS t]cv sImSp-Øn-cp-∂n-√. ae-bm-f-Ønse c≠m-asØ ]Xw ]›n-

tam-Zbw 1847- -H-IvtSm-_-dn¬- ¬ ]kn-≤o-I-cn-°-s∏- p. F^v.a-yq-f¿ Bbn-cp∂p CXns‚ ]Xm-[n-

]¿. cmP-y-k-am-Nm-csØ At]-£n®v B[p-\nI hn⁄m\im-J-Iƒ°v ]m[m-\yw Iev]n® amkn-

I-bm-bn-cp∂p c≠m-asØ ]Xw. Cu c≠p ]X-ßfpw InkvXp-a-X-]-N-c-W-tØbpw ]m›m-X-y-

hn-⁄m\ hnX-c-WtØbpw e£-y-am°n _mk¬an-j≥ kwLw A®-Sn-®-Xm-bn-cp-∂p. C°m-e-

Øp-Xs∂ tIm -bsØ N¿®v anj≥ k` (kn.-Fw.-F-kv) as‰mcp ]Xw Bcw- n-®p. 1948 \hw-_-

dn¬ ]kn-≤o-I-cn® ⁄m\-\n-t£]w Bbn-cp∂p AXv. _©-an≥ s_bven Bbn-cp∂p Cu

amkn-I-bpsS kamw-cw- -I≥.

ae-bmfØn¬ hy-Øm¥]XØns‚ kzm- m-h-Øn-ep-ff BZ-y-]Xw ]›n-a-Xm-c-I-bm-Wv

(1864) shtÃ¨ Ãm¿ F∂ tIc-f-Øn¬ \n∂n-d-ßnb CwKvfojv ]X-Øns‚ A\p-_-‘-am-bn-

cp-s∂-¶nepw Df-f-S-°-Øn¬ AXv ]q¿W-ambpw ae-bm-f-]Xw Xs∂-bm-bn-cp-∂p. XpS¿∂v

hnZymkwKlw, ]›na XmcI, tIcfw, kµnjvShmZn, tIcf ]XmI, BZyh¿Øam\]Xamb

tIcfanXw (1881) F∂nßs\[mcmfw ]kn≤oIcWßƒ h∂p. 1881˛emWv

BZykmlnXyamknIbmb hnZymhnemkn\n ]kn≤nIcn°p∂Xv. CXn\nSbv°v 15 Hmfw

10


am[-y-a-]-T\w

]kn≤oIcWßƒ aebmfØnep≠mbn. AXn¬ \ns∂√mw hfsc ]mapJyapffXmbncp∂p

hnZymhnemkn\n. BZy mjm kmlnXyNcnXKŸamb ]n. tKmhnµ]nffbpsS "`mjmNcnXw'

CXn¬ BZye°w apX¬ ]kn-≤o-I-cn-®n-cp-∂p. C∂pw ]kn-≤o-I-cn-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂ Zo]n-

I(-B-Z-y-t]cv \kmWn Zo]n-I) Acw- n-®Xv 1887 emWv. 1936- ¬ Bÿm\w tIm -b-tØ°v am‰n-

b-t∏mƒ AXns‚ t]cv Zo]nI F∂m-°n. 1890 emWv ae-bm-f-Ønse ][m\ ]X-ß-fn-sem-

∂mb ae-bmf at\m-ca I≠-Øn¬ h¿Kokv am∏nf ]kn-≤o-I-cn-°p-∂-Xv.

1892- ¬ I≠-Øn¬ h¿Kokv am∏nf Xs∂ `mjm-t]m-jn-Wn-bpw, 1894- ¬ IS-Ø-\m´p DZ-

b-h¿Ω Xºp-cm≥ Ih-t\m-Zbw amkn-Ibpw 1899- ¬ kn.-]n.AN-yq-X-ta-t\ms‚ t\X-r-X-z-Øn¬

hnZ-ym-hn-t\m-Zn\n amkn-I-bpw, 1902˛¬ cma-h¿Ω A∏≥ Xºp-cm≥ ckn-I-c-RvPn\n amkn-I-bpw,

1904- ¬ alm-Ihn Ipam-c-\m-ims‚ t\Xr-X-z-Øn¬ hnth-Im-Zbw ssZz-am-kn-Ibpw (]-Xm-[n-]¿

Fw.-tKm-hn-µ≥) Ihn-X-bn-eqsS amXw hnh-c-ßƒ \¬InsIm≠v 1904- ¬ ]¥fw tIc-f-h¿Ω-

bpsS Ih\-Iu-ap-Zn-bpw, 1908- ¬ tbmK-t£-a-k- -bpsS apJ-]-X-amb awK-tfm-Z-bhpw ]kn-≤o-

I-y-X-am-bn. tIc-f-]-X-]-h¿Ø-\-N-cn-X-Øn¬ FSpØp ]d-tb≠ Hcp t]cmWv kz-tZ-im`n-am\n

cma-I-y-jvW-]n-f-f. h°w A_vZpƒ JmZ¿ aue-hn-bpsS DS-a-ÿ-bn-ep-ff kz-tZ-im- n-am\n ]X-

Øns‚ ]Xm-[n-]cpw k¿∆-k-z-hp-am-bn-cp∂p At±-lw. Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ `c-W-Iq-S-Øn-s\-Xn-sc-

bp-ff hna¿i-\-ß-fm¬ \mSp-I-S-Øs∏´ ]Xm-[n-]-cm-bn-cp∂p At±-lw. At±-l-Øns‚ Bfl-

I-Y-bWv "Fs‚ \mSp-I-S-Ø¬'

anj-\-dn-am-cpsS kw`m-h-\.

ae-bmf ]X-]-h¿Ø-\-ta-J-e-bnse ]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ XpS-ßn-sh-®Xv anj-W-dn-am-cm-bn-cp-

∂p. aX-]-Nm-c-W-am-bn-cp-∂p anj-W-dn-am-cp-sS e£-yw. tIc-f-Ønse hy-X-ykvX hn`m-K-ß-fn¬

\n∂pw h∂p tN¿∂ InkvXob kaq-lsØ -Iq´n-bn-W-°p-∂-Xn\v hnZ-ym- -ym-khpw ]kn-≤o-I-

c-W-ßfpw Bh-i-y-am-sW∂ Xncn-®-dnhv anj-W-dn-am¿°p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. AXn-\m¬ Cu c≠p-ta-

J-e-Iƒ°pw Ah¿ ]m[m-\yw sImSp-Øp. [mcmfw hnZ-ym- -ymk ÿm]-\-ßfpw ]kn-≤o-I-c-

W-ßfpw Ah¿ kr-jvSn-®p. ae-bm-f-Ønse BZy aq∂v ]X-ßfpw aX-]-c-amb Bh-i-y-

ßƒ°mbn ]kn-≤o-I-cn-®-h-bm-bn-cp-∂p. cmP-y-k-am-Nm-chpw ]›n-tam-Z-bhpw Xe-t»-cn-bn¬

]h¿Øn-®n-cp∂ IykvXn≥ anj-W-dn- kwL-amb _mk¬ anj≥ Imcp-tS-Xm-bn-cp-∂p. ⁄m\-

\n-t£]w tIm -bsØ kn.-Fw.-F-kvIm-cp-tSXpw Bbn-cp-∂p. h¿Ø-am-\-]-X-Øns‚ kz- m-h-

ßƒ ]Z¿in-∏n-°p-∂-h-bm-bn-cp-∂n√ Cu ]X-ßƒ. InkvXob hni-zm-k-tØbpw InkvXo-b-

k- -I-fpsS D∂-a-\tØbpw ]mam-Wn-ØtØbpw Adnbn-°pI F∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p Ch-bpsS e£yw

"⁄m\-\n-t£]w' C∂pw tIm´bw kn.-Fw.-Fkv k -bpsS apJ-]-X-ambn XpS-cp-∂p.

aX-]-c-amb Bh-i-ym¿∞w ]kn-≤o-I-y-X-amb Cu ]Xßƒ ]t£ ae-bmf ]X-h¿Ø-

\-Øn\v \nZm-\-am-hp-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. ]X-]-h¿Ø-\-Øn\v amX-y-I-bmb Cu ]X-ß-fpsS coXn-

bn¬ \n∂mWv ae-bmf ]X-]-h¿Ø-\-cwKw hf¿∂v hnI-kn-®-Xv.

]X-]-h¿Ø-\hpw KZ-y-km-ln-X-y-Øns‚ hf¿®-bpw.

ae-bmf ]X-]-h¿Ø-\-Øps‚ NcnXw 1947˛¬ Bcw- n-°p-∂p. AtXØpS¿∂v hm¿Ø-

Ifpw hnh-c-ßfpw KZ-y-cq-]-Øn¬ hmb-\-°m-cn-te-s°-Øn. AXp-hsc KZ-y-tØ-°mƒ hn⁄m-

\-hn-X-c-W-Øn\v ][m-\-ambpw ]Z-ysØ Bi-bn-®n-cp-∂p \mSm-bn-cp∂p tIc-fw. DØ-a-K-Z-y-

Øn\v amX-y-I-sb∂v D≈q¿ hnti-jn-∏n® B¿®v Uo°- tImin-bpsS ]pt√-en-°p©p F∂

t\mh¬ ⁄m\ \nt£-]-Øn-eq-sS-bmWv BZyw ]Im-in-X-am-hp-∂-Xv. KŸ-\n-cq-]-Whpw Cu

]XØn¬ ]X-y-£-s∏- n-cp-∂p. 1862- ¬ "kwhm-Z\w' F∂ t]cn-em-bn-cp∂p CXv.

11


am[-y-a-]-T\w

C∂v kmln-X-y-k-y-jvSn-Iƒ JWvU»: ]kn-≤-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ kº-Zmbw BZyw XpS-ßn-bXv

⁄m\-\n-t£-]-am-Wv. BZ-y-Ime ]X-am-kn-I-I-fn-se√mw Xs∂ kmln-X-y-k-y-jvSn-Iƒ ]kn-≤o-I-

cn-®n-cp-∂p. BZy kmln-X-y-am-kn-I-bmb "hnZ-ym-hn-em-kn\n' cq]-sa-Sp-ØXv Cu ]X-]m-c-º-c-y-Øn-

em-bn-cp-∂p. ]n. tKmhn-µ-∏n-f-f-bpsS "`mjm-N-cnXw' BZyw ]kn-≤n-I-y-X-am-hp-∂Xv hnZ-ym-hn-em-kn-

\-bn-em-Wv. hnZ-ym-hn-em-kn-\n-bn¬ hnimJw Xncp-\mƒ [mcmfw KZy-te-J-\-ßƒ X¿÷-a-bmbpw

imkvX-te-J-\-ß-fmbpw Fgp-Xn-bn-cp-∂p. 1992- ¬ ]kn-≤o-I-r-X-amb mjm t]mjnWn kmln-X-y-

Øn\pw ]m[m-\yw \¬In. KZ-y -Øn\pw i‡-amb km∂n-[yw A\p-h-Zn -®n -cp -∂p.

kn.-Fkv kp_-“-W-y≥t]m‰n hnh¿Ø\w sNbvX _wKmfn t\mh-ep-I-fmb sNº-I-am-e,

Zp¿t§i-\-µn\n F∂nh CXn-emWv h∂n-cp-∂-Xv. ae-bmf sNdp-I-Y-bpsS ]mcw-`-Im-e-ambn

]cn-K-Wn-°p∂ 1899- ¬ Cdßnb hn-Z-ym-hn-t\m-Zn-\n-bn-eq-sSbpw ckn-I-c-⁄n-\n-bn-eq-sS-bp-amWv

Ch shfn®w I≠-Xv. thß-bn¬ Ip™n-cm-a≥ \mb-\m¿, Imcm´v AN-yp-X-sa-t\m≥, kn.-F-kv.

tKm]m-e≥ , aq¿t°mØv Ipam-c≥F∂n-h¿ IYm-tem-I-tØ°v IS-∂p-h-∂Xv CXn-eq-sS-bm-Wv.

ae-bm-f-Ønse BZ-y-sN-dp-IY hmk-\m-hn-I-yXn hcp-∂Xv hnZ-ym-hn-t\m-Zn-\n-bn-em-Wv. IYm-

km-ln-X-y-Øns‚ hf¿®°v hgn-a-cp-∂n- Xv BZ-y-Ime ]X-]-h¿Ø-\-]m-c-º-c-y-apƒs°m≠ Cu

amkn-I-I-fm-bn-cp-∂p.

A[n-Im-chpw am[-y-a-ßfpw

_n.-B¿.-]n. `mkvI¿

am[-y-aßƒ A[n-Im-c-h-y-h-ÿ-bpsS `mK-am-sW∂p hy-‡-am-°p∂ hnti-j-amWv

"t^m¿Øv FtÃ‰v' hm‹nbpw _n´ojv ]m¿en-sa‚w-K-hp-am-bn-cp∂ FUva≠v _¿°mWv Cu

hn-tijWw BZ-y-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-®-sX∂p Icp-Xp-∂p(1790) A[n-Imcw ]¶n-Sp∂ ]`p-k-`,

_nj-∏p-am¿, ]Pm-k` F∂o aq∂v FtÃ-‰p-I-sf-°mfpw i‡n \memw k -bv°p-s≠-∂mWv

_¿°ns‚ \nco-£-Ww. temI-sam´p°pw km£-cX Ipd-hm-b-Xp-sIm≠v ]X-ß-fpsS BZ-y-

Ime ]Nmcw ]cn-an-X-am-sb-¶nepw Ah-bpsS kaq-l-Øn-ep-ff henb kzm-[o-\X A[n-I-y-X¿

Xnc-n®-dn-™n-cp∂p.

]X-ßƒ A[n-Imc aWvU-e-am-sW∂ _¿°ns‚ \nco-£Ww _p≤n-Po-hn-Iƒ°n-S-bn¬

AwKo-Imcw t\Sp-Ibpw Ime-I-a-Øn¬ "t^m¿Øv FtÃ‰v' F∂ Bibw F√m P\m-[n-]-X-y-k-

aq-l-ßfpw kzo-I-cn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. \ΩpsS `c-W-L-S-\-bpsS ASn-ÿm\ A[n-Im-c-ÿm-\-

ß-fm-bn- p-ff FIvkn-I-yq- ohv , sePn-kvtf-®¿ , PpUo-j-ydn F∂n-h-tbm-sSm∏w \memw A[n-Im-

c-ÿm-\-ambn Icp-Xm≥ ]mI-Øn¬ ]X-ßƒ amdn. ]X-Øns‚ ÿm\w A[n-Im-cn-tfm-sSm-∏-

a√ P\-ß-tfm-sSm-∏-amWv F∂ kqN\ \evIm≥ ]c-ym-]vX-amb hnti-j-W-amWv ]Xw, kaq-l-

Øns‚ IÆp-Ifpw ImXp-IfpamWv F∂Xv. ]X-temIw GI-am\ kz- m-h-ap-ff H∂-√m-Ø-Xp-

sIm≠v ]X-ßƒ°pw ]X-]-h¿Ø-I¿°pw hy-X-y-kvX-\n-e-]m-Sp-Iƒ FSp-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. AXp-

sIm-≠p-Xs∂ Hcp hnti-j-W-Øn¬ amXw HXp-°m-h-p∂-hb√ ]X-ßƒ.

C¥-y-bnse BZ-y-]-X-amb _wKmƒ Kk-‰vt]mepw ]nd-hn-sb-Sp-ØXv A[n-Im-c-cm-jvSo-b-

Øns‚ `mK-am-bm-Wv. hmd≥tl-Ãn-Mvkns‚ ÿm\w tamln-®-cn-cp-∂ ^nen∏v -^m≥kn-kv,

sPbnwkv AK-Ãkv ln°nbpsS c£m-[n-Im-c-Øn¬ 1780 P\p-hcn 29 "Kk‰v' Bcw- n-®p. tlÃn-

Mvkns\Xncmbn ]h¿Øn® AXns\ Hcp "cmjvSo-bhmWn-Py-]Xw' F∂mWv ln°n hnti-jn-

∏n-®-Xv. ^nen-∏v^m≥knkv CwKvf-≠n-te°v aS-ßn-b-t∏mƒ tlÃnMvkv ]Øn-s\-Xnsc \S-]-Sn-

sb-Sp-Øp. k¿°m-dn\p ]n¥pW kwL-Sn-∏n-°m-\mbn "C¥y Kk‰v' F∂ ]Xw tlÃnMvkv

Bcw- n-®-Xn¬ \n∂pw C¥-y≥ ]X-]-h¿Ø\w XpS°w apX¬ Xs∂ A[n-Imc cmjvSo-b-hp-

ambn _‘-s∏- -Xm-sW∂p a\-kn-em°mw 1780- 1857 \pw CSbv°v 200-Hmfw ]X-ßƒ ]X-y-£-

12


am[-y-a-]-T\w

-

s∏-s -¶nepw H∂n\pw Gsd-°mew ]nSn®p \n¬°m-\m-bn-√. kmº-ØnI ]cm-[o-\-Xbpw CuÃv

C¥ym Iº-\n-bpsS ]oU-\p-hp-sams° ]X-ß-fpsS \ne-\n-ev]ns\ _m[n-®p.

\mep ]Xn-‰m-t≠mfw ]m›m-X-y-cpsS ssII-fn-em-bn-cp∂p C¥-y≥ ]X-]-h¿Ø\-cw-K-

tØ°v ]n∂oSv C¥-y-°m¿ IS-∂p-h-cm≥ XpS-ßn. kz-X¥ \ne-]m-Sp-I-sf-SpØ ]X-ßƒs°Xnsc

I¿i\ \nb-¥-W-ß-fm-bn-cp∂p sImtfm-Wn-b¬ `c-W-Iq-S-Øn¬ \n∂p-≠m-b-Xv. CØ-c-Øn¬

]oU\w t\cn- -XmWv _wKm-fn-]-X-ßƒ. ]t£ CsXm∂pw ]X-ßƒ A[n-Imc tIµ-ß-fmbn

hf-cp-∂Xv XS-bm-\m-bn-√.

ae-bmf at\m-c-a-bn¬ HutZ-ym-KnI Nn”w D]-tbm-Kn-°m≥ Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ alm-cm-Pmhv

A\p-h-Zn-®-Xn¬ \n∂pw cmPmhv ]XsØ A[n-I-cm-ÿm-]-\-ambn AwKo-I-cn-°m-\p-ff k∂-≤-X-

bmWv ]I-Sn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. F∂m¬ Imiv-ao¿ cmPmhv cmPv k-c- ns‚ ]Xw XpS-ßm-\p-ff A\p-

hm-ZsØ \nc-kn-®Xv ]Xw iXp-hm-Ip-sa∂ b-Øm-em-Wv. ]Xw A[n-Im-c-tI-µ-am-sW∂ Xncn-

®-dn-hmWv ChnsS ]Xn- -en-°p-∂-X.v hdp-Kokv am∏n-f°v t]m’m-l\w \evInb alm-cm-Pm-hp-

X-s∂-bmWv cWIqSsØ hna¿in-® kz-tZ-im- n-am\n cma-I-r-jvW-]n-f-fsb \mSp-I-S-Øm≥ DØ-

c-hn- Xpw se\ns‚ kl-]-h¿Ø-I-\mb tSmSvkvIn ]´m-f-tØms-Sm∏w ]X-ß-sfbpw ssIbn-

se-Sp-t°-≠-Xns‚ Bh-i-y-IX Nq≠n-°m-Wn-®p. "" _q¿j-zm-]-X-ßsf t\S-cn-Sm-\p-ff G‰hpw

^e-]-Z-amb am¿§w sXmgn-emfn ]X-ßƒ hnI-kn-∏n-°p-I-bm-sW∂v'' At±lw Fgp-Xn.

hnhcw AYhm Adnhv tiJ-cn-°p-Ibpw hnX-cWw sNøp-I-bp-amWv ]X-ßƒ

sNøp-∂-Xv. Cu Adnhns‚ ta¬ IpØ-Im-h-Imiw ÿm]n-°m-\p-ff iaw ]e A[n-Im-c-tI-µ-

ßfpw \S-Øn-bn- p-≠v. P\-ßƒ°v F¥v Adn-b-W-sa∂pw F¥v Adn-tb≠ F∂pw Adn-bp∂

Imc-y-Øn\v F¥v ]m[m-\yw thW-sa-∂p-sams° hnth-N\ _p≤n-tbm-Sp-IqSn kaq-l-Øns‚

AP≠ Xocp-am-\n-°p-∂p. P\-ßsf kzm-[o-\n-°p-I-sb∂ ]X-y-£-amb e£-y-tØmsS-bmWv

am[-y-a-ßƒ Cu I¿Ø-hyw \n¿h-ln-°p-∂-Xv. CXv kaq-l-Øn\v KpWhpw tZmjhpw sNøpw.

s]mXp-P-\m- n-]mbw kz-cq-]n°m-\p-ff Ignhv Xßƒ°p-s≠∂v ]X-ßƒ hfsc t\ctØ Xncn-

®-dn-bp-I-bp-≠m-bn. Ime-I-a-Øn¬ A`n-]mb kz-cq-]Ww Hcp Ah-Im-i-ambn ]X-ßƒ ImWm≥

XpS-ßp-Ibpw kaq-l-w AXv AwKo-I-cn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. A[n-Im-chpw ]Xhpw XΩn-ep-ff

_‘w Dd-∏n-°p-∂-Xn¬ Cu LSIw hen-sbmcp ]¶v hln-®n- p-≠v.

]X-ßƒ°v kz-X-¥-ambn ]h¿Øn-°m-\p-ff kml-N-cyw D≠m-°-Ww. Ata-cn-°≥

sFI-y-\m-Sp-Iƒ P\m-[n-]-X-y-Iaw sI´n-s∏-Sp-°m-\p-ff iaw Bcw- n-®-t∏mƒXs∂ ]X kzm-X-

¥yw Dd-∏m-°-W-sa∂ Bh-iyw Db¿∂p. F∂m¬ `c-W-L-S\ hy-hÿ sNøm-Øp-X-sIm≠v

]X-k-zm-X-¥yw IqSn Dƒs∏-Sp∂ Ah-Im-i-®- -ßƒ AXn¬ Dƒs∏SpØn-bm¬ amXta `c-W-

L-S\ AwKo-I-cn-°p-I-bp-sf-f∂v ]e kwÿm-\-ßfpw hy-‡-am-°n. AXns‚ `mK-ambn Hcp

t`Z-K-Xn-bn-eqsS ]pXnb hIp-∏p-Iƒ tN¿°-s∏- p. F∂meo t`Z-KXn bYm¿∞Ø-Øn¬ ]X-

k-zm-X-¥yw ]Zm\w sNøp-I-bmbncp-∂n-√. ImcWw ]X-ßƒ°v ]h¿Øn-°m-\p-ff Ah-Imiw

kzm- m-hn-I-am-bn-Øs∂bp≠v. ]X-k-zm-X-¥yw GXp-hn-[-Øn¬ Npcp-°p∂ \nb-ahpw Aßs\

`c-W-L-S\m hncp-≤-am-bnØo-cp-∂p.

C¥-y≥ `c-W-L-S-\-bn¬ ]Xkzm-X-¥-y-sØ-°p-dn®v Hcp ]cm-a¿i-hp-an-√. Pb-]-Imiv

\mcm-b-W≥ Dƒs∏sS ]e ]apJcpw aueo-Im-h-Im-i-ß-fpsS Iq -Øn¬ ]X kzm-X-¥-ysØ

s]Sp-ØmØXv Np≠n-Im-Wn-®p. Bhn-jvImc kzm-X-¥-y-Øn\p hy-hÿ sNbvX-Xp-sIm≠v ]X

kzm -X - ¥-ysØ FSp -Øp -] -d -tb≠ Bh-i-y -I -X -bn -s√∂v _n. -C.dmhp hmZn -®p.

13


am[-y-a-]-T\w

tUm. _n. B¿ Awt_-ZvIdpw Cu hmZ-tØmSv tbmPn-®p. kp]ow tImS-Xnbpw A`n-]m-b-

-B-hn-jvImc kzm-X-¥-y-ß-fpsS `mK-ambn ]X-k-zm-X-¥yw \ne-\nev°p∂-sX∂v \nco-£n-®p.

]uc-∑m-cpsS A`n-]mb˛B-hn-jvI-c-W-k-zm-X-¥yw F]ImcamtWm A]-Imcw Xs∂-

bmWv am[-y-a-ß-tfXpw. F√m auen-Im-h-Im-i-ß-fpsS taepw bp‡n-k-l-amb \nb-¥-W-ßƒ

G¿s∏-Sp-Øm-\p-ff A[n-Imcw \ΩpsS c-W-L-S\ k¿°m-dn\v \evIp-∂p-≠v. ]X-k-zm-X-¥yhpw

CXn¬ s]Spw. bp‡n-k-l-am-bn-th-W-sa-∂p-am-Xw.

ASn-b-¥-cm-hÿ ]X-k-zm-X¥y-Øns‚ ]m[m-\-y-sØ-°p-dn®v F√m-h-scbpw t_m-[-hm-

∑m-cm-°n. AXn-\p-ap≥]v ]X-ßƒ DZm-ko-\-a-t\m- m-h-am-bn-cp∂p ]pe¿Øn-bn-cp-∂-Xv. c≠mw

semI-a-lm-bp-≤-ImeØv ISpØ \nb-¥-W-ßƒ°p hnt[-b-amb ]X-ßƒ bpZv[w Ah-km-\n-

®n´pw h¿§ob Iem-]-Øns‚bpw kmbp[ ka-cØns‚bpw ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ k¿°m-c-dns‚

CtX \nb-¥-W-Øn\p IognemWv \ne-\n-∂-Xv. cmjvSob kmº-Øn-I-Xm-Xv]-c-y-ap-ff ]X DS-a-

Iƒ \ne-hn-ep-ff kml-N-c-y-Ø-n\-\p-k-y-X-am-bn-\n-∂p. hymh-km-bnI XmXv]-c-y-ap-ff ]X-ßƒ

hy-‡-ambpw he-Xp-]-£Øp \ne-bp-d-∏n-®p. hy-h-km-bn-I-fpsS DS-a-ÿ-X-bn-ep-ff ]X-ß-fpsS

iXp-X-bmWv ASn-b-¥-cm-h-ÿ-°m-esØ I¿i-\-amb \nb-¥-W-ßƒ°p hgn-sX-fn-b-®-Xv.

ASn-b-¥-cm-hÿm ]J-ym-]\w icn-sb∂p \ne-]m-sS-SpØ Cµn-cm-Km-‘nbv°v ]X-ß-fpsS ta¬

G¿s∏-Sp-Ønb sk≥k¿jn∏v sX‰m-sW∂v a\- n-em-bn. ASnb¥cm-h-ÿm-\p- hw ]X-k-zm-X-

¥-y-Øns‚ ]m[m-\yw a\- n-em-°m≥ klm-bn-®-Xp-sIm≠v \nb-¥-W-ßsf sNdp-°m≥ ]Xw

i‡n-bm¿÷n-®p.

C¥ybnse am[-y-a-ß-fn∂v A[n-Im-c-tI-µ-ß-sf∂ \ne-bn¬ i‡-cm-Wv. ]X-ßƒs°Xn-

cmb ]cmXnIfn¬ Xo¿∏p-I-ev]n-°p-∂-Xn\v Hcp ]kv Iu¨kn¬ \ne-hn-ep-s≠-¶nepw Ct∏mƒ

AXn\v henb hne Iev]n°m-dn-√. amX-a√ ]X-ßƒ Ah-bpsS DS-a-ÿm-h-Imiw kw_-‘n®

hnhcw shfn-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ Bh-i-y-s∏-Sp∂ Hcp \nb-ahpw cmP-y-Øp-≠v. hmb-\-°msc klm-bn-

°m-\mWv ]m¬e-sa‚ v Aß-s\-sbmcp \nbaw ]mkm-°n-b-Xv. Iº-\n-bp-tStbm SÃns‚tbm

s]cp \evIn Nne ]X-ßƒ CXn-s\bpw ]cm-P-b-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.

A®-Sn-am-[-y-a-ßsf ]n∂n-em°n Ce-IvtSm-WnIv am[-y-a-ßƒ hf-cp∂ kml-N-c-y-Øn¬

Ahsb \nb-¥n-°m≥ t]cn-\p-t]mepw \nb-a-an-√. Ata-cn-°-bn¬ A\p-h-Z-\o-b-a-√mØ Imc-y-

ßƒ Ce-IvtSm-WnIv am[-y-a-ßƒ kwt]-£Ww sNøp-∂-Xn\v I¿i\ \S-]Sn kzo-I-cn-°p-∂p≠v.

F∂m¬ C¥-y-bn-en-Xn-√.

c≠p \q‰m≠v ]mc-º-c-y-ap-ff C¥-y≥ AS-®Sn am[-y-a-cw-KØv hcp-∂-h¿°v sXmgn-ens‚bpw

ÿm]-\-Øns‚bpw AwKo-I-y-X-aq-e-y-ßƒ Dƒs°m-≈m≥ Ign-bp-∂-co-Xn-bp-ep-ff kwhn-[m-\-

amWv ]e ]X-am-∏o-kp-I-fnepw Df-f-Xv. F∂m¬ k¿°m¿ taJ-ebv°v ]pdØv ]X-y-£-s∏-Sp∂

Ce-IvtSm-WnIv am[-y-a-ß-fn¬ sXmgn¬ aqe-y-ß-fpsS ]Xn-^-e\w ]e-t∏mgpw ImWmsX

t]mIp-∂p.

A[n-Imc tIµ-ß-sf∂ \ne-bn¬ am[-y-a-ßƒ t\Sn-bn-´p-ff ÿm\w DS-a-Ifpw

am[-ya]h¿Ø-Icpw Ah-c-h-cp-tS-Xmb coXn-I-fn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p-≠v. ASn-b-¥-cm-h-ÿ-°m-

eØp amX-a√ a‰p ]e L -ß-fnepw k¿°m-dns\Xnsc [oc-amb \ne-]m-sS-SpØ DS-a-sb∂ Jym-

Xn-bp-ff C≥U-y≥ FIvk-]-kns‚ cmw\mYv tKmb¶Xs∂-bmWv ]Xw \evIp∂ A[n-Imcw kz¥w

XmXv]cyßƒ°p hn\n-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xn¬ Hcp ]t£ G‰hpa[nIw B¿÷hw Im´n-b-Xpw. A[n-

Im-c-tI-µ-ß-fmbn amdnb am[-y-a-ßƒ Ah-cpsS DØ-hm-Zn-Xzw \n¿∆-ln-°p-∂pt≠m F∂p t\mt°-

≠Xv s]mXpP\-ß-fm-Wv. -am-[-y-a-ß-fpsS \ne-\n-ev]p-Xs∂ s]mXp-P-\-ß-fn-em-Wv.

