background information nasa and apollo program

8/7/2019 Background Information NASA and Apollo Program

1/59

NATIONAL AER~ONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMIII1STRATION V~-45| NW S tWASHINGTOND C. 20546 EU WD -4155

FOR RELEASE: I,1MEDIATFRELEASE 'JO: 69-83B

BACKGROUND I'NFORMATIONNATIONAL AERONAUTICS AN1D SPACE ADMIINISTRATION/APOLLO PROGRAM

CONTENTS


2/59

THE NATIONAL AERONAUTICS & SPACE ACT OF 1958

The Declaration of Policy and Purpose of the NationalAeronautics and Space Act is outlined In Section 102 (a)through (c) of PL 85-568 as follows:Sec. 102.(a) The Congress hereby declares that it is thepolicy of the United States that activities in spaceshould be devoted to peaceful purposes for the benefit ofall mankind.


3/59

-2-

(c) The aeronautical and space activities of theUnited States shall be conducted so as to Contributematerially to one or more of the following objectives:

(1) The expansion of human knowledge ofphenomena in the atmosphere and space;

(2) The improvement of the usefulness,performance, speed, safety, and efficiency of aero-rautical and space vehltles;


4/59

-3-.

(6) The making available to agencies directlyconcerned with national defense of discoveries that havemilitary value or significance, and the furnishing bysuch agencies, to the civilian agency established todire-It and control nonmilitary aeronautical and spaceactivities, of information as to discoveries which


5/59

-4-

HISTORICAL ORIGINS OF THEN.ALUILI_ ALA AND SPAACE ADMINISTRATIONThe National Aeronautics and Space Administration wasborn on October 1, 1958. Historically, establishment of NASAfollowed the laviich of SPUTNIK I, the first man-made Earthsatellite, which a year before had sparked a worldwide chainreaction of events.When SPUTNIK I was launched into orbit by th e Soviet Unionon October 4, 1957, the United States began an intensiveconsideration of its role as a nation in the exploration and ex-ploitation of space. The first U.S. satellite prograrw, earlierinitiated as part of the International Geophysical Year (IGY)and called Project Vanguard, was prematurely judged by manyAmericans as a propaganda failure in the so-called "space race"instead of th e great scientific success ultimately achieved byits three satellites.EXPLORER


6/59

-5-

After lengthy investigation and deliberation, the NationalAeronautics and Space Act of 1958 was passed by the Congress,becoming law on July 29, 1958, when it was signed by thePresident.

From its first day, NASA pursued its assigned objectives inthe national space program. Dr. T. Keith Glennan, president ofCase Institute of Technology, was named the first Administratorof NASA. Dr. Hugh L. DrydEn, Director of NACA, became the firstDeputy Administrator, a position he held until his death in 1965.

The NACA NucleusThe short history of NASA since 1958 was at first a storyof consolidating a national space program out of Governmentagencies, the aerospace industry, and the scientific community,some c.f whose people and programs had long roots in the historical

conquest of space. No other new agency of the Executive Branchof the Federal Government has been created by the transfer of asmany units and programs of other departments or agencies as was


7/59

-6-

Upcrn completion of this study, President Join F. Kennedy toldthe Congress in his historic address of May 25, 1961:"'low is the time to take longer strides -- time for a greater newAmerican enterprise -- ti'e fo r tis :'ation to take a clearlyleading role in space achievement which in many ways may holdthe key to our future on Earth..."Space is open to us now; ar.d cu r eagerness to share its meaningis not governed by tne efforts of others. W e go into spacebecause whatever mankind must undertake, free men must fullyshare..."I believe that this Nation should commit itself to achieving thegoal, before this decade is out, of landing a man on the Moonand returning him safely to Earth."

NASA Headquarters was given a new organizational structureeffective November 1. 1961, to realign its management fo r thee;.randed


8/59

l7_

Manifold Applications And ImplicationsThe great effort by Ameirican engineers, scientists, andtechnicians in carrying forward our entire space progi'am will domuch more than place a man on tne Ii-oon. The vast effort now underway could provide the Laz s for the greatest technological harvestman has every known. Accurate global weather forecasting as wellas reliable intercontinental TV can be foreseen, while thescientific and engineering breakthroughs inevitably ahead presageprofound economic, social and material benefits for all of earth-bound mankind. With the launching of TELSTAR on July 10, 1J62,the impact of live Transatlantic television demonstrated vividlythe rapidity of technological change in international communications.TELSTAR was also the first privately financed Earth satellite. Aloin 1962, Congress authorized the creation of the CommunicationsSatellite Corporation to manage the U.S. portion of a globaloperational communications syztem.[4any payoffs for society on Earth from the space program willcome in areas whicri cannot now be foreseen. The application of thenewly developed knowledige and technology deriving from the spaceprogram


9/59

-8-NASA INSTALLATION3

NASA HEADQUARTERS, WASHINCTONNASA Headquarters formulates policy and coordinates thectivities of the space fl ight centers, research centersand other activities which comprise the National Aeronauticsand Space Administration. Dr. Thomas 0. Paine is the agency'sdministrator.

AMES RESEARCH CENTER, MOFFFTT FIELD, CALIF.The work of the Ames Research Center is concerned withaborator-y and flight research in unmanned space flight pro-ects and in aeronautics. The fields of interest includefundamental physics, materials, guidance and control, chemistryand life sciences. Ames aeronautical projects include theupersonic transport, V/STOL aircraft and operations research.The space flight projects involve management of scientificprobes and satellites, and payloads


10/59

(Orbiting Observatories, Explorers, TIRCS, Nimbus, Relay,Syncom and others). Goddard also is the nerve center fort-le worldwide tracking and communications network for bothmanned and unmanned satellites. The Center Director isDr. John F. Clark.JET PROPULSION LABORATORY, PASADENA CALIF.

The Jet Propulsion Laboratory is operated under contractto NASA by the California Institute of Technology. Itsprimary missions are the development of spacecraft for unmannedlunar and planetary exploration (Ranger, Mariner, Surveyor)and the operation of a world-wide deep space tracking and con-trol network. There is a broad-scale program of supportingresearch. The Center Director is Dr. William H. Pickering.JOHN F. KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, FLA.

Manned and unmanned spacecraft are launched at tne John F.Kennedy Space Center on Cape Kernedy. "The Cape" is the sitefrom which the astronauts of Projects Mercury and Gemini wererocketed into space.


