Back Office Building Strategy (Decision Making Support)

for e-Government

Reference Book : “Theory of E-Government” ( Prof. Gi-Heon Kwon )

Enhancing the Policy Decision Capacity

Policy Decision Process

Role of IT in decision process

- Information systems is fundamental to rationalize policy decision process

- Because we believe that right information is considered as the most important resource of good decision making.

How to do to get right information???

By means of Information Process

Policy decision process = Problem Solution process (Simon)

Information Process in Organization

System Target Businesses User Purpose of use

EDPSSimple repeated work(Data Processing)Data

Low level (staff) Resources saving (such as manpower and costs)

PMISFormulaic report(Analysis of data)Information

Middle level Management ( manager )

Rationalization(Functioning)

DSS (Decision-aid report) Top level management (chief administrator) Strategic Planning

Weak SIS

Strong SIS

A strategic information system (SIS) is any information system that uses IT to help an organization…

Gain a competitive advantage Reduce a competitive disadvantage Or meet other strategic enterprise objectives

EDPS (Electronic Data Processing System)

• The system to handle data for office works or business management by using computer

Data Information Decision Aids Knowledge

Analysis Analysis ReasoningEDPS

Management

Marketing

Financing

Accounting

IS

IS

ISExample

PMIS (Public Management Information System)• extension of MIS• PMIS is the integrations of humans

and machines artificially designed using IT technology to support to tasks of government offices such as policy processes, administration management, works, analyses and evaluation which aim to achieve Public Objectives

Data Information Decision Aids Knowledge

Analysis Analysis ReasoningMIS

ManagementIS

Marketing Accounting

Financing

Example

Components of PIMS• Human

– Technicians / Engineers• Those who develop, manage and operate information systems such as

system analyst, programmer, operation agent and DB manager.– Users

• Those who get the advantage of information systems to implement his tasks ( such as administrative org: user of EIS and SIS, top and middle manager: user of DSS )

• Information Technology– hardware, software, Database and network

• Information Processing Knowledge– relevant knowledge to consider the necessity of information– relevant knowledge to know about feasibility, availability, planning and

analysis– relevant knowledge to manage the organization, human resources

with the use of IT

DSS ( Decision Support System)

Data Information Decision Aids Knowledge

Analysis Analysis ReasoningDSS

DSS is the subsystem of MIS, a computer based system that supports administrator in the decision making to solve unstructured problems interactively by using data and analysis model.

DSS is providing information system environment which can make decision-maker solve various problems easily, accurately, fast by unifying traditional data processing and measurement analysis of management science

Initial Definition

Broader aspect for Definition of DSS

IS

MarketingAccounting

FinancingSimply office automation or information offering

Decision making supporting to chief administrator

Phases of DSS (Herbert Simon Model)

Intelligence Gathering Phase• to identify the problem• the identification and listing of all the alternatives is necessary

Design Phase• to analyze and develop alternatives to handle the problem• the determination of all the consequences resulting from each of the

alternatives

Choice Phase• to select the best one among available alternatives appeared• the comparison of the accuracy and efficiency of each of these sets of

consequences

Implementation Phase• to implement selected alternative• Evaluate if the effect of selected alternative is working properly and

check the preferences of other alternatives

Components of DSSDatabase Management

Component

• Includes database that contains relevant data to solve the problems and is managed by DBMS

Model Management Component

• The analysis tool or software package that developed for• Statistical Prediction• Organizational outcome or

specific Economic Index/ Financial Prediction

• Computer Simulation shows results about change of real situation

User Interface Component

• Component that let user contact information system

• It should be• diverse in style• compatible with various

media and patterns,• should be flexible and

convenient.

Characteristics of DSSSuitable for unstructured or semi-structured decision makingAs it is based on modeling and quantitative analysis ability, , it is used to solve strategic or policy level problems which are not known about solutions or can not be comprehended clearly

System to support decision makingIt does not directly make decision making for decision makers it plays a role to support them providing required data or analysis methods which is necessary to examine alternatives or conditions in solving problems

Interactive Processing SystemIt can ensure an efficient and interactive human-computer dialog (which is similar to interfaces between managers and staffs in traditional work conditions

Bottom up ApproachBottom-up should be adopted for the implementation of DSS.

