Backyard hatcheries for Backyard hatcheries for finfish and shellfish:finfish and shellfish:the Asian phenomenonthe Asian phenomenon

ChangChang--KweiKwei LinLinAsian Institute of TechnologyAsian Institute of Technology

And And David LittleDavid Little

StirlingStirling UniversityUniversity

Major aquaculture region in AsiaMajor aquaculture region in Asia

Major Aquaculture Production in Asia Major Aquaculture Production in Asia (FAO 2002 data)(FAO 2002 data)

China (xmillion tonnes)

Fish13.5574%

Crustacean0.845%

Molluscs3.8621%

Indonesia (x1,000 tonnes)

Fish654.2579%

Crustacean170.3221%

P h i l i p p i n e s ( x 1 , 0 0 0 t o n n e s )

F i s h3 7 6 .7 5

8 5 %

C r u s ta c e a n4 2 .2 41 0 %

M o l l u s c s2 4 .2 2

5 %

Thailand (x1,000 tonnes)

Crustacean162.4125%

Fish330.6552%

Others (Frogs and soft-shell

turtle)1.660%

Molluscs145.3023%

Vietnam (x1,000 tonnes)

Fish390.0076%

Crustacean95.5018%

Molluscs33.006%

Key components in aquaculture Key components in aquaculture developmentdevelopment

Seed Seed

Feed Feed

Post harvest processPost harvest process

marketmarket

xxxxGiant river prawn, Giant river prawn, MacrobrachiumMacrobrachium rosenbergiirosenbergii

xxChinese river crab, Chinese river crab, EriocheirEriocheir sinensissinensis

CrustaceansCrustaceans

xxxxMarble goby, Marble goby, OxyeleotrisOxyeleotris marmoratamarmorata

xxxxCommon carps, Common carps, CyprinusCyprinus carpiocarpio

xxxxSnakehead, Snakehead, ChannaChanna sppspp..

xxxxSnakeskin Snakeskin gouramigourami, , TrichogasterTrichogaster pectoralispectoralis

xxxxGiant Giant gouramigourami, , OsphronemusOsphronemus goramygoramy

xxxxTorpedoTorpedo--shaped catfishes, shaped catfishes, ClariasClarias sppspp

xxxxStriped catfish, Striped catfish, PangasiusPangasius hypophthalmushypophthalmus

xxxxThai silver barb, Thai silver barb, PuntiusPuntius gonionotusgonionotus

xxJapanese eel, Japanese eel, AnguillaAnguilla japonicajaponica

xxxxTilapia, Tilapia, OreochromisOreochromis sppspp..

xxxxIndian carpsIndian carps

xxxxChinese carpsChinese carps

Large Large scalescaleBackyardBackyardFishFish

HatcheryHatcheryWildWild

Seed sourceSeed source

MAJOR FRESHWATER FISH AND CRUSTACEANS BEING CULTURED IN THE REGION

MAJOR SPECIES OF MARINE FISH, CRUSTACEANS & MOLLUSKS BEING CULTURED IN THE REGION

xxxxSweet snail, Sweet snail, BabyloniaBabylonia sppspp. .

xxxxAbalone, Abalone, HaliotisHaliotis sppspp..

xxGreen mussel, Green mussel, PernaPerna viridisviridis

xxBlood cockle, Blood cockle, AnadaraAnadara granosagranosa

xxPacific cupped oyster, Pacific cupped oyster, CrassostreaCrassostrea gigasgigas

MollusksMollusksxxTropical spiny lobsters, Tropical spiny lobsters, PanulirusPanulirus sp.sp.

xxSwimming crabs, Swimming crabs, PortunusPortunus sp.sp.

xxxxMud crab, Mud crab, Scylla Scylla serrataserrata

xxxxGreasy back shrimp, Greasy back shrimp, MetapenaeusMetapenaeus ensisensis

xxBanana prawn, Banana prawn, PenaeusPenaeus merguiensismerguiensis

xxxxWhite shrimp, White shrimp, LitopenaeusLitopenaeus vannameivannamei

xxxxJapanese shrimpJapanese shrimp, , PenaeusPenaeus japonicusjaponicus

xxxxxxGiant tiger shrimp, Giant tiger shrimp, PenaeusPenaeus monodonmonodonCrustaceansCrustaceans

xxxxMulletMullet, , MugilMugil sppspp..

xxxxBarramundi, Barramundi, LatesLates calcarifercalcarifer

xxxxxxGroupers, Groupers, EpinephelusEpinephelus sppspp..xxxxxxMilkfish, Milkfish, ChanosChanos chanoschanos

