bai 1 2013 cnsx duong mia gioi thieu chung

7/24/2019 Bai 1 2013 CNSX Duong Mia Gioi Thieu Chung

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1

GiI THIU V NG

1 2

NG L G?

Theo ngha rng l cht to v ngt nh cu trc cha nhiu nhm -OH (hayNH) lin tip nhau

Theo ngha hp: ng l sn phm cha saccharose kt tinh Nu ni ng: c mc nhin hiu l ng saccharose

Ngn ngSanskrit c:sharkarahayarkarTingPhp:sucrehini,c: zuchre

TingAnh: sugarTi

ngBonha: aucarTi

ngTy Ban Nha: azcarTing:zuccheroTingBa t: shakar

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-D-glucose + -D-fructose : lien ket 1,2-glucoside

Cong thc phan t : C12H22011Khong con tnh kh; khong tao osazone.Trong t nhien: ma, cu cai ng, thot not.Trong ma, saccharose chiem gan nh toan bo thanh phan

chat kho (14 25% nc ma): ng ma.

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Cac dang ng Saccharose

s dung trong thc pham
http://www.kerala-discovery.de/http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.kidcyber.com.au/IMAGES/coconutsugar.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.kidcyber.com.au/topics/thaiherbs.htm&h=171&w=177&sz=32&hl=en&start=80&tbnid=3dlkyN3o0Qa2_M:&tbnh=98&tbnw=101&prev=/images?q=palm+sugar+&start=72&ndsp=18&svnum=10&hl=en&lr=&rls=com.microsoft:en-us&sa=Nhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.molon.de/galleries/Laos/4000islands/DonKhong/images01/21%20Pieces%20of%20dried%20palm%20sugar.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.molon.de/galleries/Laos/4000islands/DonKhong/img.php?pic=21&h=519&w=692&sz=145&hl=en&start=26&tbnid=WL1NolVfkl3RHM:&tbnh=104&tbnw=139&prev=/images?q=palm+sugar+&start=18&ndsp=18&svnum=10&hl=en&lr=&rls=com.microsoft:en-us&sa=Nhttp://www.plantcultures.org/pccms/action/showFullSizeImage;jsessionid=A87429F5C08E963972A1EFDEAFD7D6A5?id=246http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.molon.de/galleries/Laos/4000islands/DonKhong/images01/21%20Pieces%20of%20dried%20palm%20sugar.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.molon.de/galleries/Laos/4000islands/DonKhong/img.php?pic=21&h=519&w=692&sz=145&hl=en&start=26&tbnid=WL1NolVfkl3RHM:&tbnh=104&tbnw=139&prev=/images?q=palm+sugar+&start=18&ndsp=18&svnum=10&hl=en&lr=&rls=com.microsoft:en-us&sa=Nhttp://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/micro/gallery/sugars/sucrose.htmlhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/56/Sugar_2xmacro.jpg


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Cc thng s vt l h l tan- kh nng kt tinh quay cc

Cc tnh cht ho hc

Phn ng xy ra trong mi trng acidPhn ng xy ra trong mi trng kim Tnh cht cm quan ngt

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Tinh th saccharose

Tinh the ng saccharose trong suot, khong mau Ty trong 1,5879g/cm3.Nhiet o nong chay tnc= 186-1880C.

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o hoa tan

De hoa tan trong nc.Khong hoa tan trong dau hoa, cloroform, CCl4,CS2, benzen,

tecpen, ancol va glycerin khan.Hoa tan gii han trong anilin, piriin, etyl acetat, amyl acetat,

phenol va NH3. tan: la nong o cua dung dch bao hoa mot ieu kien nhiet

o va ap suat nhat nh.

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ha tan ph thuc nhit Nhit tan th tan tng

Nhieto

(oC)

o hoa tan(g saccharose/100g

nc)

Nhiet o(oC)

o hoa tan(g saccharose/100g nc)

0

1020304050

179,20

190,50203,90219,50238,10260,10

60

708090100

287,30

320,50362,20415,70487,20


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o hoa tan (tt)

Nhieto

(oC)

Lngmuoi

(g/100gnc)

o hoa tan (g saccharose/100g dung dch)KCl KBr KNO3 NaCl CaCl2

30 01020304050

219,5216,0221,0228,0237,5

-

219,5218,0220,0224,0228,0

-

219,5217,0216,0216,0217,0218,0

219,5210,0211,0219,0233,0250,0

219,5197,0189,0192,0200,0218,0

70 01020304050

320,5326,0334,0345,0345,0370,0

320,5324,0228,0334,0341,0349,0

320,5321,0324,0327,0331,0334,0

320,5323,0330,0344,0361,0384,0

320,5295,0286,0286,0295,0308,0

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tan ca ng trong dung dch ng tan ca ng trong dung dch nc ma c c (g ng/g nc)

