Bacteria, Fungi and Protists Bacteria, Fungi and Protists I. The Bacteria A. Cell Characteristics 1. Belong to the kingdom Monera 2. Composed of prokaryotic cells 3. Very primitive cell type -no nucleus -no organelles

B. Shapes of Prokaryotic Cells

C. Glycocalyx 1. Some are surrounded by a glycocalyx -capsule if it is well-developed -slime layer if it is loosely attached

D. Flagella 1. Filament 2. Hook 3. Basal body

4. Arrangements of Flagella

-monotrichous- single flagelum

-lophotrichous- two or more flagella at one pole of the cell

-amphitrichous- tuft of flagella at each end of cell

-peritrichous- flagella distributed over entire cell

E. Fimbriae 1. Common to gram negative bacteria only 2. Bristlelike and used for adherence 4. Shorter, straighter, thinner than flagella

F. Cell Wall 1. Complex, semi-rigid structure that gives bacteria its shape 2. Composed chiefly of a carbohydrates and peptides called petidoglycan

G. Genetic Material 1. Bacteria have one chromosome 2. The chromosome is found in the nucleoid region of the cytoplasm 3. Sometimes bacteria have extra DNA in the form of plasmids

H. Reproduction

I. Sex Pili 1. Rigid tubular structure composed of pilin 2. Used for conjugation in gram negative bacteria 3. Conjugation is a way of transferring plasmids from one bacterium to another

J. Ribosomes 1. Protein synthesis occurs 2. Ribosomes are composed of proteins and ribosomal RNA

K. Endospores

II. Fungi A. What are Fungi? 1. Belong to the kingdom Fungi 2. Composed of eukaryotic cells 3. Heterotrophic organisms -most are saprophytes, some are parasites 4. Chitin major component of the cell wall 5. Sexual and asexual reproduction of the fungi is commonly via spores 6. Classified by their mode of reproduction 7. Yeast, mold and mushrooms are examples of fungi

Fungal colony growing on potato dextrose agar

9. Hyphae

B. Fungal Phyla

1. Zygomycotina -coenocytic hyphae -asexual spores called sporangiospores -sexual spores called zygospores. -sexual reproduction by conjugation -Rhizopus stolonifer (bread mold)

Bread mold

2. Ascomycotina - septate hyphae -produce spores called conidiospores -sac fungi -yeast, cup fungus, morel

Cup fungus Morel

Candia albicans

3. Basidiomycotina -septate hyphae -club fungi

Shelf fungi

Puffballs Mushrooms

4. Deuteromycotina (Fungi Imperfecti) -imperfect fungi because no sexual stage has been identified -most reproduce by conidia -many fungal diseases that infect humans belong to this phylum

Aspergillus

Tenea pedis Tenea capitis Tenea corporis

Tenea unguium Tenea barbae Tenea faciei

Tenea manuum Tenea curis

D. Lichens -mutualistic combination of an alga or cyanobacterium and a fungus

Lichen growing on stone British soldiers

III. AlgaeA. What are Algae?

1. Belong to the kingdom Protista 2. Composed of eukaryotic cells 3. Cellulose cell walls 4. Contain chloroplasts

4. Types of Algae

B. Protozoa 1. Belong to the kingdom Protista 2. Composed of eukaryotic cells

Amoeba Paramecium

Balamuthia mandrillaris Netty Pot

Trypanosoma- Causes sleeping sickness

Plasmodium- Causes malaria

C. Fungus-like Protists (Kingdom)

Cellular slime mold