LargeLargescalescale

BackyardBackyardFishFish

HatcheryHatcheryWildWild

Seed sourceSeed source

Developmental Pattern in Seed ProductionDevelopmental Pattern in Seed Production

DomestificationDomestification (Public/Private sector)(Public/Private sector)

Propagation (demonstration/extension)Propagation (demonstration/extension)

Backyard operatorsBackyard operators

Medium/large scale operators Medium/large scale operators

Components involved in seed productionComponents involved in seed production

Process Task FacilityProcess Task FacilityBrood fishBrood fish Feed, water quality Tank, pondFeed, water quality Tank, pond

diseasesdiseasesSpawning Spawning Natural, artificial Tank, Natural, artificial Tank, hapahapa, pond , pond

Hatching Hatching Water quality, disease Tank, Water quality, disease Tank, hapahapa

Larval rearingLarval rearing Feed (live/artificial), Tank, Feed (live/artificial), Tank, hapahapa, pond , pond water quality, diseasewater quality, disease

Fry nursingFry nursing Feed (live/artificial), Tank, Feed (live/artificial), Tank, hapahapa, pond , pond water quality, disease water quality, disease

Fingering rearingFingering rearing Feed, water quality Feed, water quality HapaHapa, pond, ponddiseasedisease

Attributes of Backyard HatcheriesAttributes of Backyard Hatcheries

SmallSmall--scale family based operationscale family based operation

Simple facility and equipmentSimple facility and equipment

Low investment Low investment

Low cost operationLow cost operation

Flexibility/diversificationFlexibility/diversification

Requirements for operating backyard hatcheriesRequirements for operating backyard hatcheries

FinanceFinance

Facility Facility

Technical knowTechnical know--howhow

Personnel Personnel

Management Management

MarketingMarketing

Examples of Backyard HatcheriesExamples of Backyard Hatcheries

Freshwater Freshwater TilapiaTilapia

CatfishCatfish

Marine Marine Grouper/milkfish/Grouper/milkfish/seabassseabass

ShrimpShrimp

Tilapias (1) Tilapias (1) The expanding cultured fishThe expanding cultured fish

Commonly cultured speciesCommonly cultured species

Nile tilapia,Nile tilapia, OreochromisOreochromis niloticusniloticus

Red tilapiaRed tilapia, , OreochromisOreochromis hybridshybrids

Hybrid tilapiaHybrid tilapia,, O.niloticusO.niloticus x x O. O. aureaaurea

Tilapia Hatchery Tasks (2)Tilapia Hatchery Tasks (2)

Brood fish Brood fish maintenancemaintenance

SpawningSpawning

Egg collectionEgg collection

Egg hatchingEgg hatching

Fry rearing Fry rearing –– sex sex manipulationmanipulation

Advanced nursingAdvanced nursing

David Little: backyard tilapia hatchery guruDavid Little: backyard tilapia hatchery guru

Catfish Cultured in SE Asia (1)Catfish Cultured in SE Asia (1)the air breathersthe air breathers

ClariasClarias macrocephalusmacrocephalusC. C. fuscusfuscusC. C. gariepinusgariepinusHybrid (Hybrid (C. C. gariepinusgariepinus x x CC. . macrocephalusmacrocephalus))PangasiusPangasius hypothalmushypothalmusP. P. suthisuthiP. P. bocourtibocourtiPangasianodonPangasianodon gigasgigasMystusMystus sppspp..

Catfish market in Bangkok (2)Catfish market in Bangkok (2)

Brood catfish producers (3)Brood catfish producers (3)

Backyard catfish Hatchery in Backyard catfish Hatchery in Thailand (4)Thailand (4)

Hatchery Tasks (5)Hatchery Tasks (5)

1.6 billion/yr fry of 1.6 billion/yr fry of hybridehybride catfish produced in Thailandcatfish produced in Thailand

A backyard hatchery of A backyard hatchery of BasaBasa catfish catfish in Vietnam (6)in Vietnam (6)

Wild seedWild seed

50 hatcheries 50 hatcheries

620 million fry /yr620 million fry /yr

205 million f 205 million f ingerlingsingerlings/yr/yr

Artificial breeding of Mekong giant catfish (7) Artificial breeding of Mekong giant catfish (7) from wild to backyard fry productionfrom wild to backyard fry production

Diversifying Livelihood of Tsunami Affected Diversifying Livelihood of Tsunami Affected Fishermen in Thailand (8)Fishermen in Thailand (8)

Training of backyard catfish breeding for Training of backyard catfish breeding for tsunami affected fishermen at AIT (9)tsunami affected fishermen at AIT (9)

Live food production Live food production –– a hatchery supporting business a hatchery supporting business Water flea, blood worm, midget, etc.Water flea, blood worm, midget, etc.