14


am[-y-a-]-T\w

samU-yqƒ ˛ II

II tdUn-tbm-bpsS BhnÀ`m-hw-þ-N-cnXw

1888Â PÀ½³ imkvX-Ú-\mb slÀSvkv tdUn-tbm-X-cwK-§Ä I-p]nSn-¨p. F¶mÂ

Ch ê-]-Z-ambn D]-tbm-Kn¨v Cä-en-¡m-c-\mb amÀt¡mWn tdUn-tbm-bpsS 1869 þÂ t]äâ v

Ic-Ø-am¡n. amÀt¡m-Wn-bmWv tdUn-tbmbpsS ]nXmhv F¶-dn-bs¸Sp¶Xv. 1899Â Cw¥ojv

Nm\-en\v IpdpsI At±lw kná-ep-I-f-b¨p. XpSÀ¶p-ff KthW ê-ambn knáep-IÄ¡v

]pdta ktµ-ihpw kwKo-Xhpw FÃmw Ab-¡m-sa¶v Is--¯n. H¶mw temI-a-lm-bp²w

hsc Ch hym]-I-ambn D]-tbm-Kn- n-cp-s¶-¦neppw C¶v ImWp¶ tdUntbm ]t£-]-W-§-sf-

¡p-dn¨v Imcy-amb Nn´-sbm¶pw \S-¶n-cp-¶n-Ã. 1920Â Cw¥--nse sNwkvt^mÀUv F¶

Øe¯v amÀt¡mWn I¼\n ]co-£-W\nebw Øm]n- -tXm-sS-bmWv tdUntbm ]t£-]Ww

bYmÀ°-¯nÂ Bcw-`n-¨-Xv. 1920 s^_p-hcn 23 apXÂ Znh-khpw c-p XhW kwKo-Xhpw

]`m-j-Whpw At±lw ]t£-]Ww sN¿p-hm³ Bcw- n- p.. CXmWv BZys¯ ]t£-]W

Øm]-\w. CtX XpSÀ¶v hmWn-P-ym-Sn-Øm-\- nÂ ssek³tkmSp IqSnb BZ-ys¯ tdUntbm

tÌj³ AtX hÀjw Ata-cn-¡-bnse ]oävkv_À¤nÂ ]hÀ -\-am-cw- n- p. 1927- -emWv _n-

«ojv t_mUvIm-ÌnwKv I¼\n (_n.-_n.-kn) Øm]n-¡s¸-Sp-¶-Xv. 1930 IfnÂ Sm³kn-ÌÀ I-p-

]n-Sn- -tXm-Sp-IqSn tdUn-tbm-bpsS ]Nmcw ]Xn³a-S-§m-bn. C -y-bnÂ tIµo-I-y-X-amb coXn-

bnÂ tdUntbm ]t£-]-W-amcw`n- Xv 1924 emWv. 1936 emWv C -y³ tdUntbm ]t£-]Ww

BÄ Cým tdUntbm ( F.-sF.-BÀ) F¶ t]cnÂ ka-q-e-ambn ]cn-hÀ¯n-¡-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv.

kzm-X- -ym-\- cw CXnsâ t]cnsâ IqsS BIm-i-hmWn F¶p Iq«n-t¨À¡-s -«p.

tdUntbmbv°v th≠ cN-\-Iƒ \n¿h-ln-°p-tºmƒ i≤n-t°≠ Imc-y-ßƒ.

i_vZ-§-fn-eqsS amXw hkvXp-X-IÄ Xncn- -dn-bp¶ AÔs\t¸mse-bmWv tdUntbm

timXm-hv. Hcp aXn-en-\- p-d¯v F´mWv \S-¡p-¶-sX¶v AhnsS \S-¡p¶ i_vZ-§-fnÂ

\n¶pw amXw a\-Ên-em-¡n-sb-Sp-¡p-hm³ AbmÄ ian-¡p-¶p. B BÄ¡v th-n-bm-hWw

tdUntbm cN-\-IÄ \nÀh-ln-¡p-t¼mÄ cN-bn-Xmhv i²n-t¡---Xv. ]kw-Kw, hmÀ¯ hmb-

\, kwKo-X-]-cn-]m-Sn-IÄ F¶n-h-bn-sem¶pw timXmhpw ]cn-]m-Sn-Ifpw X½n-epÅ Bi-b-kw-

th-Z\w \S-¡msX t]mIp-¶n-Ã. ImcWw Ah `mj-bn-eqsS amXw kwth-Z\w \S-¡p¶ cq]-

§-fm-b-XpsIm-mWv. F¶mÂ Hcp \mSIw tdUn-tbm-¡p-th-n Fgp-Xp-t¼mÄ Hcp tÌPn-e-

h-X-cn-¸n-¡p¶ \mS-I-¯nÂ \n¶pw amä-§Ä hcp-t¯-n hcpw. km[m-cW \mS-I-¯n-ep--m-

Ip¶ ]Ým- ew F¶ LSIw tdUntbm \mS-I- n-en-Ã. AsÃ-¦nÂ B ]Ým- ew IqsS

IYm-]m-X-§-fpsS kw`m-j-W-¯nÂ DÄs¸-Sp-t¯-nhcpw. km[m-cW tÌPv \mS-I-¯nÂ

HcmÄ Xe-bnÂ Hcp ]mX-hp-ambn hcp-t¼mÄ asämcp IYm-]mXw F´m-WnXv F¶p tNmZn-

¡p¶ cwK¯v tdUntbm \mS-I-¯nÂ Xe-bnse Cu ]mX-¯n-se-´mWv F¶p tNmZn-t¡-n

hcpw. tÌPv \mS-I-¯nÂ \n¶pw hy-X-y-kvX-ambn HcmÄ hcp-¶p-s-¶pw A-bm-fpsS Xe-bnÂ

Hcp ]mX-ap-s-¶pw tIÄhn-¡m-cs\ Adn-bn-¡p-hm-\mbn tdUntbm \mS-I-¯nÂ C§s\ ]Ým-

¯-e kw_-Ôn-bmb hnh-c-§Ä IqSn kw`m-j-W-¯nÂ DÄs¸-Sp¯n Ah-X-cn-¸n-t¡-n hcpw.

(a-sämcp DZm-l-c-Ww; Imcyw tNmZn-¡p-t¼mÄ ]pdw Xncnªp t]mIp-¶-XmtWm ac-ym-Z) Cu

Ah-X-cWw Atcm-N-I-am-ImsX cN-bn-Xm-¡Ä i²n-¡-Ww.

tdUntbm \mS-I-§-fnse Hcp KpWw Ahbv¡v tÌPv \mS-I-§-fpsS Øe Ime§f-h-

X-cn- n-¡p¶ ]cn-an-Xn-IÄ H¶p-anÃ F¶p-Å-Xm-Wv. iq\-y-m-Im-i¯v sht¨m, GXv tZi¯v

15


am[-y-a-]-T\w

sht¨m \S-¡p¶ Øes¯ Ah-X-cn- n-¡p-hm³ tdUntbm \mS-I- n\v kw`m-j-W- n-eqsS

km[n-¡pw. Cu km[-y-Xbpw tdUntbmbnse cN-\ \nÀ½n¡pt¼mÄ i²n-t¡---Xm-Wv.

II 6. P\-Iob am[-y-a-sa∂ \ne-bn¬ tdUn-tbm-bqsS ]k-‡n.

FÃm hn`mKw P\-§-tfbpw Htc t]mse kao-]n-¡m\pw kzm-[o-\n-¡p-hm\pw tijn-bpÅ

am[-yaw F¶ \ne-bnÂ kaq-ls¯ Hä sI«mbn \ne-\nÀ¯p-¶-XnÂ tdUntbm ]t£-]-W-

¯n\v henb ]¦p \nÀh-ln-¡p-hm-\p--v. kz-X´ mc-X-¯nÂ 14 tdUntbm tÌj-\p-I-fmWv XpS-

¡-¯nÂ D-mbn-cp-¶-sX-¦nepw Ct¸mÄ 99% P\-§Ä¡n-S-bnepw 90% q]tZ-i-§-fnepw km\n-

[-y-apÅ temI-¯n-se-¯s¶ henb ih-y-am-[-ya iyw-J-e-bmbn amdn-bn-«p--v. hnÚm-\-hpw

hmÀ¯bpw hnt\m-Zhpw hnZ-ym- -ym-khpw ]IÀ¶v P\-Xsb ià-cm-¡pI F¶-XmWv Cu _lp-P-

\-am-[-y-a- nsâ e£-yw. Hcp mK v kÀ¡m-dnsâ ]N-c-tWm-]m-[n-bmbn XpS-t¼mÄXs¶ BIm-

i-hmWn asämcp am[-y-ahpw ss[c-y-s -Sm¯ h®w ]mÀi-z-hÂI-cn-¡-s¸« P\-hn- m-K-§-fpsS

i_vZhpw tIÄ¸n-¡p-¶p. \m«n³]p-ds¯ kvXoIÄ, IÀj-IÀ, BZn-hm-kn-IÄ, Zfn-XÀ, sXmgnÂ

cln-X-cmb bphXo bphm-¡Ä, hy-²À XpS§n Hcp Xc- nepw am[-y-a-§-fn-se- n-t -cm- -h-

cpsS i_vZw BIm-i-hm-Wn-bn-eqsS ]pdw semI-s - p-¶p.

Hcp t£a-cmjvSw sI«n-s -Sp-¡pI F¶ e£-y- n\v C -y³ P\-Xsb k¶-²-am-¡p-

¶-Xn-\p-ff ia-§-fnÂ kp]-[m-\-amb ]¦v BIm-i-hmWn \nÀh-ln-¡p-¶p--v. AXp-sIm--mWv

"_lp-P-\-ln-Xmb\_lp-P-\-kp-Jmb' F¶ B]vX-hm-Iyw apZm-hm-I-y-ambn kzo-I-cn- -Xv. ImÀjn-

I-cwKw, hnZ-ym-`-ym-k-ta-Je, kmwkvIm-cn-ta-Je F¶o hnj-b-§-fn-seÃmw A¨-S-¡-t¯msS

Imc-y-amX ]k-à-hp-amb CS-s]-S-ep-IÄ BIm-i-hmWn \nÀh-ln-¡p-¶p--v. hnt\m-Z-t¯m-

sSm-¸tam, AXn-ep-]-cntbm C¯cw hnj-b-§-fnÂ BIm-i-hmWn CS-s]-Sm-dp--v. A§s\ CS-

s]-Sp-t¼mgpw AXn-I-Tn-\-amb `mj-¡p-]-Icw GhÀ¡pw a\-Ên-em-Ip¶ efnX ]Z-§ÄXs¶

D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-hm³ BIm-i-hmWn i²n¡m-dp--v. tdUntbm ]cn-]m-Sn-IfnÂ ]tXyb-I-hn-`mKw

timXm-¡Ä¡v th-n-bp-ff ]cn-]m-Sn-IÄ DÄs¸-Sp-¯n-bn-«p-f-fXv hfsc P\-Io-b-am-bm-Wv.

kvXoIÄ¡v th-n-bp-ff "aln-fm-e-bhpw' Ip«n-IÄ¡m-bp-ff _me-tem-Iw, _me-cw-Kw, _me-

civan F¶n-hbpw bphXo bphmÄ¡Ä¡m-bp-ff bph-hm-Wnbpw C¡q-«- nÂ it²-b-am-Wv.

II.7 ae-bmf kmln-X-y-þ-kw-kvImc ]N-c-W- nÂ tdUntbm hln¨ ]¦v.

aebmf kmln-X-y- nse ]K-Û-cmb ]ecpw tdUntbm cN-\-I-fn-eqsS Fgp-Xn-sX-fn-

ª-h-cm-Wv. \mS-Iw, Km\-c-N\, IhnX F¶n-h-bn-emWv ][m-\-ambpw ae-bmf kmln-X-yhpw

tdUn-tbmbpw H¶n¨p ]hÀ¯n- n-cp-¶-Xv. BZ-y-Ime tdUn-tbm s]mU-yq-kÀamÀ

]i-kvX-cmb Fgp-¯p-Im-sc-s¡m-v tdUntbm Ah-X-c-W-¯n-\mbn kr-jvSn-IÄ \nÀ_-Ôn-

s¨-gp-Xn¸n¡pIt]mep-ap--m-bn-cp-¶p. ASp-¯-Im-e-¯v A´-cn¨ ]ikvX Km\-c-N-bn-Xmhv

Kncojv ]p¯-t©cn BIm-i-hm-Wn-¡mbn Km\-§-sf-gp-Xn-s¡m--mWv kmln-X-y-tem-I-t¯¡v

Imse-Sp¯psh¨X.v

\mSI-amWv kmln-X-yhpw tdUn-tbmbpw IqSp-X-embn ASp¡p¶ taJ-e. ae-bmf \mS-I-c-N-

\-bnse Ipe-]-Xn-I-fmb s]m^. F³. Iy-jvW-]n-f-f, ssI\n-¡c ktlm-Z-c-·mÀ F³. ]n.

sNÃ- ³ \mbÀ kn.-F³. ioI-WvT³ \mbÀ kn.-sP. tXma-kv, \mK-h-ffn BÀ. Fkv. Ipdp¸,v

PKXn F³. sI. BNmcn XpS-§nb ]i-kvXÀ Xncp-h-\- -]pcw tImgn-t¡mSv \ne-b-§-fp-ambn

kl-I-cn- n-cp-¶-h-cm-bn-cp-¶p. kn.-F³. ioI-WvT³\m-b-cpsS ]kn-²-amb "\jvS-I- -hSw F¶

\mSIhpw s]m^. Ir-jvW-]n-f-f-bpsS hnip-X-amb aq¶v \mS-I-§fpw ()- m-K- -h-\w, _em-_-

ew, I\-y-I) tdUn-tbmbv¡v th-n cNn-¨-Xm-bn-cp-¶p. Xnt¡m-Sn-b³ tImgn-t¡mSv \ne-b-¯nse

16


am[-y-a-]-T\w

s]mU-yq-k-dm-bn-cp-¶p. tdUn-tbm-bp-ambn kl-I-cn- n-cp¶ asämcp AXn-]-i-kvX-\m-bn-cp¶p

alm-Ihn Pn. i¦-c-¡p-dp- v. A¡n¯w s]U-yq-k-d-bm-bn-cp-¶p.

sSen-hn-j≥- -B-hn¿`mhw hnImkw

20 m w \qäm--nsâ Bcw-`n-¯n-emWv sSen-hn-j³ ]hÀ¯\w Bcw-`n-¡p-¶-Xv. 1920-þ

-I-fnÂ i_vZw ]t£-]Ww sN¿p-hm³ XpS-§n-b-tXmsS NnX-§Ä Ab-bv¡p-¶-Xn-\p-ff Kth-

j-W-§fpw ià-am-bn. Nen-bv¡p¶ NnX-§Ä hnZ-ypXv Im´nI Xcw-K-§-fm¡n amäm-sa¶

kvtIm«v emâ vIm-c-\mb tPm¬ temKn _tbÀUnsâ I-p-]n-Sp¯w -sSen-hnjsâ BhnÀ`m-

h- n-te¡v \bn- p. 1926 P\p-hcn 26 \p _tbÀUv tdmbÂ C³kän«-yq-«nse AwK-§Ä¡p

ap¶nÂ temI- nse BZ-ys¯ Sn hn bpsS ]hÀ¯\w ImWn- p. AtX hÀjw Xs¶ Ata-

cn-¡-bnse s_Â sSe-t^m¬ I¼\n \-yq-tbmÀ¡nÂ \n¶p 48 In.-ao-äÀ Zqc-t¯¡p NnX-§-f-

b-¨p. e--\nÂ \n¶pw KvfmkvtKm-bn-te¡v NnX-§-f-b-¨p-sIm-mWv _tbÀUv Xsâ sSen-

hn-j³ kwt]-jWw \S- n-b-Xv. 1928 Pqsse-bnÂ _tbÀUv IfÀ sSen-hn-j³ skäv ]pd-

¯n-d-¡n.

_tbÀUv CwKvf-nÂ sSen-hn-j³ kwt]-jWw Bcw-`n-¨-Xn-\p-tijw temI-¯nsâ

hnhn[ `mK-§-fnÂ CXn-\m-bpÅ ià-amb ia-§Ä Bcw- n- p. 1928 Â Ata-cn-¡-bnÂ P\-

dÂ Ce-IvtSm-WnIv I¼-\nbpw Ata-cn-¡³ sSe-Km^v Gâ v sSe-t^m¬ I¼-\nbpw sSen-hn-

j³ kwt]-jWw \S- n. ]ikvX sSen-hn-j³ Nm\-emb _n.-_n.-kn. (_n-«ojv t_mUvIm-

Ìnw§v tImÀ¸-td-j³) 1929 sk]väw-¼À 30 \p Cw¥--nÂ ]hÀ¯-\-am-cw-`n-¨p. aäp am[-y-a-§-

fnÂ \n¶pw sSen-hn-js\ hy-X-y-kvX-am-¡p-¶Xpw A[o-i-Xzw \ÂIp-¶Xpamb XÕ-ab kwt]-

jWw BZ-y-ambn \S- n-bXv _n.-_n.kn bmWv. 1930 Â Hcp IpXn-c- - -b-a-Õcw kwt]-

jWw sNbvXp-sIm- -m-bn-cp¶p CXv.

1930 Â Sm³kvan-äÀ I-p]n-Sn-¨Xv sSen-hn-j³ Ncn-X-¯nse asämcp ImÂsh-¸m-bn-cp-

¶p. AXp-hsc i_vZhpw Zrirhpw Hcp-an¨v kwt]-jWw sN¿p-¶-Xn\v ]cn-anXn D-mbn-cp-

¶p. Sm³kvan-ä-dnsâ I-p]n-Sp-¯-t¯msS B ]cn-anXn amdn. XpSÀ¶v Zrir-þ-im-hy am[-y-a-

sa¶ IrXr-amb AÀ°-t¯msS sSen-hn-js\ hnti-jn- n-¡m-sa-¶mbn.

1930 IÄ¡p-tijw temI- nsâ ]e `mK§fnepw sSen-hn-j³ kwt]-jWw Bcw- n-

¨p. 1935 Â PÀ½-\n-bnepw 1944 Â ^m³knepw kwt]-jWw XpS-§n. Ata-cn-¡-bnÂ 1941Â

k-z-Im-cy taJ-e-bnepw sSen-hn-j³ kwt]-jWw Bcw- n- p. C¶v temI- nse FÃm cmP-y-

§-fnepw sSenhn-j³ kwt]-jWw \S-¡p-¶p-v.

11. 9 sSen-hn-j≥ C¥-y-bn¬

C -y-bnÂ sSen-hn-jsâ Bcw`w 1959 sk]väw-¼À 15 \mWv. bps\-kvtIm-bpsS km¼-

¯nI klmbt¯msS \yq-sUÂln-bnse BIm-i-hmWn `h-\nÂ \n¶pw kwt]-jWw \S-

¯n-s¡m-mbn-cp¶p XpS¡w. kmaq-ln-Im-tcm-K-yw, ]ucm-h-Imiw, hnZ-ym-`mkw XpS-§nb taJ-

e-bnse hnj-b-§-sf-¡p-dn¨v Hcp aWn¡qÀ hoX-apÅ hmÀ -IÄ CtXm-sSm¸w kwt]-jWw

sN¿p-hm³ Bcw- n- p.

1982 BKÌv 15 \mWv Zqc-ZÀi³ apgp-h³ kab kwt]-jWw Bcw- n-¡p-¶-Xv. Zqc-ZÀi³

kwt]-jWw _vfm¡v Bâ v sshänÂ \n¶pw If-dn-te¡v amdp-¶Xpw CtX hÀjw Xs¶-bm-Wv.

CtX hÀjw UÂln-bnÂ sh¨v \S¶ Gj-ym-Unsâ kwt]-jWw sSen-hn-js\ C³U-y-bnÂ

henb tXmXnÂ ]N-cn- n- p. AtXm-sSm¸w Kh¬saânsâ klm-bhpw kmt¦-XnI hnZ-ybpw

sSen-hn-jsâ hfÀ¨sb thK- n-em-¡n. 1983 Â P\-kw-J-y-bpsS 28 iX-am-\- n\pw `qhn-kvXr-Xn-

bpsS 16 iX-am-\¯nepw e -y-am-bn-cp¶ sSen-hn-j³ kwt]-jWw 2006 Bb-t¸m-tg¡pw90 iX-

17


am[-y-a-]-T\w

am\w P\- n\pw 73 iX-am-\-t¯mfw Øe¯pw e -y-am-Ip¶ coXn-bnÂ hfÀ¶p. 1984 Â Zqc-

ZÀi³ satSm Nm\Â Bcw- n- p. hnt\m-Z-]-cn-]m-Sn-I-fm-bn-cp¶p CXnÂ DÄs¡m-Ån- n-cp-¶-Xv.

1990 \pti-j-amWv C -y-bnÂ sSen-hn-j-tâbpw sSen-hn-j³ Nm\-ep-I-fp-sSbpw ZpX-K-Xn-

bn-epÅ hfÀ¨ D-m-hp-¶-Xv. 1991 Â \c-knw-l-dmhp Kh¬saâ v \S-¸m-¡nb kz-Im-cy

hÂ¡cWþDZm-c-hÂ¡-cW km¼- nI \bw Cu KXn-th-K- n\v B¡w Iq«n. kz-Im-cy

sSen-hn-j³ kwt]-jWw C -y-bn-em-cw- n-¡p-¶Xv C¡m-e- m-Wv. CXv C -y³ sSen-hn-j³

cwKs¯ aÕ-c-a-b-am-¡n. AXp-hsc Zqc-ZÀisâ Ip -I-bm-bn-cp¶ C -y³ sSen-hn-j³ taJ-

e-bn-te¡v BZ-y-ambn IS-¡p-h-¶Xv kn.-F³. F³ BWv. 1991 se KÄ v bp²- nsâ Zrir§Ä-

§Ä ImWn-¨p-sIm-mbncp¶p Cu hntZi Nm\-ensâ IS-¶p-h-c-hv. CâÀ \mj-WÂ kmä-

sseäv kwhn-[m\w D]-tbm-Kn- m-bn-cp¶p Cu Nm\Â C -y-bnÂ kwt]jWw \S- n-b-Xv. 1991

BKÌv 1 \p ÌmÀ]vfkv X§-fpsS kwt]-jWw C -y-bn-te¡v hym-]n- n- p. 1992 HIvtSm-_-

dnÂ kp`m-jvN-µ-bpsS ko Sn hnbpw kwt]-jWw Bcw- n- p. C´y-bnse Xt±-io-b-amb

BZy kz-Im-cy Nm\-em-bn-cp¶p CXv. CXns\ XpSÀ¶v [mcmfw kz-Im-c-y-þ-]m-tZ-inI Nm\-ep-I-

fpsS Ips¯m-gp¡v Xs¶ C -y-bnÂ kw -hn- p. C¶v hntZ-i-þ-X-t±-io-b-amb [mcmfw Nm\-ep-

IÄ C´-y-bnÂ kwt]-jWw sN¿p¶p-- v.

sSen-hn-j³ tIc-f- nÂ

tIc-f- nÂ sSen-hn-j³ kwt]-jWw Bcw- n-¡p-¶Xv 1985 P\p-hcn 1 mw XobXnbmWv.

Xncp-h-\- -]p-cs¯ IpS- -\-¡p-¶m-Wv ae-bmf Zqc-ZÀisâ ]hÀ¯\ tIµw. Bcw- Ime v

]gb Hcp Hm_n hm³ D]-tbm-Kn¨mWv hmÀ¯ D-m-¡nbn-cp-¶-Xv. 1987 amÀ¨nÂ, Zqc-ZÀi\v

kz-´-ambn Hcp ÌpUntbm D-m-bn. AtXmsS \ntXy\bp-ff ]cn-]m-Sn-I-fpsS ssZÀLyw aq¶v

aWn-¡q-dmbn hÀ²n- p. AXnÂ hnZ-ym- -ym-k-]-cn-]m-Sn-IÄ, kn\n-am-Km-\m-h-X-cWw F¶n-§-sb-

bp-ff ]cn-]m-Sn-I-fm-bn-cp¶p D-m-bn-cp-¶-Xv.

1990-þ-IÄ¡ptijw C´-y³ sSen-hn-j³ cwK-¯p--mb amä-§Ä tIc-f-¯nepw Zr-i-y-

ambn. F¦nepw 1992-þ-hsc ae-bmf ]cn-]m-Sn-IÄ kwt]-jWw sN¿p-hm³ Zqc-ZÀi³ amXta

D-m-bn-cp-¶p-f-fq. 1992-þÂ Gj-ym-s\äv Nm\Â ]hÀ¯-\-am-cw-`n-¨-tXm-Sp-IqSn Zqc-ZÀisâ Cu

Ip¯I IXÀ¡-s -«p. 1998-þÂ kqcy Snhnbpw ae-bm-f- nÂ kwt]-jWw Bcw- n- p. C¶v

tIc-f- nÂ 20 Hmfw ][m\ Nm\-ep-Ifpw \nc-h[n ]mtZ-in-I-Nm-\-ep-Ifpw X§-fpsS kwt]-

jWw \S-¯p-¶p--v. hnZ-ym-`-ymkhIp¸v hnZ-ym-`-ym-k-]-cn-]m-Sn-IÄ amXw kwt]-jWw sN¿p-

¶-Xn-\mbn hnIvtSkv F¶ Nm\epw \S-¯p-¶p-- v..

hnhn[ Nm\-ep-IÄ

Zqc-ZÀisâ ae-bmfw Nm\-en\p ]pdsa ae-bm-f- nÂ Gj-ym-s\-äv, Gj-ym-s\äv \-yq-kv,

ssIc-fn, ssIcfn ]o¸nÄ, C -ym-hn-j³, dnt¸mÀ«À, at\m-ca \yq-kv, C -y-mhn-j³ sbkv,

Pbvln-µv, Poh³ Snhn, Aar-X, ZÀi-\, ag-hnÂ at\m-ca F¶n-§s\ s]mXphnt\mZ þ -hn-

Úm\ þ hmÀ -IÄ Ah-X-cn- n-¡p¶ Nm\-ep-I-fmWv ][m\ _lp-P-\-am-[-y-a-§-fpsS \nc-

bnÂ Df-f-Xv. aX-]-c-ambpw aäpw Dt±-i-e-£-y-t¯msS kwt]-jWw \S- p¶ Nm\-ep-Ifpw

]mtZ-in-I-amb ]cn-[n-bnÂ kwt]jWw \S- p¶ Nm\-ep-Ifpw tNÀ¶ hn]p-e-amb taJe

tIcf sSen-hnj kwt]-j-W-¯n-\p- - v.

ae-bm-f- nse ][m-\-s¸« Nm\-ep-Isf FÃm Xc- n-ep-apÅ ]cn-]m-Sn-IÄ kwt]-jWw

sN¿p-¶h (ssI-c-fn, Gj-ym-s\-äv, kqc-y, Pbvln-µv, Aar-X, Zqc-ZÀi³ ae-bm-fw,-Po-h³), hmÀ¯m-

Nm-\-ep-IÄ(-C- -y-hn-j³, Gj-ym-s\äv \yq-kv, at\m-ca \-yq-kv, dnt¸mÀ«À), hnt\mZ ]cn-]m-Sn-

18


am[-y-a-]-T\w

IÄ kwt]-jWw sN¿p-¶h (G-j-ym-s\äv ]vfkv, C -ym-hn-j³ sbkv, ag-hnÂ at\m-c-a) àn-

hn-j-b-§Ä Ah-X-cn- n-¡p-¶h (im-temw, Bßo-b-bm-X) F¶n-§s\ Xcw Xncn-bv¡mw. Ip«n-

IÄ¡p-th--n -bp-f-f-XmWv sIm¨p Sn.-hn.

P\]nb ]cn-]m-Sn-IÄ

C -y-bnÂ sSen-hnj\v FÃm-]m-b- nepw km¼- nI hn`m-K-§-fnepw hnZ-ym- mk hn`m-

K-§-fnepw s]Sp¶ t]£-I-cp-v. tdUn-tbmbpw sSen-hn-j\pw Bk-zZn¡phm³ BÀÖn-X-

amb Ign-hp-IÄ thW-sa-¶n-Ãm- -Xn-\mÂ FÃm-hÀ¡pw Bk-z-Zn-¡p-hm³ Ign-bp-¶p. AXn-

\mÂ¯s¶ FÃm-h-tcbpw Xr]vXn-s -Sp- p¶ Xc- n-epÅ ]cn-]m-Sn-IÄ sSen-hn-j-\nÂ e -y-

am-Wv. kz-Im-cy Nm\-ep-I-fpsS IS-¶p-h-c-thmsS sSen-hn-j³ aÕ-cm-[n-jvTn-X-ambn¯ocp-Ibpw

sNbvXp. Ccp-]- n-\mev aWn-¡qdpw ]cn-]m-Sn-IÄ DÅ-Xn-\mÂ sshhn-[-ym-[n-jvTn-X-hp-am-bn-cn-

¡Ww ]cn-]m-Sn-IÄ. Nne tKmfm-´c Nm\-ep-IÄ F«p aWn-¡qÀ hoX-apÅ ]cn-]m-Sn-IÄ

BhÀ¯n¨v Cu ka-b-I-as¯ adn-I-S-¡m³ ian- n-cp-s¶-¦nepw C¶v `qcn`mKw Nm\-ep-Ifpw

auen-I-amb ]cn-]m-Sn-IÄ Xs¶-bmWv Ah-X-cn- n-¡p-¶-Xv.

kn\n-a, kn\n-am-Km-\-§Ä, kocn-b-ep-IÄ, tImaUn ]cn-]m-Sn-IÄ, dnbm-enän tjmIÄ,

kwKo-X-]-cn-]m-Sn-IÄ, t^m¬ C³ t]mKm-ap-IÄ XpS-§n-b-h-bmWv ae-bm-f- nse ][m\

P\-]nb ]cn-]mSn-IÄ. Kuc-h-X-c-amb hmÀ -IÄ, A`n-ap-J-§Ä, kwhm-Z-§Ä, hnh-c-W-

§Ä F¶n-h-bv¡mbn ]tX-yI Nm\-ep-IÄ Xs¶ \ne-hn-ep-- v. A¯-c-¯p-epÅ A©v

hmÀ¯mNm\-ep-IÄ (ssI-cfn ]o¸nÄ, Gj-ym-s\äv \yq-kv, C -ym-hn-j³, dnt¸mÀ«À, at\m-ca

\yq-kv) C¶v ae-bmf sSen-hn-j³ cwK-¯p--v. C¶v Gähpw P\-]nb ]cn-]m-Sn-IÄ hmÀ¯-I-

fm-sW¶v ]d-bmw. AXp-sIm--mWv hmÀ¯-IÄ¡v amX-ambn Nm\-ep-IÄ \ne-sIm-Xv. hmÀ¯-

IÄ¡v ]pdsa hmÀ¯m-[n-jvTn-X-]-cn-]m-Sn-Ifpw hf-sc-tbsd P\-i² BIÀjn-¡p¶ ]-cn-]m-Sn-

I-fmWv.

hnÚm\ ]cn-]m-Sn-IÄ

Zrirþim-hy am[-y-a-§Ä hnÚm\ hnX-c-W- n\v Gähpw bpà-ambhbm-Wv.- hnZq-c-

Ø-e-§-fnÂ \n¶pw \ÂIp¶ Zrir- nsâ klm-b-t¯m-sS-bpÅ hnÚm\ hnX-cWw IqSp-

XÂ Imc-y-£-a-am-Wv. ae-bmf Nm\-ep-I-fnÂ hnÚm-\-]-cn-]m-Sn-IÄ amXw ssIIm-cyw sN¿p¶Xv

hnZ-ym- mk hIp- nsâ hnIvSÀkv Nm\-em-Wv. ]T-\-kw-_-Ôn-bmb hnj-b-§fpw hnÚm-\-hn-

ti-j-§-fp-amWv CXnÂ ]Xn-]m-Zn-¡p-¶-Xv. ae-bm-f- nse FÃm Nm\-ep-Ifpw hnt\m-Z-]-cn-]m-

Sn-I-tfm-sSm¸w Xs¶ hnÚm-\-]-cn-]m-Sn-Ifpw kwt]-jWw sN¿m-dp--v. Izn-kv, NÀ¨, bmXm

hnh-c-W-§Ä, IuXp-I-temIw apX-em-b-h. am[-y-a-§-fpsS kz- m-h-a-\p-k-cn¨v AXnÂ hnt\m-Z-

¯n-tâbpw hnÚm-\- n-tâbpw Afhv IqSnbpw Ipd-ªp-an-cn-bv¡p-sa¶v amXw.

P\m-[n-]-Xy kaq-l- nÂ Zrir-am-[-y-a-§-fpsS ]¦v.

\nb-a-\nÀ½m-W-k- , PpUo-j-y-dn, _yq-tdm-Ikn F¶n-§s\ P\m-[n-]-X-ys¯ apt¶m«v \bn-

¡p¶ LS-I-§-fnÂ \mem-aXpw Gähpw ][m-\-s -«-Xp-ambn Icp-Xp-¶, t^mÀ v FtÌäv F¶v

hnfn-bv¡-s -Sp¶ LS-I-amWv am[-y-a-tem-Iw. C¶s¯ Ime-L-«- nÂ Gähpw ià-amb am[-y-

a-ta-J-e-bmb Zrir-am-[-y-a-§Ä¡v P\m-[n-]-Xy kaq-l- nÂ ià-amb Øm\w hln-¡p-hm-\p-

- v. C¶v kaq-l-¯nse NÀ¨-I-fpsS AP- \nÝ-bn-¡p-¶Xv ]X-§-fÃ Zrir-am-[-y-a-§-fm-Wv.

