bacteria and viruses
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Bacteria and Viruses. Lecture Notes for May 12, 2011. Bacteria. Are prokaryotes - do not have a nucleus & membrane-bound organelles. Are placed in either kingdom Eubacteria or kingdom Archebacteria All bacteria are single cells . Some bacteria can stick together or may form strands. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Bacteria and Bacteria and VirusesViruses
Lecture Notes for May 12, 2011Lecture Notes for May 12, 2011
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Bacteria Are prokaryotes- do
not have a nucleus & membrane-bound organelles.
Are placed in either kingdom Eubacteria or kingdom Archebacteria
All bacteria are single cells. Some bacteria can stick together or may form strands.
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Bacterium Shapes
CocciCocci~ Sphere-shaped bacteria BacillusBacillus~ Rod-shaped bacteria SpirilliumSpirillium ~ Spiral-shaped bacteria
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Bacteria and their energyBacteria and their energy
AutotrophsAutotrophs ChemotrophsChemotrophs HeterotrophsHeterotrophs
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AutotrophsAutotrophs PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis- use sunlight to make - use sunlight to make
their food. their food.
Four major groups w/ different Four major groups w/ different photosynthetic pigments:photosynthetic pigments:
a. a. Purple sulfurPurple sulfur (O (O22 free environment) free environment)
b. b. Purple non-sulfurPurple non-sulfur
c. c. Green sulfurGreen sulfur (O (O22 free environment) free environment)
d. d. CyanobacteriaCyanobacteria (Blue-green alage) (Blue-green alage)
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CyanobacteriaCyanobacteria Bluish-greenish Bluish-greenish
colorcolor Carry out the Carry out the
process of process of photosynthesisphotosynthesis
Do not Do not contain the contain the same type of same type of chloroplastschloroplasts as plants doas plants do
Can survive in Can survive in extremely extremely hothot environments environments and even and even extremely extremely cold cold environmentenvironment
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ChemoautotropChemoautotrophshs
Make their own Make their own foodfood
Remove e-’s Remove e-’s from inorganic from inorganic molecules such molecules such as ammonia & as ammonia & methanemethane
Live in the soil Live in the soil & are & are responsible for responsible for nitrificationnitrification
Ex: Ex: NitrobacterNitrobacter Ex: Ex:
ArchaebacteriaArchaebacteria
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HeterotrophsHeterotrophs Obtain their own Obtain their own
foodfood Decomposers- break Decomposers- break
down the bodies of down the bodies of dead organismsdead organisms
Ex: Ex: RhizobiumRhizobium –live –live in lumps on legume in lumps on legume roots.roots.
Ex: Ex: E-coli O157:H7-E-coli O157:H7- eats undigested eats undigested nutrients in mammal nutrients in mammal intestines intestines
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Bacteria Structure: Cell Bacteria Structure: Cell WallsWalls Two types of cell walls distinguished by Gram Two types of cell walls distinguished by Gram
staining: Gram – or Gram +staining: Gram – or Gram + After staining, the color for After staining, the color for Gram –Gram – is Red & is Red &
Gram +Gram + is Purple. is Purple. Gram stain helps determine which antibiotic Gram stain helps determine which antibiotic
would be most helpful in fighting an infection.would be most helpful in fighting an infection.
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Gram + and Gram – Gram + and Gram – Bacterium Cell WallsBacterium Cell Walls
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Movement of Bacteria• Flagella ~ Tail like structure the
whips around to propel the bacterium
• Cillia ~ Miniature flagella surround the cell that help to “swim”
• Pili ~ short hair-like protein structures that help it to stick to surfacces
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CiliaCilia of a bacteriumof a bacterium
E. coliE. coli with pili with pili
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Bacteria ReproductionBacteria Reproduction Binary Fission Binary Fission Steps of Binary Fission:Steps of Binary Fission:
- DNA condenses to form a - DNA condenses to form a circular chromosome & it circular chromosome & it attaches to the cell membrane.attaches to the cell membrane.
- The DNA is copied, resulting - The DNA is copied, resulting in 2 identical chromosomes in 2 identical chromosomes (which are both attached to the (which are both attached to the cell membrane)cell membrane)
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Continuation of Continuation of ReproductionReproduction
The cell grow until it reaches The cell grow until it reaches TWICE the original size.TWICE the original size.