Live feed culture (Live feed culture (MoinaMoina sp.)sp.)A smallA small--scale supporting businessscale supporting business

ShaoShao WenWen Ling:Ling: pioneer of artificial breeding of pioneer of artificial breeding of PangasiusPangasius catfish and catfish and MacrobrachiumMacrobrachium rosenbergiirosenbergii

ZhongZhong LinLin: guru in propagation of Chinese carps: guru in propagation of Chinese carps

Marine FishMarine Fish

Commonly cultured fishCommonly cultured fish

MilkfishMilkfishChanosChanos ChanosChanos

SeaSea bassbassLatesLates calcarifercalcarifer

GroupersGroupersEpihephelusEpihephelus sppspp..

CromileptesCromileptes sp.sp.

MulletMulletMugilMugil sppspp..

The new paradigm The new paradigm Seed production system (1)Seed production system (1)

Backyard hatchery

B

Backyard Hatchery

C

BackyardHatchery

A

Breeder center

Division of Labor in Seed Division of Labor in Seed ProductionProduction

Breeder center:Broodfish

Eggs

Backyard:Egg hatchingLarval rearing

Backyard:Fry/fingerling

rearing

Grouper Grouper BroodfishBroodfish Ponds in Large Ponds in Large Breeder HatcheriesBreeder Hatcheries

BroodfishBroodfish maitntainedmaitntained in various facilityin various facility

An Example for a Backyard Hatchery in An Example for a Backyard Hatchery in GondolGondol, Bali, Bali

Facility Facility Roofed larval and rotiferRoofed larval and rotifertankstanksMicroagaeMicroagae tankstanksSubmersed pumpSubmersed pumpAir blowerAir blowerEmergency generatorEmergency generatorFiltering netsFiltering netsMiscellaneousMiscellaneous

PersonnelPersonnel2 full time workers2 full time workers

Backyard Nurseries for Grouper and Backyard Nurseries for Grouper and Milkfish in Bali, IndonesiaMilkfish in Bali, Indonesia

Grouper nurseryGrouper nursery

Financial FeaturesFinancial FeaturesA case of backyard hatchery for grouper seed A case of backyard hatchery for grouper seed

production in 1 yr in production in 1 yr in GondolGondol, Indonesia, Indonesia

CostsCostsFertilized eggs (300,000) US$ 53Fertilized eggs (300,000) US$ 53Larval feed (Larval feed (artemiaartemia, rotifer, , rotifer,

artificial diets) 594artificial diets) 594Electricity 88 Electricity 88 Wages (2 workers) 565Wages (2 workers) 565Land lease 540 Land lease 540 Depreciation & interest 1,371 Depreciation & interest 1,371 Total expenditure 3,387Total expenditure 3,387Revenue 5,400 Revenue 5,400 Net income 2,013 Net income 2,013

Model of Alliance in Grouper Seed Production in Model of Alliance in Grouper Seed Production in GondolGondol: : GGovernmental overnmental

RresearchRresearch StationStation--Private Breeding CenterPrivate Breeding Center--Backyard HatcheriesBackyard Hatcheries

milkfish milkfish 540 backyard 9 billions 540 backyard 9 billions grouper grouper 4.8 millions4.8 millionsseabassseabass 84,00084,000

Major species of Cultured Marine Shrimp & Major species of Cultured Marine Shrimp & Freshwater prawnFreshwater prawn

PenaeusPenaeus monodonmonodon

LitopenaeusLitopenaeus vannameivannamei

MetapenaeusMetapenaeus ensisensis

MacrobrachiumMacrobrachiumrosenbergiirosenbergii

Collection of wild post larvaeCollection of wild post larvae

Shrimp and Prawn Brooders Shrimp and Prawn Brooders

Shrimp/prawn seed production systemShrimp/prawn seed production systemDivision of LaborDivision of Labor

Breeder center:Broodstock rearing

Egg production

Backyard:Egg hatchingLarval rearing

Backyard:Fry/fingerling

rearing

Shrimp Hatchery TasksShrimp Hatchery Tasks

Brood stock maintenanceBrood stock maintenance

Maturation & spawningMaturation & spawning

Egg hatching Egg hatching

Larval rearing: Larval rearing:

naupliusnauplius

zoeazoea

mysismysis

Post larval rearingPost larval rearing

Shrimp Hatcheries in Southern ChinaShrimp Hatcheries in Southern China

HainanHainan: 5 large scale, 500 small scale; PL production/yr: 20x10: 5 large scale, 500 small scale; PL production/yr: 20x1099