Types of DSS (Alter’s Categorization)

DSS

Data Driven Approach

File Drawer System

Data Analysis System

Information Analysis System

Model Driven Approach

Accounting Model

Explanation Model

Optimization Model

Suggestion Model

Deductive Approach Inductive Approach

• Data warehouse is used for decision making support of enterprise (enterprise-wide DSS is linked to large data warehouses)

• A data warehouse is a integrated, time-variant, nonvolatile collection of data. (Bill Inmon )

• DW is the policy information resource center installed at cyber-space as the database of decision making support

Data warehouse

Characteristics of Data warehouse

Decision Making Support Centralized DataEnterprise based Integration ModelTemporality and Historicity Thematic Support (Topic –centered support)

Whether it is Data Driven Approach or Model Driven Approach, Data warehouse should be Implemented properly support Decision making.

• Back Office building strategy for enhancing decision-making capabilities

• The role of information systems in decision support

• EDPS, PMIS, DSS, DW

Conclusion (Back Office)

Front Office Building Strategy for e-Government

(towards democracy and transparency)

Operational Strategy for Open Access to Information

Operational Strategy for G4C

Operational Strategy for G2B

Legal Framework

Front-Office• online service delivery to

citizens and businesses, through digital means.

(The contact point of the outside of government)

Government-to-Citizens (G2C) Government-to-Business (G2B)

Back-Office• internal government

administration and information sharing within and governments. ( The contact point of the inside of government )

• Government-to-Government (G2G)

Front Office and Back Office e-Government primarily consists of two parts:

The performance of Front Office of e-Gov must be approached to improving the democracy and transparency through G2C and G2B

What is Open Information Access?? to provide the information which has collected and processed by government to

citizens or business

Why Open Access is needed? To promote democracy and transparency and economic development

How it will improve the democratization and transparency ? e-Gov will facilitate the information utilization and accessibility of the people by

ensuring freely flow of information It will let citizens to criticize and control of the governmental activities and power by

political participation of the public.

Administrative information open to the public guarantees citizens’ right to know and a variety of electronic participation tools promote their active participation as well as protection of their personal information.

(e.g. www.open.gov.kr, www.open.gov.uk)

Open Access to Information

Ways to Open Information The request of information by individual claim (Mandatory)- As a legal right, individual may request information from the government (government must provide when people request the information individually)

Information Publication by Government (Mandatory)- As a legal obligation, government must let people know the specific matters through related regulation (e.g. announcements, notifications and promulgation )

Information provided by Government (Voluntarily) - The information that can be provided by Government voluntarily

Strategy to promote Open Access

• Single URL is needed for easy access

• An independent in-charge agency to monitor the disclosure of public information, to manage & develop the standardized document

• Minimize the unavoidable information access

• Information should be provided in digital format through e-govt system and internet

Through E-Govt &

Internet Widening scope of

Information Act

Single window access Relevant

Information Access Mangt System

G4C : typical example of government innovation using information system for citizens (residents, real estate, cars, tax and so on)

Operational Strategy of G4C

Main Substances of G4C

The Innovation of the civil affairs public service process

Building the single window for civil petitions through the internet

Building the Information Sharing System

The computerization infrastructure and the Improvement of legal system

Citizen = Demander of information Government= Supplier of information

Substances of G4C

The Innovation of the civil affairs public service process- reduce required documents by sharing information among departments

Building the single window for civil petitions through the internet- To deal with the application and issue of civil complaint through the internet

Building the Information Sharing System- To share fundamental information through government network In order to improve the administrative management and policy decision making

The computerization infrastructure and the Improvement of legal system- IT infrastructure and legal system should be development to assure the pri-vacy and security for data sharing

Green Customer Services (Recent Trend of G4C) The paperless green customer services policy that contribute toward the reinforcement of national competitiveness and the low-carbon green growth through online customer services.

