bachelor of engineering (hons) in civil engineering

THE EARTHQUAKE EFFECT OF DOUBLE

STOREY STEEL STRUCTURE DUE TO ACEH

EARTHQUAKE

SITI HAJAR BINTI SA’ADIN

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (HONS) IN

CIVIL ENGINEERING

UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PAHANG


DECLARATION OF PROJECT REPORT AND COPYRIGHT

Author’s full name : SITI HAJAR BINTI SA’ADIN

Date of birth : 4 DECEMBER 1993

Title : THE EARTHQUAKE EFFECT OF DOUBLE STOREY STEEL

STRUCTURE DUE TO ACEH EARTHQUAKE

Academic Session : 2015/2016

I declare that this project report is classified as:

CONFIDENTIAL (Contains confidential information under the Official

RESTRICTED

Secret Act 1972)*

(Contains restricted information as specified by the

Organization where research was done)*

OPEN ACCESS

I agree that my project report to be published as online open

⁄

Access (Full text)

I acknowledge that Universiti Malaysia Pahang reserve the right as follows:

1. The Thesis is the Property of University Malaysia Pahang 2. The Library of University Malaysia Pahang has the right to make copies for

the purpose of research only. 3. The Library has the right to make copies of the thesis for academic exchange.

Certified By:

____________________________

SIGNATURE SIGNATURE OF SUPERVISOR

931204-07-5166 IR SAFFUAN BIN WAN AHMAD

(NEW IC NO. /PASSPORT NO.) NAME OF SUPERVISOR

Date: 22 JUNE 2016 Date: 22 JUNE 2016

NOTES:* If the thesis is CONFIDENTIAL or RESTRICTED, please attach with the letter from the organization with period and reasons for confidentiality or restriction.

EARTHQUAKE EFFECT OF DOUBLE STOREY STEEL STRUCTURE

DUE TO ACEH EARTHQUAKE

SITI HAJAR BINTI SA’ADIN

Thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements

for award of the degree of

Bachelor of Civil Engineering (Hons)

Faculty of Civil Engineering & Earth Resources


JUNE 2016

ii

SUPERVISOR’S DECLARATION

I hereby declare that I have checked this thesis and my opinion, this thesis is adequate in

terms of scope and quality for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Civil Engineering

(Hons).

Signature :

Name of Supervisor : IR SAFFUAN WAN AHMAD

Position : SUPERVISOR

Date : 22 JUNE 2016

iii

STUDENT’S DECLARATION

I hereby declare that the work in this thesis is my own except for quotations and

summaries which have been duly acknowledged. The thesis has not been accepted for

any degree and is not concurrently submitted for award of other degree.

Signature :