11/59

Plum Brook Station at Sandusky, Ohio, with facilitiesfor propulsion research and development, is operated as anarm of Lewis. The Centcr Directo- is Dr. Abe Silverstein.MANNED SPACECRAFT CENTER, HOUSTON

The Manned Spacecraft Center is a NASA facility located20 miles southeast of Houston, Tex. on the edge of Clear Lake.It has the responsibility for the design, development, andtesting of manned spacecraft and associated systems, for theselection and training of astronauts, and for operation ofmanned space flights. Mission Control for manned space flights,formerly at Cape Kennedy, now is based at the Manned SpacecraftCenter.The scientists and engineers who make up the technicalstaff of the Manned Spacecraft Center were responsible forplacing the first American astronauts in space. Valuableexperience gained in Projects Mercury and Gemini now is beingutilized in Projects Apollo. The Center Director is Dr.Robert H. Gilruth.


12/59

KSC WESTERN TEST RANGE OPERATIONS DIVISION, LOMPOC, CALIF.This Division provides administrative, logistic, andtechnical support for NASA's KSC unmanned launch operationsat the Western Test Range. The Center Chief is H. R. Van Goey,

WALLOPS STATION, WALLOPS ISLAND, VA.The rocket-borne experiments flown from the Wallops IslandRange are conceived, designed and built, by scientists andengineers in laboratories and research centers throughout theU.S. and in many of the countries of the world. Functions ofWallops Station are payload checkout, vehicle preparation andlaunching, instrumentation and data acquisition, processing andreduction of data, and tracking of vehicles. The Center Directoris Robert I. Krieger.

NASA PASADENA OFFICEThe NASA Pasadena Office is a branch of NASA Headquartersserving all operational interests of the agency in the Westernstates. Primary mission of the Office is contract negotiation


13/59

-12-

MAJOR MILESTONES AND NASA "FIRSTS"

1958October 11 -- In NASA's first launch, Pioneer I reached

an altitude of 70,717 miles to become the first deep spaceprobe. The 84-pound


14/59

1960 con'tApril 1 -- The first meteorological satellite, Tiros I,

led off a series of 10 consecutive successful R&D missionsand provided a total of 22,952 cloud cover photographs.

August 12 -- Successful inflation in orbit of a 100-foot balloon produced the Echo I passive communicationsatellite.

1961


15/59

-14-

1962 con'tMay 24 -- Scott Carpenter and Mercury-Atlas 7

("Aurora 7") flew a three-orbit, 4.9-hour mission.July 10 -- The first commercially financed satellite,Telstar I, carried out a variety of communication tests

Lncluding--TV, telephone, data and photo facsimile trans-mission.

August 27 -- The Mariner 2 flight to Venus began. The


16/59

-15-

1964July 28 In the first of three successful Ranger

missions, Ranger 7 photographed the Moon during the last1,120 miles of its approach and subsequent hard landing.

August 28 -- Nimbus I meteorological satellite returned27,000 cloud cover pictures.September 5 -- Orbiting Geophysical Observatory

program was initiated with launch of 000 1.


17/59

1965 con'tJune 3 -- Four-day flight of Gemini 4 was highlighted

by a 21-minute "space walk" by Ed White.August 21 -- -Jordon Cooper and Pete Conrad cre-;ed

Gemini 5 on an eight-day mission.December 4 -- Scheduled as a 14-day endurance mission,


18/59

1966 con'tMay 15 -- The Earth-oriented Nimbus 2 weather satellite

was orbited with three AVCS cameras, an APT camera andradiometers. The 912-pound R&D craft continues to returncloud cover photos.

May 30 -- In the initial U.S. try at lunar soft landing,Surveyor 1 touched down in Oceanus Procellarum. The 596-pound probe returned a total of 11,150 pictures.


19/59

1966 con'tDecember 7 -- Placed in synchronous equatorial orbit

above the Pacific, Applications Technology Satellite-icarried a variety of experiments.

1967May 4 -- Lunar Orbiter 4 launched. Returned high

resolution photos of over 99 percent of front side of Moon.


20/59

-19-

January 7 -- Surveyor 7 launched; soft lands on January 9near Cxater Tycho.

July 4 -- Exciting addition to knowledge of new elementsand regions of the universe are obtained from Radio AstronomyExplorer Satellite launch.

October 11 -- Apollo 7 Farth orbital mission; first mannedApollo flight.


21/59

1969 Con'tApril 14 -- Nimbus III, made first vertical temperature

measurements of the atmosphere which w111 aid meteorologystudies.

May 18 -- Apollo 10; Astronauts Thomas P. Stafford andEugene A. Cernan descended to within nine miles of the Noon'ssurface in the lunar module while Astronaut John W. Youngcircled the Moon in the command module.


22/59

- 21-

THE :;ATIO:JAL AERO;IAUTIC-2A: D SPA CE ADi.'!lISTR AT 'D: 'S 3:BDGETHISTORY

Fisca l Year .. crc< ac1959 $ 333. a million1960 323.61961 )66. 71962 1,825.31963 3,674.1


23/59

WH Y EXPLORE THE M O O N ?(Excerpt from statement to Congress March 11, 1969 byDr. George E. Mueller, NASA Associate Administrator forManned Space Flight)

Let us look firit a",why lunar exploration Is ofgreat importance to our nation. To th. scientific world,there is great interest in the origin and history of theMoon and its relation to te~e Earth, and to the solar system.Was It formed with the Earth, or captured later? Are thereclues to the origin of life? To quote the President'sScience Advisory Committee, "Answers zo these questions mayprofoundly affect our views of the evolution of the solarsystem and Its place, as well as man's, in he larger sch.~meof things."Many planets have moons, but ours is the largest in


24/59

-23-

The eventual goal of a lunar base would bring intofocus the steps that must precede it, just as Apollo wasimportant in establishing the jojectives of Mercury, Gemini,Surveyor, and Orbiter. Critical tio future considerations ofa kunar bate goal i8 information on the lunar environment,locatton of natural resources and strategic sites that couldserve multiple purposes. A long-range goal like the lunarcase would direct technological advances, stimulate publicinterest, and attain. 'b-s'.diary objectives with Earth applica-tion such as f.od synthesis, environmental control, and re-covery of useful elements from rock.To summarize the points I have made, through exploringthe Moon we hope to make fundamental advances in:1. Understanding dynamic processes on Earth throughdirect comparison of the Earth and Moon.


25/59

APOLLO HISTORICAL SUMMARYInitial planning for a launch vehicle having a payloadcapability of the Saturn I began in April 1957. In.August 1958,studies concluded that a cluster booster of 1.5 million poundsthrust was feasible and the research and development effort wasbegun. Initial results proved that the engine clustering technique,using existing hardware, could furnishlarge amounts of thrust.Rocketdyne, a division of North American Rockwell Corp.,updated the Thor-Jupiter engine, increased its thrust, thusdeveloping the 200,000 pound thrust H-1 engine. Concurrently,from advanced studies, the 1.5 million pound thrust F-1 enginewas conceived and subsequently used as the power plant for theeven larger boosters.In October 1958, the Army team moved to develop a high-performance booster for advanced space missions. Tentativelycalled Juno V and finally designated Saturn, the booster Hasturned over to NASA in later 1959.