Hcp hnj-bs¯ s]mXp-k-aq-l- nÂ kPo-h-am¡n \nÀ¯n-bn-cp-¶Xv aq³ Ime-§-fnÂ ]X-§Ä

amX-am-bn-cp-¶p. C¶Xv amdn B Øm\w Zrir am[-y-a-§Ä Gsä-Sp- p-I-gn-ªp. P\m-[n-]-Xy

kaq-l-¯nse FÃm ]iv\-§-tfbpw kv]Àin¨p sIm-v Ah-X-cWw \S-¯p-hm³ Chbv¡p

19


am[-y-a-]-T\w

Ign-bp-¶p--v. kmaq-lnI ]Xn-k-Ôn-I-fnÂ NÀ¨, kwhm-Zw, IhÀtÌmdn F¶n-§-s\-bpÅ

Ah-X-c-W-co-Xn-bn-eqsS P\-Io-b-amb kwhmZw krjvSn-¡p-hm³ Zrir-am-[-y-a-§Ä¡v Ign-bp-¶p.

tdUntbm \mS-Iw. Sn.-F³. tKm]n-\m-Y³ \mbÀ

Cu \qäm--nsâ kw`m-h-\-bmb tdUn-tbm-bpsS I-p-]n-S-¯-t¯msS Zqcw Hcp-]-iv\-

a-Ãm-Xm-bn- o-cp-Ibpw qtKmfw imkvX-Imcsâ ssI¡p-f-fn-sem-Xp-§p¶ H¶mbn amdp-Ibpw

sNbvXp. FhnsS \n¶p kwkm-cn- mepw tIÄ¡m-\p-ff D]m-[n-bmbn tdUntbm skäv amdn.

timXm-¡-fpsS A`n-cp-Nn-¡n-W-§p¶ ]cn-]m-Sn-I-fmWv tdUntbm \ne-b-§Ä ]cn-K-Wn-

¡p-¶-Xv. AÃmsX Ahbv¡p \ne-\n-ev]n-Ã. AXn-sem-¶mWv tdUntbm \mS-Iw. Hcp \ho\

imJ-Xs¶bmbn amdnb tdUntbm \mS-I- n-\v, Xntb-ä-dnÂ ImWp¶ \mS-I- nsâ hi-yX

CsÃ-¦nÂt]mepw CXnsâ km¼- n-I-em- -hhpw t]£-Isc kzm-KXw sN¿m³ t]cn- n-¡p-X-

¶m-Wv.

ap³]n-ep-ff t]£-Isc Dt±-in- mWv tÌPv \mS-I-sa-¦nÂ tdUntbm \mSIw timXm-

¡sf Dt±-in- mWv Dt±-in- mWv Fgp-Xp-¶-Xv. ÌpUn-tbm-bnse dqan-\-I¯v ssS¸p-sNbvX ]Xn-

I-fp-ambn \nÂ¡p¶ \So-\-S-·m-cpsS ap¶nÂ sNdnb i_vZ--§Ä t]mepw ]IÀ¯p¶ ssa¡p-

am-Xtabpf-fq. tdUntbm skän\p ap¶n-en-cn-¡p¶ Bbn-c-¡-W-¡n\p timXm-¡Ä¡v tÌPv

\mSIw \evIp¶ B\µw Xs¶-bmWv Int«---Xv. AhÀ¡v IYm-]m-X-§sf ImWp¶ ]XoXn

In«p-Ibpw CS-X-S-hn-ÃmsX IYm-KXn a\-Ên-em-¡p-Ibpw B hnIm-c-§-fnÂ ]¦p-sIm-f-fm³ km[n-

¡p-Ibpw thWw. tdUntbm \mS-I¯nsâ ]tX-y-I-X-IÄ Cu khn-tij kml-N-c-y- n-

emWv thcq-¶n-bn-«p-f-f-Xv.

tÌPv \mS-I-§-fnÂ AXnsâ ][m-\-s¸« aq¶v LS-I-§Ä þ \mS-I-I-r- v, \So-\-S-·mÀ,

t]£-IÀ þ Ch-cpsS Iq«p-]-hÀ¯\w sIm-mWv \mSIw hnP-bn-¡p-¶-sX-¦nÂ tdUntbm

\mS-I-¯nÂ \mS-I-I-r-¯n\v aäp c-p LS-I-§-fp-sSbpw kl-I-cWw ]qÀW Af-hnÂ e`n-¡p-

¶n-Ã. t]£-IÀ Hcp k¦ev]w amX-am-b-XvsIm-v Ah-cpsS ]Xn-I-c-W-¯nÂ \n¶pw e`-y-am-

Ip¶ Dt -P\w tdUntbm \mS-I- n\v \jvS-am-Ip-¶p. \So\S-·mcpw kwhn[m-b-I\pw cwK-

in-ev]nbpw DÄs¸« c-mw LS-I-¯n\v \mS-I-I-r-¯ns\ ]qÀ®-ambpw klm-bn-¡m³ km[-y-a-

Ã. \nd- -In-«mÀ¶ cwK kwhn-[m-\- n\pw hkv¯n\pw H¶pw tdUntbm \mS-I- nÂ Øm\-

an-Ã. AXp-sIm--p-Xs¶ cwK-in-ev]nbpw DÄs¸« c-mw LS-I-¯n\pw \mS-IIr¯n\pw ]qÀ®-

ambn klm-bn-¡m³ km²-y-a-Ã. \nd- -In-«mÀ¶ cwK-kw-hn-[m-\- n\pw hkvX- n\pw H¶pw

tdUntbm \mS-I-¯nÂ Øm\-an-Ã. AXp-sIm-pXs¶ cwK-in-ev]nbpw hkvXm-e-¦m-c-I\pw

ChnsS A]-k-à-cm-Wv. ]t£ tÌPnÂ Ah-X-cn- n-¡p¶ \mS-I- nÂ CXn-s\Ãmw ]m[m

-\-y-ap--v. thj-hn-[m-\-§-tfmsS Ac-§n-se-¯p¶ \Ss\ ImWp-t¼mÄ Xs¶ IYm-]m-Xs¯

a\-Ên-em-¡m³ t]£-I\p Ignbp-¶p.amX-aÃ tÌPnÂ \nÂ¡p¶ Hcp \S\v A`n-\bkm[y-

-X-X-IÄ Gsd-bm-Wv. AÀ°-KÀ`-amb Hcp t\m«w sIm-p-Xs¶ Imcyw Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡m³ \S\p

Ign-bp-¶p. F¶mÂ tdUntbm \mS-I-¯nse \So-\-S-·mÀ¡v ]cn-an-Xn-bp--v. A`n-\bkmaÀ

°-y- nse it²-bhpw akr-W-hp-amb `mh-§sf timXm-¡-fn-se- n-¡m³ ChÀ¡v Ign

-bn-Ã. Cu ]cn-an-Xn-I-sf-sbÃmw adn-I-S-¶p-s#m-I--mWv tdUntbm \mSIw cq]-s¸-Sp-t¯---Xv.

AXp-sIm--p-Xs¶ tdUntbm \mS-I-r-¯nsâ IÀ¯-hyw IqSp-X-em-Wv. hm¡p-IÄ amX-amWv

AbmÄ¡v ap¶n-ep-f-f-Xv. IY-\-S-¡p¶ cwKhpw IYm-]m-X-§-fpsS ]tX-y-I-X-Ifpw

`mh-h-y-X-ym-k-§fpw FÃmw Xs¶ hm¡p-I-fn-eq-sS-bm-Wv timXm-¡-fnÂ F¯n-t¡---Xv. Hcp

timXm-hns\ ap¶nÂ I-p-thWw \mS-I-sa-gp-Xm³ .

20


am[-y-a-]-T\w

tdUntbm \mS-I-¯n\v AXntâXmb km[y-X-Ifpw D-v. `mh-\-sIm-v Hcp tÌPnepw

^en- n-¡m³ km[-y-a-Ãm¯ ]eXpw tdUntbm hgn \njv]-bmkw timXm-¡-fnÂ F¯n-¡m³

km[n¡pw. HmSp¶ Xoh--nbnÂ H¶m-as¯ cwKaÃ ]m]-y-Øm-\¯v c-m-as¯ cwKhpw

tdUntbm \mS-I- nÂ Ah-X-cn- n-¡mw. C§s\ t\m¡p-t¼mÄ Ne- n-X- nsâ km [-y-X-X-

I-fmWv tdUntbm \mS-I- n-ep-f-f-Xv. P\\w apXÂ acWw hsc-bp-ff Pohn-X-IY ]qÀ®-

ambpw Ac-a-Wn-¡q-dp-sIm-v sN¿m³ tdUn-tbm-bnÂ Ignbp¶p. Infn-I-fpsS Iq P\§Ä

tIÄ¡p-t¼mÄ DZ-ym-\-am-sW-¶pw, tImgn-bpsS Iqhepw ]ip-hnsâ Ic- nepw tIÄ¡p-t¼mÄ

]`m-X-am-sW¶pw Xncn- -dn-bm³ timXm-¡Ä¡v km[n-¡pw. ag-bpsSbpw Imänsâbpw IS-

ensâbpw Hs¡ kq£-a-amb mh-X-e-§sf i_vZ- n\v Bhm-ln-¡m³ Ignbp¶ A -co£w

Ac-§n\v k½m-\n-¡m³ Ign-bn-sÃ¶p tXm¶p-¶p. \S³ kpin-£n-X-amb i_vZ-h-y-X-ymkw

sIm-v hfsc ak-r-W-amb hnIm-c-§-sf-t]mepw hy-RvPn-¸n-¡p-¶p. HuNn-X-y-t¯msS Bbn-cn-

¡Ww Ah-]-tbm-Kn-t¡-- -sX-¶p-am-Xw

. tdUntbm \mS-I-sa-gp-X-t¼mÄ a\-Ên-cp-t¯- Nne Imc-y-§Ä IqSn-bp--v. Ah-bn-sem¶v

\mS-I- nsâ ssZÀL-y-am-Wv. Hcp aWn-¡q-dn-e-[nIambmÂ timXm-hnsâ i² ]X-dn-t¸mhpw

Ac-a-Wn-¡q-dmWv \Ã-Xv. ImcWw i_vZ- nsâ ]n¶mse a\kv GIm-K-am-¡p-¶X#n\v Hcp

ka-b-]-cn-[n-bp--v. asäm¶v IYm-]m-X-§Ä A©nÂ IqSp-X-em-hmsX i²n-¡-Ww. sI«p-]n-

Wbm¯ IYI-fmWv tdUn-tbm-bnÂ hnP-bn-¡p-I. tiXm-hnsâ a\-ÊnÂ NnX-§Ä ]I-cp¶

kw`m-j-W-co-Xn-bmWv \Ã-Xv. \mS-I- nsâ Bcw- w-Xs¶ timXm-hnsâ i² tIµo-I-cn-¡- -

hn-[- n-em-bn-cn-¡-Ww.

Hcp ]co-£Ww F¶ \ne-bnÂ Bcw- n¨ tdUntbm \mSIw Hcp hnP-b-ambn amdn. Cu

imJ-bnÂ [mcmfw Iy-Xn-IÄ ]e `mj-bnÂ D-m-Ip-¶p-s--¦nepw ae-bm-f-¯nse \mS-I-I-y-

¯p-¡Ä AXv t_m[]qÀÆw ssIIm-cyw sN¿p-¶n-sÃ¶v ImWm³ km[n-¡pw. t]mcm-bva-I-fp-

s--¦nepw "tdUntbm \mS-I-imJ' hfÀ¶p hcn-I-bm-Wv. CXnsâ kuI-c-y-sa¶p ]d-bp-¶Xv

Dt±-in-¡p¶ coXn-bnÂ \mSIw \¶m-Ip-¶n-sÃ-¦nÂ kzn¨p Xncn¨v \ap¡v kz-X- -cm-hmw.

21


am[-y-a-]-T\w

samU-yqƒ ˛ III

III (1) kn\na Bhn¿`mhw

A[p-\n-I-Im-esØ G‰-hpw ][m-\-s∏´ Iem-am-[-y-a-amWv kn\n-a. bmYm¿∞-y-t_m[w

G‰hpw henb Af-hn¬ krjvSn-°p∂p F∂p-f-f-XmWv Cu am[-y-a-Øns‚ G‰hpw henb

BI¿j-Wo-b-Xbpw ]m[m-\-y-hpw. ImgvN-bp-tSbpw tIƒhn-bp-tSbpw klm-b-tØmsS A\p-h-

mN-I-\nte°v Bi-b-ßƒ k∂n-th-in-∏n-°p-∂-Xn¬ kn\na at‰-sXmcp am[-y-a-tØ-°mfpw hf-

sc-b-[nIw ap∂n-em-Wv. kw -h-ßƒ°v Zy-Ivkm-£n-bm-hp∂ A\p- -h-amWv kn\na ky-jvSn-°p-

∂-Xv.

kn\n-a-bpsS Bhn¿`m-h-Øn\v [mcmfw L´ßƒ ImWmw. 1812- ¬ \ntk- ¿ t\]vkv

F∂ ^©p-Im-c≥ NnX-ßsf Hcp sNºp]vtf-bn-‰n-te°v ]I¿Øm-\p-ff kmt¶-Xn-I-hn-Zy

hnIkn-∏n-®p. Ombm-K-l-W-Øns‚ NcnXw ChnsS Bcw- n-°p-∂p. Om-bm-K-l-W-Øns‚

hnIm-k-]-cn-Wm-a-ß-fn-eq-sS-bmWv kn\n-a-bpsS Bhn¿`mhpw kw -hn-°p-∂-Xv. \n]vkn-\p-tijw

1839- ¬ evIj-W-samØ Hcp t^mt´m-Km- nIv t]mkkv F¬.-sP.-Fw. ZmK-znsc I≠p-]n-Sn-®p.

XpS¿∂p-ff ]co-£-W-ßƒ Ne-\m-[n-jvTn-X-amb t^mt´m-Km- n-bn-em-bn-cp-∂p. abv_nUvPv

1877 BIp-tºmtg°pw Hcp ]cn-[n-hsc hnP-bn-®p. Hcp hiØv 24 Iym-a-d-Iƒ Hcpan®p \n¿Øn

IpXnc Hm -Øns‚ XpS¿Z-y-i-yßƒ FSp-Øp-sIm-≠m-bn-cp∂p CXv. tUm. C.-sP. amcn F∂

^©v ùXnI imkvX-⁄≥ t^mt´mKm- nIv dnthmƒh¿ F∂ D]-I-c-W-Øn-eqsS Fgp-]Xv

sk°‚n¬ Hcp t^mt´m F∂ tXmXn¬ \n∂v 1887 Bb-tXm-Sp-IqSn Kn√-‰n≥ ]vtf‰n\v ]Icw

t]∏¿ tdmƒ oepw D]-tbm-Kn® sk°‚n¬ \qdv t^mt´m hsc FSp-°m≥ Ignb-Ø° coXn-

bn¬ hnI-kn-∏n-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. 1890- ¬ FUn-k≥ ssI\t‰m-kvt°m∏v \n¿Ωn-°p-Ibpw AXn-

eqsS Zy-i-y-ßƒ NnXo-I-cn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. 1890- ¬ "sÛv Hm´vkv kv\okv' F∂ "sÛv

Hmńs‚ v' Hcp XpΩ¬ NnXo-I-cn-°p∂ Hcp NnXw \n¿Ωn-®p. F∂m¬ kz-Im-c-y-]-Z¿i-\-hkvXp

F∂ \ne-bn-emWv FU-nk≥ CXns\ I≠-Xv. FUn-ks‚ t\¿ FXn¿Zn-i-bn¬ Nn¥n®

^m≥knse eqbn eqan-bdpw AKkvXv eqan-bdpw kz-¥-ambn \n¿Ωn® kn\n-tam-t´m-Km^v Iym-

a-dbpw s]mP-IvSdpw D]-tbm-Kn®v 1895 Unkw-_¿ 28 mw XobXn ]mcokn¬ sh®v BZy kn\nam

]Z¿i\w \S-Øn.

III.2 hf¿®- -]-cn-Wm-a-ßƒ.

bmYm¿∞-ysØ AtX-]Sn ]I¿Øn-s°m-≠m-bn-cp∂p eqan-b¿ ktlm-Z-c≥am¿ kn\nam

]Z¿i\w \S-Øn-b-Xv. F∂m¬ hfsc thK-Øn¬Xs∂ kn\na AXns‚ mh-\m-fl-I-amb kz-

`m-h-Øn-te°v IS∂p h∂p. tPm¿Pv saeo-kns‚ "Sn∏v Sp Zn aq¨(1902), FU-zn≥. Fkv.

t]m¿ -dpsS Zn sse^v Hm^v B≥ Ata-cn-°≥ ^b¿am≥, Zn tK‰v sSbn≥ tdm_-dn(1903)

F∂nh IY°v ]m[m-\-y-ap-ff BZ-y-Im-e-kn-\n-a-I-fm-Wv.

1927- -h-sc-bp-ff Ime-L´w \ni-_vZ-kn-\naIfp-tS-Xm-bn-cp-∂p. \ni-_vZ-kn-\n-a-I-fpsS Ime-

b-f-hn-emWv temI-kn-\n-a-bn-se-Øs∂ alm-c-Y≥am-cmb Un. U_vfn-bp Kn^vØv(Zn _¿Øv

Hm^v F \mj≥, Ct‚m Cd≥kv), Nm¿fn Nm]vfn≥(Zn InUv, Zn tKmƒUv djv, tamtU¨

ssSwkv) sk¿Kn sFk-≥-ssk-‰≥(-_m-‰n¬jn∏v s]msSw-In≥) hn.-sF. ]ptUm- vIn≥(Zn F≥Uv

Hm^v skbn‚ v ]nt‰gvkv _¿Kv, tÃmw Hmh¿ Gj-y) F∂n-h¿ IS-∂p-h-∂-Xv. 1927- ¬ \ni_vZ

kn\n-abv°v A¥yw Ipdn-®p-sIm≠v Ata-cn-°-bn¬ "hm¿-W¿ _tZgvkv' BZy i_vZ NnXw "Zn

Pmkv knwK¿ (A¬ tPmƒk¨) ]pd-Øn-d-°n. XpS¿∂p-ff Ne-®n-X-temIw i_vZ-kn-\n-a-bp-

tS-Xm-bncp∂p.

22


am[-y-a-]-T\w

III.3 temI kn\na

XpS¿®-bmb hnIm-k-]-cn-Wm-a-ß-fn-eqsS as‰√m Iem-am-[-y-a-ß-tfbpw ]n¥-ffn G‰hpw

P\-i-≤-bm¿÷n®p \n¬°p-∂Xv kn\n-a-bm-Wv. C∂v temI-sØ-√m-bn-SØpw kn\na ]pd-Øn-d-

ß-∂p-≠v. 1930- -I-fn¬ Ne-®n-X-\n¿Ωn-Xn-bp-sS-bpsS ap≥]-¥n-bn¬ \n∂Xv Ata-cn-°-bm-Wv. \ni-

_vZ-kn-\n-a-I-fn¬ D∂-X-ÿm\w D≠m-bn-cp∂ dj-y≥ kn\n-am-cwKw ]n≥X-f-f-s∏- p. ^m≥kn¬

t]mb-‰nIv dnb-enkw F∂ kt¶-Xhpw _n -\n¬ tUmI-yp-sa‚dn ]ÿm-\hpw i‡-am-bn. 1940˛

ItfmsS C‰menb≥ \ntbm dnb-en-ÃnIv kn\n-a-I-fpsS hnP-b-Km-Y-I-fm-bn. tdm -√n-\n(tdmw

Hm∏¨ kn‰n P¿am-\nb At∂m kotdm) hnt‰m-dntbm Unko-°(-ss_-kn-°vƒ Xohvkv) F∂n-

h¿ A°me C‰m-en-b≥ kn\n-asb D∂-Xn-bn-se-Øn-®-h-cm-Wv. Ch-cpsS ]n≥Km-an-I-fm-bn-cp∂

]nb¿ ]mhvtem ]t m-fn-\n(-A-°m-tSm¨, Zn tKmkv]¬ FtIm¿Unw-Kv Sp skbn‚ v amX-zw)

s_¿\mtUm s_¿tØm-eq_n s^U-dntIm XpSßn-b-h-cn-eqsS C‰m-en-b≥ kn\n-a-Iƒ temI-

i≤ BI¿jn-®p. \ni-_vZ-Im-e-L´w anI® kn\n-aIƒ \n¿Ωn-®n-cp-∂ kzo-Uojv kn\n-am-tem-

IsØ AXn-Im-b-\m-bn-cp∂p C≥‹¿ _¿‹m≥. 1950- -I-fn¬ At±lw \n¿Ωn® skh≥Xv ko¬,

ssh¬Uv kvtSm_-dokv apX-em-bh C∂pw temI-kn-\n-a-bnse ][m-\-s∏- -h-bm-Wv. \ni_vZ

kn\n-a-°p-tijw Bµn X¿t°m-hvk-In(-Chm≥kv ssN¬Uv lpUv) sbt∏mse Npcp°w Nnetc

tkmhn-tb‰v kn\n-am-tem-IØv \n∂v temI-i≤ t\Sn-bn- p-≈q.

Gj-y≥ kn\n-a-I-fn¬ BZ-y-L- -Øn¬ Xe-bp¿Øn-\n-∂Xv P∏m-\okv kn\n-a-I-fm-bn-cp-

∂p. 1951- ¬ sh\okv ^nenw s^Ãn-h-en¬ dmj-tam¨ anI® i≤ t\Sn-sb-Sp-Ø-tXm-Sp-Iq-Sn-

bmWv Pm∏-\okv kn\n-asb temIw i≤n®p XpS-ßn-b-Xv. AIncm Ipd-km-h-bmWv G‰hpw

]i-kvX-\mb Pm∏-m\okv Ne-®n-X-Im-c≥. dmj-tam¨ skh≥ kap-dm-bv, CIn‰p apX-em-bh

Ipd-tkm-h-bpsS anI® NnX-ß-fm-Wv. h¿Ø-am-\-Im-eØv aPoZn aPo-Zn-bn-eq-sSbpw a‰pw

(Nn¬U≥kv Hm^v slh≥) Cdm-\n-b≥ kn\na temI-i≤ BI¿jn-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv.

B[p-\n-Im-eØv temI-sØ√mw kn\n-a-Iƒ Cd-ßp-∂p-s≠-¶nepw I®-hS kn\n-a-bpsS

tIµ-ambn Adnb-s∏-Sp-∂Xv Ata-cn-°-bnse tlmfn-hpUv BWv. F∂m¬ bqtdm-∏nt‚bpw

Ata-cn-°-bp-tSbpw IpØI XI¿Øv sIm≠v aq∂mw temI-cm-jvS-ß-fn¬ \n∂p-ff kn\n-a-

Iƒ temI-i≤ t\Sn-sb-Sp-°p-I-bm-Wv.

III.4 C¥-y≥ kn\na

1913- ¬ Z¥n-cmP tKmhnµ ^m¬t° F∂ ZmZm kml_v ^m¬tI "cmPm lcn-›µ'

F∂ A©p doep-ff kn\na ]pd-Øn-d-°n-b-tXm-Sp-Iq-Sn-bmWv C¥-y≥ Ne-®n-X-N-cnXw Bcw- n-

°p-∂-Xv. Cu NnX-tØmfw ssZ¿L-y-ap-ff NnX-ß-sfm∂pw A∂v temI-sØm-cn-SØpw \n¿Ωn°-

s∏- n-cp-∂n-√. XpS¿∂v c≠v Zi-I-tØmfw \o≠p\n∂ \n»-_vZ-kn-\n-a-bpsS ImeL -Øn¬

^m¬tI-bpsS Xe-s∏m-°-ap-ff as‰m-cm-sfbpw C¥-y≥ kn\nam Ncn-X-Øn¬ ImWm≥

Ign-bn√.

1931- ¬ A¬ta-jn¿ Cdm-\n-bpsS "Bew Bc' F∂ BZy C¥-y≥ i_vZ-NnXw ]pd-Øp-

h-∂p. ]n∂oSv lnµn-bnepw ]mtZ-inI `mj-bn-ep-ambn [mcmfw kn\n-a-Iƒ ]pd-Øp-h-∂p-sh-

¶nepw AºXpI-fpsS a[yw hsc i≤-bm-I¿jn® kn\n-a-I-sfm∂pw Xs∂ h∂n-√. Aev]-sa-

¶nepw i≤-bm-I¿jn-®Xv hn. im¥m-dmw (-Zp-\nbm \ amt\) _na¬tdmbv (tZm _oLm skao≥)

F∂n-h-cm-Wv. cq]-]-c-ambn C°m-esØ kwhbmI-cpsS NnX-ßƒ Htc t^m¿ape Xs∂ ]n≥Xp-

S¿∂hbm-bn-cp-∂p. aq∂p aWn-°q-tdmfw ssZ¿Lyw. [mcmfw Km\-ßƒ, hfhpw Xncnhpw

\nd™ IY, AXn-ssh-Im-cn-IX F∂n-h-sb√mw C°me C¥-y≥ kn\n-a-I-fpsS s]mXp-k-z- m-h-

am-bn-cp-∂p.

23


am[-y-a-]-T\w

1950 IfpsS a[-y-tØmsS Cu am\-Z-WvU-ßƒ amdn. 1955- ¬ ]pd-Øp-h∂ kX-y-PnØv dmbn-

bpsS "]tY¿ ]m©men' Bbn-cp∂p CXn\p Imc-Ww. Cu kn\n-a-bn-eqsS temI-kn-\n-am-cw-KØv

C¥-y≥ kn\n-a-I-fpsS ta¬hn-emkw FØn-t®¿∂p. ]tY¿ ]m©m-en(1955), A]-cm-Pn-tXm(1956),

A]p¿ k≥km¿(1958) F∂o A]-pX-bhpw tZhn (1960) Nmcp-eX (1964) F∂n-h-bp-amWv dmbn-

bpsS ]ikvXamb kn\n-a-Iƒ. as‰mcp ]K¤ Ne-®n-X-Im-c-\m-bn-cp∂p EX-znIv L -Iv(-A-Pm-

¥n-Iv- 1958) kph¿W-tcJ 1965). Fgp-]-Xp-I-tfmsS i≤-t\-Snb Ne-®n-X-Im-c-\mWv arWmƒ sk≥(-

`p-h≥ tjmw, AI-te¿ k‘m-s\)

Aº-Xp-I-tfmsS i‡-amb hmWn-P-y-kn-\n-a-I-fn¬ \n∂pw hy-X-y-kvX-[mc ky-jvSn-®p-sIm-

≠mWv Cu Iem-Im-c-∑m¿ C¥-y≥ kn\n-a-Isf A¥¿tZ-iob kn\n-a-I-fpsS \ne-bn-te-°p-b¿Øn-

b-Xv. C¥-y≥ kn\n-a-bpsS ]pXn-bL´w Bcw- n-°p-∂Xv 70 Ifn-em-Wv. Fgp-]-Xp-I-fn¬ aWn

Iuƒ (DkvIn tdmń, BjmUv Im GIv Zn≥) Ipam¿ km”n (am-bm-Z¿∏¨) F∂n-h¿ dnb-en-

ÃnIv hncp≤ kn\n-a-I-fn-eqsS ASq¿ tKm]m-e-I-y-jvW≥ (k-z-bw-h-cw, Fen-∏-Øm-bw) dnb-en-

ÃnIv kn\n-a-I-fn-eq-sSbpw temI i≤ BI¿jn-®p. iyw s_\-K¬, Kncojv I¿Wm-Sv, Kncojv

Ik-d-h-ffn apX-em-h¿ dnb-en-ksØ lnµn kn\n-a-I-fpsS I®-h-sS-]m-c-º-c-y-hp-ambn Iqń-bn-W-

°n-sIm≠v it≤-b-amb kn\n-a-Iƒ sNbvX-h-cm-Wv.

III.5 ae-bmf kn\n-a- -km-am-\y ]cn-Nbw

ae-bmf kn\n-a-bpsS Bcw`w sP.-kn.-Zm-\n-tb-ens‚ hnK-X-Ip-am-c-\n-eq-sS-bm-Wv. 1928- -

emWv Cu kn\na BZ-y-ambn ]Z¿in-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. ]Xn-Iq-e-amb [mcmfw ]h¿Ø-\-ßsf

t\cn- p-sIm-≠mWv At±lw B kn\na ]q¿Øn-bm-°n-b-Xv. hnK-X-Ip-am-c-\n-eqsS ]Z¿i-\-hn-

Pbhpw P\-k-Ω-Xn-bp-am¿÷n-°p-hm≥ At±-l-Øn\v Ign-™¶nepw ho≠p-samcp NnXw Bcw- n-

°m≥ At±-l-Øn\p Ign™ncn∂n-√. as‰mcp ae-bmf \ni-_vZ-NnXw am¿Øm-WvU-h¿Ω-bm-bn-

cp-∂p. kn. hn. cma≥ ]nf-f-bpsS am¿Øm-WU h¿Ω t\mh¬ kn\n-a-bm-°n-Xm-bn-cp∂p CXv.

B¿ kpµ¿ cmPmWv Cu kn\na \n¿an-®-Xv. C¥ybnse GsXmcp \ni_vZ kn\natbmSpw InS-

]n-Sn-bv°m-hp∂ kn\n-a-bm-bn-cp∂p CsX-¶nepw ]I¿∏-h-Imi \nbaw ewLn-®-Xn-\m¬ BZy ]Z¿i-

\-tØmsS s]ń-bn¬X-s∂-bn-cn-bv°m-\m-bn-cp∂p Cu kn\n-a-bpsS KXn. 1932 embn-cp∂p

am¿ØmWvU h¿Ω ]pd-Øn-d-ßn-b-Xv.

1938- se _me-t\m-Sp-Iq-Sn-bmWv ae-bmf kn\n-abnse i_vZ bpKw Bcw- n-°p-∂-Xv. Sn.-

B¿ kpµcw \n¿Ωn®v Fkv. s\m´mWnIv kwhn-[m\w sNbvX kn\n-a-bm-bn-cp∂p AXv. Cu

kn\nabv°v tijw ⁄m\mw_nI ]^vfmZ, \n¿Ωe , XpSßn h¿jØn¬ Hs∂∂

IW°ns\¶nepw kn\naIƒ CdßnØpSßn. IÆo¿ IYIƒ°mbncp∂p CXn¬ ]m[m\yw.

50 Iƒ°p tijw aebmf kn\n-a-bpsS KXn-thKw IqSn-Xp-Sßn ae-bmf kn\na i‡-amb

hymhkmbnImSnØdbps≠∂v shfnhm°nb kn\nabmbncp∂p 1951˛endßnb PohnX\uI.

At∂mfap≠mbncp∂ t_mIvkv Hmôkv sdt°m¿UpIƒ apgph≥ Cu kn\na XI¿Øp.

sI. thºphmbncp∂p CXns‚ kwhn[mbI≥.

1950 Iƒ°ptijw aebmf kn\nabn¬ [mcmfw am‰ßƒ ]ISambn. h¿jØn¬

H∂v F∂ IW°n¬ \n∂v ]pdØndßp∂ kn\naIfnse FÆØn¬ h¿≤\hp≠mbn.

]kn≤cmb kmlnXyImc≥amcpsS IYIƒ kn\nabv°m[mcambn. IÆo¿ °YIfn¬ \n∂pw

kmaqlnI hnjbßƒ IYbv°v ]mXambn. \oe°pbn¬ F∂ kn\nabneqsS aebmf kn\na

tZiob i≤ t\Sn. 1954˛¬ cmapImcym´pw ]n. `mkvIc\pw tN¿∂v kwhn[m\w sNbvX Cu

kn\na anI® c≠masØ kn\nabv°pff tZiob Ahm¿Uv t\Sn-I-bp-≠mbn Cßs\ 1950

Ifn-ep-≠mb KpW]camb am‰ßƒ aebmf kn\nabpsS hnImkØns‚ kqN\bmbncp∂p.

24


am[-y-a-]-T\w

aebmf Ne®nX hyhkmbw h¿jw tXmdpw IqSpX¬ hnImkmam¿÷n®ph∂p.

]kn≤cmb [mcmfw FgpØpImcpsS IyXnIƒ kn\na°m[mcambn. 1965˛¬ XIgnbpsS sNΩo≥

F∂ t\mhens\ B[mcam°n cmapImcym´v kwhn[m\w sNbvX "sNΩo≥' kz¿WsaU¬

t\SnbtXmsS aebmf kn\na tZiob XeØn¬ IqSpX¬ i≤n°s∏´p.

1970˛ItfmsS aebmfkn\nabn¬ hy‡amb c≠p[mcIƒ ]Xy£s∏´p.

AXn`mhpIXzhpw hnImc\n¿`chpamb IY, Ã≠v, ]m´v, IÆocv XpSßbhbm¬ IpØn

\ndbv°s∏´ I®h kn\nIfpw hkvXpXIsf bmYm¿∞amtbm [z\ymflIamtbm

AhXcWhnt[bam°p∂ B¿Sv kn\naIfpw F∂nßs\ c≠v hgnIfnIfmbn.

ASq¿tKm]meIyjvW≥ (kzbwhcw, sImSntb‰w, Fen∏Ømbw, hnt[b≥) Achnµ≥ (DØ-

cm-b-Ww, Im©-\koX, Xºv, IpΩm- n, t]m°p-sh-bn¬, NnZw-_-cw, FkvX-∏m≥) tPm¨ F_-

lmw(-AΩ Adnbm≥, AK-lm-c-Ønse Igp-X) ]hn-X≥ (bmtcm Hcmƒ, D∏v) sI.B¿ taml-

\≥(-A-i-z-∞m-am-hv, ]pcp-jm¿∞w) ]n. F. _°¿, (Np-h∂ hnØp-Iƒ kwL-Km-\w) jmPn

F≥ Icp¨ (]n-d-hn, kzw) XpS-ßn-b-h¿ kn\n-a-bpsS I®-h-S-Xm-ev]-c-y-Øn\v bmsXmcp ]m[m-

\-yhpw Iev]n-°msX Iem-aq-e-y-Øn\v ]m[m-\yw sImSp-Ø-h-cm-Wv. Ch-cpsS kn\n-a-I-fn-eq-sS-

bmWv ae-bmf kn\na A¥¿tZ-iob i≤ t\Sn-sb-Sp-°p-∂-Xv. Cu c≠v [mc-Isf ka-\z-bn-

∏n®v kn\n-a-sbSp-Ø-h-cmWv ]fl-cm-P≥, `c-X≥, sI. Pn. tPm¿Pv F∂n-h¿. G‰hpw ]pXnb

ImesØ ae-bmf kn\n-a-bn¬ Cu c≠p-[m-c-Ifpw XΩn-ep-ff hy-X-y-kvX-Iƒ Ipd-™p-h-cp∂

ImgvN-bm-Wp-f-f-Xv.

