BackgroundBackground Political Political revolutionsrevolutions occur throughout occur throughout

history and are major turning points in a history and are major turning points in a country's history.   country's history.  

CausesCauses: They are usually the result of poor : They are usually the result of poor or oppressive government, or oppressive government,

Negative ResultsNegative Results: Many times they end in a : Many times they end in a worse situation than before. worse situation than before. 

Positive ResultsPositive Results: Sometimes political the : Sometimes political the government becomes more responsive to government becomes more responsive to their people's needs.their people's needs.

American RevolutionAmerican Revolution

Inspired by Inspired by Enlightenment thoughtEnlightenment thought

Anger over taxation Anger over taxation made American feel made American feel natural rights were natural rights were violatedviolated

Boston Tea Party was a Boston Tea Party was a form of protest by form of protest by colonistscolonists

American RevolutionAmerican Revolution

War broke out in 1774War broke out in 1774

Colonies declared Colonies declared independence in 1776independence in 1776

US won the war in 1783 US won the war in 1783 – Treaty of Paris– Treaty of Paris

CausesCauses

Economic crisisEconomic crisis The peasants & commoners were the only The peasants & commoners were the only

people in France taxed – forced to support people in France taxed – forced to support the whole countrythe whole country

Drought caused decline in harvest – leading Drought caused decline in harvest – leading to food shortageto food shortage

Poor people became angryPoor people became angry

CausesCausesAbsolutismAbsolutism Estates General (French Parliament) had not Estates General (French Parliament) had not

met in 169 yearsmet in 169 years

Louis XVI preferred to rule as absolute Louis XVI preferred to rule as absolute monarchmonarch

Louis XVI refused to consult with Estates Louis XVI refused to consult with Estates General even during times of crisisGeneral even during times of crisis

Louis XVI Louis XVI finallyfinally called the Estates to help called the Estates to help

CausesCauses

Estates GeneralEstates General Made up of 3 estates (groups)Made up of 3 estates (groups)

– 11stst Estate – Clergy Estate – Clergy

– 22ndnd Estate – Nobility Estate – Nobility

– 33rdrd Estate – Bourgeois Estate – Bourgeois

Each estate received 1 vote regardless of the Each estate received 1 vote regardless of the percentage of the population representedpercentage of the population represented

The Third EstateThe Third Estate

Broke away from the 1Broke away from the 1stst & 2 & 2ndnd estates estates

Wrote a pamphlet Wrote a pamphlet What is the Third What is the Third EstateEstate? - claiming they represented ? - claiming they represented the people of Francethe people of France

National AssemblyNational Assembly

33rdrd Estate was joined by a few clergy Estate was joined by a few clergy from the 1from the 1stst Estate Estate

Formed the National Assembly and Formed the National Assembly and lock themselves in the tennis courts lock themselves in the tennis courts at Versailles at Versailles

Oath of the Tennis CourtsOath of the Tennis Courts

National Assembly took an oath, National Assembly took an oath, pledging not to leave the Tennis pledging not to leave the Tennis Courts until they create a Courts until they create a constitution for Franceconstitution for France

Louis XVI sends in soldiers to break Louis XVI sends in soldiers to break up the meetingup the meeting

Storming of the BastilleStorming of the Bastille

Economic situation worsens in FranceEconomic situation worsens in France

Thousands of poor people march and Thousands of poor people march and storm the Bastille – an old prison that storm the Bastille – an old prison that represented the aristocracy and the represented the aristocracy and the old regimeold regime

Louis XVI NegotiatesLouis XVI Negotiates

Louis XVI sees the situation is badLouis XVI sees the situation is bad

Calls off the soldiers at the Tennis Calls off the soldiers at the Tennis Courts Meeting and the BastilleCourts Meeting and the Bastille

Agrees to negotiate with the National Agrees to negotiate with the National AssemblyAssembly

ConstitutionConstitution

The National Assembly creates a new The National Assembly creates a new constitution based on Enlightened constitution based on Enlightened ideas – inspired by the American ideas – inspired by the American Revolution Revolution

Louis XVI FleesLouis XVI Flees

Louis loses control over FranceLouis loses control over France

Louis begins to look for help from Louis begins to look for help from other countriesother countries

Louis and his family tries to escape Louis and his family tries to escape but are caught and returned to Parisbut are caught and returned to Paris

They are tried, imprisoned, and They are tried, imprisoned, and beheadedbeheaded

RadicalsRadicals

Some people didn’t feel like the reforms of Some people didn’t feel like the reforms of the Constitution went far enoughthe Constitution went far enough

Called for more reforms – equality, no Called for more reforms – equality, no slavery, universal suffrage (voting)…slavery, universal suffrage (voting)…

Invaded England and AustrialInvaded England and Austrial

Radicals began to kill people who were not Radicals began to kill people who were not in support of the reformsin support of the reforms

RobespierreRobespierre

Robespierre was a radical liberal French Robespierre was a radical liberal French revolutionaryrevolutionary

He led the “Reign of Terror” throughout He led the “Reign of Terror” throughout France France

40,000 people died in a year40,000 people died in a year

The DirectoryThe Directory

Radicals lost powerRadicals lost power

The Directory – of 5 moderates – took overThe Directory – of 5 moderates – took over