26/59

-25-

"Let it be clear...that I am asking the Congress and theCountry to accept a firm commitment to a new course of action,a course which will last for many years and carry very heavycosts... If we are to go only halfway, or reduce our sightsin the face of difficulty, in my judgment it would be betterno-c to go at all."With endorsement by Congress, the national objective ofmanned lunar exploration createc an immediate need for a consider-ably more powerful booster -- later designated the Saturn V.Following another six-month study, NASA announced in January1962 that the Saturn V, using a cluster of five F-1 engines,would generate 7.5 million pounds of thrust, thus providing the2liftoff power for the lunar landing program. After announcingthat NASA would undertake the task of developing the Saturn V,contracts were awarded to Boeing Company and North American tobuild the first two stages of the Saturn V.The second stage has a cluster of five J-2 engines


27/59

-26-

The first phase of the Saturn ?aunch vehicle progra:m wascompleted in 1965. In ten flights of the Saturn I, ten weresuccessful -- an unprecedented record in rocket development.Much technology was proven in the Saturn I program. The rocketguidance system was developed. The concept of clustered rocketengines was validated and, the program supplied experience inusing liquid hydrogen as rocket fuel. Liquid hydrogen providesdouble the fuel economy of earlier fuels.The Saturn IS launch vehicle was successfully flown threetimes in three attempts in 1956. Two of these flights carriedspacecraft to space where they satisfactorily completed require-ments for Apollo command and service modules in earth orbitaloperations.On January 27, 1967, tragedy struck the national spaceeffort when a fire erupted inside an Apollo spacecraft duringground testing at Cape Kennedy, resulting in the deaths ofAstronauts V:rgil Grissom, Edward White II and Roger Chaffee.


28/59

-27-

IMe April 4, 1968 flight of Apollo 6 was the secondunmanned Satur- V rmiission to demonstrate launch vehicle andspacecraft systems performance. Two problems were experiencedwith the rocket systems -- vertical oscillations or "POGO" effectin the first stage and rupture of small propellant lines in theupper stages -- in an otherwise, very successful mission.


29/59

-2*-

AP5LLC FLIGHT CREW'.Firzt Manned Fjli;ht (Saturn IB) Apollo 7

Prime Crew Commander, Walter Sc:,-irra, Jr.CMl ilot, Donn F. EiseleL-; Pilot, Walter CunninghamBackup Crew Commander, Thomas P. StaffordCM Pilot, John i. YoungLiM Pilot, Eugene A. Cernan

Astronaut Support Team John L. Swigert, Jr.Ronald E. EvansWilliam R. Pogue


30/59

:r S

9 -2 9 -

4tn ,;anned Flight "'SaturnV) / Apollo 10Prime Crew Commander, Thomas P. StaffordCM Pilot, John W. YoungLM Pilot, Eugene A. CernanBackup Crew Commander, L. Gordon CooperCM Pilot, Donn F. Eisele

LM Pilot, Edgar D. MitchellAstronaut Support. Team Joe. H. EngleJames. B. Irwin

Charles M. Duke, Jr.5th Manned Flight (Saturn V) Apollo 11


31/59

NASA MANNED SPACE FLIGHTSProJec , Date Pilot(s) *rank at present Time in Space OrUlts/RevsMERCURYMercury Redstone 3 May 5, 1961 Naval Comdr. Alan B. Shepard 0:15:22 suborbitalFreedom 7" Recovery Ship - *Capt.Champlain (A)**Mercury Redstone 4 July 21, 1961 Air Force Maj. Virgil I. Grissom 0:15:37 suborbitalLiberty Bell 7" Recovery Ship - (deceased)Randolph (A)Mercury Atlas 6 Feb. 20, 1962 Marine Lt. Col. John H. Clennr 4:55:23 three orbitFriendship 7" Recovery Ship - retiredNoa (A)Mercury Atlas 7 May 2hJ, 1962 Naval Lt . Comndr. Scott Carpenter 4:56:05 three orbit "Aurora 7" Recovery Ship - Comdr.0 Pierce (A)Mercury Atlas 8 Oct. 3, 1962 Naval Comdr. Walter M. Schirra 9:13:11 six orbitsSigma 7" Recovery Ship - retiredKearsarge (P)Merct.ry Atlas 9 May 15-16, 1963 Ai r Force MaJ. L. Gordon Cooper 34:19:49 22 orbitsFaith 7" Recovery Ship - Col.Kearsarge (P)

GEMIN IGemini 3 March 23, 1965 Air Force Maj. Virgil I. Grissom 4:53 three orbitMolly Bocwn" Recovery Shin - Naval Lt. Comdr. John W. YoungIntrepid (A) Comdr. Young

**A or i' After Re'-rvery .ShDio enotes Atlantic or Pacific


32/59

Project Date Pilot(s) *ranI( at present Time in Space Orbits/Revs3emini 4 June 3-7, 1965 Alr iorce MaJors; James A. McDivitt * 97:56 62 revs.VA - 20 Min. Recovery Snip - Edward H. White IIWasp (A) * Col. McDivitt(Whtte Is deceased)ComEni Aug. 21-29, 1965 Air Force :.t. Col. L. Gordon Cooper 190:56 120 revs.ecovery Ship Naval 't. Comdr. Charles Ccnrad, Jr .Lake Ci'amplain (A) -ol. CooperComdr. ConradGemini ' Dec. .5-16, 1965, aval Cap,,. Walter M. Schirra 25:51 16 revs. ecovery Ship - Air Iorce laj. '17homas P. Stafro,,d Wa.;p (A) Col. Stafford

Je. 4-13, 1965 Air Force Lt. Col. Frank Borman 330:35 206 revs.ecovery Shiip - Naval Lomdr. .ames A. Lovellv'a, n (A) Col. HormanCapt. LovellGeirini 8 11rch 16, 1)66 Nei] A. Armptrong, Civilian 10:42 7 revs.ecovery Th!p - .dir Force MaJ. I)avid R. ScotrLeo~,ard F. nason (PJ Col. Scott6emi ni 'A Jint 3-6, 1)66 Air Force Lt. CAl. TLomas P. Stafford 72:?]3 44 rev.;.imL>. a1 , oCiecovery Ship - Naval Lt. Comdr. Eugene A. Cernan mil tl Wa p (A) Col. Stafforde rn t; Comdr. Cer-nan

1;'1i~0 uly 28-21, 190( Naval Comdr. John W. Young 70: 47 113 :-ev-.RVA of' Recovery Ship - Air Force MaJ. iichaeiollins (nignect altitude 4 ta t ;te * 'ri:. an d St '; i Guadalcana] (A) Comdr. YoungVA of 1l aIr. cv Lt. Col. Collins-- '-v.1.'