Problems- Not well-founded integrated environment for customer services process- Only 25% of services are in online formObjective- To improve the online usage rate (project started in April, 2009)Strategy (The Policy Directions of the Green Civil Complaint) -Merge all the customer services-Construct the integrated customer service online portal by connecting G4C and 54 departments for customer services-establish the legal system to make the electronization, standardization and simplification of certification procedure-improve the functions of the system that can enhance the use of online services and to strengthen public relations

Green Customer Services (http://www.minwon.go.kr)

Number of documents and visits have decreased through online civil services such as • Civil Information Inquiry• Petition & Application• Document Inquiry & Issuance

citizen information

real estate information

Building Information

Land Utilizing Information

Land Information

Item based Tax Information

Overall Tax Information

Changing Address Info

Immigration Information

Army Information

G2B: The system which is open to the business and provide the fairness of the opportunity to bid on a procurement process, and to reduce the workload .

Operational Strategy of G2B services

Strategy for Implementing G2B Services

1. Eliminate duplication and implement standardization (BPR)

2. Implement own DB for effective G2B and e-

procurement

3. Develop Strategic Plan for future integration of e-

procurement

4. Integrate related Ministry Procurement system

5. Re-Design of Hardware and Software for e-procurement

system

6. Develop Proper Legal Framework

7. Review comments from users and evaluate the system 8. Increase Interoperability 9. Assure for Security , Privacy

& Backup

G2B: The system which is open to the environment and provide the fairness of the opportunity to bid on a procurement company, and to reduce the workload .

Operational Strategy of G2B services

Benefits from Innovative G2B services

Improving Business Efficiency

Improving Transparency on Procurement Processing

Improving Customer Oriented Services

Improving Business Competitiveness

Increasing Participation

e-Corruption is defined as manipulating of the information and communication system by the public officials who has authorities of accessing to national information system for their selfish interests and desires.

Electronic Corruption

Vulnerability that causes e-corruption

Automation & immediacy

The automated work process and speed in the e-Gov is difficult to expose with existing inspection method or function

Loss of information to validate

the government office is cheated by the online trick by conspiring with inner government officials

Accessibility and Ubiquity

The nature of e-Govt service which can provide at any time and anywhere is also favoring the government official to corrupt

Encryption Cryptographic technique being complicated and renewed day by day which is applied to the important data and that confirm the corruptive behavior as the investigation of corruptive behavior is going to be hard

e-Participation (Towards e-Democracy)

Citizen participation in decision-making process of government by utilizing information and communication technologies

effectiveness and efficiency of government

Customer – Oriented Services

Democracy & reflexivity

e-Participation (Case of Korea)Seoul City’s OASIS : A Suggestion System of Citizen to

improve Seoul City’s Policies

Sustainable Development of IT

& Industries

Upgrading Information

communication Infrastructure

Promotion for informatization of society

Informatization in administrative and

public sector

Foresting Environment for

active use of information

Preventing negative effective of

Informatization

Electronic Government Act Public Information Act of Public Organization

Digital Signature Act Electronic Transaction Framework Act Copyright Law Electronic Financial Transaction Act

Personal Data Protection Act Act for using and protection of Credit Information Act for protection & using Location Information

Founding IT infrastructure &

industries

Building & upgrading Information network

Online- Digital Contents Industry Development Law Broadcast Act Internet Multimedia Broadcast Services Act

Tele-communications Business Act Framework Act on Tele-communicationsRadio Waves Act

Legal Framework for National Informatization (The case of Korea)

ICT Legal Framework (The Case of Korea)Framework Act on National Informatization

Information Promotion for Society Development for IT Technology & Industry

Upgrading ICT Infrastructure

• National informatization policy need to be updated in response to administrative, economic, political and social issues and the new environment challenges.

• New information policy development were needed – to support low-carbon green growth– to respond to social environment change such as low fertility, aging population,

and IT convergence , security issues such as hacking, personal information extrusion

Future ICT Policy (Towards Hyper Connected)

• Operational Strategy for G4C and G2B to promote Democracy and Transparency

• e-participation to reach the e-Democracy which is the ultimate goal of e-government

• Legal Framework for Informatization (for the case of korea)

Conclusion

Thank You