III.6 tUmI-yq-sa‚dn kn\n-a-bpsS Bhn¿`mhw

kmln-X-yw-t]mse IYm-J-ym\w \n¿h-ln-°m-\-√m-sXbpw Ne-®n-X-ßsf D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-

Øm-dp-≠v. hn⁄m-\-ta-J-e-bp-sSbpw bXm¿∞h-kvXp-X-I-fp-sSbpw Ah-X-c-W-Øn-\mbpw Ne-

®n-X- mj C∂v D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p. CØ-c-Øn-ep-ff Bh-i-y-ßƒ°mbn D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ Ne-

®n-X-ß-sf-bm-Wv s]mXpsh tUmI-yp-sa‚-dn-Iƒ F∂v hn]-£n-°p-∂-Xv. ùXn-I-tem-I-Øns‚

bmYm¿∞-y-ß-tfbpw sshhn-[-y-ß-tfbpw t_m[-bys∏-Sp-ØpI F∂p-f-f-Xm-Wv tUmI-yp-sa‚dn

kn\n-a-Iƒ sNøp-∂-Xv. AXn-\m¬ o®¿ kn\n-a-I-fn¬ ImWp∂ mh-\-bpsS kv]¿iw AtX

Af-hn¬ tUmI-yp-sa‚dn kn\n-a-I-fn¬ ImWn-√. hn⁄m\w amX-ap-f-ftXm hn⁄m-\-tØm-

S∏w hnt\m-Zhpw e`n-°p-∂-Xp-am-bn- p-fftXm Bb Ah-X-c-W-amWv Ch-bv°p-f-f-Xv.

tUmI-yp-sa‚n kz- m-h-ap-ff Ne-®n-X-ßƒ BZ-y-ambn \n¿Ωn-®Xv tdmt_¿Sv vt-tfm-l¿ń-

bm-Wv. F∂m¬ At±-l-Øns‚ kn\n-a-I-fn¬ bmYm¿∞-y-tØm-sSm∏w `mh-\-bpsS Awihpw

Gdnbpw Ipd™pw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. vtfml¿ń-bpsS Ne-®nX kº-Zm-b-Øn¬ \n∂pw ]tNm-

Z-\-apƒs°m-≠p-sIm≠v _nójv Ne-Nn-X-Im-c-\mb tPm≥ KntbgvkmWv tUmI-yq-sa‚n Hcp

]ÿm-\-ambn hf¿Ø-b-Xv. ô®¿ kn\n-a-bvs°m∏w kvac-Wo-b-ß-fmb \nc-h[n Ivfm n-°p-

Iƒ°v cq]w \¬Im≥ Cu imJbv°v Ign-™n- p-≠v. ^vtfml¿Sn-bpsS "\m\qIv Hm^v Zn

t\m¿Øv' am≥ Hm^v Bc≥, t_kn¬ ssd‰ns‚ ss\‰v sabn¬, tkmwKv Hm^v Zn kntem¨,

Ae≥ sdt\-bpsS ss\‰v B‚ v t^mKv F∂nh hn⁄m-\-tØms-Sm∏w Iem-]-c-amb A\p-

`qXnIqSn ]I¿∂v ImesØ AXn-Po-hn-®-Xm-Wv. ae-bm-f-Ønepw Cu Ne-®n-X-imJ hfsc

i‡-am-Wv. Fw.-Snsb°pdn®v Fw.-F. d“m≥ \n¿Ωn® sUmI-yp-sa‚dnbmWv "IqS-√q-cnse Ipf-

ßƒ.'

III.7 tUmI-yp-sa‚n ô®¿ kn\n-a-I-fpsS hy-X-ymkw

hnt\mZ-tØ-°mƒ hnPvm-Rm-\-Øn\v ]m[m-\yw sImSp-°p∂ Ne-®n-X-ß-fmWv

tUmI-ypw-sa‚dn. Xncn-®mWv o®¿ kn\n-a-I-fpsS kz- mhw. hnt\m-ZØn-\p-th≠n amXw i≤n-

25


am[-y-a-]-T\w

°p∂p F∂-Xn-\m¬ ô®¿ kn\n-a-Iƒ hy-h-km-b-Øns‚ Xe-Øn-te°v amdn°gn™n- p-≠v.

Itºmfw o®¿ kn\n-asb kw_-‘n®v ][m-\-am-Wv. Bfp-Isf BI¿jn-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn ]e

Xc-Øn-ep-ff HØp-Xo¿∏p-Iƒ°v ô®¿ kn\n-a-Iƒ ian-°p-∂p. F∂m¬ tUmI-yp-sa‚n-Iƒ

hnt\m-Z-Øns‚ hfsc sNdp-Xmbn amXta ]cn-K-Wn-°p-∂p-≈q. ùXnI bmYm-∞-ysØ FX-

tØmfw hkvXp-\n-jvT-ambn Ah-X-cn-∏n-°phm≥ Ign-bptam AX-tØmfw hkvXp \njvTX

tUmI-yp-sa‚n kn\naIƒ Bh-i-y-s∏-Sp-∂p. Itºm-f-\n-jvT-a-√m-Ø-\n-\m¬ Ch-bpsS DØ-c-hm-

ZnØw Ah ssIIm-cyw sNøp∂ hnj-b-ß-tfm-Sm-bn-cn°pw . "F≥tUm-kƒ^m≥' ]iv\sØ

Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p∂ tUmI-yp-sa‚-dn-bpsS ImgvN-∏mSv B hnj-bsØ FX-tØmfw kX-y-k-‘-

ambn Ah-X-cn-∏n-°pI F∂p-f-f-Xm-Wv. F∂m¬ ô®¿ kn\n-a-bm-Ip-tºmƒ B hnj-bsØ

\mS-Io-I-b-ambn AhXcn-∏n®v ImWn-I-fpsS BImw-£-tbbpw s]mXp-t_m-[-sØbpw kwc-£n-

®p-sIm≠v k©-cn-°pI F∂p-f-f-Xm-bn-cn°pw.

III.8 kn\n-abpw kmln-X-yhpw

Zy-i-y- -im-h-y-am-[-y-a-amb kn\n-abpw hm°p-IƒsIm-≠v km[-y-am-hp∂ kmln-X-yhpw XΩn¬

]e Xc-Øn-ep-ff sImSp-°¬ hmßepIƒ D≠v. AtX t]mse c≠pw hy-X-ykvX am[-y-a-ßfm-

b-Xn-\m-ep-ff sshPm-X-y-ßfpw [mcm-f-am-Wv. kn\n-abpw kmln-X-yhpw XΩn-ep-ff kma-y-am-Is´

IY-]-d-bp∂ c≠v am[-y-a-ßƒ F∂-Xn-\¬ HXp-ßp-∂p. ]d-bp∂ coXn-bntem AXn-\mbn D]-

tbm-Kn-°p∂ kt¶-X-ß-fntem kmayw ImWp-hm\pw Ign-bn-√.

kn\n-abpw kmln-X-yhpw c≠v Xc-ØnemWv Bk-zm-Z-Isc t\cn-Sp-∂-Xv. kmln-Xyw hm°p-

Iƒ sIm≠v BibtemIw ky-jvSn-°p-tºmƒ kn\na Zy-i-y-ß-tfbpw i_vZ-ß-sfbpw AXn-

\mbn D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p. kmln-X-y-Øn¬ Hcp ]pkvX-I-Ønse Hcp ]pdw apgp-h-\p-]-tbm-Kn®v

h¿Wn-°p∂ Hcp Zy-iyw kn\n-a-bn¬ Hcp tjmń-eqsS ]I¿Øn-\¬Im≥ Ign-bpw. kn\na

t\cn´v ImWp∂ ]XoXn P\n-∏n-°p-∂p. kmln-X-y-am-hs´ hmb-\-bn-eqsS Ak-zm-Is‚ a\- n-

emWv kw -h-ßƒ°v Zy-i-y-]-cX hcp-Øp-∂-Xv. AXm-bXv kmln-X-y-Im-c≥ hm°p-Iƒ°v Btcm-

]n-®n-cn-°p∂ kuµ-c-ym-fl-IX kz-¥-am-bmWv Bk-zm-Z-I≥ Is≠-Øp-∂-Xv. km[m-cW kn\n-a-

I-fn¬ Ne-®n-X-Im-c≥ hkvXp-X-I-tfbpw Bi-b-ß-tfbpw t\cn- -h-X-cn-∏n-°p-I-bmWv sNøp-I.

Cu A¿∞-Øn¬ kmln-Xyw Aaq¿Ø-amb Bi-bm-h-X-c-W-am-[-y-ahpw kn\na aq¿Ø-amb

Bi-bm-h-X-c-W-am-[-y-ahpw hpam-sW∂v ]d-bmw. kn\n-a-I-fnepw Aaq¿Ø-amb Bi-bm-h-X-c-

W-co-Xn-Iƒ C√ F∂v ]d-bm≥ Ign-bn-√. B¿Sv kn\n-a-Iƒ F∂v hnh-£n-°-s∏-Sp∂ kn\n-a-I-

fn¬ Cu Aaq¿Ø Bi-bm-h-X-c-W-coXn ImWmw.

kn\n-abpw kmln-X-yhpw XΩn-ep-ff _‘-Øn\v AXns‚ D¤-h-tØmfw Xs∂ ]g-°-

ap-≠v. ]ta-bm-h-X-c-Ww, CXn-h-y-Ø-I-Ym-]m-X-ßƒ, kw`m-j-Ww, ]›m-Ø-e-Iao-I-c-Ww, _nw_-

I-ev]-\- ap-X-em-b-h-bn-se√mw kn\na kmln-X-y-hp-ambn kmayw ]pe¿Øp-∂p-≠v. kn\n-a-bpsS

kmln-X-y-cq-]-ambn "Xnc-°Y' hf¿∂p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂ Hcp kmln-X-y-hn- m-KamWv.

kmln-X-y-Øn¬ t\mh-ep-I-fp-am-bmWv kn\n-abv°v G‰-hp-a-[nIw kmayw Df-f-Xv. IYm-

h-X-cW coXn-bn¬ c≠pw ASpØp \n¬°p-∂p. Zo¿L-amb kw -h-ßfpw Ah-tbbpw A\p-

hm-N-Is‚ i≤tbbpw hf¿Øn-s°m-≠p-t]m-Ip-hm≥ Cu c≠v am[-y-a-ßfpw BImw-£m- -cn-X-

amb hnIm-k-ßƒ ky-jvSn-bv°pw. Cu Hcp LS-\-bp-f-f-Xn-\m¬ kn\n-a-bn-te°v G-‰-hp-a-[nIw

]I¿Øn-s∏- n- p-ff kmln-X-y-cq]w t\mh-em-Wv. "" kn\na Hcp t\mh-en-s\-t∏m-se-bmWv'' (Cenemais something like a novel) F∂v Btµ _m n¬ ]d-bp-∂Xv Cu A¿∞-Øn-em-Wv.

t\mh-ep-I-fmWv IqSp-X-embn kn\n-a-bm-°-s∏- n- p-f-f-Xv. 1902- ¬ Øs∂ Hcp t\mh¬

kn\n-a-bm-°-s∏- n-cp-∂p. tPm¿Pv saeokv "F Sn]v Sp aq¨' F∂ kn\na \n¿Ωn-®Xv Pqƒ

26


am[-y-a-]-T\w

sh¿tW-bpsS Hcp t\mhen¬ \n∂m-Wv. ae-bm-f-Øn¬ XI-gn-bpsS sNΩo≥, _jo-dns‚ m¿Kho

\nebw Fw.-Sn.-bpsS Ccp- ns‚ Bflmhv tIi-h-tZ-hns‚ HmS-bn¬ \n∂v Nß-ºp-g-bpsS ca-

W≥ ae-bm-‰p-cns‚ b£n Bims‚ IcpW k°-dn-b-bpsS `mkvI-c-]-t -e-cpsS Fs‚ Poh-Xn-

Xhpw hnt[-b≥ F∂ t]cnepw [mcmfw t\mh-ep-Ifpw Imh-y-ßfpw IY-Ifpw kn\n-a-bm-°-s∏-

´n- p-≠v F∂Xv kmln- X-yhpw kn\n-abpw XΩn-ep-ff _‘sØ ImWn-°p-∂p.

Xnc-°Y \n¿ΩmWw

Xnc-°-Ysb Ne-®n-X-Øns‚ AkvXn-hmcw F∂mWv hnti-jn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. Xnc-°-Ysb

Bkv]-Z-am-°n-bmWv km[m-c-W-bmbn kn\na sI´n-s∏-Sp-°p-∂-Xv. AXn-\m¬ kn\nam \n¿Ωm-W-

Øns‚ G-‰hpw ][m-\-s∏´ Akw-kvI-rX hkvXp-°-fn-sem-∂mWv Xnc-°-Y. Hcp IYsb t\cn- √

kwhn-[m-b-I≥ kn\n-a-bn-te°v ]I¿Øp-∂-Xv. Ah-X-c-W-Øn-\mbn sXc-s™-Sp-°p∂ IYsb

Ne-®n-X-Øns‚ Ah-X-c-W-I-a-Øn\v tNcp∂ coXn-b¬ mj-bn-eqsS Ah-X-cn-∏n® tij-amWv

Zy-i-y-cq-]-Øn¬ ]I¿Øp-∂-Xv. Cu mjm Dev]-∂-amWv Xnc-°-Y. kn\n-a-bpsS kmln-Xy cq]w

IqSn-bmWv Xnc-°-Y. CwKvfo-jn¬ Screenplay,Script, Scenario Fs∂√mw Xnc-°-Ysb hy-h-l-cn-

°p-∂p. Xnc-»o-e-bn¬ ]Z¿in-∏n-°p-hm≥ th≠n B am[-y-a-Øns‚ BJ-ym\ khn-ti-j-XIsf

Dƒt®¿Øv khn-ti-j-amb coXn-bn¬ Xøm-dm-°p∂ IY-bmWv Xnc-°Y F∂v kmam-\-y-ambn

]d-bmw.

kn\na \n¿Ωn°p∂Xv hensbmcp t]£I hyµsØ ap∂n¬ I≠psIm≠mWv, Xnc°Y

\n¿Ωn°p∂Xv kwhn[mbI\v Hcp t]£IhyµsØ ap∂n¬ I≠v kn\na \n¿Ωn°p∂Xn\pw,

AXpsIm≠v t]£Is‚ `mh\sb hm°pIƒ sIm≠v D±o]n∏nt°≠ Bhiyw

Xnc°YmIyØn\n√. kwhn[mbI\v t]£Is\ Xr]vXns∏SpØp∂Xn\mhiyamb hgnIƒ

kyjvSn°pI F∂XmWv At±lØns‚ I¿Øhyw.

Hcp IYsb hnhn[`mKßfm°n ko\pIƒ Xncn®v , IYm]m\Xßtfbpw

kw`hßsfbpw IrXyambn k∂nthin∏n®v FgpXpI F∂pffXmWv CXc kmlnXy

IyXnIfpambn Xmc-X-a-y-s∏-Sp-Øp-tºmƒ Xnc-°-Y-bpsS BJ-ym-\-co-Xn. \mS-I-c-N-\-tbmSv kmZri-

y-s∏-Sp-Øm-hp∂ cN-\m-k-t¶Xw Xs∂-bm-Wn-Xv. F∂m¬ \mS-I-Øn¬ \n∂pw henb hy-X-

ymkw kn\n-a-bpsS kmt¶-XnI `Z-Xbpw Ah-X-cW coXn-bp-am-Wv. ko\p-I-fmbn Xncn-b-°p∂

`mK-ßƒ XΩn¬ kuµc-ym-fl-I-ambpw bq‡-ym-[n-jvTn-X-ambpw tN¿Øp-sh-b-°p-tºm-gmWv Xn-

c-°Y ]q¿Ønbmhp-∂-Xv. Xnc-°-Ybpw kmln-X-yhpw mj-bn-emWv k-y-jvSn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-sX-¶nepw

`mj-bpsS kmln-X-y-h-i-Øn-\n√ kn\n-a-bpsS Zy-i-y-]-c-amb taJ-e-°mWv Xnc-°-Y-bn¬ ]m[m-

\-yw, NnX-ß-fpsS klm-b-tØm-sS Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂-XmWv Xnc-°-Y.

III.10 Ne-®n-Xhpw t]£-I\pw

kmln-X-ysØ At]-£n® H‰-bn-cn-∏n\v Bk-z-Zn®v Xo¿t°-≠-XmWv Iem-cq-]-ßƒ. Hcp

t\mh¬ ]mXn hmbn®v _m°n ]n∂oSv hmbn°mw F∂v Xocp-am-\n-°p-∂Xv t]mse-bp-ff kzm-X-

¥yw kn\n-a-t]m-ep-ff bmsXmcp Iem-am-[-y-ahpw t]£-I\v \¬Ip-∂n-√. AtXm-sSm∏w t]£-

I≥ ]mXn-h-gn-bn¬ sh®v Bk-zm-Z-\-Øn¬\n∂v ]n≥am-dp-∂-Xns\ Iem-cq-]-ßƒ `b-°p-Ibpw

sNøp-∂p. AXp-sIm≠v t]£-Is\ ]nSn-®n-cp-Øp-hm-\p-ff hgn-Iƒ kn\n-abv°pw sN-tø-≠n-

h-cp-∂p-≠v. Aßns\ sNøp-tºmƒ t]£-Is\ Xß-fpsS hgn-°-√ Xßƒ t]£-Is‚

hgn°mWv kn\n-a-Iƒ \n¿Ωn-°p-∂Xv F∂ coXn-bn¬ kn\na Xcw XmWp-t]m-Ip-sa∂v ]ikvX

kn\nam ]h¿Ø-I¿°v A`n-]m-b-ap-≠v. ]cn-N-bn® hgntb \S-∂p-t]m-Im-\mWv Gsd bmX-

°m¿°pw Xmev]-cyw F∂v kn\n-a-t]-£-I-sc-°p-dn®v "Ne-®n-X-Øn-s]m-cpƒ ' F∂ ]pkvX-I-

Øn¬ hnP-b-Ir-jvW≥ kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p. hnt\m-Z-Øp-\p-th≠n amXw Xntb-‰-dp-I-fnseØp∂-h-

27


am[-y-a-]-T\w

cmWv qcn-]£w t]£-I-cpw. Ku-c-h-ambn kn\n-asb t\m°n°m-Wp-∂-h¿ hnc-f-hpw. Cu Ah-

ÿ-bn-Y¬ `qcn-]-£sØ ]oWn-∏n-°p∂ I®-hS kn\n-a-Iƒ Iem-aq-e-ysØ Hgn-hm-°p-∂p.

AØcw t]£-I¿°v AXn¬ A`n-]m-b-h-ym-X-ym-k-an-√. F∂mepw bp‡n-]q¿∆-amb IYm-K-

Xnsb Ah¿ At\-z-jn-°p-Ibpw hna¿i-\-hn-t[-b-am-°p-Ibpw sNøm-dp-≠v. h≥ aqe-[\w Bh-

i-y-am-b-Xn-\m¬ t]£-I-\mWv kn\n-a-bpsS bP-am-\≥ F∂v ]d-bmw.

III.11 Bk-zm-Z\w

bmYm¿∞-y-t_m[w G-‰-hp-a-[nIw kr-jvSn°p∂ Iem-am-[-y-a-amWv kn\n-a. t]£-I¿°v

`mh\ D]-tbm-Kn-°m-sX-Øs∂ kn\na Hcp ]cn-[n-hsc Bk-z-Zn-°p-hm≥ Ignbpw . kw -h-ßsf

t\cn¬ ImWp∂ ]XoXn kn\na ky-jvSn-°p-∂p. `mh\m ky-jvSn-bm-sW∂ t_m[w \ne-

\n¿Øn-s°m≠v Xs∂ kn\na Bk-z-Zn-°p-hm-\mWv t]£-I≥ ian-°p-∂-sX-¶nepw At_m-[-

ambn kn\n-a-bnse kw -h-ß-fp-ambn XmZm-flyw ]m]n-°m-dp-≠v. kn\na Ab-Ym¿∞-y-amb Iem

cq]-am-sW∂ Xncn-®-dnhv Ds≠-¶nepw kn\n-a-bpsS ]Xo-Xn-bm-Ym¿∞yw F∂ IgnhpsIm≠mWv

Ak-zm-Z-I≥ kn\n-a-bnse kw -h-ß-fp-ambn XmZm-flyw ]m]n-°p-∂-Xv.

ImgvN, tIƒhn F∂o LS-Ißƒ ]I-S-am-°p∂ kn\na a\p-j-ys‚ B¥-cn-I-amb Nn¥m-

ti-jnsb ]I-S-ambn Bh-i-y-s∏-Sm-ØXpsIm≠v hfsc Ffp-∏-Øn¬ kn\na Bk-zm-Z-\-]-c-am-

hp-∂p. Hmtcm mKhpw hf-sc-thKw IS-∂p-t]m-Ip-∂-Xn-\m¬ kn\n-a-bpsS IYm-K-Xn-bn¬ \n∂pw

hn´p-s]m-Ip-hm\pw A]-K-Y-\m-fl-I-ambn Hmtcm cwK-tØbpw a\- n¬ N¿®-sN-øm\pw th≠

kabw e`-y-am-Im-Xn-cn-°p-Ibpw sNøpw. Hcp kn\n-a-bpsS s]mXp-t_m-[sam D∂XIem-aq

-e-ytam Bk-z-Zn-°p-hm≥ sIev]n-√mØ Bk-zm-Z-I≥ tIhe hnt\m-Z-Øn\v th≠n amXw kn\na

ImWp∂ Bfm-bn-cn°pw.

tIhe kuµ-c-y-Øn-\p-]-cn-bmbn Iem-P-\-y-amb A\p- q-Xn-bpsS Af-hm-bn-cn-°Ww kn\na

apt∂m´psht°-≠-Xv. AØcw Ak-zm-Z-\sØ ASn-ÿm-\-am-°n-bm-bn-cn-°Ww kn\na \√tXm

NoØtbm F∂v Xcn-®-dn-tb-≠-Xv.

III.12 \ncq-]Ww

kmaq-ln-I- -kmw-kvIm-cnI cwKsØ G-‰hpw kzm-[o-\-i-‡n-bmbn h¿Øn-°p∂ C∂sØ

Iem-am-[-yaw kn\n-a-bm-Wv. AXp-sIm≠v Xs∂ G-‰hpw i‡-ambn \ncq-]Ww \S-t°-≠Xpw

kn\n-a-sb-°p-dn-®m-Wv. F∂m¬ kmln-X-y-Øns‚ ]`mhw C∂pw \ne-\n¬°p-∂-X-\n-\m¬ kn\n-

am-\n-cq-]-WsØ Hcp c≠mw InS \ncq-]W ]≤-Xn-bm-bn-Øs∂bmWv ]WvUn-X-temIw t\m°n-

°m-Wp-∂-Xv. apºv amX-y- qan BgvN-∏-Xn-∏n¬ tImgn-t°m-Sns‚ kn\nam \ncp-]W ]w‡n D≠m-

bn-cp-s∂-¶nepw Kuc-h-amb Hcp taJ-e-bmbn CXv hf¿∂n-cp-∂n-√. kn\n-a-bpsS IY ]cn-N-b-

s∏-Sp-ØpI AXnse bp‡n `Z-bpsS A`m-hsØ Nq≠n-°m-Wn-°pI F∂-Xn¬ Ihn™v

BZ-y-Ime ae-bmf kn\nam \ncq-]-W-cwKw apt∂m´p t]mbn-cp-∂n-√.

temI-kn-\n-asb ]cn-N-b-s∏´p XpS-ßn-b-Xn-\p-ti-j-amWv ae-bmf kn\n-a-bpsS i‡n Zu¿∫-

e-y-ß-sf-°p-dn®v ae-bm-f-Øn¬ \ncq-]-I¿ t_m-[-hm-≥-am-cm-b-Xv. Ne-®n-X-ta-f-Iƒ CXn\v \nZm-\-

am-bn. temI kn\n-a-I-sf-°p-dn-®p-ff ]T-\-ßfpw coXn-im-kvX-ßfpw A\p-k-cn®v ae-bmf kn\n-

a-tbbpw ]T-\-hn-t[-b-am-°p-hm≥ ae-bmf kn\nam \ncq-]-W-I¿ Xøm-dm-bn. Pn.-]n. cma-N-µ≥

(kn-\n-abpw ae-bmfn Pohn-X-hpw, 25 temI-kn-\n-a-Iƒ, C¥-y≥ kn\n-a-bn¬ \n∂v C¥-ysb

Is≠Øp-tºmƒ ) hnPb Iy-jW≥ (N-e-®n-X-Øns‚ s]mcpƒ, ae-bmf kn\n-a-bpsS IY)

cho-µ≥ (kn-\na kaqlw ]X-y-b-im-kvXw, kn\n-a-bpsS cmjvSo-bw) hn cmP-I-r-jvW≥

(-Im-gvN-bpsS Aim-¥n) ]n.-Fkv cm[m-I-y-jvW≥(-N-cn-Xhpw Ne-®n-X-hpw(-N-cn-Xhpw Ne-®n-Xhpw˛

28


am[-y-a-]-T\w

tZi-y- m-h-\-bpsS l¿j-aq-e-y-ßƒ) H.sI tPmWn (kn-\n-a-bpsS h¿Ø-am-\w) F∂n-h¿ aebmf

kn\n-a-bnse ]pXnb \ncq-]W \nc-bnse ]K-¤-cm-Wv.

III. 13 tIc-fob \thm-∞m\ ]Xn-\n-[m-\-ßƒ ae-bmf kn\n-a-bn¬

1950-- Iƒ hsc ae-bmf kn\na IÆo¿°-Y-Ifpambn Xan-gv\m-SI A\p-io-e-\-Øns‚

temIØv Bbn-cp-∂p. sFI-y-tI-c-f-Øn-epsS km£m-XvI-y-X-amb tIc-f-\-thm-∞m-\-Nn-¥-I-fp-

sSbpw bmYm¿∞-yØnt‚bpw sXfn-a-bm¿∂ BZ-y-e-£Ww IS-∂p-h∂ kn\na \oe-°p-bn¬

BWv. tIc-fo-b-X, tIc-f-\-thm-∞m\w, atX-X-c-Xzw, P\m-[n-]-X-yw, PmXn-hn-cp-≤X XpS-ßnb

tIc-f-Øn¬ hf¿∂p-sIm-≠n-cp∂ B[p-\n-I-t_m-[-Øns‚ Awi-ßƒ Cu kn\n-a-bn¬ Z¿in-

°mw. "" Ahs\ Hcp \√ a\p-j-y\mbn hf¿Øq lnµphpw apkvfohpw ]pe-b\pw H∂p-am-

t°≠; Hcp \√ a\p-jy≥'' F∂ PmXn aX Nn¥-Iƒ°-Xo-X-ambn Nn¥n® io[c≥ \mb¿

F∂ IYm-]mXw kw`m-j-W-ssien Dƒs∏-Sp-Ønb kn-\n-b-am-bn-cp∂p \oe-°p-bn¬.

\thm-∞m\ iIvXnI-fmb kmaqlnI˛cm-jvSo-b-]-ÿm-\-ßƒ Gs‰-SpØp \S-Ønb

]h¿-Ø-\- -e-ambn cq]s∏´ s]mXp-t_m-[-tØmsS XmZm-ayw ]m]n® kn\n-a-Iƒ ae-bmf kn\n-

a-bn¬ cq]w sIm≈p-∂Xv 50 Iƒ°pti-j-am-Wv. Abn-Ø-Øn\pw PmXn Ak-a-X-z-Øn\pw Zmcn-

Zn-Øn\pw Iogmf h¿§-Øns‚ A[:ÿnXm-h--bv°p-sa-Xn-sc-bp-ff kaqla\-km£n ]Xn- -en-

®-h-bmWv \h-tem-Iw(1951), \oe-°p-bn¬(1954) \yq-kvt]∏¿ t_mbv(1955) cmcn-®≥ F∂ ]uc≥

(1956) apSn-b-\mb ]pX≥(1961) apX-emb kn\n-a-Iƒ.

III. 14 ]mtZ-inI kz-X-z-t_m[w˛tI-c-fo-bX ae-bmf kn\n-bn¬

aZn-cm-in-bnse ÃpUn-tbm-I-fn¬ \n∂pw Xangv kwKoX \mS-I-co-Xn-I-fn¬ \n∂pw ae-bm-

f-kn-\n-asb ae-bm-f-a-Æn-te°v ]dn®v \Sp-∂Xv 1950- -I-fnepw 60-I-fn-ep-ambn h∂ Hcp Iq´w Ignhp‰

Ne-®nX ]Xn- -I-fm-bn-cp-∂p. cmap-I-c-ym- v- ]n `mkvI-c≥ Soans‚ \oe-°p-bn¬ XpS-ßn-sh®

tIc-fob qan-Isb ]n∂oSv h∂ kn\n-a-Iƒ hf¿ØpI-bp-≠m-bn. tIc-f-Ønse Kma- -cm-jvSob

hy-h-lm-c-ßƒ P\-]n-b-am-bn-Øo-cp-∂Xv 1960-I-fn-em-Wv. hfsc aptº \mS-I-Ønepw t\mh-ep-I-

fnepw i‡-amb ]Xn-]m-Z-\-hn-j-a-bm-bn-cp∂ tIc-fob hyh-lmc-ßƒ kn\n-a-bn¬ i‡-am-Ip-

∂Xv C°m-e-Øm-W v . sNΩo≥ HmS-bn¬ \n∂v, apd-s∏Æv, If-fn-s®-√-Ω, _me-y-Im-e-kJn XpS-

ßnb tIc-fob kn\n-a-Iƒ tIc-fob ]›m-Ø-e-sØ hnj-b-am-°n-b-h-bm-Wv.

tIc-fob ]›m-Øew bYm¿∞-ambn ]n∂oSv Bhn-jvI-c-W-hn-t[-b-am-Ip-∂Xpw tIc-fob

kz-X-z-t_m-[-Øns‚ \n¿ΩnXn ky-jvSn-°-s∏-Sp-∂Xpw B¿Sv kn\n-a-Iƒ As√-¶n¬ kam-¥-c-kn-

\naIƒ F∂p hnfn-bv°-s∏-Sp∂ kn\n-I-fn-em-Wv. Fw.-Sn-bpsS Xnc-°-Y-bn-eqsS ]pd-Øn-d-ßnb

apd-s∏Æv ae-bm-f-I-Y-Isf KmaoW \njvI-f-¶-Y-bn-te°v ssI]n-Sn-®p-\-bn-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. IShv

(1990) ]cn-W-bw(1994) F∂o kn\n-a-I-fn-eqsS ae-bm-f-Øns‚ h¿Ø-am\˛`q-X-Im-e-ßsf ho≠pw

cq-]-ambn apJ-y-[mcm kn\n-a-Ifpw hy-X-y-kvX-amb ImgvN-∏m-tSmsS kam-¥-c-kn\n-a-Ifpw sNøp∂

kn\n-am-h-X-cWw kwkvIm-cnI Np‰p-]m-Sn-s\-Ø-s∂-bmWv ssIIm-cyw sNøp-∂-Xv. CXn-eqsS

\ne-hn-ep-f-ftXm a¨a-d-™tXm Bb kmwkvIm-cn-I-t_m-[sØ Ah \ym-bo-I-cn-°pItbm h¿≤n-

∏n-Iptbm sNøp-∂p-≠v.

ap\-j-ys‚ hy-h-lm-c-ß-fmWv kwkvIm-cØns‚ ]X-y-£-Nn-”-ßƒ Cu ]X-y£ Nn”ßƒ

IeI-fn-eqsS AS-bm-f-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. kn\n-a-sN-øp-∂Xpw kmwkvIm-cn-I-amb AS-bm-f-s∏-Sp-Ø-ep-

Iƒ Xs∂-bm-Wv. B A¿∞-Øn¬ kn\n-a-sb-°p-dn-®p-ff ]T\w kmwkvIm-cn-I-]-T\w Xs∂-bm-

Wv.

29


am[-y-a-]-T\w

shfn-®-Øn-se-Øn-®p. B[p-\n-I-Ime kn\n-a-bn¬ Kma-ßsf AS-bmfs∏Sp-Ønb kwhn-[m-b-I-

\mWv kX-y≥ A¥n-°m-Sv(-A-∏p-Æn, s]m∑p- -bn-Sp∂ Xmdm-hv) kX-y≥ A¥n-°m-Sns‚ IYm-]m-X-

ßƒ AX \njvI-f-¶-c-s√∂ hna¿i\w \ne-\n¬°p-tºmƒØs∂ Kmao-W-X-bpsS ss\¿a-eyw

A\p- -h-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ At±-l-Øn-\m-bn- p-≠v.