33/59

Project Date Pilotvs) '*rank at present Time 'n Space Or:its/hevsGemini 11 Sept. 12-15, 196' Naval Comdr. Charles Conrad 71:17 4414Cv.Umbilical EWA of Recovery Ship - Naval Lt. Comdr. Richard F. Gordon, Jr. (nigheot altitudc? 853 statUte3 min. ard Standu: Guarn (A)** *Comdr. Conrad leEVA of 2 trs. 5 min. oy Comd-. GordonGorlonGem'ini 12 Nov. 11-15, 1966 Air Force r.laj !.dwin E. Aldrin, Jr . 93 35 59 rev-2 Standup EVAF of Riovery Ship - .aval Capt. James A. Lovell, Jr .2 hr s 29 min. & Wasp (A) Cc,. Aldrin55 mmn.; Umbilical Capt. LovellEVA of 2 hrs. 6 min.by Aldrin

* **

APOLLO

AIpollo '7 Oct. 11-22, 1968 Naval Capt. Walter N. Schirra 260:8:;j: l3 rv.hecovery Ship - Air xForce -NMaj. Donn EiseleEssex (A) Siv'iLan Walter CunninPjamLt. Col. Hioe~eAr )Ilo 8 ["ec. 21-27, 1968 Ai r F-orce Col. ';rank B'ran ir17 00:) lb r~v.. Ot'.nRecovery Ship - Nava' Capt. Jam.- it. Lovell, Jr .forktown (P') Ai r Porce I~t. Col. .. 'tlliam Anuer..Col. BormanCapt. LovellMaJ. AndersAn'- i~c9 l arch 3-13, 196) Ai r Force Col. James A. :cDivit 24 :0: 'l 1' Iev. f1 It.al(Gumdror anrl Recovery Svip - Ai r Force Col. raviI R. ScottSpider) Guadalcar-ai (A) Civilian Ruosell L. Scn.;eickartCo' MiCivittCol. ..eutt

*'A or P After Recovery Ship Denotes Atlintlc or [uCifie


34/59

Project Date ?"lot(s) *rank at present Time in Space Orbits/PevsApollo 10 Mav 18-26, 2969 Air Force Col. Thomas P. Stafford 1.92:03:23 31 revs. of MocnCharlie Brown Recovery Ship - Navy Commander John W. Younga 'd Snoopy) Pranceton (P)* Navy Commande, Eugene A. Cernan*Col. StafforcCdr. YoungCdr. Cernan

0

WoSA

*Aor P After R-csvery Ship Denotes Atlantic or Pacific


35/59

-34-

UNITED STATES ASTRONAUTSALDRIN, Eawin E., Jr., Air Force Col.ALLEN, Joseph P., Scientist-Astronaut (PhD)ANDERS, William A., Air Force Lt, Col.ARMSTRONG, Neil A., CivilianBEAN, Alan L., Navy Lt. Comdr.BRAND, Vance DeVoe, CivilianCARR, Gerald P., Marine Corps MajorCERNAN, Eugene A., Navy Comdr.CHAPMAN, Philip K., Sci.entist-Astronaut (ScD)COLLINS, Michael (N.MN) Air Force Lt. Col.CONRAD, Charlez (IMN) Jr., Navy Comdr.CO00PER, L. Gordon, Jr., Air Force Colonel


36/59

MATTIVGLY, Thomas K. 'I, Navy t. Comrdr.McCANDLESS, Bruce (N1iMN) II, !iavy Lt. Comdr.IivcDIViTT, James A., Air Porce Col.,1ICHEL, F. Curtis, Scientist-AstronalitMITCHILL, Edgar D., Navy Coindr.!%U9GRAV1, Franklin S., Scientist-Astronaut (PhD) ( 1D)PARKER, Robert A.R., Scientist-Astronaut (PhD)POGUE, William P., Air Force iiajorROOSA, Stuart A., Air Force MajorSCHMITT, Harrison H., Scientist-Astronaut (PhD)


37/59

-36-

NASA ASTRONAUT STATUSTotal selected: 66

Resigned or Transferred 8Deceased -8

1.6Total ActiveAstronauts: 50Selection Dates:

Losses (and Ac41ves)Group I April 9, 1959 Carpenter, Glenn, Crlssom(7: Schirra (Active: Cooper,


38/59

-37-

*Group VI Aug. 4, 1967 O'Leary, Llewellyn(11) (Active: Allen, Chapman,England, Henize, Holmquest,Lenoir, Musgrave, Parker,Thornton)*Sclentist-AstronautDetails of Losses and Non-Actives:

1. Cdr. M. Scott Carpenter, USN, resigned September 1967 andtransferred to U. S. Navy Proje t Sealab.2. Col. John H. Glenn, USMC(Ret),


39/59

13 . Lt. Cdr. John S. Bull withdrew July 6, 1968, due topulmonary disease.14. John A. Llewellyn withdrew August 23, 1968, for per-8onal reasons.15. Col. Frank Borman, USAF, resigned to be fielddirector of the NASA Space Station Task Group in May 1969.16. Walter M. SchIrra resigned July 1, 1969, to enterprivate business.Astronauts Grissom, See, Bassett, Chaffee, Freeman and

Williams


40/59

-39-

APOLLO APPLICATIONS PROGRAM

The Apollo Applications Program, the National Aeronauticsand "race Administration's manned flight program to follow thelunar landing, will consist of long duration Earth orbitalmissions during which astronauts will carry out scientific,technological and engineering experiments.

The Saturn laut. h vehicles a.. ' spacecraft developed forthe Moon exploration program will.be modified to provide thecapability for crews to remain in Earth orbit for up to 56 days.Tne first phase of the Apollo Applications Program willbe the Saturn 1 Workshop missions planned for 1971 and 1972.The workshop, consisting of a modified Saturn upper stage, air-lock


41/59

The wor:shop will be launched unmanned. After achievingorbit, the second stage will be purged of residual propellantsand the hydrogen tank prepared for pressurization. One day latera second Saturn B Wgill orbit a crew of three astronauts in anApollo command and :et~rvice module.After a rendezvous maneuver . :imilar to those carried out intie Gemini program, astronauts will dock the -;pacecraft with theworkshop and pressurize the airlock and nydroflen tank. Afterpressurization is accomplished, tne crew .%,ill enter the hydrogentank through tunnels in the dockin adapter and airlock andinstall food and waste rianageminent zv.tern, arrange their personalequipment and prepare the experis:ent-t.