The cell begins to divide and The cell begins to divide and a new cell wall forms around a new cell wall forms around the new cell membrane.the new cell membrane.
The result are two The result are two identicalidentical daughter cellsdaughter cells..
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ConjugationConjugation
Two bacteria swap genetic information,
Enables bacteria to spread genes within a population
Ex: a gene that allows resistance to penicillin
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Spore Formation: Spore Formation: EndosporeEndospore A type of A type of dormantdormant cell cell Exhibit Exhibit no signs of no signs of
lifelife Highly Highly resistant toresistant to
environmental environmental stressesstresses such as: such as:
- - High temperaturesHigh temperatures
- Irradiation- Irradiation
- Strong acids- Strong acids
- Disinfectants- Disinfectants
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Bacteria RespirationBacteria Respiration
Obligate AnaerobesObligate Anaerobes
Facultative Facultative AnaerobesAnaerobes
Obligate AerobesObligate Aerobes
Live without Live without OxygenOxygen
Can live with or Can live with or without oxygenwithout oxygen
Cannot live without Cannot live without oxygen. oxygen.
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Strep ThroatStreptococcus pyogenes
Sphere, Gram +Gram +
PneumoniaKlebsiella pneumoniae
Bacillus, Gram -Gram -
Food-born illness Salmonella sp.
Bacillus, Gram -Gram -
“Botox” or
Food Poisoning
Clostridium botulinum
Bacillus, Gram +Gram +
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Cholera Vibrio cholerae Comma-shaped, Gram -Gram -
Leprosy Mycobacterium leprae
Tuberculosis (TB)
(White Plague)
Mycobacterium tuberculosisKills 1.8 million people each year
Tetnus Clostridium tetaniRod, Gram +Gram +
Bubonic Plague(Black Plague)
Yersinia pestis Rod, Gram -Gram -
Lyme diseaseBorrelia burgdorferiSpiralSpiral,, Gram -Gram -
Meningitis Neisseria meningitidisDiplococcal, Gram -Gram -
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Parasitism
Bacteria exploit the host cell, injuring them
Eg. Mychobacterium tuberculosis
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What are Viruses?
A virus is a non-cellular particle made up of genetic
material and protein that can invade living cells.
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The Structure Of a VirusThe Structure Of a Virus Viruses are composed of Viruses are composed of
a a core of nucleic acidcore of nucleic acid made of either made of either DNA or DNA or RNARNA but never both. but never both.
The nucleic acid core is The nucleic acid core is surrounded by a surrounded by a protein coatprotein coat called a called a capsid.capsid.
Viruses are classified by Viruses are classified by differencesdifferences in the in the structures of protien structures of protien coats.coats.
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T4 BacteriophageT4 Bacteriophage
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Polyhedral Polyhedral VirusVirus
Herpes zoster virusHerpes zoster virus
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Rod-shaped virusesRod-shaped viruses
Tobacco Mosaic Virus- damages tobacco Tobacco Mosaic Virus- damages tobacco crops crops
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Rod- shaped VirusesRod- shaped Viruses
Ebola virusEbola virus
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Are viruses living or nonliving?
They have genetic material that is passed on to future generations
This material can change over time, therefore viruses can evolve
BUT, viruses are not made of cells, they cannot make proteins, cannot use energy (no metabolism), and cannot reproduce.
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Multiplication of a Multiplication of a BacteriophageBacteriophage
The virus hijacks a living cell’s The virus hijacks a living cell’s nucleus. Inserts it’s genetic material nucleus. Inserts it’s genetic material
into the cell’s DNA. So the cell into the cell’s DNA. So the cell produces about 100 virus particles in produces about 100 virus particles in
20 minutes. 20 minutes.
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Cycle of Lytic and LysogenicCycle of Lytic and Lysogenic
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THE END
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Vaccines Vaccines
►Viruses grown on chicken embryos are Viruses grown on chicken embryos are attenuated vaccinesattenuated vaccines
►Another type of vaccine is made by Another type of vaccine is made by heat killing the virus heat killing the virus
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Retrovirus
Change DNA into RNA.
Example of a Retrovirus is HIV
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A typical, "minimal" retrovirus consists of: •an outer envelope which was derived from the plasma membrane of its host •many copies of an envelope protein embedded in the lipid bilayer of its envelope •a capsid; a protein shell containing •two molecules of RNA and •molecules of the enzyme reverse transcriptase