III.15 kn\n-am-]T\w˛kmw-kvIm-cnI ]T-\-am-Ip-∂-Xv.

kwkvIm-c-sØbpw Ncn-X-sØbpw \n¿W-bn-°p-∂-Xnepw AS-bm-f-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xnepw kmln-

X-y-Øn\pw Ie-bv°p-ap-ff ]¶v hfsc Db¿∂-Xm-Wv. C∂p-Isfbpw C∂-e-I-sfbpw AS-bm-f-s∏-

Sp-Øp∂ am[-y-a-ambn Ie ]h¿Øn-°p-∂p-≠v. Cß-s\-bp-ff kwkvImcnI- A-S-bm-f-s∏-Sp-Ø-

en\pw kwc-£-W-Øn\pw hyXnN-en-∏n-°-en\pw kn\n-a-tbmfw Ign-hp-ff as‰mcp Iem-cq]w

\ne-hn-en-√. B[p-\nI ImesØ G‰hpw ][m-\-s∏´ Iem-am-[-y-a-amWv kn\na F∂-Xm-Wn-Xn\v

Imc-Ww. P\-X-bpsS ssh]p-ey am¿∂ kmaq-lnI kmwkvIm-cnI ]cn-h¿Ø-\-Øn\v h¿Øn-°p-

∂-X-\n¬ kn\n-a-bv°p-ff ]¶v Db¿∂-Xm-Wv.

kmwkvIm-cn-t_m-[hpw kZm-Nm-c-aq-e-y-ßfpw bmYm-ÿn-In-I-amtbm ]ptcm-K-a-\-]-c-amtbm

kn\n-a-bn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°-s∏-Sm-dp-≠v. Kp]vX-amb ktµ-i-ßƒ kn\n-a-bn-eqsS kwth-Z\w sNø-

s∏-Sp-∂p. bmYm-ÿn-X-Ihpw I]-S-bm-Ym¿∞-y-Øn¬ ( psuedo realistic) D∂n-b-Xp-amb Ah-X-

cW coXn-bn-eqsS kn\na CXv ]mh¿∞n-I-am-°p-∂-Xv. kaq-l-Øns‚ s]mXp-t_m-[-Øn\v A\p-

30


am[-y-a-]-T\w

samU-yqƒ-˛ IV Iº-y-q´¿

21 mw \q‰m-≠nse G‰hpw henb I≠p-]n-Sp-Ø-ß-fn-sem-∂mWv Iº-yq-´¿. Iº-yq-´v-˛-

A-Yhm IW-°p-°q- ¬ F∂ hm°n¬ \n∂mWv Iº-yq- ¿ F∂ hm°ns‚ D¤hw. IW°pIq-

´p-hm-\p-ff b¥w F∂ \ne-bn-emWv Iº-yq- -dns‚ P\-\w. Nmƒkv _mt_Pv BWv Iº-yq- -dns‚

]nXm-hv. A\-e-‰n-°¬ F©n≥ (1833) F∂m-bn-cp∂p CXns‚ t]cv. Hcp apdn-tbmfw hep-∏-ap-≠m-

bn-cp∂p Cu b¥-Øn-\v. Cu b¥-Øn¬ \n∂pw Kth-j-W-ß-fn-eqsS am‰-ßƒ°v hnt[-b-amb

A©mw Xe-apd Iº-yq- -dp-I-fmWv \man-t∏mƒ D]-tbm-Kn®p sIm≠n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. KWn-X-In-b-°p-

th-≠n-bp-ff b¥w F∂ \ne-bn¬ \n∂pw Pohn-X-Øns‚ F√m taJ-e-bp-ambn _‘-s∏-Sp∂

H∂mbn Iº-yq- ¿ C∂v amdn-bn-cn-°p-∂p.

Iº-yq-´-dns‚ D]-tbm-K-ßƒ

(1) hnZ-ym-`-ymkw

(2) _m¶nwKv

(3) sdbnth dnk¿th-j≥

(4) h≥In-S- m-IvS-dn-I-fnse b¥-ß-fpsS \nb-¥-Ww.

(5) imkvX- -im-kvX-km-t¶-Xn-I-cwKw

(6) tPym-Xn-»mkvXw

(7) ]Xn-tcm-[-cwKw ˛ F∂n-ßs\ hnhn-[-ta-J-e-I-fn-embn Iº-yq-´dns‚ tkh\w

Bhi-y-am-bn-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv. Hcp ]mSp-t]-cpsS A[-zm-\-tijn D]-tbm-Kn-t°≠ sXmgn-ep-Isf

Npcp-ßnb ka-b-Øn¬ Ir-X-y-X-tbmsS ka-b-em- -tØm-sSbpw sNbvXp Xo¿°m≥ Iº-yq- -dn\v

Ignhp-≠v.

C‚¿s\‰v

Ata-cn-°≥ ]Xn-tcm[ hIp∏ns‚ Iogn-ep-ff AU-zm≥kvUv dnk¿®v s]mPIv‰vkv GP≥kn

(ARPA) 1969- ¬ XpS-ßnb Hcp ]co-£W Iº-yq- ¿ irw-J-e-bmWv C∂v C‚¿s\‰v F∂ BtKm-

f-irw-J-e-bmbn Xg-®p-h-f¿∂p \n¬°p-∂-Xv. ]n∂oSv ]m°‰v kzn-®nMv F∂ kmt¶-XnI hnZy D]-

tbm-Kn®v ]p\¿\n¿Ωn® Iº-yq- ¿ irwJe A¿∏-s\‰v (ARPANET) F∂v \ma-I-cWw sNø-s∏- p.

Atacn-°-bnse Kth-jW ÿm]\ßfn-em-bn-cp∂p CXv ]mh¿-Øn-I-am-bn-cp-∂-Xv. Cu Kq∏ns‚

Xe-h-\m-bn-cp∂ hn‚¨ sk¿^v C‚¿s\-‰ns‚ ]nXmhv F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. C‚¿s\‰v Ncn-X-

Ønse G-‰hpw henb hnIm-k-am-bn-cp∂p 1991- ¬ Snw _¿tWgvkv en thƒUv sshU v sh_v

kwhn-[m\w ]mh¿Øn-I-am-°n-b-Xv.

Cu -sa-bn¬, thƒUv sshUv sh_v (www), sS¬s\‰v sh_v Snhn/tdUntbm, C‚¿s\‰v

dnte Nm‰v F∂n-ßs\ C‚¿s\-‰n¬ e -y-amb tkh-\-ßƒ [mcm-f-am-Wv. hn h-n[-cm-P-y-ß-fn¬

hnhn[ ÿe-ß-fn-embn InS-°p∂ At\Iw Iº-yq- -dp-Isf tIm¿Øn-W-°n-sIm≠v D≠m-°nb

]pXnb Bib hn\n-ab kº-Zm-b-ambn C∂v C≥¿s\‰v amdn-bn-cn-°p-∂p.

31


am[-y-a-]-T\w

C -km-ln-Xyw

kmln-Xy cwKsØ Iº-yq- -dn-te°v k∂n-th-in-∏n-®Xns‚ DZm-l-c-W-ß-fn-sem-∂mWv Cu

kmln-Xyw. kmln-X-y-Øn¬ ]pkvX-I-cq-]-Øn-ep-ff qcn- m-K-I-r-Xn-Ifpw C∂v C‚¿s\-‰nepw e -y-

am-Wv. UnPn-‰¬ cq]-Øn-ep-ff ]pkvX-I-ß-sf-∂,v Cu -km-ln-X-ysØ \ap°v hnti-jn-∏n-°mw.

Ipd™ sNehv, Is≠-Øphm\p-ff Ffp∏w F∂nh C˛-km-ln-X-y-Øns‚ KpW-ß-fm-Wv.

C≥¿s\‰ns‚ klm-b-tØmsS mj-bpsStbm Zqc-]-cn-[n-bp-tStbm t`Zan√msX temI-Øns‚ GXv

tImWn¬ \n∂p-ap-ff kmln-X-y-I-y-Xn-Iƒ e -y-am-Ip∂p F∂p-f-f-XmWv CXns‚ ]tX-y-I-X.

C‚¿s\‰v t_mUv ImÃnwKv

C‚-s\-‰n-eqsSbpff hm¿Øm-hn-\n-a-b-sØ-bmWv C‚¿s\‰v t_mUv ImÃnwKv F∂p ]d-

bp-∂-Xv. a‰p hm¿Øm-hn-\n-ab D]m-[n-Isf At]-£n®v Npcp-ßnb sNe-hnepw Ipd™ ka-b-

Øn-\p-f-fnepw hm¿Ø-Iƒ hn\n-abw sNøm≥ Ign-bp∂p F∂p-f-f-XmWv CXns‚ khn-ti-j-X.

\nb-¥-W-ßƒ°pw \nb-a-ßƒ°pw Hcp ]cn-[n-hsc hnt[-b-a-√m-sX-bmWv Cu hm¿Øm-hn-\n-

abw km[-y-am-Ip-∂-Xv. C∂v hnhn[ am[-y-a-ß-fpsS sh_vt]m¿ -ep-Iƒ hgnbpw kz-X-¥-h-y-‡n-

Iƒ hgnbpw Cu hn\n-abw \S-∂p-h-cp-∂p.

C‚¿s\‰v tdUntbm

C‚¿s\‰v hgn-bp-ff tdUntbm kwt]-j-W-amWv C‚¿s\‰v tdUntbm BBC, CNN XpS-ßn-

be ]apJ am[-y-a-ß-fpw IqSmsX C‚¿s\-‰n¬ amXw \ne-\n¬°p-∂-Xp-amb hnhn[ tdUntbm

kwt]-jW kwhn-[m-\-ßƒ Cßs\ ]h¿Øn-°p-∂p. hm¿Øm-hn-\n-a-b-tØ-°mƒ hnt\m-Z-

Øn-\mWv CØcw tdUn-tbm-Iƒ ]m[m-\yw \¬Ip-∂-Xv.

thƒUv sshUv sh_v (www)

temI-Øp-ff Iº-yq- -dp-Isf apgp-h≥ ]c-kv]cw _‘n∏n-®n-cn-°p∂ h≥ hnh-c-ti-J-c-

amWv thƒUv sshUv sh_v. sshPvRm\n-Iw, Ie, kwkvImcw k∂≤ tkh\w hy-h-kmbw

hmWn-Pyw F∂n-ßs\ temIsØ H´p-an-°-ta-J-e-I-fnepw ]Nmcw t\Sn-°-gn™ am¿K-amWv

sh_v. hmb-\-im-e-bn¬ t]mIm-sX, ]pkvX-I-ßƒ XpS-°m-sX, BtcmSpw kwi-b-ßƒ tNmZn-

°msX kz¥w apdn-bn-ep-cp∂v kqc-y-\vIo-gn-ep-ff F√m Imc-y-ß-sf-°p-dn®pw FX thW-sa-¶nepw

Adnbm-\p-ff Hcp am¿K-ambn CXv C∂v amdn-°-gn-™p.

C -sa-bn¬ (e-mail)

C‚¿s\-‰ns‚ ASn-ÿm\ tkh-\-ß-fn-sem-∂mWv C -sa-bn¬. C‚¿s\-‰ns\ \ΩpsS

Iº-yq- -dp-ambn _‘-s∏-Sp-Øn-°-gn-™m¬ \mw ssS∏p-sNbvXv \¬Ip∂ ktµiw temIØns‚

GXv ÿe-Øp-ap-ff C‚¿s\‰v D]-t`m-‡m-°-fpsSbpw ]°-se-Øn°p∂ kwhn-[-\m-\-amWv C -

sa-bn¬. C -sa-bn-ens‚ ]Nmcw IØv F∂ am[-y-a-Øns‚ IqSn A¥yw Ipdn-t®°pw. Pn

sabn¬, bmlp F∂nh ]kn≤ C -sa-bn¬ ZmXm-°-fm-Wv.

t_vtfmKv (Blog)

C‚¿s\‰v D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-h¿°n-S-bn¬ AXn-thKw hym-]n-°p∂ am[-y-a-cw-K-amW _vtfm-

KnwKv. C‚¿s\-‰n-eqsS km[n-°p∂ Hcp Bi-b-]-kn-≤o-I-cW coXn-bmWv CXv. _vtfmKn¬

]th-in-°p∂ B¿°pw CS-s]-Sm-hp∂XmWv CXns‚ LS-\. AXp-sIm≠v Xs∂ kaq-l-c-N\

km[-y-am-°p∂ Hcp am[-y-a-amWv _vtfmKv. Bfl-hn-jvIm-c-Øn-\p-ff Hcp D]m[n F∂ \ne-

bn¬ _vtfmKp-Iƒ C∂v hym-]-I-am-hp-I-bm-Wv.

32


am[-y-a-]-T\w

C. _p°v

UnPn-‰¬ cq]-Øn-ep-ff ]pkvX-I-ß-sf-bmWv C -_p°v AYhm Ce-IvtSm-WnIv _pIv

F∂v hnh-£n-°p-∂-Xv. hn\n-abw sNøp-∂-Xn\pw kwc-£n-°p-∂-Xn\pw kq£n-°p-∂-Xn\pw

UnPn-‰¬ cq]-Øn-ep-ff ]pkvX-I-ßƒ A®-Sn-cq-]-Øn-ep-ff ]pk-X-I-ß-tf-°mƒ Ffp-∏-am-Wv.

Bbn-c-°-W-°n\p t]Pp-ff \nc-h[n ]pkvX-I-ßƒ Hcp knUn-bntem s]≥sU-hntem UnPn-

‰¬ cq]-Øn¬ kq£n-°p-hm≥ Ign-bp∂p F∂Xv CXns‚ sa®-am-Wv. ]pcm-X\ aX-K-Ÿ-ßƒ

XpSßn imkvX-km-t¶-XnI kmln-X-y-cw-KsØ hnhn[ ]pkvX-I-ßƒ hsc C∂v UnPn-‰¬ cq]-

Øn¬ e -y-am-Wv. C -]p-kvX-I-ßsf tkm v‰v tIm∏n F∂pw ]d-bm-dp-≠v.

sh_v- -]-km-[\w

C‚¿s\-‰n-eqsSbpff ]km-[-\-sØ-bmWv C -]-km-[\w F∂Xv sIm≠v A¿∞-am-°p-

∂-Xv. _ml-y-amb klm-b-an-√m-sX, ]km-[-I-cpsS Bh-i-y-I-X-bn-√msX teJ-I\v kzbw ]kn-

≤o-I-cn-°p-hm-\p-ff kuI-cyw sh_v ]km-[\w \¬Ip-∂p. A®Sn ]pkvX-I-ßsf At]-£n®v

semI-sØ-hn-sS-bp-ff hmb-\-°mc\pw ]km-[-\w \SØn \nan-j-ßƒ°p-f-fn¬ e -y-am-°p-∂-

Xn\v CXn-eqsS Ign-bp-∂p. A®Sn ]pkvX-I-ßsft∏mse Bh-i-y-°q-S-X¬ Ds≠-¶n¬ ho≠pw

A®-Sn-t°≠ Bh-i-yIX CXn\v C√. AtX-t]mse Xncp-Ø-ep-Iƒ Fgp-Øp-Im-c≥ Hcp ]pkvX-

I-Øn¬ hcp-Øn-bm¬ aXn. FX Zqsc-bp-ff hmb-\-°m-cp\pw kmº-Øn-I-sN-ehv C√m-sX-Xs∂

CØcw ]pkvX-I-ßƒ hmbn-°p-hm≥ Ign-bpw.

hnhn[ sh_v t]m¿ -ep-Iƒ.

C‚¿s\-‰n¬ tkh-\-ßƒ e -y-am-°p∂ sh_vssk-‰p-I-sf-bmWv sh_v t]m¿ -ep-Iƒ F∂p

hnfn-°p-∂-Xv. bmlp (Yahoo) KqKnƒ (Google) Fw.-F-kv.-F≥ (MSN) F∂nh temI-Ønse

]i-kvX-amb sh_v t]m¿ -ep-I-fm-Wv. C‚¿s\-‰n-eqsS hnh-c-ß-sf-tØ-Sp-hm\pw D]-tbm-Kn-°p-

hm-\p-ap-ff hmXm-b-\-ßtfm Nq≠p-]-e-I-Itfm Bbn sh_v t]m¿ -ep-Isf Icp-Xmw. s]mXp-

hmb hnh-c-ßƒ e -y-am-°p-∂-Xn-\p-ff t]m¿ -ep-Isf slmdn-tkm-≠¬ t]m¿ -ep-Iƒ AYhm

t]m¿ -ep-Iƒ F∂pw GsX-¶nepw ]tX-yI hn`m-K-Øn¬s∏Sp∂ hnh-c-ßsf Dt±-in-®p-ff t]m¿ -

ep-Isf sh¿ń-°¬ s]m¿ -ep-Iƒ AYhm t]m¿ -ep-Iƒ F∂pw hnfn-°p-∂p. KqKnƒ, bmlq,

apX-em-bh t]m¿ -ep-Iƒ°pw www.keralapsc.com, www.ugcnet.in, www.universityofcalicut.infoF∂Xv t]m¿ -ep-Iƒ°pw DZm-l-c-W-am-Wv.

sl∏¿ sSIvÃpw aƒń-ao-Un-b-bpw.

Bib hn\n-a-b-cw-KØv a\p-j-y≥ ssIh-cn® ]ptcm-K-Xn-I-fn¬ AXn-\q-X-\-amb H∂mWv

aƒń-ao-Unb. 6000 h¿j-ßƒ°p ap≥s] Kplm NnX-ß-fn¬ XpSßn Bcw `n°p∂p a\p-j-

ys‚ hy-h-ÿm-]nX Bi-b-hn-\n-a-b-Øns‚ Ncn-Xw. hn⁄m\ hym-]\w kpXm-c-y-am-°p-∂Xn\mbp-

ff G‰hpw HSp-hn-esØ I≠p-]n-Sn-Ø-amWv aƒń-ao-Un-b. enJn-X-hpw, i_vZ-hpw, NnXhpw Ne-

®n-Xhpw ka-\-z-bn-∏n®v sIm≠p-ff hn⁄m\ hym-]\ ]tbm-K-ß-sf-bmWv aƒń-ao-Unb F∂v

]d-bp-∂-Xv. Zr-iy imh-y-am-[-y-a-Øns‚bpw Iº-yq- ¿ ]h¿Ø-\-Øns‚bpw HØp-tN-c-emWv aƒń-

ao-Un-b-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\w. enJn-X-ßƒ, ÿnXn-hn-c-h-°-W-°p-Iƒ t^mt´m-Iƒ, NnX-ßƒ, Ne-

\-ßƒ -F∂n-h-bn¬ aq∂-sÆ-sa-¶nepw ]Xn-]-h¿Ø-\-£-a-ambn ka-\-z-bn-®-∏n-®m¬ aƒń-ao-

Unb F∂v ]d-bmw. hnh-cm-Kmly tijn h¿≤n-∏n-bv°p-∂-Xn¬ aƒń-ao-Unbvbv°v ]¶p-s≠∂v

]d-bmw. ]Xn-]-h¿Ø-\w(C‚dm-IvSn-hn-‰n) F∂-XmWv aƒń-ao-Un-b-bpsS ][m\ khn-ti-j-X.

A®-Sn-am-[-y-a-ß-sf-°mƒ BI¿j-Wo-b-amWv aƒń-ao-Un-b. sshUv Gcnbm s\‰v h¿°pw tem°¬

Gcnbm s\‰v h¿°pw D]-tbm-Kn®v hnZq-c-N¿®-I-fn¬ G¿s∏-Sm≥ aƒń-ao-Un-b-bmWv A`n-Im-a-yw.

33


am[-y-a-]-T\w

-

C -sIm-ta-gvkns‚ i‡-amb am[-y-a-amWv aƒń-ao-Un-b.

]Tn-∏n-bv°p∂ coXn-bn-epw, ]T-\-co-Xn-bnepw ka-K-amb am‰-ßƒ hcp-Øm≥ aƒń-ao-

Unbbv°v Ign-bpw. hnt\m-Z-Ønepw hnZ-ym- -ymkw sNøm≥ km[n-°p∂ ÿnXn-bmWv aƒń-ao-

Unb hn`m-h\w sNøp-∂-Xv (edutainment) GXv imJ-bnepw GXv tiWn-bnepws]´ hnZ-ym

- -ymk coXn-I-fƒ°pw aƒń-ao-Unb D]-tbm-Kn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. aƒń-ao-Un-bbv°v tcJ-s∏-SpØn

kq£n-bv°m≥ hfsc IqSp-X¬ saΩ-dn-bpw, Hcp s\‰v h¿°n-eqsS Ab-bv°-W-sa-¶n¬ h¿≤n®

]hm-ltijnbpw thWw. AÃn (ASCII) am‰--a-\p-k-cn-®p-ff km[m-cW enJn-X-ßƒ BsW-¶n¬

Bbncw t]Pv F¶nepw Hcp ^vtfm∏n UnkvIn¬ Dƒs∏-SpØmw F∂m¬ A4 hen-∏-ap-ff Hcp

NnXtam Hcp an\n´v ssZ¿L-y-ap-ff aƒń aoUn-btbm Hcp vtfm∏n knÃ-Øn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øm≥

]‰n√ AXn-\m¬ CD Rom s‚ I≠p-]n-Sn-Ø-Øn\v tij-amWv aƒń-ao-Unb UnPn-‰¬ ]kn-≤o-

I-c-ßƒ km[-y-am-b-Xv. ]Im-i-ap-]-tbm-Kn®v Fgp-Xp-Ibpw hmbn-°p-I-Ibpw sNøm-hp∂ Hcp D]-

I-c-W-amWv kn.-Un. hfsc kmµ-amb coXn-bn¬ hnh-c-ßƒ tcJ-s∏-SpØmw F∂-Xn¬ BWv

CXns\ Compact Disc F∂v hnfn-bv°p-∂-Xv. 1980 IfpsS a[-y-Øn¬ BWv kn.Un cwK-]-th-

i\w sNøp-∂-Xv. 12 sk.-ao. hym-k-ap-ff kn.Un.-bn¬ 72 an\n´v t\csØ aƒń-ao-Unb 350000

t]Pn¬ sImf-fp∂ A£-c-ßƒ Ch tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. 650 saKm-ss_‰v kw -cW tijn-

bp≠v CXn-\v.

C‚¿s\-‰n-eqsS hnh-c-]-hmlw IqSp-X¬ Imc-y-£-a-am-°m≥ ]pXnb kwhn-[m-\-ßƒ Bhn-

jvI-cn-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-bv°p-∂p. AXn-sem-∂mWv kvSoanwKv. Hcp sk¿h-dn¬ \n∂pw \ΩpsS Iº-

yq- -dn-tebv°v hnh-c-ßƒ \nd-bv°m≥ aƒń-ao-Un-b-sbpsS ka-y-≤n-b-\p-k-cn®v \o≠ ImØn-cn∏v

th≠n hcpw. Iº-yq- ¿ C≥¿s\‰v k¿∆okv s\‰n¬ _‘n-∏n-®n-c-bv°p∂ hm¿Øm hn\n-ab

_‘-Øns‚ _m≥Uv hnUvØv AYhm ]hm-l-tijn h¿≤n∏n® sXmXn-ep-ffXmsW-¶n¬ ImØn-

cn-∏ns‚ ssZ¿Lyw Ipd-bpw. tdUn-tbm-hntem sSen-hn-j-\ntem ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ X’-abw t]mse

ImWp-∂-Xn\- v th≠n hn Ikn∏ns®SpØ sSIvt\m-fPnbmWv kvSoanw-Kv. hfsc IqSp-X¬ ]hm-

l-ti-jn(-_m≥Uv hnUvØv) bpff Hcp hm¿Øm hn\n-ab am¿§-Øn-eqsS amXta kvSoanwKv hgn

amXta KpW-ta-∑-bp-ff ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ e -y-am-Iq.

Bhiym\p-k-cWw A\p-_-‘-hn-h-c-ßƒ Bh-i-y-ap-ff ÿeØv k∂n-th-in-∏n-bv°m≥

UnPn-‰¬ kmt¶-X-Øn¬ km[-y-am-Wv. A®Sn am[-y-a-Øn\v CXv km[-y-a-√. A®-Sn-am-[-yaw Hc‰w

Bcw- n®v at‰-b‰w hsc Ah-km-\n-°p∂ Hcp en\n-b¿ ]X-e-am-Wv. A®Sn F∂m¬ en\n-b¿ A-

√mØ Nn¥sb Hcp en\n-b¿ h-y-Ø-Øn¬ HXp-ßp∂ ]In-b-bm-Wv. NnX-dn-sØ-dn®p InS-°p∂

A®Sn coXnsb A\m-bmkw Hgn-hm-°m≥ UnPn-‰¬ am[-y-a-Øn\v Ignbpw A\p-_‘ hnh-c-ßƒ

enJn-X-am-bm-epw,-i-_vZ-am-bmepw Ne-\-am-bmepw ]X-e-Øn¬ A\m-bmkw B\-bn-°m≥

]tX-yI t]mKmw hgn km[n-°pw.

ssl∏¿ sSIvkv‰v, ssl∏¿ aoUnb F∂o kt¶-X-ßƒ D]-tbm-Kn®v ]c-kv]cw _‘n®v

hnh-c-ßsf, AYhm A\p-_‘ LS-I-ßsf btYjvSw Xnc-s™-Sp-°m≥ Ign-bpw. AXv t]mse

H∂n¬ \n∂v as‰m∂n-tebv°v AXn-thKw ]bmWw \S-Øm\pw km[n-°pw. C]-Imcw ]Xn-]-

h¿Ø\ coXn-bn¬ hn⁄m\ tkmX v apgp-h≥ kn.-Un. tdman-e-d-bm-epw, C‚¿s\-‰n¬ Bbmepw

]cXn \S-°m≥ sl∏¿ sSIvÃv, ssl∏¿ aoUnb kt¶-X-ßƒ klm-bn-°p-∂p. ]Xn-]-h¿Ø\w

km[-ym-am-Ip-∂-Xn-\m-emWv kn.-Un. tdmanepw C‚¿s\-‰n-ep-ap-ff ]kn-≤o-I-c-W-ßsf ""Poh-\p-ff

KŸ-ßƒ'' F∂v hnti-jn-∏n-bv°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. A®-Sn-hn-Z-y-bpsS I≠p-]n-SpØw ⁄m\-h-ym-]\w

kpXm-c-y-am-°n-Xo¿Øp. BZyw A®-Sn® KŸ-amb ss__nƒ A®-Sn-°m-\p-ff A£c-ßƒ

hm¿Ø-Sp-°m≥ 2 h¿jw th≠n-h-∂p. F∂m¬ AkwJyw ]Xn-Iƒ A®-Sn-bv°m≥ Kp´≥_¿Kn\v

34


am[-y-a-]-T\w

-

Ign-™p. IqSp-X¬ t]cn-tebv°v hnh-c-ßƒ A\m-b-tk\ FØn-°pI F∂Xv hn⁄m-\hym-]-

\Øns‚ kz- m-h-am-Wv. b¥-ap-]-tbm-Kn®v ÿnX-hn-h-c-ßƒ tiJ-cnbv°mw F∂pw B-h-i-ym-\p-

k-cWw hnhn[ ]In-b-I-fn-tebv°v am‰mw F∂pw F.-Un. 1830 emWv Nmƒkv _mt_Pv kn≤m¥w

D∂-bn-®-Xv. 0, 1 F∂ ss_\dn coXn-bn¬ hnh-c-ßƒ tiJ-cnbv°mw F∂v IvfmUvj-∂¿ F∂

KWnX hnZ-ym¿∞n Is≠-Øn-b-Xv. k¿∆ hn⁄m\ tImi-ßƒ, Cb¿_p-°v \nL≠p Um‰m-

t_-kp-Iƒ kam-lmcw ]mT-]p-kvX-I-ßƒ F∂n-ßs\ \nc-h[n hn⁄m-\-tkm-X- p-Iƒ kn.Un

tdman¬ Ct∏mƒ e -y-am-Wv. kn. Un. tdmap-I-fpsS Bhn¿`m-h-tØmsS vtfm∏n Unkv°p-I-fpsS

]e ]cn-an-Xn-I-fpw, adn-I-S-°m≥ km[n-®p. 45 vtfm∏n-I-fn¬ sIm≈p∂ hnh-c-ßƒ Hcp kn.Un

tdman¬ DƒsIm-≈n-bv°mw. kn.-Un.tdmw ]h¿Øn-∏n-bv°m-\p-ff ]vsfb¿/ssUhv Ct∏mƒ

Iº-yq- -dns‚ `mK-am-bn-Øo¿∂p. Bbn-c-°-W-°n\v kn.-Un. tdmap-Iƒ ÿnc-ambn \nt£-]n®v

Bh-i-ym-\p-k-cWw Hcp sk¿h¿ Iº-yq-´¿ hgn Xnc-s™-Sp-Øp-]-tbm-Kn-°m-hp∂ PqIv

t_mIvkvIfpw e -y-am-Wv. kn.-Un.tdmw ]kn-≤o-I-c-W-ß-fn¬ an°Xpw bqtdm-]-y≥ mj-I-fn-ep-

amWv. AXn\v ImcWw Iº-yq- ¿ kmt¶Xn cwKØpw bqtdm-]-y≥ cmP-y-ßƒ C¥-ysb At]-

£n®v ap∂n-em-sW-∂-Xm-Wv.

ae-bmfw t]mep-ff C¥-y≥ mj-Iƒ°v UnPn-‰¬ ]kn-≤o-I-cW cwKØv apt∂-d-W-sa-

¶n¬ ]e kt¶Xßfpw k-zm-b-Ø-am-t°-≠n-bn-cn-bv°p-∂p. CwKvfojv apX-emb bqtdm-

]-y≥`mjIfnepw Hm. B¿.-kn. ( Optical Character Reccnition ) D]-tbm-Kn®v ssS∏v sNømsX

UnPn-‰¬ am≤-y-a-Øn-tebv°p ]I¿Ømw. Cu kwhn-[m-\-]-tbm-Kn®v A®-Sn-®-tXm, Fgp-Xn-btXm

Bb enJn-X-ßƒ kvIm≥ sNbvXv NnX cq]-Øn-em-°p-Ibpw ]n∂oSv A£-c-ß-fpsS hSnhv ]cn-

tim-[®v ASCII am\Ia\p-k-cn-®p-ff en]n-I-fmbn Xncn-®-dn-bp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. UnPn-‰¬ ]kn-≤o-

I-c-W-ß-fpsS Hcp ]tX-y-I-X, FX henb hn⁄m-\-ti-J-c-am-bmepw AXn¬ \n∂v thK-Øn¬

A\m-bmkw th≠ mKw amXw Is≠-Øm≥ Ignbpw F∂-XmWv. ae-bmfØn\v CXv hsc Hcp

At\-z-jW t]mKmw C√. Hcp Um‰m-t_kv \n¿Ωn-bv°ms\m AXn-ep-ff tcJ-Iƒ A£-c-ame

Ia-Øn¬ Iao-I-cn-°mt\m Dff t]mKm-ap-Ifpw ae-bm-f-Øn¬ e -y-a-√. Cu ]cn-an-Xn-Iƒ F√mw

Ds≠-¶nepw UnPn-‰¬ ]kn-≤o-I-c-W-cw-KØv ae-bm-fhpw cwK ]th-i\w sNbvXn-cn-bv°p-∂p.

C¥-y≥ mj-I-fn¬Xs∂ BZ-ysØ UnPn-‰¬ hn⁄m-\-tIm-i-sa∂ _lp-a-Xn-b¿l-am-bXv kn.-

kn. _pIvkns‚ AJne hn⁄m-\-tIm-i-Øns‚ kn.-Un.tdmw ]Xn-∏m-Wv.

thƒUv sshUv sh_v F∂ C‚¿s\‰v C‚¿t^kv h∂-tXm-Sp-IqSnbmWv C‚¿s\-‰n¬

aƒń -ao -Un -b -˛ -tk-h -\ -ßƒ e`-y -am -b -X v . C‚¿s\-‰n -t\m -S -\p -_-‘n® Iw]-yq´¿

temIsØhnsSbmbmepw Ah-bn¬ \ns∂√mw ssl∏¿ aoUnb hn`m-h-ßƒ Is≠-Øm-\p-t±-

in-®p-sIm-≠p-ffXmbn-cp∂ www or w3. A\p-kyqXw hf¿∂p-sIm-≠n-cn-bv°p∂ hn⁄m-\-tkm-

X v F∂ \ne-bn¬ C‚¿s\‰v hcpw Ime-ß-fn¬ IqSp-X¬ kpXm-c-y-amb tkh-\-ßƒ \S-tØ-

≠n-h-cpw. Imem-]-cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ Bhn-jvI-cn®v \S-∏m-°p-∂-hcpw kn\na \n¿Ωm-Xm-°fpw, sSen-hn-

j≥ Iº-\n-I-fpw, Ct∏mƒ C≥¿s\-‰n-tebv°v Xncn-™n-cn-bv°p-I-I-bm-Wv. Unkv\n (Disnscyhm¿W¿ _tZgvkv (Warner Brothers) F∂o ^neow ÃpUntbm-Iƒ C≥¿s\-‰n¬ ]Xn-jvTn-

bv°m≥ ]Xn-]-h¿Ø\ coXn-bn-ep-ff aƒń-ao-Unb ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ Bhn-jvIn-cn-°p∂ Xnc-°n-

emWv. kv]n¬ _¿Kv, Im‰vsk≥_¿Kv sP¿^≥ F∂n-h¿ tN¿∂v C‚¿s\-‰n\v th≠n aƒń-ao-

Unb ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ Bhn-jvI-cn-bv°m≥ Iº-\n-Iƒ XpS-ßn°gn™p. hy-h-km-bw, hmWn-Pyw,

hnZ-ym- -ymkw, hnt\mZw F∂n-ßs\ Pohn-X-Øns‚ F√m saJ-e-I-sfbpw kzm-[o-\n-bv°p∂ LS-

I-ambn amdn-bn-cn-bv°p∂p aƒń-ao-Unb.

35


am[-y-a-]-T\w

-

samU-yqƒ ˛ V

V am[-y-a-ß-fpsS [m¿an-I-X

am[-y-a-]-h¿Ø\w P\m-[n-]-X-y-Øns‚ \memw-XqWv BWv F∂ k¶-ev]-Øn-emWv am[-

y-a-ß-fpsS [m¿Ωn-I-sX-b-°p-dn®v Btem-Nn-t°-≠-Xv. am[-y-a-]-h¿Ø\w Hcp sXmgn-em-Wv, I®-

h-S-amWv F∂Xv amX-am-sW-¶n¬ AXns‚ [m¿an-I-sX-°p-dn®v \n¿_-‘-_p≤n ]nSn-tb-°≠

Imc-y-an-√. ]t£ temI-sØ-√m-bn-SØpw A\o-Xn-s°-Xn-tcbpw Ak-zm-X-¥-y-Øn-s\-Xn-tcbpw

]S-s]m-cp-Xnb Ncn-Xhpw ]mc-º-c-yhpw ]X-]-h¿Øn-\p-≠v. A\o-Xnbv°pw AI-a-Øn\pw Agn-

a-Xn-bv°p-sa-Xnsc ]S-s]m-cp-Xp∂p F∂ \mS-yhpw AXn-\p-≠v. Cu ]›m-Ø-e-Øn-emWv ]X-]-

h¿Ø-\-Øns‚ [m¿Ωn-I-sX-°p-dn®v Btem-Nn-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.