Plans call for th e firt. crew to remain in orbit four weeks.Before undocking th e cormiiand module for th e -artn return trip,the


42/59

MAJOR NASA LAUNCRES1958

Launch Resultsate Name Launch Vehicle Site Mission Vehicle Mission10/11 Pioneer I Thor-Able Kennedy Scientific Lunar Probe Failure Failure0,22 Beacon Jupiter C Kennedy Scientific Earth Satel- Failure Failurelite1/8 Pioneer II Thor-Able Kennedy Scientific Lunar Probe Failure Failure2/6 Pioneer III Juno II Kennedy Scientific Lunar Probe Failure Failure0(D


43/59

I4AJOR NASA LAUNCHES1959

Launch ResultsDate Name Launch Vehicle Site Mission -Vehicle Mission2/17 Vanguard II Vanguard Kennedy Meteorology Failure Failure3/3 Pioneer IV Juno IT Kennedy Energetic Particles Success Success4/13 Vanguard Vanguard Kennedy Scientific Earth Satel- Failure Failure

lite6/22 Vanguard Vanguard Kennedy Scientific Earth Satel- Failure Failurelite7/lb Explorer (S-1) Juvo II Kennedy Scientific Earth Satel- Failure Failurelite8/7 Explorer VI (S-2) Thor-Able Kennedy Particles and Meteoro- Success SuccessI.ogy8/14 Beacon Juno II Kennedy Scientific Earth Satel- Failure Failurelite9/9 Big Joe (Mercury) Atlas-Big Joe Kennedy Suborbital Mercury Cap- Success Successsule Test9,/18 Vanguard III VanquarO Kennedy Particles and Fields Success Success10/4 Little Joe I Little Joe Wallops Suborbital Mercury Cap- Success Successsule Test10/13 Explorer VII (S-la) Juno II Kennedy Energetic Particles Success Success11/4 Little Joe 2 Little Joe Wallops Suborbital Mercury Cap- Success Successsule Test11/26 Pioneer (P-3) Atlas-Able Kcnnedy Scientific Lunar Probe Failure Failure

12/4 Little Joe 3 Little Joe Wallops Sub-rbitaL Mercury Cap-- Success Successsule Test


44/59

MAJOR NASA LAUNCXES1960

Launch Resultsate Name Launch Vehicle Site mission Vehicle Mission1/21 Little Joe 4 Little Joe Wallops Suborbital Mercury Cap- Success Successsule Test3/11 Pioneer V (P-2) Thor-Able Kennedy Scientific Deep Space Success SuccessProbe3/23 Explorer (S-46) Juno II Kennedy Scientific Earth Satel- Failure Failurelite4/1 TIROS I (A-1) Thor-Able Kennedy Meteorological Sat. Success Success 4/18 Scout X Scout X Wallops Launch Vehicle Develop- Failure Failurement' 5/1. Echo (A-10) Delta Kennedy Conmunications Failure Failure/1 Scout Scout Wallops Launch Vehicle Develop- Success Successment7/29 Mercury (MA-l) Atlas Kennedy Suborbital Mercury Cap- Failure Failuresule Test*3/12 Echo I (A-ll) Delta Kennedy Communica ions Success Success/25 Pioneer (P-30) Atlas-Able Kennedy Scientific Lunar Orbi- Failure Failuieter10/4 Scout Scout Wallops Launch Vehicle Develop- Success Successment11/3 Explorer VIII (S-30) Juno iI Kennedy Ionosphere Success Success1/8 Little Joe 5 Little Joe Wallops Suborbital Mercury Cap- Success Failuresule Test11/23 TIROS II (A-2) Delta Kennedy Meteorological Sat. Success Success2/4 Explorer (S-56) Scout Wallcps Scientific Earth Satel- Failure Failure

lice12/15 Pioneer (P-31) Atlas-Able Xennedy Scientific Lunar Orbi- Failure Failureter12/19 Mercury (MR-1A) Redstone Kennedy Suborbital Mercury Cap- Success Successule Test


45/59

MAJOR NASA LAUNCHES1961

Launch ResultsDate Namne Launch Vehicle Site Mission Vehicle Mission1/31 Mercury (MR-21 Redstone Kennedy Suborbital Mercury Cap- Success Successsule Test2/16 Explorer IX (S-56a) -Scout Wallops Atmospheric Physics Success Success2/21 Mercury (MA-2) Atlas Kennedy Suborbital Mercury Cap- Success Success

sule Test2/24 Explorer (S-45) Juno 1I Kennedy Ionosphere Sat. Failure Failure3/18 Little Joe 5A Little Joe Wallops Suborbital Mercury Cap- Success Failuresule Test3/24 Mercury (MR.-3D) Redstone Kennedy Vehicle Test for Mercury Success Success3/25 Explorer X (P-1.4) Delta Kennedy Magnetometer Probe Success Success4/25 Mercury (MA-31 Atlas Kennedy Orbital Mertury Capsule Failure FailureTest4/27 Explorer XI (S-IS) Juno II Kennedy Gamma Ray Experiment Success Succets4/28 Little Joe 5B Little Joe Wallops Suborbital Mercury Cat,- Succ:ess Successsule Test5/j Fr4edom 7 (MR-3) Redstone Kennedy Suborbital Manned Flight Success Success5/24 Explorer (S-45a) Juno II Kennedy Ionosphere Failure Failur'e6/30 Explorer (5-55) Scout Wallops Meteoroids Failure Failure7/12 TIROS III (A-3) Delta Kennedy Meteorological Sat. Success Success7/21 Liberty Bell 7 (MR-4)Redstone Kennedy Suborbital Manned Flight Success Success8/,15 Explorer XII (S-3) Delta Kennedy Particles and Fields Success Success8/23 Ranger I (P-32) Atlas-Aqena Kennedy Scientific Lunar Prosc Failure FailureTest8/25 Explorer XIII (S-55a)Scout Wallops Micrometeoroids Failure Failuie9/13 Mercury (MA-4) Atlas Kennedy orbital Mercury Capsule Success Success,rest10/19 P-21 Scout Wallops Scientific Geoprobe Success Success10/27 Saturn (SA-l) Saturn I Kennedy Launch Vehicle Develop- Success Successmen t11/18 Ranger II (P-33) Atlas-Ayena Kenned'. Scientific Lunar Probe Failure FailureTest11/29 Mercur. mA-'? Atlas Kennedy Orbital Mercury Capsule Success SuccessTest


