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CHAPTER 2INCIDENTS PREVENTION

Understand the concepts of incident2.1.1 Define incidents2.1.2 Define accidents2.2 Understand principle of incidents prevention2.2.1 Explain principle of incidents prevention2.3 Recognize causes of incident2.3.1 Classify the types of incident2.3.2 Determine three model of accident theorya. Heinrich’s Theoryb. Multiple Causation Theoryc. Bird Loss Causation Model2.3.3 Discover the three basic causes of incidenta. Basic causesb. Indirect causesc. Direct causes2.4 Understand incidents prevention costs2.4.1 List the design costs2.4.2 List the operational costs2.4.3 List safe guarding of the future costs2.5 Know accident prevention programme2.5.1 State management commitment in accident prevention2.5.2 Develop the accident prevention planning2.5.3 Determine the accident prevention training

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What is An Incident???

• An unexpected, unplanned event in a sequence of events.• That occurs through a combination of causes.

• Which result in :Physical harm ( injury, ill-health or disease ) to an individualDamage to propertyA near missAny combination of these effects.

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Why Prevent Incident???

•Legal•Human right•Business

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6 Principles ofINCIDENTS PREVENTION by Ministry of

Labour and National Services UK ( 1956 )

• Accident prevention is an essential part of good management and of good workmanship.

• Management and workers must fully cooperate.• Top management must take the lead in organising safety.• There must be definite and known safety policy in workplace.• The organisation and resources necessary to carry out the policy

must exist.• The best available knowledge and method must be applied.

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Types of INCIDENTS

Cause immediate injury or damage to equipment or property- a forklift dropping a load- Someone falling off a ladder.

Occur over an extended period- Hearing loss- Illness resulting from exposure to chemicals.

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Model of ACCIDENTS THEORY

Domino Theory Loss causation modelMulti – causality Accident Model

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Domino Theory Introduced by Herbert W.Heinrich ( 1930 ).Injury from an accident is the result of a series of events that is dependent on each other.

- Injuries are caused by accidents- Accidents are caused by unsafe acts and unsafe condition.- Unsafe acts and unsafe condition are caused by the faults of

person.- Faults of person are caused by a personal flaw such as violent

temper, nervousness or ignorance.- The injured worker’ s ancestry and social environment.

Injuries

accidents

Hazardperson

ancestry

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Multicausality Accident Model

Refers to the facts that there may be more that one cause to any accident.

Example: Someone who had tripping accident over a piece of wood lying on a floor in a dark walkway.

Cause A( poor lighting )

Cause B( Not look where

going )

Cause C( Wood in walkway )

Accident ( Trip)

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Loss Causation Model

Introduced by Frank E. Bird ( 1970 ).Revised Heinrich Domino.Blaming management

Lack of Control

Basic causes

Immediate causes

Incidents Loss

Threshold Limit

Inadequate sys

Inadequate Stand

Inadequate Compliance

Personal factors

Job/syt factors

Substandard act/practice

Subst. Conditio

Event Iunintended harm orDamage

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3 Basic Causes of Accident

Poor Management Safety Policy & Decision

Peronal factorsEnvironment factors

Basic Causes

Unsafe act Unsafe condition

Unplanned accidents

ACCIDENTSPersonal injury,

Property damage

Indirect Causes

direct Causes

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Cost of Incident Prevention

Insured : RM 1

uninsured : RM 8~36

Accident Cost Iceberg

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Cost of Incident Prevention

i ) Design cost: Installing machine guard to protect workerii) Operational cost : Running a Safety Department ( training, PPE )iii) Planning and consequence- limiting costSafeguarding the future, cost for environmental sampling, safety audit.

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Du Pont Ten Principles of Safety Management

• All injuries and occupational illness are preventable• Management is directly responsible for doing this• Safety is condition of employment• Training is required• Safety audit and inspection must be carried out.• Deficiencies must be corrected • All unsafe practices, incidents and injury accidents will be

investigated.• Safety away from work is as important as safety at work.• Accident prevention is cost effective; the highest cost is human

suffering.• Employees must be actively involved.