]X-]-h¿Ø-Is‚ Npa-Xe \n¿h-ln-°p-tºmƒ Hcp Xc-Øn-ep-ap-ff Xmev]-c-y-kw-L¿jw

(clash to interest) D-≠m-h-cpXv F∂-XmWv ]X-]-h¿Ø-I¿°p-≠m-tI≠ ]mY-an-I-amb ]mTw.

F∂m¬ temI-sØ-em-S-Øpw, tIc-f-Ønepw Cu ASn-kvYm-\-t_m-[sØ Im‰n¬∏d-Øn-s°m-

≠mWv am[-y-a-ßƒ \ne-\n¬°p-∂-sX-∂mWv hkvXp-X. am[-y-a-ß-fpsS \njv]-£-Xsb tNmZyw

sNøp∂ [mcmfw DZm-l-c-ßƒ C∂p \S-°p-∂p-≠v. cmjvSo-b-ambpw kmº-Øn-I-ambpw hmWn-

P-y-e-£-y-ß-tfm-sSbpw ]£-]m-X-tØmsS Nne-Xn\p t\sc IÆSbv°p∂ am[-y-aßƒ P\-ß-

tfm-Sp-ff DØ-c-hmZn-Ø-ßƒ Ah-K-Wn-°p-I-bm-Wv. Hcp ÿm]-\-Øn¬ \n∂p-f-ff ]c-k-y-

ßƒ C√m-Xm-Ip-sa∂ `bw aqew B ÿm]-\-Øn-s\-Xn-bp-ff hm¿Ø-Iƒ Xa-kv°-cn-°p∂

]Xnhv am[-y-a-ßƒ°p≠v. AtX-t]mse ]X-ÿm-]-\-Ønt\m ta[m-hn-Iƒt°m Xmev]-c-y-ap-

ff cmjvSob ]ÿm-\-ßsf°pdn-®p-ff hm¿Ø-Iƒ Xa-kvI-cn-°p-Itbm hf-s®m-Sn-bv°p-Itbm

sNøp-∂p-≠v. CsX√mw am[-y-a-[¿Ω-Xn\v FXn-cmb hkvXp-X-I-fm-Wv.

A\-y-cpsS kz-Im-c-y-X-Isf am\n-°pI F∂ am\-y-Xbpw ]e-t∏mgpw am[-ya ]h¿Ø-I¿

ssIsh-Sn-bm-dp-≠v. kvXo]o-U-\-Øn\v Cc-bmb s]Ïp- nsb kaq-lØa[y-Øn¬ tXtPm-

h[w sNøp-∂-X-c-Øn-ep-ff hm¿Ø-Iƒ \¬Ip-I, Inan-\¬ sIkp-I-fn¬ ]Xn-bm-Ip-∂-h-cpsS

c£n-Xm-°-fp-sSbpw _‘p-°-fp-sSbpw t]cp-Iƒ \¬Ip-I, XpS-ßnbh CXn\pZm-l-c-W-am-Wv.

kzm-I-c-y-X-bv°p-ff Ah-Imiw ][m-\-s∏´ ]ucm-h-Im-i-am-sW∂ XXzw temI-saßpw am[-y-a-

]-h¿Ø-I¿ AwKo-I-cn-®p-s≠-¶nepw ]e-t∏mgpw AsXm∂pw \S-∏n-em-°-s∏-Sm-dn-√. A[n-Imc-

tI-µ-ß-fmWv am[-y-a-k-zm-X-¥-y-Øn\p t\sc òjWn Db¿Øp-I-sb∂ [mcW amdn-h-cp-I-

bm-Wv. aqe-[-\-Øns‚ kzm-[o-\hpw am[-ya [m¿Ωn-I-X-bpsS \ncm-k-hp-amWv C∂v am[-y-a-

temIØns‚ hni-zm-k-y-Xbv°pw \ne-\n¬∏n\pw òjWn Db¿Øp-∂-Xv.

V.2 kaq-lsØ \nb-¥n-°p∂ am[-y-a-ßƒ H∏o-\n-b≥ eoU¿.

kaq-l-Øn¬ Hcp hnjbw kPo-h-am°n \n¿Øp-∂-Xn¬ am[-y-a-ßƒ°p-ff Ignhv ]t≠

kphn-X¿°-am-Wv. _lp-P-\-am-[-y-a-ß-fpsS kzm-[o\w apsº-sØ-°mfpw IqSnb C°m-eØv

kaq-lsØ Nne hnj-b-ß-fn¬ Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp-∏n-°p-∂n-S-tØmfw am[-y-a-ßƒ hf¿∂n- p-≠v. Hcp

]tX-yI hnj-b-Øn¬ C∂Xv icn. C∂ hnjbw sX‰v F∂ tXm∂¬ D≠m-°p-∂-Xn-\p-ff am[-

y-a-ß-fpsS Ignhv apsº-∂-sØ-°mfpw hf¿∂n- p-≠v. CXns\ sNdp-°p-∂Xv hy-X-ykvX ho£Wßfp-

ff am[-y-a-ßƒ \ne-hn-ep-fp-f-f-Xn-\m-emWv. apº ]Xam-[-y-a-ß-fm-bn-cp∂p A`n-]m-b-ßsf kzm-

[n-\n-®n-cp-∂-sX-¶n¬ C∂-Xns‚ ÿm\w Zy-i-y-am-[-y-a-ßƒIqSn Gs‰-Sp-Øn-cn-bv°p-∂p.

Hcp hnj-b-Øn¬ s]mXp kaq-l-Øns‚ \ne-]m-Sp-Iƒ C∂-Xm-bn-cn-°Ww F∂ e£yw

s]mXp-hmb Ah-X-c-W-Øn-eqsS am[-y-a-ßƒ t\Sn-sb-Sp-°m-dp-≠v. (D-Z: F≥tUm-kƒ^m≥)

F≥tUm-kƒ^m≥ F∂ IoS-\m-in-\n-bpsS KpW- -tZm-j-ßsf Ir-X-y-amb hnh-c-ßƒ Adn-bn-s√-

36


am[-y-a-]-T\w

-

¶nepw s]mXp-k-aqlw CXn-s\-Xn-sc-bp-ff at\m- m-h-Øn-se-Øp-∂p. AXn-\mbn Hcp mK-Øns‚

amXw hm¿Ø-Iƒ t]mepw am[yaß-ƒ \¬Ip-Ibpw adp- m-K-Øns‚ hm¿Ø-Iƒ Xa-kvI-cn-°p-I-

hsc sNømw. Cßns\ s]mXp-P-\-sØ-sIm≠v \ne-]m-Sp-Iƒ ky-jvSn-°p-∂Xv sIm≠m-Wv am[-y-a-

ßsf H∏o-\n-b≥ eoU¿ F∂p hnfn-°p-∂-Xv. Cßns\ am[-y-a-ßƒ sNøp-∂Xv kmaq-ln-I- -

cm-jvSob hnj-b-ß-fn-se√mw ImWmw.

ka-hm-b-Øns‚bpw kΩ-X-Øns‚bpw Dev]-∂w.

]X-hn-ev]-\-Iq- m-\p-ff hn]-W\ X¥-ß-fp-tSbpw ]c-k-y-h-cp-am\w Iq´m-\p-ff s]Sm-

]m-Sns‚bpw CS-bn¬ am[-y-a-[¿Ωw ]men-®p-sIm≠v k©-cn-°p∂ am[-y-a-ßƒ C∂v Ipd-hm-Wv.

am[-y-a-ßƒ C∂v kz¥w \ne-\n¬∏mWv t\m°p-∂-Xv. henb a’cw \S-°p∂ taJ-e-bmWv

am[-y-a-tem-Iw. AXn¬ ]nSn-®p-\n¬°m≥, kmº-Øn-I-ambpw sXmgn¬ ]cambpw ]e hn´p-ho-gvN-

Ifpw sNtø-≠n-h-cp-∂p. D]-t`m-‡m-°tfmSv, ]c-kyZmXm-°-tfmSv kz¥w \ne-]m-Sp-I-tfm-Sp-hsc

Hcp ]cn-[n-bn-e-[nIw ka-c-k-s∏- p-t]m-Im≥ am[-y-a-ßƒ \n¿_-‘n-°-s∏-Sp-∂p. hm¿Ø \¬Ip∂

Imc-y-Øn¬t∏mepw CXmWv kw -hn-°p-∂-Xv. P\-ßƒ CjvS-s∏-Sp∂ coXn P\-ßƒ F¥n-s\-°p-

dn-®p-ff hm¿Ø-I-fmtWm \¬Ip-∂Xv AXv ho≠pw \¬Ip-I. ]oU-\-I-Y-I-fmWv P\w hmbn-°p-

hm≥ CjvS-s∏-Sp-∂-sX-¶n¬ AØcw kw`-h-ßsf s]men-∏n-s®-gp-XpI t\csØ kqNn-∏n®

am[-y-a-ßƒ ky-jvSn-°p∂ s]mXp-k-Ω-Xn-bn¬ \n∂mWv P\-ßƒ Ah-cpsS A`n-cp-Nn-Isf Xnc-

s™-Sp-°p-∂-sX∂ bmYm¿∞yw Ah-K-Wn-®p-sIm-≠mWv Cu hmZ-ßƒ am[y--a-ßƒ \nc-Øp-∂-

Xv. am[-y-a-Øns‚ ]Nmcw h¿≤n-∏n-°m-\mbn ASpØ am[-yaw Hs∂-gp-Xp-tºmƒ Xßƒ c≠v

Imcy-ßƒ Fgp-Xp∂p F∂ bmYm¿∞-ysØ am[-y-a-ßƒ Ah-K-Wn-°p-∂p.

am[-y-a-ß-fpsS A[n-\n-thiw

A®-Sn-am-[-y-a-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw hy-X-y-kvX-amb kz- m-h-ß-fp-am-bmWv Zr-i-y-am-[-y-a-ßƒ IS-∂p-

h-∂-Xv. ]X-ßƒ GsXmcp hy-‡n-bp-tSbpw kzm-Im-cy hnh-c-ti-J-c-Wtam Adn-btem Bbn-cp-

∂p. AXv GsXmcp ÿeØpsh®pw, Ipd®v apºv hsc ]e-t∏mgpw s]mXp CS-ß-fn¬ sh®v, hmb-

\m-im-e-I-fntem Nmb-°-S-I-fntem Bbn-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ sSen-hn-js‚ ]tX-y-In®v tI_nƒ Snhn-

bpsS BK-a-\-tØmsS Cu s]mXp CS-ß-fn¬ \n∂p-ap-ff \n¿K-a\w D≠m-bn. Bfp-Iƒ t\sc

kz¥w ho´nse Sn hnbv°v apºn-te°v IpSn-tb-dp-Ibpw kmaq-lnI Pohn-XsØ sNdnb-sbm-c-f-

hn¬ `qcn- m-K-tØbpw hen-sbm-c-f-hn¬ sNdnb hn`m-K-tØbpw Isøm-gn-bm≥ \n¿_-‘n-cm-°p-

Ibpw sNbvXn- p-≠v. IpSpw_ _‘-ßƒ°v ]pdØv kwLw tNcp-hm-\p-ff ]h-W-X-bmWv F√m

kmaq-lnI ]h-W-X-I-fp-tSbpw ASn-ÿm\w. CXmWv sSen-hn-j≥ F∂ am[-y-a-Øns‚ kzm-[o-\-

Øn-eqsS XS-b-s∏- n- p-f-f-Xv.

kn\na F∂ am[-yaw km[m-cW Pohn-X-Øns‚ t_m[-tØbpw kwkvIm-c-tØbpw ]cn-t]m-

jn-∏n-°p-Ibpw AXn-I-an-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p-≠v. kmwkvIm-cnI Nn”-ß-sfbpw ]X-y-b-im-kvX-

aq-e-y-tØbpw kn\n-a \nin-X-ambn BIan°p-∂p. cmjvSob ]h¿Ø\w kn\n-a-bn¬ Hcn-°epw

\√-h-cp-tS-X-√ kpµ-c≥am-c-√m-Ø-h¿ kn\n-a-Po-hn-X-Øn¬ Pohn-X-Øns‚ ]pd-tºm°n¬ Xma-kn-

°p-∂-h-cm-Wv. F∂n-ß-s\-bp-ff t_m[w kn\na kr-jvSn-°p-∂p. CsX√mw am[yaß-fpsS A[n-

\n-th-i-Øns‚ kqN-\-bm-Wv.

P\-]n-b-kw-kvIm-chpw am[-y-a-ß-fpw

am[-y-a-ßƒ kaq-l-tØbpw kaqlw am[-a-ß-tfbpw kzm-[o-\n-°p-∂p. hm¿Ø-Iƒ

GX¿∞Øn¬ \¬IWw F∂Xv kaq-l-Øns‚ a\- n-en-cn∏v t\m°n-bm-h-cp-sX∂v ]d-bp-∂p-sh-¶nepw

hn]-Wn-bpsS Bh-i-y-IX Ahsb kzm-[o-\n-°p-∂p. P\-ßƒ IqSp-X¬ CjvS-s∏-Sp∂ hm¿Ø-

37


am[-y-a-]-T\w

Iƒ \¬Im≥ am[-y-aßƒ a’-cn-°p-∂p. F¶nte am[-y-a-ßƒ°v sXm -SpØ am[-y-a-tØ-°mƒ

ap∂n-se-Øm≥ Ign-bq. AXp-sIm≠v Xs∂ Xß-fpsS hmb-\-°m-cs\/t]£-Is\ Xr-]vXn-s∏-Sp-

Øp∂ hm¿Ø-Iƒ°mbn am[-y-a-ßƒ ian-°p-∂p. AXn-\m¬ ]´n-Wn-a-c-W-tØ-°mƒ ÿew

]X-Øn¬ Hcp kuµ-cy a’-c-Øn\v e`n-°p-∂p. Hcp P\-]-Xn-\n-[n-bpsS ]kvXm-h-\-tb-°mƒ

]m[m-\yw Hcp kn\n-am-Xm-c-Øns‚ ]kvXm-h-\bv°v am[-y-a-ß-fn¬ e`n-°p-∂p. P\-ßƒ Xmev]-

c-y-tØmsS i≤n-°p-∂p-sh∂v Icp-Xp∂ hnj-b-ßƒ°v Xs∂-bmWv am[-y-a-ßƒ ]m[m-\yw sImSp-

°p-∂-Xv.

kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ _lp-k-z-c-Xbpw am[-y-a-ßfpw

kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ kwc-£-I-cmbn h¿Ønt°≠-XmWv Ie-Ifpw am[-y-a-ßfpw kwkvIm-

csØ A‘-ambn ]n≥Xm-ßWw F∂√ CXv sIm≠v A¿∞-am-°p-∂-Xv. kmaq-lnI˛kmw-kvIm-

cnI ]In-b-bn¬ A\p-Kp-W-amb h-y-Xn-bm-\-ß-sf kmwkvIm-cn-I-ambn CW-°n-t®¿t°≠

_m[-yX am[-y-a-ßƒ°p-s≠-∂-Xm-Wv. kmwkvIm-cn-I-ambn hy-X-y-kvX-bpsS hnf-\n-e-amb tZiØv

A[o-i-X-z- hy-h-lm-c-ßfpw kmwkvIm-cn-I-t_m-[hpw ASn-t®-ev∏n-°p∂ coXn am[-y-a-ßƒ Gs‰-Sp-

°p-hm≥ ]mSn√ F∂mWv A¿∞-am-°p-∂-Xv.

tIc-f-Ønse kml-N-c-y-Øn¬ kmwkvIm-cnI _lp-k-z-c-Xbv°v am[-y-a-ßƒ CSw \¬Ip-

∂p-sh∂v ]X-y-£-Øn¬ A\p- -h-s∏Smw F¶nepw C∂pw am[-y-a-i-≤-In- mØ P\-hn- m-K-ß-fp≠v.

]m¿i-z-h¿°-cn-°-s∏´ BZn-hm-kn-Iƒ, ZfnXv hn`m-K-ßƒ, e£w hoSv tImf-\n-Iƒ F∂n-hn-S-ß-

fn-se√mapf-f-h¿ am[-y-a-ß-fpsS kmwkvIm-cn-I-t_m-[-Øn\p ]pd-ØmWv. A]-c-Xzw sIm≠mWv

am[-y-a-ßƒ CØcw hn`m-K-ßsf AS-bm-f-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xv. s]mXp kmaq-lnI Pohn-X-h-y-h-ÿbv°v

]pd-Øp-f-f-h¿ F∂ \ne-bn-emWv CØcw hn`m-K-ßsf°pdn-®p-ff hnh-c-ßfpw hkvXp-X-Ifpw

Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. A¤pXw Df-hm-°p∂ kmaq-l-ym-h-ÿ-I-fm-bmWv am[-y-a-ßƒ CØcw hnj-

b-ßsf dnt∏m¿ v sNøm-dv.

\K-c-tIµoIr-X-amb am[-y-a-t_m[w Kma-ß-fnse AhÿItfbpw CØ-c-Øn¬ Xs∂-

bm-bn-cp∂p I≠n-cp-∂-Xv. tIc-f-Ønse Kma- -\-K-c-h-y-X-ym-k-Ønse Ipd™ AIew kmwkvIm-

cn-I-_-lp-k-z-c-Xsb GtIm-∏n-®-Xn-\m¬ aX˛Pm-Xob kmwkvIm-cnIXz-Øns‚ AS-bm-f-s∏Sp-Ø-ep-

I-sf-°p-dn-®p-ff hnj-b-Øn-emWv am[-y-a-ßƒ ]Xn-°q- n-em-Ip-∂-Xv.

am[-y-a-ßfpw hn]-Wnbpw .

P\m-[n-]-X-y-Øns‚ ][m-\-kw-c-£-I-cmbn h¿Øn-°-∂-h-cmWv am[-y-a-ßfpw am[-y-a-]-h¿Ø-

I-cpw. kmaq-ln-I- -cm-jvSob hy-h-ÿn-Xn-bpsS Zpjn® ImeØv AXn-s\-Xnsc am[-y-a-]-h¿Ø\w

Bbp-[-am-°n-b-h-cpsS Dt±-i-ip≤n C∂sX am[-y-a-ßƒ°pt≠m F∂Xv kwi-bm-kv]-Z-am-Wv.

ImcWw am[-ya-]-h¿Ø\w Cs∂mcp hy-h-kmbw IqSn-bm-Wv. kz-Im-c-y-ta-J-e-bnse GsXmcp

hy-h-kmbw t]msebpw hn]-Wn-bpsS kz- m-h-amb em -\jvS Nn¥-Iƒ am[-ya ÿm]-\-ß-tfbpw

`cn-bv°p-∂p. tkh-\hpw [¿Ωhpw Bbn ]X-]-h¿Ø-\-cw-K-tØ°v IS-∂p-h-∂-h-cm-bn-cp∂p

BZ-y-Ime ]X-]-h¿Ø-Icpw ]Xm-[n-]cpw ]X-D-S-a-I-fpw. F∂m¬ C∂v Aßn-s\-b-√.

am[-y-a-ÿm-]\w Hcp hy-h-km-b-amWv am[-y-a-]-h¿Ø\w Hcp sXmgn-epw.

am[y-a-]-h¿Ø\w hmWn-P-y-Øns‚ `mK-ambn Icp-Xp-∂-Xns‚ tZmjw AXn\v Itºm-f-

tØmSpw aqe-[-\-tØm-Sp-amWv IqSp-X¬ DØ-c-hm-ZnØw F∂-Xm-Wv a’-cm-[n-jvSn-X-amb C∂sX

am[-y-a-tem-IØv sXm -SpØp \n¬°p∂ am[-y-a-tØ-°mfpw IqSp-X¬ hcn-°msc ky-jvSn-°pI

IqSp-X¬ t]£-Isc t\Sn-sb-Sp-°pI F∂-Xm-Ip∂p t\m´w. AXp-sIm≠v Xs∂ IqSp-X¬ ]Xw

hmßm≥ tijn-bp-ff kº-∂-tcbpw a‰v hn`m-K-ß-tfbpw ]oWn-∏n-°p-I-tbm, Ah-cpsS

38


am[-y-a-]-T\w

Xmev]-c-y-ßƒ l\n-°mØ coXn-bn¬tem hm¿Ø-Iƒ \¬Ip-∂p.

am[-y-a-ß-fpsS hcp-am-\-Øns‚ ][m\ ]¶v ]c-k-y-ß-fn-eqsSbm-Wv. hn]-Wn-bnse hnPbw

F∂-XvsIm≠v ]X-ßƒ A¿∞-am-°p-∂Xv IqSp-X¬ ]c-k-y-Zm-Xm-°sf t\Sn-sb-Sp-°pI F∂-

Xm-Wv. ]X-t]-Pp-I-fn¬ BZyw ]Xn®v AXns‚ _m°n hcp∂ ÿeØv hm¿Ø-sIm-Sp-°p∂

coXn-t]mepw \ne-hn¬ h∂n- p-≠v. ]c-kyw e`n-°phm≥ th≠n-bp-ff am[-y-a-ß-fpsS ]c°w

]m®n¬ ]c-k-y-°m-cs\ Fßn-s\-sb-¶nepw ]oWn-∏n-°pI F∂ \ne-bn-se-Øn-bn- p-≠v. ASp-

Ø ImeØv BZm-b-\n-IpXn hnj-b-Øn¬ Btcm-]n-X-cmb ]kn-≤-kn-\n-am-Xm-c-ß-fpsS hm¿Ø

]m[m-\yw Ipd™ coXn-bn-emWv Ah-X-cn-∏n-®-Xv. Ah¿°v ]\n-]n-Sn-®n-cp-s∂-¶n¬ CXnepw

henb hm¿Ø-bmbn Ah-X-cn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-am-bn-cp-∂p. Ah-cn--eq-sS-bp-ff ]c-k-y-h-cp-am-\sØ b-

∂mWv am[-y-a-ßƒ Cßs\ sNb-X-sX-t∂m¿°-Ww.

a\ pw am[-y-a-ßfpw

Fw.-F≥. hnP-b≥

Cu Imew hm¿Ø hnkvt^m-S-Øns‚ Ime-am-Wv. temI-Ønse Hcp hm¿Øbpw \sΩ

kv]¿in-bv°msX IS-∂p-t]m-Ip-∂n-√. Cµo-b-ßsf Iog-S°n Pohn-XsØ Hcp ""IWvU-IvSUv

Sqdm°n'' am‰n-Øo¿°p-∂p-≠v. hm¿Ømhn\n-a-b-Øns‚ kmt¶-XnI hnZ-y-sIm≠v H∂m-bn-Øo¿∂

Hcp bpK-Øn-emWv \mw Pohn-°p-∂-Xv. temI-sØ-ºm-Sp-ap-ff Akw-kvI-yX hn -h-ßƒ kam-l-

cn®v Dev]m-Zn-∏n-bv°p-∂-Xp-t]m-se, ]pXnb apX-em-fn-Ø-Xn-\pw, NcnX-Xv\-Øns‚ h\- q-an-I-fn¬

hnf-bp∂ kmwkvIm-cØns‚bpw kuµ-c-y-Øns‚bpw kz-cq-]-ßsf hnebv°v hmßm\pw sXsc-

s™-Sp-°p-hm\pw ho≠pw \n¿Ωn®v s]cp-∏n®v hnX-cWw sNøm\pw Hcp hnj-a-hp-an-√.

kmt¶-XnI hnZ-y-bpsS km¿∆-eu-InI hn\n-a-bw, Cu Ime-L- -Øns‚ amXw khn-ti-

j-X-bm-bn-cp-∂n-√. \ho-\-in-em-bp-K-Øn¬t∏mepw Im¿jnI A\p-_‘ ]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ temIw

apgp-h≥ ]N-cn-®n-cp-∂p. ao\, t\∏mƒ F∂n-hn-S-ß-fnse Iy-jn-co-Xn-Iƒ C¥-y-bn¬ hnI-kn-

°m≥ Hcp XS- -hp-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. aXw, acp∂v F∂n-hbv°v AXo-X-ambn hkvXp \n¿ΩmWw

Iui-e-ßƒ F∂n-hbpw A[n-I-Imew ]mtZ-in-I-am-bn-Øp-S¿∂n-cp-∂n-√ F∂-XmWv hmkvX-

hw. AXn-\m¬Øs∂ GI-temIw Hcp apX-em-fnØ D¬]-∂-sam-∂p-a-√. b¥-bpKw \S-∏n¬

hcp-Øn-bXv kw -h-ß-fpsS KXn-thKw amX-am-Wv. AXn-\m-emWv ]pXnb temI-Øn-semcp kpJw

amXta ]pXn-b-Xm-bn- p≈q AXv thK-X-bm-sW∂v BƒU-kvl-Ivkn-en ]J-ym-]n-®-Xv. £Wn-

I-X-bmWv am‰-amWv hy-h-kmb hym-]m-c-ß-fpsS \ne-\n¬∏ns‚ X¥w. Bh-i-y-ßƒ \nd-th-‰p-

I-b-√ Bh-i-y-ßƒ D≠m-°p-I-bmWv hn]-WØns‚ Bh-i-IX. am[-y-a-ß-fpsS C∂sØ

apJ-y-Zu-X-yw hmWn-P-y-]-chpw kmwkvIm-cn-Ihpw kuµ-c-y-]-chpw Bb Bh-i-y-ßƒ Ah-bpsS

t\cw Ign-bp-∂-Xn\v ap≥s] D]-t`m-‡m-°-fn¬ FØn-°p-I-bm-bn-Øo¿∂n-cn-°p-∂p.

AXn\v Bh-i-y-ßƒ BZ-y-ambn a\- n¬ D¬∏m-Zn-∏n-°p-Ibpw ˛

C¥-y-bnse henb ]X--ß-fpsS 55% Xmfv ]c-k-y-ßƒ°v th≠n-bmWv \o°n-sh-®n-cn-°p-

∂-Xv. _m°n-bp-f-fXv 40- 45 iX-am-\-tØm-fta hcq. hm¿Ø-Iƒ FØn-bv°p-I-bmWv am[-y-a-ß-

fpsS e£-y-sa-¶nepw Ah-bpsS ^ew C—-Iƒ DXv]m-Zn-∏n-bv°p-I-bm-Wv. AK-l-ßƒ \n¿Ωn-

bv°m-\p-f-f, sImXn-∏n-bv°m-\p-ff b¥ßfmbn am[-y-a-ßƒ amdn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-∂p. D]-t`mK

kwkvIm-c-sØ-∏‰n AXv \nc-¥cw Hm¿Ωn-∏n®p sIm≠n-cn-bv°p∂p. Cu temIw Xn∂m¬ XocmØ

Hcp-cp-f-bm-sW∂v AXv \sΩ t_m[y-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. AXmWv h-y-h-kmb bpK-Øns‚ Bh-i-yw.

hmkvX-hn -I-am -tbm, ]Xo-Im-fl-I-amtbm P\-Xsb apgp -h≥ Hcp H‰¬ Xe-Øn¬

\ne-\n¿Øp-∂p.

39


am[-y-a-]-T\w

`£W-Øns‚ km¿∆ euIn-Im- n-cp-Nn-I-fn¬ ]m]-ßsf Ipcp-°n-bn-Sp-I-bpw, Poh-X-Øns‚

A`n-cp-Nn-I-fn¬ \n∂v Ahsc AI-‰p-Ibpw sNøp∂ kmt¶-XnI Iuiew hym-]-I-am-bn-cn-°p∂

L -Øn¬ BWv Ihn Cßs\ sNm√n-b-Xv.

"" a[p-c-Øn\v h°m-Wn∏q

-am\-y-c-Sp-°f X∂n¬''

sSIvt\m-f-Pn°v P\m-[n-]-X-ysØ \njvInbam°m-t\m, Zp¿_-e-am-°mt\m Ign-bp-sa∂

Nn¥ hym-]-I-am-bn- p-≠v. \ap-°n-jvSw-t]mse F∂-Xm-Wv P\m-[n-]-X-y-sa-¶n¬ B CjvS-ßsf

ky-jvSn-bv°m≥ sSIvt\m-f-Pnbv°v Ign-bpw. aXw, \oXn, [¿Ωw, kwkvIm cw F∂nh amX-a-√.

a\p-jy \n¿ΩnXamb-sX∂pw Nqj-W-Øns‚bpw a¿±-\-Øns‚bpw D]-I-c-W-am-°-W-sa∂pw A\p-

`hw \sΩ ]Tn-∏n-°p-∂p. AXpsIm≠v ]X-ßƒ kX-y-Øns‚ apJw aqSn-IfmIcp-sX-∂pw.

km¿∆ euInI am[-ya kt¶-X-ßƒ Xa-kvI-c-W-Øn-\pw, hIo-I-c-W-Øn-\pw, k¿§-i-‡nsb

\nkvtX-P-am-Ip∂ D]-t`m-K-kw-kvIm-c-Øn\pw Iq´p-\n¬°-cp-X-sX∂pw hnfn®p ]d-tb-≠n-bn-cn-

bv°p-∂p.

am[-ya [m¿Ωn-I-Xbpw s]cp-am-‰-®- hpw

]X-]-h¿Ø-\-hp-ambn _‘-s∏-SpØn \nc-¥cw D∂-bn-bv°-s∏-Sp∂XmWv [m¿Ωn-Isb

kw_-‘n® tNmZyw. ]X-]-h¿Ø\w Hcp s]m -j≥ BsW∂ Ah-Im-i-hmZw i‡-am-sW-

¶nepw [m¿Ωn-IX A\p-im-kn-°p∂ Xc-Øn¬ s]cp-am-‰-®´w \ne-hn-ep≠v F∂v ]X-]-h¿Ø-

I¿°p Xs∂ Adn-™p-Iq-Sm. ]m›m-X-y-am-[-y-a-ß-fpsS apX-em-fn-Ø]£-]m-X-sØbpw A[m¿Ωn-

I-sX-bbpw Ipdn®v \Ω-tfsd ]d-bm-dp-s≠-¶nepw bYm¿∞-Øn¬ C¥-y≥ am[-y-a-temIw Cu

cwKØv _lp-Zqcw ]n∂n¬ \n¬°p-∂p F∂-XmWv kX-yw. ]m›m-X-y-tem-IsØ am[-y-a-ÿm-]-

\-ßƒ°v hni-Z-amb [m¿an-I- kwlnX- -s]-cp-am-‰-®´w \S-∏n¬ hcp-Øn-bn- p-≠v. F∂m¬ C¥-

y-bnse Ahÿ B Xc-Øn-epf-f-Xv. ]kv Iu¨kn¬ kmam-\yw hni-Z-am-b-s]-cp-am-‰-®´w

Xøm-dm-°n-bn- p-≠v. \yq-tbm¿°v ssSwkv F∂ ]Xw c≠m-bn-cØn aq∂n¬ sPbvk¨ skv]-

bn¿ F∂ kz¥w dnt∏m¿ -dpsS h©-\-Isf°pdn®v Xpd∂v ]d-bm\pw Bfl-]-cn-tim-[\ \S-

Øm\pw ss[c-y-s∏- n-cp-∂p. FUn-t‰m-dn.b≥ t_m¿Uns‚ tkh\w hne-bn-cp-Øm≥ hnZKvZ

IΩn-‰n-Iƒ cq]h¬Iy-X-am-bn. ]X-]-h¿Ø\w kpX-c-y-am-°n.

IΩn‰n dnt∏m¿´ns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ ]Xw \S-∏m-°nb Hcp ][m\ ]cn-jvImcw ]X-

Øns‚ Hcp ]_vfnIv FUn-‰sd \nb-an-°p-I F∂-Xm-bn-cp-∂p. Df-fS°w kw_-‘n®v hmb-\-

°m-cs‚ ]cm-Xn-I-fpw, Bt£-]-ßfpw kzo-I-cn-bv°p-Ibpw, At\-z-jWw \S-Øp-Ibpw sNøp-

∂-XmWv ]_vfnIv FUn-‰-dpsS Npa-X-e. F∂m¬ ]Xm-[n-]≥am-cpsS ]´n-I-bn¬ At±-l-Øns‚

t]cv D≠m-hp-I-bn-√. AXn-\m¬ ]kn-≤o-I-cn-bv°-s∏´ H∂n\pw At±lØn\v DØ-c-hm-ZnØw

D≠m-hp-I-bn-√. Ãm≥tU¿Uv FUn-‰¿ F∂ ]pXnb XkvXn-Ibpw ÿm]n-®p. ]X-]-h¿Ø-I-

cpsS [m¿an-Ihpw sXmgn¬]-c-hp-amb \ne-hmcw Db¿Øm\pw Bh-i-y-amb ]cn-io-e-\-]-≤-Xn-

Iƒ Bhn-jvI-cn-bv°m\pw _m [-y-ÿ-\mWv kv‰m≥Um¿Uv FUn-‰¿. FØn-°¬ tP¿W-enkw

F∂ eLp-tcJ A®-Sn®v hnX-cWw \S-Øp-I-bpw, C‚¿s\-‰n¬ ]kn-≤o-I-cn-bv°p-Ibpw sNbvXp

\yq-tbm¿°v ssSwkv. ]X-]-h¿Ø-\sØ kw_w-‘n® hy-‡-amb am¿§-\n¿t±-ißƒ CXn¬

Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn--cp-∂p.