46/59


Launch ResultsDate Name Launch Vehicle Site mission~______ Vehicle Mi~ss:ioni/ IL5 Echo ,Av-T-1) Thor Kennedy Suborbital Communica-- Success Success

tions Test1/26 Ranger III (P-34) A~las-Agena Kennedy Scientific Lunar Lander Fa 1iju v Fa i Iuro2/ 8 TIROS IV tA-9) Delta Kennedy Meteorological Sat. Success Succes'l-2,'20 Friendship i UMA-6) Atlas Kenno~dy Orbital Manned Flight Success Su(,. k.vs3/ 1 Reentry I Scout Wallops 28,000 Ft./sec. Re- Su (-ce s.-; Fa i luro(entry Test3/7 OSO 1. (S-16) Delra Kennedy Solar Physics Success Success3/29 P--21a Scout Wallops Scientific Geoprone Success Sure(-S:4,'2,3 Ranger IV (P-35) Atilas-Agena Kennedy Scientific Lunar Lander Success Fai lure4 '25 Saturni (SA-2) Sal-urn I Kennedy Launch Vehi cl e Develop- Succef~s Su.'--essmen t/-)/E. Ariel I (S-Si) Delta Kenn-edy Ionosphere Measureiwnts S~'s~,8 Cen a r (AC-l1) Centaur Kennedy Launch Vehicle Develop- Fai_1.u re -Ia. r%

5 /2 4 Aurora 7 (NiA-7) Atlas Kennedy Orhi ta l Manned Flight Sur-cess- 19 TIRGS V kA-50) Delva Kennedy Meteorological Sat. Success SU '(~tA~Tlsa A4) DclLa Ker.vnedy Communications Sces l~''~s Echo (AVT--2) Thor Kernnedy Suborbital Comnurunica- S u c tes -, Su"( ,(;t ions Test''22 Mariner I (P-;I) A~las-Agena Kennedy Venus Probe Failure Faxlure6/27 Mar~iner 1I (P-38) Atlas-Agerna Kennedy Venus Prube vcesScs8/31. Reentrv 1I Scout Wallops 28,000 Ft. 'Sec. Re- Failure Failureentry Test9/1r, TIROS VI (A-51) Delta Kennedy Meteorological Success Succ-e~s

9/28 Alouette I (S-27) Thoz-Agena Pacific Ionosphere Soundings Success Success10/2 Explorer XIV (S-3a) Delta Kennedy Particles and Fields Success Success10,3 Sigma 7 (MA-8) Atl~as KYennedy Orbi ta l Manned Flight Success Success


47/59

MAJOR NASA LAUNCHES 1962 (Cor.t'd)

10/18 Ranger V Atlas-Agena Kennedy Scientific Lunar Lander Success Failure10/27 Explorer XV (S-3b) Delta Kennedy Particles and Fields Success Success11/16 Saturn (SA-3) Saturn I Kennedy Launch Vehicle Develop- Success .;ucce-smen r12/13 Relay I (A-15) Delta Kennedy Conmnunications Success Success12/16 Explorer XVI (S-55b) Scout Wallops Micrometeoroids Sat. Success SUI SS

(D


48/59


Launcn ResulcsDate Name Launch Vehicle Site Mission Vehicle Mission2/1M Syncom I (A-25) Delta Kennedy Synchronous Comm. Sat. Success Failure3/28 Saturn (Sk--4) Saturn I Kennedy Launch Vehicle Develop- Success Successmentq/2 Explorer XVII (S-6) Delta Kennedy Aeronomy Success Success5/7 Telstar II (A-41) D lta Kennedy Communications Earth Sat.Success Success5/15 Faith 7 (MA-9) AIis Kennedy Orbital Manned Flight Success Success6/iq TIROS VII (A-52) Delta Kennedy Meteorological Sat. Success Success7/20 Reentry III Sc~ut Wallops Reentry D?,onstration Failure Failure1/26 Syncom II (A--26) Delta Kennedy Synchro-ous Comm. Sat. Success Success8/28 Little Joe II-#l Little Joe !I WSMR (1) Launch Vehicle Test Success Success11/26 Explorer X"TII Delta Kennedy Particles and Fields Success Success(IMP-A)1,/727 Centaur (AC-2) Centaur Kennedy Launch Vehicle Develop- Success Successment12/19 Explorer XIX (AD-A) Scout Pacific Atmospheric Physics Success Success12/21 TIROS VIII (A-53) Delta Kennedy Meteorological Sat. Success Success

(1) 'WhiteSands Missile Range


49/59


Launch ResultsDate Name Launclh Vehicle Site Mission Vehicle Mission1/21 Relay II (A-16) Delta Kennedy Cortnunications Success Success1/25 Echo II (A-i2) Thor-Agena Pacific Conmunications Success Successi/29 Saturn (SA-5) Saturn I Kennedy Vehicle Development Success Success1/30 Ranger VI (RA-A) Atlas-Agena Kennedy Lunar Photography Success Failure3/19 Beacon Explorer A Delta Kennedy Ionosphere Study Failure Failure3/27 (BE-A)3/27 Ariel II (UK-C) Scout Wallops Ionosphere Study Success Success*/8 Gemini (GT-l) Titan II Kennedy Systems Qualification Success Success1,'14 Fire I Atlas-X259 Kennedy Reentry Test 37,891 Success Successift/secI2 C/13 Apollo Transonic. Little Joe II WSMR (1) Apollo LES Development Success SuccessAbort~,/2k Saturn (SA-6) Sa'urn I Kennedy Vehicle Development Success Successt/3( Centaur (AC-3) Centaur Kennedy Vehicle Development Success Success7,/20 SERT-I Stout Wallops Ion Engine Test Success Successi'28 Ranger VII (RA-B) Atlas-Agena Kennedy Lunar Photography Success Successn'8 Reentry IV (D) Scout Wallops Reentry Test 27,950 Success Successft/sec.*c Syncom III Delta Kennedy Synchronous Comm. Sat. Success SuccessS/25 Explorer XX (IE-A) Scout Pacific Ionosphere Study Success Success8/28 Nimbus I Thor-Agena Pacific Meteorology Success Success9/4 OGe- I (OGO-A) Atlas-A~gena Kennedy Interdisciplinary Data Success Failure9/18 Saturn (SA-7) Saturn I Kennedy Vehicle Development Success Success(1) White Sands Missile Range


50/59

MATOR NASA LAUNCIIES 1964 (Cont'd)

10/3 Explorer XXTI (IMP-B) Delta Kennedy Particles, Fields Study Failure Failure10/9 Explorer XXII (BE-B) Scout Pacific Ionosphere Study Success Success11/5 Mariner III Atlas-Agena Kennedy Mars Probe Failure Failure11/6 Explorer XXIII Scott Wallops Micrometecroids Success SuccessEZ-55c)(Explorer XXIV (Air Density ) Success11/21 ( (Air Dersity) Scout Pacific ( ) Success(Explorer XXV (IrijAn) (Atmospberic Physics ) Success

