bacillus anthracis 2016 2017 original
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Bacillus anthracis
By
Prof / Mohamed A. Madany
Assiut University New-Valley branch
Department of Microbiology & Immunity
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Prof / Mohamed A. Madany
2Morphology :-
Gram +ve bacteria
Large (3-8 x 1-2 µm) , Encapsulated Bacilli (Polypeptide
capsule)
Spore forming
Non- Motile
Facultative anaerobic
May be Single , paired or long chain
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The poly peptide capsule consist of D-glutamic acid
* Anti-Phagocytic & Plasmid encoded
* Not good Immunogen ( Resisted to Antibodies)
Morphology :-
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With spore stain spore appear pink & bacilli appear blue .
With Gram stain (or Methylene blue) B. anthracis is violet or blue & surrounded by Hallo zone .
With Polychrome Methylene Blue (Mc Fadyean’s reaction) B. anthracis appear blue bacilli surrounded by purplish bink capsule ( diagnostic for B. anthracis ) .
With fluorescent-labeled antibody B. anthracis become fluorescent .
Staining :-
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Nutrient broth >>> produce floccular turbidity >>> appear as cotton wool in the tube.
Nutrient agar >>> gray white , irregular colonies >>> “Medusa head “ appearance.
Blood agar >>> produce Non-hemolyic gray-white colonies , with irregular margins (curled hair).
Gelatin stap >>> slow lequification >>> inverted fir tree appearance.
Culture :-
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(blue)
(red)
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B. anthracis on Blood Agar
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B. anthracis is catalase , nitrate reduction , starch hydrolysis , gelatin lequification tests >>> +ve .
On litmus milk>>> soft card is formed and digested quickly.
MR. & V.P. tests are variable , H2S production is -ve .
Biochemical characteristic :-
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Starch Hydrolysis (Amylase Activity) :-
* Principle : Starch + Iodine >>>>> Blue color Glucose + Iodine >>>>> No reaction
* Procedure :
* Result :
Biochemical characteristic :-
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B. anthracis contain 2 plasmid encoded virulence factors : 1) Capsule >>> linear γ-D-glutamic acid polymer. 2) Exotoxin (Trimer) consist of : A- Protective Antigen (PA) : It form Membrane channel that allow Edema Factor (EF) and
Lethal Factor (LF) to enter the mammalian cell via endocytosis. B- Lethal Factor (LF) : Both PA and LF are required for lethal activity. C- Edema Factor (EF) : Both PA and EF are required for edema to occur.
Virulence factors :-
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AnthraxPathogenesis :-
Synonyms : Splenic feverCharacters : - Zoonotic , highly infectious disease - primarily affecting herbivores animals such as cattle , sheep ,
horses , mules and goats & secondary affecting man .Etiology : -B. anthracis which belong to family Bacillaceae
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Anthrax (cont.)Susceptibility : - herbivores animals such as cattle , sheep , horses , mules ,
goats , pigs , dogs . - human is accidental host while birds are resistant.
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Prof / Mohamed A. Madany
15Anthrax (cont.)
Mode of transmission & source of Infection :- - Herbivores animals infection by >>>> ingestion or inhalation of spores
in the soil. - Carnivores become infected through consumption of infected animals
that have died from anthrax. - Human infected through : 1) broken skin (injuries). 2) Inhalation anthrax spores from contaminated animal products as
flesh , bones , hides , hair & wool. 3) Ingestion of infected animal meat.** N.B : Accidentally via biting flies ( Minor route ) during sever outbreaks.
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Prof / Mohamed A. Madany
16Anthrax (cont.)
Clinical signs :- 1- Peracute course of illness: * Mainly in cattle & sheep. * Lasts approximately
for 1-2 hours. * Characterized by : Sudden death of the animal ( 1st indication for
anthrax ). 2- Acute course of illness: * Mainly in equines. * Lasts approximately 96
hours. * Characterized by : Fever, enteritis, septicemia >>>> death. 3- Subacute / chronic course of illness: * Mainly in swine, dogs and cats. * Characterized by : Dysphagia, dyspnea, sever enteritis.
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Prof / Mohamed A. Madany
17Anthrax (cont.)
Post mortem lesions :- - Bloody discharge from natural openings e.g.: nose, mouth, anus,
etc. - Rabid bloating , failure of blood to clot.In MAN anthrax has 3 forms :- - Cutaneous form (malignant pastule). - pulmonary form (wool sorter’s disease). - Gastrointestinal form.
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Bloody discharge
Bloating
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Prof / Mohamed A. Madany
19Anthrax (cont.)
Diagnosis :- 1) Sampling : - Blood sample >>> only taken from
ear , tail vein or natural openings of the dead animals
*** Blood smear stained by : - With Gram stain (or Methylene
blue) - With Polychrome Methylene Blue
(Mc Fadyean’s reaction) 2) Isolation & Identification :
Don’t Open the carcass of the dead animal
!
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Prof / Mohamed A. Madany
20Anthrax (cont.)
Diagnosis :- 3) Laboratory animal inoculation : 4) serological test : - ELISA for PA , LF and EF *** Ascoli test : 1- Procedure :- 2- Result :- +ve reaction >>>> formation of a ring of precipitate at the
junction of the 2 fluids in the capillary tube.
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Prof / Mohamed A. Madany
21Anthrax (cont.)
Diagnosis :- 5) Fluorescent labeled antibody staining : 6) PCR :
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Prof / Mohamed A. Madany
22Anthrax (cont.)
Treatment :- 1- Large doses of antibiotics with immune serum . 2- Penicillin & tetracycline are the most active .
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Prof / Mohamed A. Madany
23Anthrax (cont.)
Prevention and control :- 1- Notification of the authorities . 2- Quarantine the area . 3- Don’t open the carcass or examine postmortem & minimize the contact . 4- Passive immunization .*** Vaccination :- 1) Animal Vaccine 2) Human Vaccine - Pasteur Vaccine - Spore Vaccine - Sterne attenuated spore vaccine - UK Vaccine
- US Vaccine *** Simultaneous Method : The best method is to inject 10-20 c.c. of hyper
immune serum in one shoulder & at the same time a dose of used vaccine is injected into the other shoulder .
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