]X-]-h¿Ø-Is‚ Npa-Xe \n¿h-ln-bv°p-tºmƒ Hcp-X-c-Øn-ep-ff XmXv]-c-y-kw-L¿jw

(clash to interest) D≠mbn F∂-XmWv s]cp-am-‰-®- -Øns‚ ASnÿm\ XX-zw. dnt∏m¿ v sNøp∂

Imc-y-hp-ambn Fs¥-¶nepw Xc-Øn¬ _‘-ap-≠m-Ip-∂Xv dnt∏m¿ -dpsS \nIv]-£-sXsh _m[n-

40


am[-y-a-]-T\w

°p-∂p. dnt∏m¿´¿ Hcp cmjvSob ]m¿ń-bn¬ AwK-am-bm¬ AXn-s\-°p-dn®v \njv]-£-ambn Fgp-

Xp-hm≥ km[n-°n-√. a‰p-Im-c-y-ßfpw CXv t]mse-Ø-s∂-bmWv. F∂m¬ ]X-]-h¿Ø-I\v kmaq-

ln-I-amb _‘-ß-fn¬ \n∂v ]q¿Æ-ambn amdn \n¬°m≥ Bhn-√. CØcw ÿm]nX

Xm¬]-c-y-ßƒ ]X-]-h¿Ø-I≥ amt\-Pvsa‚n-s‚tbm ]Xm-[n-]-sctbm ap≥Iqń Adn-bn-bv°-W-

sa-∂mWv \yq-tbm¿°v ssSwkns‚ s]cp-am‰ kwlnX \n¿t±-in-bv°p-∂-Xv. \yq-tbm¿°v ssSwkn¬

t\csØ Xs∂ Hcp \yqkv dqw C≥Kn D≠v. ]kn≤oI-c-I-cW hkvXp-X-Iƒ icn-bm-sW∂v

Dd∏v hcp-Øm-\p-ff am¿§ßfm-Wn-Xv.

"" BX-y-¥n-I-ambn hmb-\-°m-c-\mWv \nß-fpsS sXmgn-ep-S-a-ÿ≥'' F∂Xv ]X-]-h¿Ø-

\-Ønse G‰hpw hen-b -X-Xzw Cu s]cp-am‰ kwln-X-bn¬ FSp-Øp-]-d-bp-∂p-≠v. ]X-]-

h¿Ø-I≥ hnc-h-ßƒ tiJ-cn-°p-∂Xv kz¥w Imc-y-Øn-\-√. s]mXp-P-\-ßƒ°v ssIam-dm-\p-f-

f-Xm-Wv. s]mXp-P-\-ßƒ°p ssIam-dmsX kz¥w t\ -Øn-\p-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xv Kpcp-X-c-amb Ip‰w

Xs∂-bm-Wv. Hml-cn-hn-]-Wn-bnse sNdnb Ib-‰n-d-°-ßƒ°v t]mepw Nne-t∏mƒ hm¿Ø-Iƒ

Hcp Imc-W-am-Im-dp-≠v. hm¿Ø-Iƒ°v th≠n D∂-Xm-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ, DtZ-ym-K-ÿ¿ F∂n-hsc

kao-]n-bvt°-≠n-h-cp-∂-h-\mWv ]X-]-h¿Ø-I≥. hm¿Ø-bpsS Dd-hn-S-ßƒ (sources) BWh.

hy-‡n-]-c-amb kul-r-Z-ßfpw hn i-zm-kvX-Xbpw D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xns‚ icn-sX-‰p-Iƒ kzbw

Xocp-am-\n-bv°-Ww. sXmgn¬ hnPb hpw [m¿Ωn-I-Xbpw G‰p-ap- p-tºmƒ XØ-z-ßfpw BZ¿i-

ßfpw tXm¬Ipw. AXn-\m¬ [¿Ω-kw-ln-X-I-ƒ°v ]e-t∏mgpw \ni-_vZX ]men-bvt°≠n

hcp-∂p. bmYm¿ ∞-yhpw [m¿Ωn-Ihpw c≠v [phßfn¬ BWv ]X-]-h¿Ø\ cwKØp

\n¬°p-∂-Xv. kz¥w sFU‚n‰n hm¿Øm-ti-J-c-W-Øn¬ shfn-s∏-Sp-Ø-Wtam th≠sbm

F∂ tNmZ-y-Øn-\mWv ta¬]-d™ Ah-ÿ-bp-f-f-Xv. t\cmb am¿§-Øn-eqsSsb hm¿Ø-Iƒ

tiJ-cn-bv°mhq F∂v _n -Wnse \mj-W¬ bqWn-b≥ Hm^v tP¿W-enÃv (N.U.J) 1936- ¬Xøm-dm-°nb 1998- ¬ ]pXp-°nb s]cp-am‰ kwln-X-bn¬ ]d-bp-∂p-≠v. C‚¿ \mj-W¬ sÛ-

td-j≥ Hm^v tPW-enÃv 1986- ¬ AwKo-I-cn® tcJ-bnepw CtX Imcyw ]d-bp-∂p-≠v.

sXmgn¬]-c-amb _‘-ßƒ D‰ hy‡n _‘-ß-fmbn hf-cp-∂Xv KpW-]-c-amtWm

F∂ sNmZyw IqSn Db¿∂p hcp-∂p-≠v. Htc kabw c≠pw km[n-°pI A]q¿∆ hnZ-

Kv[≥am¿°v amXw Ign-bp∂ Imc-y-am-Wv. sXmgn¬ _‘w hy-I-Xn-_-‘-ambn amdp-∂pt≠m

F∂v amdn-\n∂v hne-bn-cp-Øp-Ibpw tkmgvkp-ambn Aan-X-ambn ASp-°p-∂n√ F∂v Dd-∏p-h-cp-

Øp-Ibpw thW-sa∂v s]cp-am-‰-®´w D]-tZ-in-°p-∂p. ]X-]-h¿Ø-\hpw hm¿Øm-ti-J-c-Whpw

\nbaw ewLn®p-sIm-≠m-h-cp-Xv. hm¿Øm-ti-J-c-W-Øn\v ]X-k-zm-X-¥yØns‚ km[-y-X-X-Iƒ

D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øp-tºm-gpw, \nb-a-ew-L\w ]mSn-√. a¥n-bpsS Ahn-lnX kºm-Z-y-ßsf Is≠Øn

hm¿Ø-bm-°p∂Xv ]X-[¿Ω-am-sW-¶n¬, AXn\p th≠n a¥n-bpsS hoń¬ AXn-I-an®v IS-°p-

∂Xv \nb-a-ew-L-\-am-Wv.

kz-Im-c-y-h-y-‡n-Iƒ, ÿm]-\-ßƒ, k¿°m¿ F∂n-h-cn¬ \n∂v A\¿l-amb B\p-Iq-

e-y-ßtfm, ]mcn-tXm-jn-I-ßtfm ssI∏-‰p-∂-Xn\v F√m ]X-]-h¿ØI s]cp-am-‰-®- -ßfpw \¬Ip-

∂p-≠v. kmam-\y ac-ym-Z-bpsS ]iv\-amb D]-lm-c-ßƒ kzo-I-cnbv°mw ]cm-cn-tXm-jn-I-ßƒ Xnc-

kvI-cn-bv°p-∂-Xp-t]mse Bim-k-y-a-√mØ Ahm¿Up-Iƒ hn\-b-]q¿∆w Xnc-kvI-cn-°p-∂Xn\p-

ff IØns‚ amXrI \yptbm¿°v ssSwkns‚ s]cp-am-‰®´Øn¬ A\p-_-‘-ambn \¬In-bn- p-

≠v. F∂m¬ B\p-Iq-e-y-ßtfm kuP-\-y-ßtfm A\p-h-Zn-bv°p-∂-Xn¬ GsX-¶nepw am\-Z-WvV-

ß-tfm, ]cn-[n-Itfm \ΩpsS \mńse ]X-]-h¿Ø-I¿°n√ F∂ Imcyw i≤n-bvt°-≠-Xp-≠v.

kz-X-¥-ambpw \njv]-£-ambpw \n¿`-b-ambpw ]X-]-h¿Ø\w \S-Øm-\p-ff kuI

41


am[-y-a-]-T\w

-c-yhpw kml-N-c-yhpw thWw. F∂m¬ A\¿l-amb B\p-Iq-e-y-ßƒ Chsb _m[nbv°pw.

PohnXthX\w sXmgn¬ kuI-cyw F∂nh Dd-∏p-h-cp-Ø-Ww.

]X-]-h¿Ø-I-∑m-c¿°pw, ]X-ßƒ°pw, k¿°mcpw kzIm-c-y-ta-J-ebpw \¬Ip∂ B\p-

Iq-e-y-ß-sfbpw kuP-\-y-ß-sfbpw Ipdn®v C¥-y-bnse ]kv Iu¨kn¬ ]T\w \S-Øp-I-bp-

≠m-bn. 1995 \pw 96\pw at[y \¬Inb B\p-Iq-eyßfpw sNbvXp-sIm-SpØ kuI-c-y-ßfpw

BWv ]T-\-hn-t[-b-am-°p∂-Xv. _kv. sdbn¬ bmX-Iƒ°p \¬Ip∂ kuP-\-y-ßƒ, bmXm

hnam-\-Sn-°-‰v, F∂nh GsX-¶nepw DXv]-∂-sØtbm ÿm]-\-tØ-tbm-Ip-dn®v A\p-Iq-e-ambn

FgpXm≥ \¬Ip∂ A\-[n-I-yX t]c-W-Iƒ BWv F∂v ]kv Iu¨kn¬ hn[n-®n- p-≠v. apJ-

y-a¥nbpsS Zpcn-Xm-i-zmk \n[n-bn¬ \n∂pw hnth-N-\m-[n-Imc \n[n-bn¬ \n∂pw ]X-]-h¿Ø-

I¿ \¬Ip∂ klm-b-ß-fpw k¿°m¿ G¿∏mSp sNøp∂ Xma-k-ku-I-c-y-ßfpw IΩo-j≥ ]Tn-

bv°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. k¿°m¿ Poh-\-°m¿°v \¬Im≥ Dt±-in® Izm¿t -gvkpI-fn¬ Hcp hnlnXw

]X-]-h¿Ø-I¿°v \¿Ip-∂-Xn-s\-Xnsc tImSXn hn[n-Iƒ Xs∂-bp-≠m-bn-´p-s≠∂v ] v

Iu¨kn¬ Nq≠n-°m- n.

kz-Im-c-y-X-bv°p-ff Ah-Imiw ][m-\-s∏- - ]ucm-h-Im-i-amsW∂ XXzw am[-y-a-ß-fn¬

AwKo-I-cn-®n- p-≠v. Adn-bm-\p-ff Ah-Imiw kz-Im-c-y-X-bv°p-ff Ah-Im-i-ambn G‰p-ap- n-°q-

Sm. s]mXp-cw-KØv ]h¿Øn-bv°p-∂-h-cpsS kz-Im-c-yX hfsc ]cn-an-X-s∏-Sp-∂p-≠v. GsX-

¶nepw Xc-Øn¬ ]X-]-h¿Ø\w kz-Im-c-yX l\n-bv°p-∂Xv KpXp-X-c-amb Ip‰-am-Wv. h-y-‡n-]-

c-amb Zpc-¥-ß-fn¬s∏´ hy-‡n-Isf A`n-ap-J-Øn-\v th≠n ]oUn-∏n-bv°p-∂-Xn\v FXnsc _n -

\nse t_mUvIm-ÃnwKv Ãm≥tUUv IΩo-j≥ ap∂-dn-bn∏v \¬Ip-∂p-≠v. Zpc-¥-ß-

fn¬s∏´v acn-bv°p∂ km[m-c-W-°m-cpsS t]cp-hn-h-c-ßƒ ac-W-hn-hcw IpSpw-_-ßƒ Adnbp-

∂-Xn\v ap≥t] kwt]-jWw sNø-cpXv F∂v t]mepw IΩo-j≥ \n¿t±-in-®n- p-≠v. Hcn-SØv

\S-°p-∂-hn-h-c-ßƒ hnZq-c-X-bn¬ \n∂v i‡n-tb-dnb se≥kp-sIm≠v FSp-°p-∂Xv [m¿anI

ewL-\-am-sW∂v _n -\nse ]kv Iw]vsf-bn‚ v IΩo-js‚ kwln-X-bn¬ hy-‡-am-°nbn´p≠v.

Inan\¬ tIkp-I-fn¬ ]Xn-bm-°-s∏- -h-cpsS amXm-]n-°-∑m-cpsS t]cp-Iƒ shfn-s∏-Sp-Ø-cpXv

F∂v _n´ojv ]kv Iw]vf-bns‚ IΩo-j≥ hy-‡-am-°n-bn- p-≠v.

]X-]-h¿Ø-I≥ Hcn-bv°epw ]X-]-h¿Ø-I-\-√mØ taep-tZ-ym-K-ÿ-\n¬ \n∂v

]XØns‚ Df-f-S° kw_-‘-amb \n¿t±-i-ßƒ kzo-I-cn-bv°-cpXv F∂v bqtdm-]-y≥ Ia-yq-

Wn‰n cmP-y-ßƒ 1971- ¬ \S-Ønb ayq-Wn®v ]J-ym-]-\-Øn¬ ]d-bp-∂p-≠v. ]c-k-y-ßƒ hm¿Ø-

I-fmbn hc-cpXv F∂Xv ASn-ÿm-\-[¿Ω-ß-fn¬ H∂m-Wv. \ne-hn-ep-ff kwln-X-Iƒ CXn-s\-Xn-

cm-bp-ff \nbaw sIm≠phs∂-¶nepw Cu ]h-WX A[n-I-ambn Ct∏mƒ I≠p-h-cp-∂p-≠v.

]c-k-ysØ FUn-t‰m-dn-b¬ Df-f-S-°-Øn¬ \n∂pw h-y-‡-ambn th¿Xn-cn-°-W-sa∂v s^U-td-

j≥ Hm^v C‚¿\m-j-W¬ FUn-t‰gvkv Hm^v P¿W¬ 1981- ¬ AwKo-I-cn® s]cp-am‰ kwln-X-

bn¬ ]d-bp-∂p-≠v. A[n-Im-c-tI-µ-ß-fmWv ]X-k-zm-X-¥-y-Øn\v t\sc oj-Wn-bp¿ØIsb∂

[mcW amdn-h-cn-I-bm-Wv. aqe-[-\-Xm-ev]-c-y-ßƒ P\m-[n-]-X-ym-h-Im-i-ß-fp-ambn G‰p-ap- p-I-bmWv

Fßpw. cmjvS-ßsf°mƒ henb _lp-cmjvS Iº-\n-Iƒ BtKm-f-h-XvI-c-WØns‚ Dt]m-

Xv]-∂-am-Wv. ]X-]-h¿Ø-I-cpsS s]cp-am-‰-Øn\v amXta hy-h-ÿ-I-fpw, N -ßfpw D≠m-Ip-∂p-

≈q. am[-ya DS-a-ÿX kw_-‘n-t®m, am[-y-a-ßƒ XΩn-ep-ff A\m-tcm-K-y-I-c-amb a’cw kw_-

‘nt®m A[m¿an-I-hn-]-W\w \nb-¥n-bv°p-∂-Xnt\m N´hpw hy-h-ÿbpw Cs√-∂Xv i≤n-b-

42


am[-y-a-]-T\w

t°-≠-Xp-≠v.

ImgvN-bpsS tImbva

Sn.-sI. cma-N-µ≥

s^U-dnIv Pbnw-k¨s‚ A`n-]m-b-Øn¬ ImgvNbpsS tImbva B[p-\n-Im-\p- -h-Øns‚

apJ-ap-Z-bm-Wv. ]c-k-y-∏-e-I-I-fn¬ \n∂pw, shf-fn-Øn-c-bpsS ap∂n¬ \n∂pw Sn.-hn-bpsS ap∂n¬

\n∂p-sa√mw \nc-¥-c-ambn Zr-i-y-_nw-_-ßƒ \sΩ tXSn hcp-∂p≠v. t_m[ At_m[ Xe-ß-

fn¬ IqSn CXv B[n-]-Xyw ÿm]n-bv°p-∂-tXmsS Imc-y-°m¿ ImgvN-°m-cmbn amdp-∂p.

kmln-X-ymZn Ie-fn¬ \n∂pw hy-X-y-kvX-ambn Zy-i-y-I-e-Iƒ Cµn-b-tØmSv t\cn´p kwh-Zn-bv°m≥

ian-bv°p-∂p-≠v. CXv km[-y-am-Ip-∂Xv kmt¶-XnI hnZy-bneqsS amX-am-Wv. kn\n-abpw sSen-hn-

j\pw ap‡n-bpsS [nj-W-bpsS am [-y-an-‡-sb-t∏mepw Hgn-hm°n XnI®pw sFµn-I-amb A\p-

`q-Xn-Isf ky-jvSn-®mWv \sΩ _m[n-°p-∂-Xv. CXv kmwkvImcnI aWvU-e-Øn¬ Bgtadnb

]Xn-k-‘nbv°pImc-W-am-bn- p-≠v. Chn-sS-bmWv kn≤m-¥-Øns‚ Bh-i-y-IX Db¿∂p-Im-Wp-

∂-Xv. Cu Ah-ÿ-bn¬ kn≤m-¥Øns‚ hna¿i-\m-fl-I-Xsb hos≠-Sp-°m≥ CS-Xp-]£w

Bfl-]-cn-tim-[\ \S-Ø-Ww.

Xnc-s™-Sp-∏n-eqsS IΩ-yq-WnÃv ]m¿´nsb A[n-Im-c-Øn-te‰n BZ-ysØ tIc-fob `q]-

cn-jvI-c-W-Øn-eqsS P∑n-Ø-Øns‚ \s- -s√m-Sn® B-Zy C¥-y≥ kwÿm-\w. tIc-f-k-aq-l-sØ-∏-

‰n-bp-ff hkvX-p\n-jvT-amb hni-I-e-\-Ønepw CS-Xp-]£w ]Xn-k-‘nsb adn-I-S-°m-dp-≠v.

kmwkvIm-cn-I-cw-K-ØmWv Cu A]-Nbw G‰hpw ]I-S-am-Ip-∂Xv F∂v sshcp-[-y-am-Wv. 1960 hsc

CS-Xp-]-£-Øns‚ \Sp-\m-b-I-Xzw G‰hpw i‡-am-bn \ne-\n-∂n-cp∂Xv kmwkvIm-cnI cwK-Øm-

Wv. ]Xn-tem-a-I-c-amb Bi-b-ßƒ thj ]—-∂-ambn amX-am-bn-cp∂p B Ime-L- -Øn¬ t∏mepw

IS-∂p-h-∂n-cp-∂-Xv. Ip©m-t°m-bpsS ]p∂] hb-em¿ t]mse I®-h-S-°-Æp-I-tfmsS amXw ky-

jvSn-bv°-s∏´ kn\n-a-Iƒ CS-Xp-]£ at\m- m-h-tØmSv hna¿i-\m-fl-I-amb \ne-]m-Sn-bn-cp-∂n√

kzo-I-cn-®n-cp-∂-Xv.

kwkvImcw B[p-\nI ae-bm-fn-I-fpsS Hcp Zu¿_-eyamWv 20 mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ BZ-y-i-X-

I-ß-fn¬ tIc-f-Øns‚ kmwkvIm-cnI cwKØv ]I-S-am-bn-cp∂ \thm-∞m\ ]h-W-X-Isf a\-

n-em-°m≥ s]mXp-a-WvUe hna¿i-I-\mb tl_¿am-kns‚ ]cn-I¬∏-\-Iƒ Gsd it≤-b-am-

Wv. ]Sn-™m-d≥ \mSp-I-fn¬ _q¿jzm P\m-[n-]-Xyw ÿm]n-X-am-Ip∂ BZ-y-L- -Øn¬ P\m-[n-

]-X-y-h¬°-c-W-Øns‚ apJ-y-tI-µ-ambn s]mXp-a-WvUew Db¿∂p-h-cp-sa∂v tl_¿amkv ÿm]n-

bv°p-∂p. s]mXp-a-WvUew kwth-Z-\hpw kaq-l-Øns‚ hnIm-khpw \ym-bo-I-c-W-Øns‚ ]-

iv\-ßfpw B[p-\nI `c-W-Iq-Shpw F∂o KŸ-ß-fn-emWv tl_¿amkv CXv ÿm]n-bv°p-∂-

Xv. N¿®-I-fn-eqsSbpff Bi-b-cq-]o-I-c-W-]-In-b-bmWv s]mXp-a-WvU-e-Øns‚ ASn-Ø-d.

18 mw \q‰m-≠n-emWv bqtdm-∏nepw a‰pw s]mXp-a-WvUew Bhn¿ -hn-°p-∂Xv F¶nepw AXns\∏‰n-

bp-ff N¿®-Iƒ FXtbm ap≥]v D≠m-bn- p-≠v. ssZh-im-k-X-Øn-\-IØv Bhn¿ -hn® P\

]Xn-k-‘n-bn-emWv BJ-ym-\-im-kvXw(-sl¿a-≥\yq- n-Ivkv) s‚ XpS-°w. CXns\ P∑nØ hy-h-

ÿ-bp-sSbpw GIm-[n-]-X-y-Øns‚bpw knZv[m¥imT-y-ßsf XI¿°m-\p-ff Bbp-[-ambn P\-

ßƒ Is≠-Øn. am‰-ßƒ bp‡n-Nn-¥-bpsS hnP-b-Øn\pw hgn-sbm-cp-°n.

apJ-y-ambpw c≠v Imc-W-ß-fmWv hnP-b-Øn\v \nZm-\-am-b-Xv. aX-]-cn-jvI-c-W-]-ÿm\w

DW¿Øn-hn´ cq£hpw c‡-cqjn-X-hp-amb kwL-S-\-ß-fn¬, shfn-]m-Sn¬ aX-Øns‚ ]nSn Ab-

bm≥ XpS-ßn. kX-y-Øn-te-bv°p-ff hgn-Xp-d-°m≥ bp‡n-Nn-¥bvt° Bhq F∂m-b-tXmsS

ssZh-im-kvX-Øns‚ ASn-Ød Xs∂bnf-Im\pw XpS-ßn. c≠m-a-Xmbn aX-]-c-amb tNcn-t∏m-cp-

Iƒ sIm≠v hna¿i\w A\n-hm-c-y-hpw, Zm£-W-y-an-√m-ØXpw I¿°-ihpw JWvU-\m-fl-I-hp-

43


am[-y-a-]-T\w

ambnØo¿∂p. sNdnb N¿®-I-fn-eq-sSbpw kwLw tNc-ep-I-fp-sSbpw kz-X-z-t_m[w ssIh-cn®

hna¿i-\-Nn-¥-bmWv P\m-[n-]-X-y-Øn-\m-bp-ff ka-c-Øns‚ BZ-y-tI-µ-ß-fm-b-Xv. F∂m¬ ]e

kma-y-ßfpw \nen-\n¬°p-tºmƒ Xs∂ ]Sn-™m-d≥ \mSp-I-fn¬ \n∂v ]Sn-™m-d≥ s]mXp-a-

WvU-e-Øn¬ -\n∂v ASn-ÿm-\-]-c-amb hy-Xn-cn-‡-X-Iƒ \ne-\n¬°p-∂p-≠v. ]Sn-™m-d≥ \mSp-

I-fn¬ P∑n-XzØns\-Xn-cmb kacw \bn-®Xv _q¿j-zmkn Bbn-cp-s∂-¶n¬ Chn-SpsØ \h-PmX

_q¿jzm i‡n-Iƒ t\X-r-X-z-]-c-amb ]¶v hln-bv°m-\m-ImØhn[w Zp¿_-e-am-bn-cp-∂p. s]mXp-

a-WvU-e-Øns‚ P\m-[n-]-X-y-h-XvI-c-W-Øn\v klm-bn® LS-I-ßƒ ]e-Xm-bn-cp-∂p. _lp-P\

ka-c-ßƒ°v D≠m-bn-cp∂ A`q-X-]q¿∆-amb ]k‡n ]n¬°m-esØ CS-Xp-]-£-Øns‚ s\Sp-

\m-b-I-X-z-Øn\v hnØp-]m-In.

kwt`m-K-i-rw-Km-c-Øns‚ Cf-In-bm- -Øns‚ ]Im-c-Øn¬ D≠m-bn-cp∂Xnt\mSp hnS-]-

d™vp Pohn-XsØ t\¿°p-t\¿ ImWp∂ ]cpj PohnX Imep-j-y-ß-tfmSv Dff IYm-\p-bm-bn-

Iƒ kmwkvIm-cn-I-cw-KØv B[n-]-Xyw Dd-∏n-®p. ]m -_m-°n, \Ωsfm∂,v ASp-°-f-bn¬ \n∂v

Ac-ß-tØbv°v apX-emb \mS-I-ßƒ \mep-sI- ns‚ Ccp≠ Nph-cp-Iƒ°pf-fn¬ HXpßn \n∂n-

cp∂ Zr-i-y-kw-kvImcw Hcp P\-Iob Iebpw tIc-f-Z-r-iy kmwkvImccq]-hp-am°n am‰n. Poh¬

]iv\-ß-tfm-Sp-ff ]Xn-_-≤-X-bmWv Chsb P\-Io-b-am-°m≥ Ign-™-Xv. cmjvSo-b-hpw, kmaq-

ln-Ihpw kz-X-z-]-c-hp-amb kwL¿j-ß-fmWv Ch-bn¬ ]Xn-]m-Zn-®n-cn-bv°p-∂-Xv. sFI-y-tI-

cfw ÿm]n-X-am-b-Xn\v sXm´p-]n≥]p-ff Ia-yq-WnÃv ]m¿´n-bpsS Xnc-s™-Sp∏v hnPbw P\

s\Sp-\m-b-I-Øns‚ hym]vXn temI-tØmSp hnfn-t®m-Xp-∂-Xm-bn-cp-∂p.

kmt¶m-Nn-°p∂ s]mXp-a-WvU-ew.

AXn bmYm-ÿn-Xn-I-X-bpsS ]Xn-X-cw-K-hpw.

AXn-bm-Ym-ÿn-Xn-I-amb Hcp hy-Xn-X-cwKw ka-Im-eo\ tIc-fØ-n¬ aq¿Øhpw kPo-h-

hp-amb km∂n-[-y-am-bn- p-≠v. cq]-]-cn-Wm-a-ßfpw ]X-y-b-im-kvX-\n-jvI¿®-Ifpw aqew P\ ]Xn-

X-cw-K-Øns‚ \n¿h-N\w Ffp-∏-a-√. Aº-Xp-I-fpsS A-¥-y-Øn¬ -hn-tam-N-\-k-a-c-tIm-em-l--Øn-

\n-Sbv°v ]Xy£-s∏´ Cu ]Xn XcwKw CS-Xp-]£ AWn-Iƒ°p-f-fnse kv∂n-Kv[X-I-sfbpw

]nf¿∏p-I-tfbpw ka¿∞-ambn apX-se--Sp-ØpsIm≠v F¨]-Xp-I-fm-Ip-tºm-tg°pw ]X-y-b-imkvX

kpL-Sn-X-X-zhpw Hcp ]cn-[n-hsc cmjvSo-b-amb am \y-Xbpw t\Sn-°gn™p. ]c-kv]cw _‘-

s∏ v \n¬°p∂ aq∂v ]Xn- m-k-ß-fmWv AXn-bm-Ym-ÿn-Xn-I-Xbv°v Du¿÷w ]I-cp-∂-Xv. P∑n-

Ø-hn-cp≤ ka-c-Øns‚ hn]vfh e £-y-ßƒ Hcp ]cp-[n-hsc k -e-am-b-tXmsS CS-Xp-]£w

Bg-ta-dnb ssk≤m-¥nI ]Xn-k-‘nsb AwKo-I-cn-bv°m≥ XpS-ßn. c≠m-a-Xmbn Adp-]-Xp-I-

fm-Ip-tºm-tg°pw AXn aµ-K-Xn-bn¬ amXw, apt∂-dn-bn-cp∂ hy-h-kmb hXvI-c-Whpw

hmWn-P-y-cw-KØv ]I-S-am-bn-cp-∂ amµyhpw cmjvSob cwKsØ A\n-›n-X-X-zhpw aqe-[-\sØ

]X-kn-\n-am-ta-J-e-bn-tebv°v h≥tXm-Xn¬ hgn-Xn-cn-®p-hn- p. aq∂m-a-Xmbn P\-]n-b-cq-]-ßƒ

kmwkvIm-cn-cw-KsØ A\p-I-a-ambn Zpjn-∏n®v XpS-ßnb Ncn-X-k-µ¿ -Øn¬ Hcp hn]vf-h-Øns‚

]cn-th-j-tØm-sSbmWv B[p-\nIX \ΩpsS Iem-cw-K-tØbv°v IS-∂p-h-cp-∂-Xv. Iem-]cw/P\-

]nbw F∂ efn-Xm-ab Zz-µ-zsØ Hcp kuµ-c-y-imkvX kn≤m-¥-ambn hnI-kn-∏n-s®-Sp-ØmWv

B[p-\nIX hfm-cm≥ XpS-ßn-b-Xv. Itºm-f-I-ebv°v FXn-cmb kacw B[p-\n-I-cp-tS-Xm-bn. Itºm-

f-kn-\na thcp-d-∏n-bv°p∂ \mfp-I-fn¬ P\-]oXn B¿÷n-®n-cp∂ \mS-I-ß-fp-tSbpw t\mh-ep-I-

fp-tSbpw Ne-®n-X-cq-]-ßƒ krjvSn-®p-sIm-≠m-bn-cp∂p kn\n-am-ap-X-em-fn-am¿ apX¬ap-S°v kpc-

£n-X-am-°n-b-Xv. dnb-en-ÃnIv hncp-≤hpw htc-W-y-hm-Z-]-c-hp-amb Hcp mhp-I-X-z-amWv B[p-\n-I¿

hnI-kn-∏n-s®-Sp-Øv. P∑\n hncp≤w/kmam-P-y-Xz hncp-≤-L´w, IpSw_ _‘-ßƒ, ssZ\w-Zn-\-Po-

hXw F∂nh Hcp Xcw hy-‡n-hm-Z-Øn\v ]›m-Ø-e-sam-cp-°n-bn-cp-∂p. ]pXnb kmº-ØnI Iaw

44


am[-y-a-]-T\w

ky-jvSn® sXmgn-en-√m-bvabpw a‰pw Bfp-Isf hn]vf-hm- n-ap-J-y-ap-f-f-h-cm-°n-sb-¶nepw B[p-\n-I-X-

bpsS `a-I-ev]-\-I-fnepw I]S AkvXn-X-z-h-y-YI-fnepw BI-y-jvS-cmbn Xoh-amb B`n-ap-J-y-ß-

fn¬ AI-s∏-Sp-I-bp-≠m-bn. kn\n-a-Ifpepw CXv Zy-i-y-amWv. 60˛70 Ifnse nenw skmsk-‰n-Iƒ

CXn\v DZm-l-c-W-am-Wv. Ch¿ tIc-f-Øn¬ A-tßm-f-an-tßmfw ]c-∂p-In-S-°p-∂p. Ch¿ ]e cmjvSob

kwL-ß-fp-ambn KmV-_‘w ]pe¿Øn-bn-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ sFk≥Ão≥, _¿‹m≥, sKmZm¿Zv

XpS-ßnbhcpsS kn\n-a-Iƒ t]mepw ]Z¿in-∏n-°-s∏- n-cp∂ CØcw skmssk-‰n-Iƒ \njvI-r-jvS-

amb kwth-Z-\-I-tºmf kn\n-a-bpsS hn]-co-X-am-Im-\p-ff hy-K-X-bn¬ P\ßfn¬ \n∂pw AIe-

s∏- p. hn]vf-h-I-c-amb Df-f-S°w D≠m-bn´pw cq]-]-c-amb ap≥-hn-[n-Iƒ Ahsb P\-ß-fn¬

\n∂pw AI-‰n.

Itºmf kn\na/B¿ v kn\na F∂n-ßs\ kn\na \ncq-]Ww Nne ap≥hn-[n-I-tfmsS HXp-

ßn-t∏m-bn. ssieo-]-c-amb hy-X-ymkw \ne-\n¬°p-tºmƒ Xs∂ Ch c≠pw Htc ]X-y-b-im-

kvØns‚ hy-X-ykvX `mK-am-Wv F∂ Xncn-®-dnhv ][m-\-am-Wv. ASp-Øn-S-bmbn kn\n-a-bn¬

Bh¿Øn-bv°p∂ \jvS-s∏- p-t]mb ]g-a-sb-∏-‰n-bp-ff Kr-lm-Xp-c-XzØnt‚bpw yq-U¬ sshZnI

BZ¿i-h¬°-c-WØns‚bpw ]X-y-b-imkvX \m\m¿∞-ßƒ Ncn-X-Øns‚ klm-b-tØm-sStb

hmbn-s®-Sp-°m≥ Ign-bq. Zy-i-y-I-em-cw-KØv kn\n-abpw ]n∂oSv sSen-hn-j\pw B[n-]-Xyw Dd-∏n-

bv°p-∂Xv a‰p Iem-cq-]-ß-fpsS sNe-hn-em-bn-cp-∂p.