1 Mariner IV Atlas-Agena Kennedy Mars Probe Success Success12/8 Apollo Max Q Abort Little Joe II WSMR Apollo LES Development Success Success12/11 Centaur (AC-4) Centaur Kennedy Vehicle Development Success Success12/15 San Marco I (SM-A) Scout Wallops Atmospheric Studies Success Success(Italian)12/21 Explorer XXVI (EPE-D)Delta Kennedy Pai.ticles, Fields Study Succecs Success


51/59

MAJOR NASA .LAUNCIS1965

Launch ResultsDate Name Launch Vehicle Site Mission Vehicle _Mission1/19 Gemini II Titan II Kennedy Unmann!d Subor ita' Success Success1/22 TIROS IX Delta Kennedy Weather Obse_\,vLion Success Success2/3 OSO -I Delta Kennedy Solar Observations Success Success2I16 Pegasus I Saturn I Kennedy Meteoroid Detection Success Success2/17 Ranger '&.11 Atlas-Agena Kennedy Lunar Phutography Success Success/2 Atlas Centaur 5 Atlas-Centaur Kennedy Vehicle Test Failure Fail'ue3/21 Ranger IX Atlas-Agena Kennedy Lunar Photography Success SucCcss3 `23 Gemini III Titan II Kennedy Manned Three-Orbit Success Success: 4,. Early Bird Delta Kenn-edy First Commercial Comm. Success Suc. essSat.4/2' Explorer XXVII (BE-C)Scout Wallops Geodetic Studie. Suc-cers Stlccet5/9 Apollo Hi-Alt Abort Little Joe II Wh.Sands Apollo LES Development Failure Failurt.5/22 Fire II Atlas-X-2'9 Kennedy Reentry Heating Success Succub's5/25 Pegasus II Saturn I Kennedy Meteorcid Detection Succecs Succeq5/29 Explorer XXVIII Delta Kennedy Particles and Fields Success Succvs.(IMP-C)6/3 Gemiri IV Titan Id Kennedy Manned 4 day Mission Success Success7/2 PIROS X (OT -1) Delta Kennedy Operational Weather Sat. Success Success7/3C gegasus III Saturn I Kennedy Meteoroid Detection Success Success8/10 Scout Evaluation Scout Wallops Launch Vehicle Evalua- Success Successticn8/11 Atlas Centaur 6 Atlas--Centaur Kennedy Vehicle Development Success Success

* ot NASA Misaion


52/59

MAJOR NASA LAUNCHES 1965 (Cont'd)

8/21 Gemin.L v Titan II Kennedy Manned 8-day Mission Success Success8/25 OSO-C Delta Kennedy Solar Observations Failure Failure10/14 OGO II Thor-Aaena Pacific Geophysical Observations Success Failure10/25 Gemini Target VI Atlas-Agena Kennedy Rendezvous with Gemini Failure Failure11/6 Explorer XXIX Delta Kennedy Geodesy (Garth apping) Success Success(GEOS-A)11/18 Explorer XXX (SE-A) Scout Wallops Solar Astronomy (for Success Success

IOSY)11/28 (Alouette II (S-27a) Thor-Agena Pacific (Topside Sounder )Success Success(Explorer XXXI (Direct Ionospheric Meas)Success Success(DME-A)12/4 Genmini VII Titan II Kennedy Manned 2-week Mission Success Success0 122/6 FR-1 'French) Scout Pacific ionosphere and Electron Success FuccessCD Study12/15 Gemini VX-A Titan II Kennedy Manned Rendezvous with Success SuccessGemini VII12/16 Pioneer VI Delta Kennedy Interplanetary Studies Success Success

* Not NASA Mission** Two Spacecraft Launched by one Booster


53/59

MAJOR NPSA LAUNCHES1966

Launch ResultsDate Name Launch Velicle Site Mission Vehicle Mission1/20 Apollo Intermediate Little Joe II WS Apollo LES Development Success SuccessAltitude Abort2/3* ESSA-I (oTr-3) Delta KSC Operational Weather Sat. Success Success2/ 9 Reentry V Scout WI Test Phenolic Nylon or Success SuccessHeat Shield2/26 Apollo Saturn Uprated KSC Launch Vehicle, Space- Success Success(AS-201) Saturn I craft an d Hean. ShieldTest* 2/28 * ESSA-II (OT-2) Delta KSC Op-rrational Weather Sat. Success Success/1 6 Gemini VIII Target Atlas-Agena KSC Gemini Rendezvous and Success Failureehicle Docking Target Vehicle3/16 Ge2mini VIII Titan II KSC 2 Man Earth Orbi t Success FailureRendezvous and Dockingand EVA4,7 Cen'aur (AC-8) Atlas-CeLtaur KSC Centaur Hydrogen Engine Failure FailureRestar t (two burn) Test4/8 OAO--I Atlas-Agena KSC Orbiting Astronomical Success FailureObservatory5/15 Nimbus II Thor-Agena WTR Adv. Weathier Observ. Sat.Success Success5/17 Gemini IX Atlas-Agena KSC Gemini Rendezvous and Failure FailureDocking Target Vehicle5/25 Explorer (AE-B)Delta Y.SC agronomy Studies Success Success5/30 Surv-eyor I Atlas-Centaur KSC Soft Lunar Landing and Success SuccessPhotographv


54/59

6/1 Gemini 1X-A Atlas W C Augmented Target Success EailureDocking Adapter6/3 Gemini IX-A Titan II KSC Manned Rendezvous and Success FailureDocking and EVA,6/6 GGO III Atlas-Agena KSC Study Earth Environment Success Success6/23 PAGEOS I Thor-Agena WTR Passive Geodetic Earth Success Successorbiting satellite7/1 Explorer XXXIII Delta KSC Earth--Moon Environment Success Success(IMP-D) Stu('ies out to Lunar

Distances7/ 5 Apollo Saturn Ucrated KSC Observe Liquid-hydrogen Success Success(AS-203) Saturn I in Orbital Flight7/18 Gemini X Target Atlas-Agena KSC Gemini Rendezvous and Success Successehicle Docking Target Vehicle7/18 Semini X Titan II KSC Manned Rendezvous and Success SuccessDocking (and EVA)d/10 Lunar Orbiter I Atlas-Agena KSC Lunar Photography for Success SuccessApollo Landing Sites8/17 Pioneer VIT Delta KSC Interplanetary Studies Success Success8/25 Apollo Saturn Uprated KSC Launch Vehicle, Space- Success Success(AS-202) Saturn I craft, and Heat Shield

Test9/3.2 Gemini XI Target Atl.as-Agena KSC Gemini Rendezvous and Success SuccessVehicle Docking Target Vehicle9/12 Gemini Xl Titan II KSC Manned Rendezvous and Success SuccessDocking (and EVA)9/20 Surveyor II Atlas-Centaur KSC Soft Lunar Landing and Success FailurePhotography10,/2 * ESSA-III STOS-A) Delta WTR Operational Weather Sat. success Success