Name : SITI HAJAR BINTI SA’ADIN

ID Number : AA12063

Date : 22 JUNE 2016

TABLE OF CONTENT

Page

SUPERVISOR’S DECLARATION ii

STUDENT’S DECLARATION iii

DEDICATION iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS v

ABSTRACT vi

ABSTRAK vii

TABLE OF CONTENTS viii

LIST OF TABLES xi

LIST OF FIGURE xii

LIST OF SYMBOLS xvii

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xix

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of Study 1

1.2 Problem Statement 3

1.3 Research Objectives 4

1.4 Scope of Study 5

1.5 Research Significant 5

CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction of Earthquake 6

2.2 Plate Tectonics 6

2.2.1 Type of Plate Boundaries 7

2.3 Seismic Waves 8

2.3.1 Body Waves 9

2.3.2 Surface Waves 11

2.4 Magnitude and Intensity 13

2.4.1 Magnitude Scale 13

ix

2.4.2 Intensity Scale 14

2.5 Earthquake in Indonesia 15

2.6 Steel Structure 16

2.7 Mechanism of Steel Structure 17

2.7.1 Stress-Strain Behavior 18

2.8 Tolerance of Steel Frames 18

2.9 Seismic Design Code 19

2.9.1 Performance Requirements and Compliance Criteria 19

2.9.2 Ground Conditions 19

2.10 SAP Program 20

CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY

3.1 Introduction 22

3.2 Work Procedure 23

3.3 Data Collection and Information Gathering 23

3.3.1 Structural Description 24

3.3.2 Material Properties 26

3.3.3 Loading 26

3.3.3.1 No Earthquake Load 27

3.3.3.3 Earthquake Load 27

3.4 Literature Review 27

3.5 Data Analysis 28

3.6 SAP 2000 28

3.7 Modelling 29

3.7.1 Steps in Sap2000 Program 30

x

CHAPTER 4 RESULT AND DISCUSSION

4.1 Introduction 43

4.1.1 Design Basis 43

4.1.2 Code of Practice 43

4.2 Analysis of Steel Structure 43

4.2.1 Free Vibration Analysis 44

4.2.2 Dead Load + Live Load 51

4.2.3 Dead Load + Live Load + Earthquake Load 53

4.2.4 Response Spectrum Analysis 56

4.2.4.1 Response Spectrum Analysis U1 56

4.2.4.2 Response Spectrum Analysis U2 59

4.2.5 Time History Analysis 61

4.2.5.1 Time History Analysis U1 62

4.2.5.2 Time History Analysis U2 67

4.3 Summary of Analysis 73

4.3.1 Shear Force 73

4.3.2 Bending Moment 74

4.3.3 Joint Displacement 75

CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION

5.1 Conclusion 78

5.2 Recommendation for Future Work 79

REFERENCE 84

xi

LIST OF TABLE

Table No. Title Page

2.1 Type of Ground

20

3.1 Material Properties of Steel Structure

26

3.2 Scale Factor for Static Analysis

28

3.3 Scale Factor for Dynamic Analysis

28

3.4 Load Assigned for each Case

37

4.1 Shear Force, Bending Moment and Displacement for

Dead Load + Live Load

53


Dead Load + Live Load + Earthquake Load

56


Response Spectrum Analysis U1

59


Response Spectrum Analysis U2

61


Time History Analysis U1

67


Time History Analysis U2

72

4.7 Shear Force for Each Load Combination Cases.

73

4.8 Bending Moment for each load combination cases.

74

4.9 Joint Displacement for Each Load Combination Case 75

xii

LIST OF FIGURE

Figure No. Title

Page

1.1 Seismic Shock Wave

2

1.2 Plate Tectonics Model

2

1.2 The Movement Of Plate Tectonics Around Malaysia.

4

2.1 The Major Tectonic Plates On Earth.

7

2.2 Plate Tectonics Model

8

2.3 Primary (P) Waves

10

2.4 Secondary (S) Waves

11

2.5 Rayleigh Waves

12

2.6 Love Waves

13

2.7 Richter Magnitude and Modified Mercalli Intensity

Relationship

15

2.8 Earthquake in Aceh Details

16

2.9 Stress Strain Diagram for Mild Steel

17

2.10 SAP 2000 Program Version 15

21

3.1 Methodology Procedure

23

3.2 Column Layout Plan of Steel Structure

24

3.3 First Floor Layout Plan of Steel Structure

25

3.4 First Floor Layout Plan of Steel Structure

25

3.5 Roof Layout of Steel Structure

26

3.6 Structure Model Type

30

3.7 Grid Data System

31

3.8 Type of Material 31

xiii

3.9 Frame Properties

32

3.1 Load Pattern

32

3.11 Response Spectrum Function

33

3.12 Raw Earthquake Data

34

3.13 Time History Function

34

3.14 Response Spectrum Load Case

35

3.15 Time History Load Case

36

3.16 Load Cases

36

3.17 Load Combination

37

3.18 The Structure Drawn

38

3.19 Joint Restraint

39

3.2 Steel Frame Design Preference

39

3.21 Modal Load Case Analysis

40

3.22 Dead Load + Live Load Case Analysis

40

3.23 Dead + Live + Earthquake Load Case Analysis

41

3.24 Response Spectrum Load Case Analysis

42

3.25 Time History Load Case Analysis

42

4.1 Mode Shape 1

44

4.2 Mode Shape 2

45

4.3 Mode Shape 3

45

4.4 Mode Shape 4

46

4.5 Mode Shape 5

46

4.6 Mode Shape 6

47

4.7 Mode Shape 7

47

xiv

4.8 Mode Shape 8

48

4.9 Mode Shape 9

48

4.1 Mode Shape 10

49

4.11 Mode Shape 11

49

4.12 Mode Shape 12

50

4.13 Modal Periods and Frequencies

50

4.14 Shear Force Model Display

51

4.15 Bending Moment Model Display

52

4.16 Joint Displacement Model Display for Joint 731

52

4.17 Shear Force and Bending Moment Diagram For Frame 1123

53


54


54


55


55


57


57


58


58


59


60


60


61

4.30 Joint Displacement Plot Function Traces

62


63

4.32 Bending Moment Model Display 63

xv


64


64


65


65


66


66

4.39 Pseudo Speed Acceleration for Time History in U1 Direction

67

4.4 Joint Displacement Plot Function Traces

68


68


69


69


70


70


71


71


72

4.49 Pseudo Speed Acceleration for Time History in U2 Direction

73

4.5 Shear Force Versus Each Load Combination Case

74

4.51 Bending Moment versus Each Load Combination Case

75

4.52 Joint Displacement U1 versus Each Load Combination Case

76


76


77

5.1 Recent Earthquakes near Malaysia (Indonesia)

80

5.2 Recent Earthquakes near Malaysia (Sabah)

81

xvi

5.3 The Pillars of a House Broke

81

5.4 A General View Shows a Damaged School Building

82

5.5 Cracks Formed On Support Columns

82

xvii

LIST OF SYMBOLS

km Kilometer

s Second

ML Local Magnitude

A Maximum Trace Amplitude for a Given Earthquake at a Given Distance

A0 Amplitude for a Particular Earthquake Selected as Reference

Fr Residual Stress

Fy Axial Tensile Yield Stress

kg Kilogram

kN KiloNewton

mm Millimeter

E Young Modulus

G Shear Modulus

v Poisson’s Ration

α Coefficient of Thermal Expansion

C Celsius

Gk Dead Load

Qk Live Load

EQk Earthquake Load

RS1k Response Spectrum U1 Load

RS2k Response Spectrum U2 Load

TH1k Time History U1 Load

TH2k Time History U2 Load

T Period

xviii

f Frequency

VEd Design Shear Force

MEd Maximum External Design Moment

xix

LIST OF ABBREVIATION

CEN European Committee for Standardization

EN European Standard

ULS Ultimate Limit State

DLS Damage Limitation State

RF Rossi-Forel

MMI Modified Mercalli Intensity

P Primary

S Secondary

USGS United State Geology Survey

MRF Moment Resisting Frames

CBF Frames With Concentric Bracings

EBF Frames With Eccentric Bracings

2D Two Dimensional

3D Three Dimensional

MMD Malaysian Meteorological Department

U1 Unit Translational Acceleration in X Direction

U2 Unit Translational Acceleration in Y Direction

U3 Unit Translational Acceleration in Z Direction

TH Time History

RS Response Spectrum

DL Dead Load

LL Live Load

EL Earthquake Load

xx

N North

E East

bachelor of engineering (hons) in civil engineering

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