\mS-IØn¬ s]m -W¬ \mS-I-ßsf Xf-fn-°-f-™p-sIm≠v B[p-\n-I-X-bpsS Ata-Nz¿

\mS-I-ßfpw ]n∂oSv AXn-t\-°mƒ A\p-jvTm\]cXIƒ°pw _ml-y-tam-Sn-Iƒ°pw ta∑-I-ev]n®

X\Xv \mS-I-th-Znbpw kr-jvSn-bv°-s∏- p. ]p\-cp-≤m\ cpNn-Isf ckn-∏n® X\Xv \mS-I-thZn \mS-

I-°-f-cnbnepw N¿®m-thZn-I-fnepw htc-W-y-]-c-amb Hcp \qX\ k¶ev]w ]nd-hn-sb-Sp-Øp. CXv

ae-bmf \mS-I-cw-K-Øns‚ P\-Iob P\m-[n-]- X-y-th-cp-Iƒ apdn-s®-dn-bm≥ Imc-W-am-bn. ae-bm-

f-Øn¬ kn\n-abpw \mS-Ihpw XΩn¬ hnhn[ Xc-Øn-ep-ff sImf-f- -sIm-Sp-°¬ _‘w Zr-V-am-

bn-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ c-W-Iq-S-Øm¬ \nb-¥n-bv°-s∏-Sp∂ Itºm-f-h-y-hÿ hnI-kn®p h∂-tXmsS

s]mXp aWvUew a’-cn-bv°p∂ uXnI Xm¬]-c-y-ß-fpsS Ac-ßmbnØo¿∂p.

Zriy-X-bpsS tImbva

I®mbn Npcp-§p¶ am\p-jn-I-k-zXw

bpàn-Nn-´-bpsS ImeL«w hmkvX-h-¯nÂ c-p-Xcw [mc-W-IÄ¡v P·w \ÂIp-I-bp-

-m-bn. ]I-r-Xn-c-l-k-y-§sf Is--¯p-Ibpw ]mXn-`m-knI ]]-©-¯n\v taÂ B[n-]-Xyw Øm]n-

¡p-I-bm-bn-cp¶p e£-y-§Ä. ]I-r-Xn-bv¡p-taÂ B[n-]-Xyw t\Sm³ D]-tbm-Kn¨ bpàn-Nn´ a-

äp-a-\p-j-yÀ¡v taepw A[n-Imcw Øm]n-¡m³ D]-tbm-Kn- p. CtXmsS bpàn-Nn´ hnIkn-bv¡m³

Bcw- n- p. apX-em-fn¯ hy-h-Ø-bv¡-I¯v hnIkn- p-h¶ ImgvN-bpsS tImbvabpw AXnsâ

^e-ambn D-m-bn-«p-ff then-bn-d-¡hpw BI-kvan-I-a-Ã. ]c-kv]-c-]q-c-I-§-fmb ]Xn-`m-k-§Ä

BWv. Cµn-b-§Ä¡p taÂ ImgvNbv¡p ssIh¶ ]map-Jyw FÃm Cµn-b-io-e-§-sfbpw kzm-

[o-\n-¡m-\pw, \nÀ®-bv¡m\pw XpS-§n. kwKoXw C¶v Zr-i-y-taÂt¡m-bva-bpsS A[o-\-X-bnÂ

BWv. K\[w kzm-Zv, F¶o Xe-§-fn-te-bv¡p-ff Img-N-bpsS IS-¶p-I-bäw ]I-S-am-Ip-¶Xv

]c-k-y-]-]-©- nÂ BWv.

kpKÔ Zh-y-§-fsS ]c-k-y-§Ä F§s\ kpµ-c-Z-r-i-y- nsâ KÔ-k-z- m-h-hp-ambn I®n-

tNÀ¡p¶p F¶Xv ]T\w AÀln-bv¡p-¶p--v. KÔm\p`-hs¯ \nKq-V-h-XvI-y-X-amb Bh-c-W-

¯n-\-I v Xf-bv¡p-¶-tXm-sS Hcp ]pXnb kmaq-lnI aqe-y-h-y-hØ ky-jvSn-¡-s -Sp-¶p. AI-an-

Ãm¯ ]pd-§-fpsS amXw temI- n-te¡v B[p-\nI a\p-j-y³ XÅn-hn-S-s -Sp-¶p.

45


am[-y-a-]-T\w

am[-ya§fpsS ]Xn-tem-a-]-I-rXw

Ie, kmln-Xyw XpS-§nb kmwkvImcnI Dev]-¶-§Ä F§s\ kaq-ls¯ kzm-[o-\n-

¡p¶p F¶ Ime-§-fm-bp-ff NÀ -I-fpsS XpSÀ -bmWv kn\n-a, sSen-hn-j³ F¶n-h-sb-¡p-dn-

¨p \S-¡p-¶-Xv.Ie-sb-¡p-dn- p-ff ]gb XÀ¡-§Ä C¶pw ]cn-l-cn-¡-s -«n-«n-Ã. Cu NÀ -I-fnÂ

cmjvSob Bi-b-§Ä IS-¶p-h-¶-XmWv CXn\v Imc-Ww. imi-z-X-aq-e-y-§-fpsS aWvU-e- nÂ

amXw km[-y-am-hp¶ Ie Ds-¶v hni-z-kn-¡p¶ Iem-Im-c³amÀ Ie-bnÂ cmjvSobw ImWp-¶-

Xns\ FXnÀ¡p-¶-XmWv Cu NÀ -I-fpsS hnIm-ks¯ XS-bp-¶-Xv. F¶mÂ sSen-hn-jsâ IS-

¶p-h-chpw kmaq-ln-I-t_m-[- nte¡p-ff IS-¶p-I-b-ähpw Cu NÀ -Isf IqSp-XÂ kmaq-ln-I-þ-

]-X-y-b-im-kvX-§-fn-te¡v \bn¡p¶p--v. F¶mÂ sSen-hn-jsâbpw Ne-¨n-X-¯ntâbpw amXw

kmaq-l-y-]-Xn-_-²X NÀ -sN-¿p-¶Xpw A]qÀW-am-Wv. F¶mÂ Ch-bpsS aäp-ff Iem- kmln-

Xyam[-y-a-§sf At]-£n- p-ff DbÀ¶ hn\n-ab tijnbpw -kmw-kvIm-cnI Pohn-X-þ-t_m-[-§-fn-

ep-ff kzm-[o-\hpw ]tXyIw ]cn-K-Wn-t¡--Xpw ]T-\-hn-t[-b-am-t¡---Xp-am-Wv. CXp-h-sc-bp-ff

kmln-X-y-þ-Iem am[-y-a-§-fn-eqsSbpw hmÀ -I-fn-eq-sSbpw _qÀjzm ]X-y-b-imkvX aWvUew

hfÀ¯n-s¡m--p-h¶ ZoÀL-amb kmaq-ln-I-þ-cm-jvSo-b-þ-kmw-kvIm-cnI ]In-b-bpsS e-am-bmWv

Cu kzm-[o-\hpw hn\n-a-b-ti-jnbpw Ch¡v In«n-bn-«p-f-f-Xv. AXn-\mÂ \½psS sam¯w kmwkvIm-

cnI hnaÀi-\-§Ä sSen-hn-j³, Ne-¨nXw F¶nh AS¡w Bcw-`n-t¡--Xv taÂ¸-dª qan-I-

bnÂ sh¨p-sIm- -m -Wv.

ktN-X-\-amb hy-àn-X-z- nsâ Iog-S-¡hpw \mihpw sSen-hn-jsâ IS-¶p-h-c-thmsS GI-

tZiw ]qÀWamhp-¶p. Bk-zm-Z-I³, t]£-I³ XpS-§nb hy-àn-bpsS AkvXn-Xzw CÃm-Xm¡n

Ahscshdpw D]-t`m-àmhv amX-am-¡n-bn-c-¡p-¶p. hoSn\pw IpSw-_- n\pw ]pd- p-ff kmaq-ln-

I-Po-hnXw CÃm-Xm-¡n-s¡m--n-cn-¡p¶ \½psS kaq-l-¯nÂ \n¶mWv sSen-hn-jsâ hn-j-y-¯p-

Isf ]Tn-t¡--Xvp. sSen-hn-j-s\-¡p-dn-¨p-ff A\m-im-k-y-amb kzm-[o\w F¶ A`n-]m-b-§Ä

_men-i-am-sW¶ tXm¶m-sa-¦nepw ASnØm\-]-c-amb Nne km[-y-X-I-fnÂ\n¶v Xs¶-bmWvp

C¯cw Bi-¦-IÄ D-m-Ip-¶-Xv. Zr-i-ycpNn-Ifpw temI-ho-£-Whpw Nn«-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶-XnÂ sSen-

hn-j-\p-ff ]¦v Xncn- -dn-bm³ C\nbpw hÀj-§Ä Ign-bpw. JWvUÈ: kmln-X-yhpw Ne- n-Xhpw

]I-Sn- n¨ kt¦m-N-§fpw ac-ym-Z-I-fpw sSen-hn-j³ kwt]-j-W- n³sXÃpw ImWp-¶n-Ã.

IpSpw-_- n\p ]pd- p-ff hy-àn-bpsS Pohn-Xs¯ ]cn-an-X-s -Sp- p-¶-XmWv sSen-hn-jsâ

kmaq-l-y- -hn-j-y- n-sem-¶v. IpSpw-_-_-Ô-§Ä¡v ]pd¯p kaq-l- nÂ kwLw tNcm-\p-ff

h-y-àn-bpsS ]h-W-X-I-fmWv FÃm kmaq-ln-I-]-Øm-\-§Ä¡pw Imc-Ww. Xsâ Hgnhv thf-

Isf sSen-hn-j\v ap¶nÂ Xf- n-Sp-t¼mÄ kmaq-ln-I-]-Øm-\-§Ä ZmÀº-e-am-hp-I-bm-Wv. C§s\

\njvIn-b-am-hp¶ ]uc-k-aqlw FÃm c-W-Iq-S- nsâbpw kz-]v\-am-Wv. asäm¶v Ah-bnse ]cn-

]m-Sn-I-fnÂ kmaq-lnI ]iv\-§sf t\cn-Sp-¶Xv kwL-SnX]Øm-\-§-fÃ hy-àn-I-fm-Wv. kwL-

SnI ]hÀ -\¯nsâ h-yÀ°X t_m[n- n-¡p-tXm-sSm¸w hy-à-ambn Hä-s -Sp-¶-XnÂ Ah-a-Xn-

t¡---XnsÃ¶pw sSen-hn-j³ Dd-¸p-\ÂIp-¶p.

ka-K-k-z- m-h-ap-f-fXpw e-]-Z-hp-amb Hcp kwkvIm-cnI hnaÀi\ ]mc-¼-cyw \ap-¡n-Ã.

kmln-X-yhpw Ie-bp-saÃmw ip²-sa¶v hmZn-¡p¶ ]WvUn-XÀ¡mWv aq³Xq-¡w. Ch-bpsS

kmaq-lnI ]k-ànsb Nq-n-¡mWn¡pt¼mÄ cmjvSobw F¶m-t£-]n¨v ChÀ Ah-a-Xn¡pw.

AXnÂ \n¶pw \½psS hna-i-\-]m-c-¼-cyw C¶pw apt¶m«p \o§n-bn-«n-Ã. hni-Zo-I-c-W- n\v

X¿m-d-Ãm¯ tIh-e-]-kvXm-h-\-Ifpw "PUne' `mj ( meta language) bneqsSs\bvsX-Sp-¡p¶

an¯p-I-fp-amWv ka-Im-eo\ hnaÀi-\- nsâ ssien. ]X-y-£hpw efn-X-hp-amb hn\n-abw

46


am[-y-a-]-T\w

Xosc ZpÊm-[-y-am-hp¶ an¯n-I-fn-eq-sSbpw PUn-e-tem-àn-I-fn-eq-sSbpw DÂt]-£-I-fn-eq-sSbpw

kwh-Zn-¡p¶ Ncn-X¯nsâbpw bmYmÀ°-y- nsâbpw ]pd- p-f-f-XmWv C¶s¯ ssien. Ncn-

X- nsâbpw bmYmÀ°-y- nsâbpw sshcp-²-y§Ä-C-hnsS Xncn- -dn-b- -Sp-¶n-Ã. an¯p-Ifpw PUn-

e- m-j-W-§fpw ià-amb \mw km[m-c-W-¡m-cpsS `mjsbt¸mepw `b-¡p-¶p. B `mj-bnÂ

inYn-eo-I-cW cmjvSo-b-¯nsâ oj-Wn-bp-s-¶v \mw DXvI-WvT-s¸-Sp-¶p.

]X-y-£-amtbm ]tcm-£-amtbm bmYm-°-y-s -¡p-dn v ]cm-aÀin-¡p-¶-Xn-\mÂ- FÃm Ne-

¨n-X-I-r--Xn-Ifpw bmYmÀ°y kw_Ô-amb kao-]\w DÄs¡m-Åp-¶p. bmYmÀ°-y- nsâ k -

bpsS Imc-y-¯nÂ CXnÂ hnhm-Z-ap--v. ImcWw Cu bmYmÀ°yw Nne ]X-y-b-imkvX CS-s]-S-

en\v hnt[-b-am-Wv. ]I-y-Xym Hcp ]X-y-b-im-kvX-a-r-K-amWv a\p-j-y³ F¶v AÂ -pkÀ ]d-bp-

¶Xvt]mse Ne-¨nX¯nsâ FÃm taJ-bnepw ]X-y-b-imkvXw kzm-[o-\n-¡p-¶p--v. A[o-i-

hÀ¤- nsâ hni-zm-k-§fpw Xmev]-c-y-§-fp-amWv \ne-hn-ep-ff kPo-h-amb ]X-y-b-im-kv¯nsâ

ASn-Øm-\w. ]X-y-b-im-kvX¯mÂ sImf-f-sN-¿-s -Sp¶ `mj-bp-tSbpw ( Myth is a languagerobbery F¶v sdmfmMv _ÀXv) A§ns\ I]-S-am-Ip¶ kwth-Z-\- nsâbpw ]iv\-§Ä FÃm

Iem-c-N-\-I-fpw t\cn-Sp-¶p--v. kn\n-a-bnÂ CXv ssPh-L\-S-tbmfw Bgv¶nd-§n-b-Xm-Wv. kn\n-

a-bpsS FÃm LS-\bpw bmYmÀ°-y¯nsâ I]-S- m-j-Isf kzmw-io-I-cn-¡p-hm-\p-ff ]mI- n-em-

Wv. aqe-[-\- nsâbpw It¼m-f- nsâbpw henb kzm-[o-\-ap-ff kn\n-asb kwkvIm-c-h-y-h-

kmbw F¶ \ne-¡mWv ImtW---Xv. Bßm-hn-jvIm-c-¯n\v ian-¡p¶ Iem-Im-c-s\-bÃ kn\n-

a-bnse ASn-sbm-gp-¡p-IÄ Adnbp¶ kwLm-S-I-s\-bmWv kn\n-a-¡mh-iyw. kn\na P\-]n-b-I-

e-bm-Wv. \nX-y-Po-hn-X- nse \ne-hn-ep-ff ]X-y-b-im-kvXs¯ ]tIm-]n- n-¡m- Xpw aq e-y-t_m-

[s¯ Du«n-bp-d- n-¡p-¶Xpw P\-§-fn-jvS-s -Sp-¶p. A¯cw Ah-Ø-bnÂ Ahsb Du«n-bp-d- n-

¡m-\mWv kn\na ian-¡p-¶-Xv. C¯cw ]X-y-b-im-kvX-s -¡p-dn- p-ff NÀ -I-fmWv kn\n-

asb¡pdn- p-ff BZ-y-NÀ¨bmb kvIn]väv UnkvIj³. kaq-l- nsâ aqe-y-k-¦-ev]-§-tfbpw

BNm-c-hn-i-zm-k-§-tfbpw Ipdn¨v Kl-\-amb NÀ¨ CtX-t]mse \S-¡p¶ thsd kµÀ -§-fn-Ã.

kn\na Hcp henb Af-thmfw am[-y-am-\p- h (Media experience) amWv. hnkva-b-Z-r-i-y-

§fpw Cu am[-y-a- nsâ IuXp-I- n-ep-amWv henb Af-thmfw Ne- n-Xm-k-zm-Z-\w. kmt¦-

Xnm- -ym-k-§Ä¡p-ff ]m[m-\-yw-aqew t]£I ]Xn-IcWw \nÀKp-Whpw am[-y-a-\n-jvT-hp-ambn

kt¦m-Nn- n-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. Ne-\m-ßI kn\n-a-bpsS kz- mhwXs¶ hn -am-ß-I-am-Wv. AXn-

\mÂ _nw_-§Ä AÀ°-aqÀ -X-tbmsS hn\n-abw sN¿-s -Sp-¶n-Ã. A§ns\ Bk-zm-Z\w

\nÀKp-W-amb Xncn- -dn-bÂ ( recognition) amX-am-hp-¶p. an¡ kn\n-a-I-fp-tSbpw KXn t]£-

I\v BZ-ysa t_m[-y-s -Sp-¶p. ]Xo-£-IÄ ]X-y-b-im-kvX-in-£n-X-am-b-Xn-\mÂ Ah-bpsS Ønco-

I-cWw ]X-y-b-im-kvX- ØnXo-I-cWw Xs¶-bm-Ip-¶p. If-¦n-X-\mbnI \mb-I- m-c-y-bm-hn-sÃ¶pw

]Xn-\m-b-Isâ KqVm-tem-N\ AbmÄ¡ Xs¶ hn\-bm-Ip-sa¶pw t]£-I-\-dn-bmw. CXv ewLn-

¡-s -Sp-t¼mÄ t]£-Isâ ]X-y-b-im-kvX-t_m[w ]tIm-]n-X-am-hp-Ibpw kn\na ]cm-P-b-s -Sp-

Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. AXn-\mÂ ]Xn-I-c-Ws¯ ap³Iq«n I-v kn\na Nn«-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶Xpw ]X-y-b-

im-kvX-]-c-amb A`n-Úm-X¡v B¡w hÀ²n- n-¡p-¶Xpw kn\n-a-bnÂ hnZ-Kv[-ambn \S-¡p-¶p-

-v. t]£-Isâ Ne-¨n-Xm-k-zmZ DZm-ko-\-hpw A]-tNm-Zn-X-hp-am-Wv. kwkvIm-c-¯nsâ Dev]m-Z-

IÀ \ÂIp-¶-sX´pw Ah³k-zo-I-cn-¡p-¶p. Abm-fp-sS-hn-th-N-\-§Ä Bkq-XWw sN¿-p-¶Xv

A[o-i-hÀK-Xm-ev]-c-y-§-fm-Wv. Cu kwkvImc hy-h-kmbw D]-t`m-àm-sh¶ \nebv¡v Abm-

fpsS cpNn-Isf AbmÄ¡v th-n Nn«-s¸-Sp-¯pI F¶ hy-h-km-b-Xm-ev]-c-y-§Ä Xs¶-bWv

]n³Xp-S-cp-¶-Xv.

47


am[-y-a-]-T\w

A[n\n-th-ihpw am[-y-a-ß-fpw

tUm. sk_m-Ã-y≥t]mƒ

henb aqe-[-\-_-e-Øne√ \ΩpsS ]X-ßƒ cq]-s∏- Xv. adn®v aqe-y-t_m-[-Øn-em-Wv.

hntam-N\ ka-c-tØm-Sp-Iq-Sn-bmWv ]X-ß-fn¬ ]I-S-amb am‰w D≠m-b-Xv. \nKq-V-amb A¥m-

cmjvS AP≠ ]X-ßƒ Gs‰-Sp-Øp. aqe-[-\-Øns‚ Icp-Øn¬ ]X-ßƒ hf-cp-Ibpw AXp-h-

sc-bp-≠m-bn-cp∂ sI´pw a´pw amdp-Ibpw sNbvXp. amX-a√ BtKm-fo-I-c-Im-e-Øn¬ ]Xßfpw

Ah-bpsS at\m- mhw am‰n. BtKm-fo-I-c-W-sa-∂Xv A[n-\n-th-i-Øns‚ kmº-ØnI apJ-am-Wv.

P\m-[n-]-X-y-]-c-amb A[n-\n-th-i-saIv∂mWv BtKm-fn-I-c-WsØ hnti-jn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. Iogvs∏-Sp-

Øp-∂-hsc Ah-cpsS kΩ-X-tØmsS Iogvs∏-Sp-Øp-I. Cu kΩ-Xn-bpsS \n¿ΩnXn \S-°p-∂Xv

am[-y-a-ß-fn-eq-sS-bm-Wv. A®-Sn-bpsS ÿe-Im-e ]cn-an-[n-Isf adn-I-S-∂p-sIm≠v temIsØ BtKmf

Kma-am°n -am-‰m≥ Ign-hp-ff sSen-hn-j≥ BtKm-fo-I-c-W-Øns‚ am[-y-a-cm-„o-b-Øn\v i_vZhpw

shfn-®-hp-ambn amdn. hn]-Wn-bpsS X¥-ß-fmWv sSen-hn-j-\n¬ \nd-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. Nm\¬ ]f-

b-ßƒ ky-jvSn® D]-t`m-K-kw-kvIm-cØn\v ASn-a-bm-bn-Xo¿∂ ae-bm-fn-bpsS PohnX coXbpw

kmaq-lnI ho£-W-hp-sams° amdn-bn-cn-°p-∂p.

kmt¶n-X-hn-Z-y-bpsS t\ -ß-fn-sem-∂mWv sSen-hn-j≥. AXp-sIm≠v Xs∂ AXns\ am‰n-

\n¿Øm≥ km[-y-a-√. am[-y-a-[¿Ωw F∂p-f-f-Xn¬ \n∂p-amdn D]-t`m-K-kw-kvIm-c-Øns‚ shdp-

samcp hn]-Wn-bmbn AXv amdp-∂-XmWv A]-I-Sw. am[-y-aßfpsS aqe-y-t_m-[sØ ]q¿Æ-ambpw

\ne-\n¿Øm≥ Nm\-ep-Iƒ°v ]e-t∏mgpw Ign-bmsX t]mIp-∂p.

aqe-[\ cmjvSo-b-Øn-emWv am[-y-a-cm-jvSobw \ne-\n¬°p-∂-Xv. BtKm-fo-I-c-W-Øns‚

Poh-hm-bp-hmWv aqe-[-\w. A[n-Im-c-hp-am-bp-ff G‰p-ap- ¬ I≠p-sI- -s∏-Sm-\p-f-ftXm aqe-y-ßp-

sS aqi-bn¬ timjn-°-s∏-Sm-\p-fftXm A√ aqe-[-\w. aqe-[-\-Øns‚ i‡n h¿≤n-∏n-°p-I-sb-

∂-XmWv am[-y-a-ß-fpsS ZuX-yw. C∂v hn]-Wn-bpsS \mhmbn amdp-I-bmWv am[-y-a-ßƒ.

kpXm-c-yhpw kX-y-k-‘-hp-am-tI≠ hm¿Ø-I-fn¬ \n∂v kmam-P-y-X-z-i-‡n°v Iogvs∏´

hnI-e-am-°-s∏-Sp-Itbm Xa-kvI-cn-°-s∏-Sp-Itbm sNøp∂p hm¿Ø-bpsS i‡n-b-dn™ kmam-

P-y-Xzw cmjvS-ß-fpsS tImf-\n-h-XvI-c-W-Øns\m∏w am[-ya-ß-fpsS tImf-\n-h-Xv°-c-Whpw km[-

y-am-°n. A©v hm¿Øm GP≥kn-ImWv BtKmf hm¿Øm tiJ-c-W-sØbpw hn\-ym-k-sØbpw

\nb¥n®ncp-∂-Xv. Ch `qJ-WvU-ßsf hoXn-s®-Sp-Øp. ]Xw GXp cmP-y-Øp-\n-∂m-bmepw

Bibw Cu GP≥kn-Iƒ amX-am-bn-cp-∂Xn-\m¬ hm¿Øm-]-c-amb A[n-\n-thiw ]q¿Æ-am-bn-

cp-∂p. D]-Kl kwt]-£Ww km[-y-am-Ip-∂-Xp-hsc at\m-cabpw tZim- n-am-\nbpw Htc GP≥kn-

bpsS hm¿ØXs∂-bmWv D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂-Xv. kn.-F≥.-F≥. Cu cwKØv hn]vf-h-I-c-amb ]cn-

h¿Ø\w \S-Øn-b-Xns‚ ^e-am-bmWv Xpd-∂p-sh® sSen-hnj≥ Iym-ad temI-Øns‚ IÆm-Sn-

bmbn amdnb-Xv.

kn‰n-k¨ tP¿W-enkwhsc FØn-\n-ev°p∂ \h-am-[-y-a-cwKw A[n-\n-th-i-Øn-s\-Xnsc

i‡-ambn sNdpØp \nev]p-\-S-Øp∂ps≠-¶n¬ t]mepw aqe-[-\-Øns‚bpw kmt¶-Xn-I-an-I-

hns‚bpw ]n≥_-e-ap-ff hm¿Øsb ]Xn-tcm-[n-°m≥ IgnbmsX t]mIp-∂p.

BtKm-f-am-[-y-am-[n-\n-th-i-Øns‚ ]Xo-I-ambn ]cn-K-Wn-°p∂ dq]¿ v a¿tUm-°n-\-dnbmw

am[-y-a-km-am-Pyw tIhew hm¿Øm-]-c-a-s√∂v. tdUo-tbm, C‚¿s\-‰v, kn\n-a, ]pckvIw F∂n-

ßs\ _lp-im-J-amb kmam-P-y-amWv At±-l-Øns‚ \yqkv tIm¿∏ v F∂ Iº-\n. auen-

Ihpw kpÿn-c-hp-am-bXv hc-sam-gn-bm-b-Xn-\m¬ sSen-hn-j\pta¬ ]X-ßƒ°v B[n-]-X-y-ap≠v.

]t£ _ml-y-]n-¥p-W-bn-√msX ]X-ßƒ°v \ne-\n-ev]n-√. AXp-s-Im≠v Xs∂ ]X-Øn\p

Xmßmbn sSen-hn-j\pw sSen-hn-j\v A\p-_-‘-ambn kn\n-a-sbbpw a¿tkmIv ImWp-∂p.

48


am[-y-a-]-T\w

HmkvtS-en-bbpw Ata-cn-°bpw bqtdm∏pw Ign-™mWv a¿tUm°v Gj-ysb tIµ-am-°p-

∂-Xv. Ãm¿ Sn.-hn. F∂mWv a¿tUm-°ns‚ Gj-y≥ s\‰v h¿°ns‚ t]cv. 1993- ¬ C¥-y-bn-se-

Ønb Ãm¿ Sn.-hn.°v Ct∏mƒ 14 C¥-y≥ Nme-\p-Ifp≠v. C¥-y≥ taJe A[o-\-Xbnem°p-∂-

Xns‚ `mK-ambn ae-bm-f-Øn\v ]pdta I∂-U-bnepw sXep-¶nepw Nm\-ep-I-fp-ff Gj-ym-s\‰v

am¿tkmIv kz-¥-am-°n. Gj-y≥ km[-y-X-Isf e£-y-am°n Xs∂-bm-bn-cn-°Ww Gj-ym-s\‰v

kz-¥-am-°n-b-Xv. C\n ae-bmf kn\n-asbhsc a¿tkmIv ssI∏n-Sn-bn-em-°pw. F√m taJ-e-I-

fnepw ssIh-®-Xn-\p-ti-j-am-bn-cn°pw ]X-ß-fn-te°v FØn-s∏-Sp-I.

hnhn[ am[-y-a-ß-fpsS kwbp‡ DS-a-ÿ-X-bmb tImkv HmW¿jn-∏n-\p-S-a-bmWv a¿

tkm-Iv. Hcp ]X DS-abv°v AtX ]tZ-iØv sSen-hn-j≥ tÃj≥ Bcw- n-°m≥ \nbaw A\p-h-

Zn-°mØ ÿeØv \pg™p Ibdn A\- n-a-X-am-bn-Øo-cp∂ c-W-sØbpw Aku-I-c-y-ap-f-hm-°p∂

\nb-asØ am‰n-sb-Sp-°m≥hsc Ign-hp-ff hy‡nbmWv am¿tUm-Iv. C¥ym Kh¨sa‚ v Xøm-dm-

°nb t_mUv ImÃnwKv _n¬ Xncp-Øn-sb-gp-Xn-b-t∏mƒ tImkv-Hm-W¿jn∏vp kw_-‘-amb hy-h-

ÿ-Iƒ A]-X-y-£-am-bn. IpØ-Im-[n-]-Xyw ÿm]n® ]X-ÿm-]-\-ßƒ a‰v am[-y-cw-K-ßƒIqSn

XßtfmSp-Iq- n-t®¿°p-∂Xv Kuc-h-tØmsS ImW-Ww.

hnhmlØn-eqsS \nb-a-X-S- -ßƒ \o°m≥ a¿tUm°v ian®n´p≠v. C¥-y-bn¬ AXns‚

Bh-i-y-an-s√∂v At±-l-Øn-\-dnbmw. amX-r- q-an-]Xw kz-¥-am-°m≥ ssSwkv Hm^v C¥y Kq∏v

\S-Ønb ia-Øn-s\-Xnsc D≠mb sNdp-Øp-\nev]v Gj-ym-s\‰v ssIam‰w \S-Øn-b-t∏mƒ D≠m-

Im-™Xv a¿tUm-°ns‚ X¥-ß-fnse hnP-b-am-Wv.

]X-ßƒ t\cmb hgn Is≠-Øp-tºmƒ sSen-hn-j≥ Iuam-c-Øns‚ N]-e-X-I-sf-bmWv

ImWn-°p-∂-Xv. hm¿Ø-bpsS efn-Xo-I-c-W-Øn¬ \n m-co-I-c-W-Øn-te-°p-ff ZqcsØ sSen-hn-

j≥ KW-y-ambn Ipd-®p. sSen-hn-j≥ ky-jvSn-s®-SpØ AXn- m-h-IX-zhpw kzo-Im-c-y-Xbpw ]X-

ß-fpsS \ne-\nev]ns\ _m[n-®-t∏mƒ Ahbpw sSen-hn-js\ A\p-I-cn-°m≥ XSp-ßn.

BtKm-fo-I-c-W-Øns‚ mK-amb kmº-ØnI am‰-ßƒ°v XpS-°-an´ Zi-I-Øns‚ Bcw-

-Øn-em-bn-cp∂p Gj-ym-s\-‰ns‚ XpS-°w. ae-bmf sSen-hn-j≥ Ncn-X-Øn¬ Nm\¬ kwkvImcw

XpS-ßp-∂Xv Gj-ym-s\-‰m-Wv. Gj-ym-s\‰v Dƒs∏sSbpff Nm\-ep-Iƒ ]pXnb P\-]nb kwkvIm-

c-Øn\v A\p-Iq-e-amb kmaq-lnI ]cn-k-c-amWv ky-jvSn-W-s®-Sp-Øv.

kmwkvIm-cn-I-amb A[n-\n-th-i-Øn\v Imc-W-am-Ip∂ A`n-\n-thiw hf¿Øp-∂-Xnepw

A`n-cp-Nn-Iƒ am‰n-sb-Sp-°p-∂-Xnepw sSen-hn-j≥ hnP-bn-®p. Ah-bpsS ZuXyw CXn-eqsS \nd-

th-‰-s∏-Sp-I-bm-Wv. ]c-k-y-ß-fn-eqsS Nm\-ep-Iƒ kmº-ØnIÿnc-Xbpw Dd-∏m-°n.

Btfm-f-h-XvI-c-W-Øns‚ Xpd∂ Itºm-f-Øn-emWv am[-y-a-ßƒ \ne-\n¬°p∂Xvp F∂-

Xn-\p-ff sXfn-hmWv hntZ-i-aq-e-[-\-Øns‚ IS-∂p-h-chv. F≥ Un F `c-W-Im-eØmWv CXv

kw -hn-°p-∂-Xv. A®-Sn-am-[-y-a-cw-KØv ]X-y-£-Øn¬Øs∂ hntZ-i-aq-e-[\w \nt£-]n-°p-∂-

Xn\v F≥.-Un.F \evInb Ah-kcw bp ]n.F IqS-X¬ hn]p-ehpw kpK-ahpw B°n-b-tXmsS

\ΩqsS am[-ya k¶-ev]hpw kao-]-\hpw ka-K-amb am‰-Øn\p hnt[-b-am-bn. am[yaßƒ shdpw

D]-t`m-KtKm-Xv]∂w amX-ambn amdp-am-dp-I-bmWv CXv hgn.

49


am[-y-a-]-T\w

50


am[-y-a-]-T\w

51


am[-y-a-]-T\w

52


am[-y-a-]-T\w

53


am[-y-a-]-T\w

54


am[-y-a-]-T\w

55


am[-y-a-]-T\w

56


am[-y-a-]-T\w

57


am[-y-a-]-T\w

58


am[-y-a-]-T\w

59


am[-y-a-]-T\w

60


am[-y-a-]-T\w

ba malayalam iii sem core course - madhyama …2 school of distance education am[-y-a-]-t\w...

Documents