55/59

10/26 Centaur(AC9 ;:;jj;entaur C-19 Cerntaur Hydrogen Engine Success SuccessRestart (two burn) Test10/26**Intelsat II-A Delta KSC Synchronous Comm. Sat. Success Success11/6 Lunar orbiter II Atias-,Aena KSC Photography fo r Apollo Success SuccessLunar Landing Sites11/11 Gemini XII Target A':las-Agena KSC Gemini Rendezvous and Success SuccessVehicle Docking Target VehicleII1 1/l1 Gemini XI I Titan II KSC Manned iRendezx-(s, - Succe-ss Successing and EVA12/6 ATS-1 Atlas-Agena KSC Communications and Success Succes.l'ec?.nology;2/14 Siosatellite I Delta KSC a;lological Experiments Success Fa llluron living orqanmsms in1 space

* Lauinclce, for Environmenta] ScIence Ws WhIte Sannds Test Pa cIIIty, N.M.Servm es Admin., U.S. Dept. of, KSC o-nnedy Space Cont cz FIa.Cormerce' NASA responsible fo r WE Wallops Island, Va.spacecraft development and launch. W'rn Western 'rest Ranq' Cali t .** Jo t NASA Mission (CommunicationsSatellite Corporation).


56/59

MAJOR NASA LAUNrHES1967

Launch ResultsDate Name Launch Vehicle Site Mission Vehicle Mission1/1. * Inte)sat IIB Delta KSC For Comsat Success Success1/26 **ESSA IV Delta WTR Operational Weather Sat. Success Success2/4 Lunar Orbitci III Atlas-Agena KSC Photoqzaph Lunar Landing Success Success

Sites3/8 OSO III Delta KSC Sola: Observation Success Success3/22 * Intelsat IE (F--3) Delta KSC For C.;msat Success Success4/5 ATS II Atlas-Agena KSC Commnunications an d iai.lure FailureTeclcnclogy4/17 Surveyor III- Atlas-Centaur KSC Lunar Photography and Succe.ss Success

Surface Sdmpler4/20 **ESSA V Imp. '-A Delta %TR Operational Weather Slot. Success Success4/26 San Marco Scout Mombasa Study Air Density I. s S uccess

plat form5/4 Lunar Orbiter IV Atlas-Agera KSC Lunar Photographs froru Success Success

Polar Orbit5/5 Ariel III Scout WrrR Cooperative U.K.-U.S. :uccess Success

Satellite Launch5/24 Explorer XXXIV TAD WTR Particles and Fields Success Success5/29 ESRO II Scout WTR Study Solar, Ccsmic Rays Failure6/14 mariner Venus htlas-Asena KSC Flew within 2,500 miles Success Success

of Venus on Oct. 197/14 Surveyor IV Atlas-Centaur IKSC Lunar Photography an d Success FailureSurface Sampler

7/19 Explcrer XXOOV TAD KSC Particles and Fields Success Success7/28 OGO IV Thor-Agena D WTR Study Sun Effects on Success SuccessEar Ch

8/1 Lunar Orbiter V Atlas-Agena KSC Photograph Lunar Landing Success SuccessSites


57/59

MAJOR NASA LAUNCHES 1967 (Cont'd)

9/7 Biosatellite II TAT KSC Experiments on Space Success SuccessEffects on -ells,Tissues9/8 Surveyor V Atlas-Centaur KSC Photograp'.y and Success SuccessChemi-al kAnalysis ofLuriav Surface9/27 * Intelsat II-D Delta KSC Fo r Cxmsat Success Success10/1 OSO II, Delta KSC Sola Observation Success Success1/5 ATS III Atlas-Agena KSC Com.unications and Success Successc Technology11/7 Surveyor VI Atlas-Centaur KSC Photography and Success SuccessChemical Analysis ofLunar Surface11/9 Apollo 4 Saturn V KSC First Flight Test of Success SuccessSaturn V launch vehicle1I/L0**ESSA VI Delta WTR operational Weather Sat. Success SuccessPioneer VIII (InterplanE ary Solar )12/13 ( Delta KSC ( Observatln Success SuccessTTS-1 (Apollo Tracking Check

* Not NASA Mission (Environmental KSC Kennedy Space Center, Fla.Science Services Admin., US. Dept, WaR Western Test Range, Cali f .of Commerce)** Not NASA Mission (CommunicationsSatellite Corporation)


58/59

MAJOR NASA LAUNCHES1968Launch Re-sutsDate Name Launch Vehicle Site MinsIon Vehicle Mtission

1/7 Surveyor VII Atlas-Centaur KSC Lunar Photos Success SuccessLunar Surface Analyses1/11 Explorer XXXVI Delta WTR Geodesy Success Success1/22 Apollo 5 Saturn IB KSC Lunar Module Test Success Success3/4 OGO V Atlas-Agena KSC Earth-Sun daca Success Success3/5 Explorer XXXVII Scout WI Solar radiation Success Success4/4 Apollo 6 Saturn V KSC Launch Vehicle test Unrated Unrated5/16 ESRO II-B Scout WTR Radiation investigation Success SuccessL 5/18 Nimbus B TAT-Agena WTR Meteorology Failure Failure7/4 Explorer XXXVIII Delta WTR Radio astronomy Success Success7/8 Explorer XXXIX Scout W TR Atmospheric Density data Success SuccessExplorer XL Charged particle data Success Success8/10 ATS-D Atlas-Centaur KSC Spacecraft technology Unrated Unrated8/16 ESSA 7 Delta WT R Cloud covor photos Suiccess Success8/22 Ram C-II Scout WI Radio attenuation Success Success9/19 Intelsat III F-1 Delta KSC Cormunications Failure Failure10/3 ESRO-I Scout WTR Ionosphere Success Success10/11 Apollo 7 Saturn IB KSC First Manned Apollo Success Success

-more-


59/59

MAJOR NASA LAA'UNrS '1968 (Con't)

11/8 Pioneer JX De!'ta KSC Solar radiation Success SuccessTETR II Pioneer Piggy-back KSC Tz'aclcing test Success Successl'/5 HEOS Delta KSC ESRO, particles and fields Success Success127T OAO-IA Atla s-Centaur KSC Astron Bn ' Success Success12/15 ESSA 8 Delta WrR Weather, APT Success Success12/18 InteLsat III F-2 Delta KSC :ormrrun.1.cations Success Success12/21 Apollo 8 Saturn V KSC Manned lunar orbit Success SuccessN-

Il

-- - - - a ras-- -- - -

background information nasa and apollo program

Documents