FujenFujen: 660 hatcheries: PL production: 8.36x10: 660 hatcheries: PL production: 8.36x109

Shrimp Hatcheries in Vietnam (1)Shrimp Hatcheries in Vietnam (1)

Shrimp Hatchery operations in Vietnam (2)Shrimp Hatchery operations in Vietnam (2)

2004 statistics2004 statistics

No. hatcheries: 5,094No. hatcheries: 5,094

PL production: 26 billionsPL production: 26 billions

New Paradigm in Shrimp Seed New Paradigm in Shrimp Seed Production SystemProduction System

Recent changes in shrimp speciesRecent changes in shrimp speciescultured in Asiacultured in Asia

PenaeusPenaeus monodonmonodon --> > LitopenaeusLitopenaeus vannameivannamei

Changes in hatchery systemChanges in hatchery systemmultiple staged hatchery multiple staged hatchery --> integrated breeding > integrated breeding enterprise enterprise

Impacts on backyard hatcheries Impacts on backyard hatcheries

Backyard shrimp hatcheries destroyed by Backyard shrimp hatcheries destroyed by the tsunami in southern Thailandthe tsunami in southern Thailand

Number of hatcheries destroyed: 573Number of hatcheries destroyed: 573Loss (US$): 3.7 millionsLoss (US$): 3.7 millions

Taiwanese Model for Fish Fry ProductionTaiwanese Model for Fish Fry ProductionFish Breeders Association Fish Breeders Association ((www.fish.org.twwww.fish.org.tw))

Species of fish fry produced: 67Species of fish fry produced: 67Total No. fish fry producers: Total No. fish fry producers: 1000+1000+Number of TFBA members: 430+Number of TFBA members: 430+Major fish fry production (2004):Major fish fry production (2004):Milkfish 105,000,000Milkfish 105,000,000Groupers 26,335,000Groupers 26,335,000SlipmouthSlipmouth 27,500,00027,500,000Snappers 7,150,000 Snappers 7,150,000 Sea bass 6,700,000Sea bass 6,700,000Cobia 5,500,000Cobia 5,500,000Live feed producers:Live feed producers:Rotifers 23Rotifers 23Copepods 20Copepods 20Artemia 12Artemia 12Artificial feed, chemicals : Artificial feed, chemicals : numerousnumerous

FBA

Species A Species B Species C

Dr. Dr. MotosakuMotosaku FujinagaFujinaga & Dr. & Dr. LiaoLiao II--Chiu Chiu Pioneers in hatchery breeding of Marine ShrimpsPioneers in hatchery breeding of Marine Shrimps

ConclusionsConclusions

Backyard hatcheries, particularly nurseries, play a predominant Backyard hatcheries, particularly nurseries, play a predominant role in seed production for many species in Asia role in seed production for many species in Asia

Backyard hatchery enterprise assumes a vital role in providing Backyard hatchery enterprise assumes a vital role in providing employment and improving livelihoods in rural societyemployment and improving livelihoods in rural society

Backyard hatcheries are constraint from resources and Backyard hatcheries are constraint from resources and technical capacity for controlling and improving seed qualitytechnical capacity for controlling and improving seed quality

Backyard hatchery operators are often less aware or affordable Backyard hatchery operators are often less aware or affordable of of biosecuritybiosecurity and environmental concernsand environmental concerns

Backyard hatcheries will have to form business alliance among Backyard hatcheries will have to form business alliance among themselves and with large enterprises which are capable of themselves and with large enterprises which are capable of market strategies and able to ensure seed quality as well as market strategies and able to ensure seed quality as well as production technologies through research. production technologies through research.

AcknowledgementsAcknowledgementsLam My Lam My LanLan

QuiQui--mingming LaiLai

Vu Cam Vu Cam LuongLuong

Truong T. Truong T. NghiaNghia

Nguyen T. Phuong Nguyen T. Phuong

Arlene Arlene SatapornvanitSatapornvanit

SihSih--Yang Yang SimSim

Patrick SorgeloosPatrick Sorgeloos

YunYun--chuan Suchuan Su

KetutKetut SugamaSugama

Hoang Hoang TungTung

Wilfred YapWilfred Yap

Pam T. YenPam T. Yen

DerDer--RenRen Yuen Yuen