Eventually, they grew corruptEventually, they grew corrupt

Financial problems resurfaced and people Financial problems resurfaced and people revoltedrevolted

Invited military leader Napoleon to put Invited military leader Napoleon to put down rebellionsdown rebellions

Napoleon – Enlightened Napoleon – Enlightened DespotDespot

Napoleon took over control of the Napoleon took over control of the militarymilitary

Overthrew The Directory and crowned Overthrew The Directory and crowned himself Emperor of France in 1801himself Emperor of France in 1801

Enacted new progressive reformsEnacted new progressive reforms

Established a new set of enlightened Established a new set of enlightened laws – Code of Napoleonlaws – Code of Napoleon

Napoleon’s WarNapoleon’s War Napoleon waged a war of expansion Napoleon waged a war of expansion

against his European neighborsagainst his European neighbors

Took over much of EuropeTook over much of Europe

Invaded Russia (during winter) and lost Invaded Russia (during winter) and lost almost all his menalmost all his men

Never recovered from the lossNever recovered from the loss

Finally defeated at Battle of Waterloo 1815 Finally defeated at Battle of Waterloo 1815 and exiled to Isle of Elbaand exiled to Isle of Elba

Stages of the French RevolutionStages of the French Revolution

1st Stage: 1st Stage: National National AssemblyAssembly

Third Estate declares itself the National Third Estate declares itself the National Assembly, vows to write new Assembly, vows to write new ConstitutionConstitution. . (1789)(1789)

2nd Stage: 2nd Stage: Limited MonarchyLimited Monarchy

New Constitution of 1791 limits the New Constitution of 1791 limits the monarchy, sets up a representative monarchy, sets up a representative assembly.assembly.

3rd Stage: 3rd Stage: RadicalsRadicals

1792, Radicals take over.  Maximillien 1792, Radicals take over.  Maximillien Robespierre is leader.  Reign of Terror, Robespierre is leader.  Reign of Terror, many die as result.many die as result.

4th Stage: 4th Stage: DirectoryDirectory

Moderates return to government. In Moderates return to government. In 1795, 5 man Directory  runs country.  1795, 5 man Directory  runs country.  Government very weak.Government very weak.

5th Stage: 5th Stage: NapoleonNapoleon

1799 1799 Coup d'etatCoup d'etat... takes control from ... takes control from Directory.  1802 - names himself Directory.  1802 - names himself Emperor of the French.  Absolute Emperor of the French.  Absolute government again.government again.

Congress of ViennaCongress of Vienna

After war, Europe’s most powerful After war, Europe’s most powerful countries met to restore ordercountries met to restore order– England, France, Russia, Prussia, AustriaEngland, France, Russia, Prussia, Austria

Led by Austrian Prince MetternichLed by Austrian Prince Metternich

Restored monarchs to throneRestored monarchs to throne

Redrew map of Europe to maintain Redrew map of Europe to maintain balance balance of powerof power– Ignored issues of ethnicityIgnored issues of ethnicity

Concert of EuropeConcert of Europe

Europe’s 5 most powerful countries Europe’s 5 most powerful countries met throughout the 19met throughout the 19thth century to century to maintain peacemaintain peace– England, France, Russia, Prussia, AustriaEngland, France, Russia, Prussia, Austria

Napoleon Rules SpainNapoleon Rules Spain

Napoleon took over Spain in1801Napoleon took over Spain in1801

Spain’s South American colonies Spain’s South American colonies used it as an opportunity to rebelused it as an opportunity to rebel

Simon Bolivar and San Martin led Simon Bolivar and San Martin led independence movements independence movements throughout South America in 1810throughout South America in 1810

Revolutions of 1848Revolutions of 1848 Economic problems and power abuse led Economic problems and power abuse led

many countries to revolt around 1848many countries to revolt around 1848

Goal: to create Goal: to create liberalliberal governments (more governments (more democracy)democracy)

Most of the revolutions were generally Most of the revolutions were generally unsuccessfulunsuccessful but showed that people had but showed that people had the power to make some small changesthe power to make some small changes

Took place in: Poland, the Balkans, France, Took place in: Poland, the Balkans, France, Germany, Italy, Hungary, Austria…Germany, Italy, Hungary, Austria…

Evolution of British Evolution of British DemocracyDemocracy French RevolutionFrench Revolution

12151215    Magna CartaMagna Carta 12951295    Model ParliamentModel Parliament1640-531640-53    Long ParliamentLong Parliament1649-601649-60    English CommonwealthEnglish Commonwealth16881688    Glorious RevolutionGlorious Revolution & & Bill of RightsBill of RightsLate 1600s  Political PartiesLate 1600s  Political Parties17141714    Cabinet SystemCabinet System17211721  1st Prime Minister,   1st Prime Minister, Robert WalpoleRobert Walpole

17891789 Absolute Monarchy Absolute Monarchy 17911791 Constitutional Monarchy Constitutional Monarchy17921792 Democratic Republic Democratic Republic17991799 Dictatorship under Dictatorship under NapoleonNapoleon1814-151814-15 Return to Monarchy Return to Monarchy