Nhit(oC)

tinh khit

100 90 80 70 60 50

65 3.06 2.96 2.82 2.74 2. 64 2.50

70 3.25 3.14 2.99 2.93 2. 81 2.62

75 3.46 3.33 3.20 3.11 2. 97 2.76

80 3.69 3.56 3.43 3.35 3. 17 2.97

85 3.94 3.77 3.66 3.57 3. 40 3.15

tan ca ng trong dung dch c ci ng c c (g ng/g nc)

Nhit(oC)

tinh khit

100 95 90 85 80 75 70 65 60

65 3.06 3.04 3.01 3.00 3.05 3.17 3.30 3.62 4.07

70 3.25 3.20 3.16 3.16 3.21 3.33 3.57 3.94 4.50

75 3.46 3.40 3.37 3.38 3.44 3.63 3.90 4.35 5.05

80 3.69 3.63 3.61 3.62 3.70 3.93 4.29 4.82 5.72

85 3.94 3.88 3.85 3.86 3.94 4.23 4.70 5.32 6.38

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Gin pha ca dung dch ng saccharose

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nht dung dch ng

Tng khi nhit gim v nng tng

Nong o(%)

o nht (10-3N.s/m2)20oC 40oC 60oC 70oC

20

406070

1,96

6,2158,93485,00

1,19

3,2921,19114,80

0,81

0,919,6939,10

0,59

1,325,2216,90


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Nhiet dung rieng

Nhiet dung rieng cua ng saccharose nguyen chat:c = 4,18 ( 0,2387 + 0,00173 t ) (kj/kg.o)

Vi t : nhiet o (oC)Nhiet dung rieng trung bnh cua saccharose t 2251oC la 0,3019.

Nhiet dung rieng cua dung dch saccharose trong nc:c = 4,18 [ 1- ( 0,6 0,0018 t ) x ] (kj/kg.o)

Trong o t: nhiet o oC va C: nong o ng (%)Nhiet lng rieng cua saccharose 3941 kcal/g = 16 473 kJ/g

100

C

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oc quay

cc rieng

cua mot so

loai ng

Hp chat []D20-25 Hp chat []D20-25

MonosaccharidesL-Arabinose

--

D-Fructose -

D-Galactose--

D-Glucose--

D-Manno-2-heptulose D-Mannose

--

D-RamnoseD-Ribose D-Xylose

-Oligosaccharides

Cellobiose-

Gentianose

+105+55,4+190,6

-92-133,5+80,2+150,7+52,8+52,7+112+18,7+29,4+14,5+29,3-17-7

-23,7+18,8+23,6

+34,6+14,2+33,4

Gentiobiose--

KestoseLactose

-Maltose

--

MaltotrioseMaltotetraoseMaltopentaose

MaltuloseManninotriose

MelezitoseMelibiose

-Palatinose

PanoseRafinose

Saccharose-Schardingerdextrin -Schardingerdextrin - Schardingerdextrin

Stachyose

+10+31-3

+28+53,6+34,2+130+173+112+160+166+178+64+167+88,2+143+123+97,2+154+101+66,5+151+162+180+146

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S thu phn saccharose

Trong moi trng acid, nhiet o cao S nghch ao ng.

Gcquay cc (+66,5o) (+ 52,5o) ( -93,0o)

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Tc chuyn ho ph thuc vo

Nng ion H+- pHNng dung dch ngNhit Thi gian


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nh hng ca nhit v pH n tc chuyn ho ng saccharose

Nhi

t cng tng v pH cng gim lng ng saccharose chuyn hocng nhiu

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Hu qu ca chuyn ho ng saccharose

Tn tht ng.nh hng n tc kt tinh ca ng. To mu cho hn hp Trong mt cui glucose > fructosefructose b phn hy nhiu

hn.

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Phan ng caramel hoa

Khi lam nong chay ng (Tnc) hay un nong dung dchng co xuc tac cua acid hay kiem se xay ra phan ngcaramel

San pham phan ng mau nau, mui caramel ac trng, detan trong nc.

Chat mau caramen c coi la hp chat humin.

o la s polyme hoa mc o khac nhau cua -anhyrit

25503691812102012112212

222 OHCOHCOHCOHC OHOHOH

X

OnHOHOHOHCOHCOHC 234812

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5010098244836 Chay)(22

Saccharose(Khong mau)

Izosacaman(Khong mau)

Caramenlan(mau am)

Caramelen

Caramelin (Schiff) Humin20

Phan ng Maillard

Tao san pham N-glucoside : Melanoidine Phan ng xay ra moi ni moi luc, ch can s co mat cua

ng kh, a.amin, peptid, protein,San pham co mau nau, mui thm (mui nng), v ang

(can: cacao, coffee), tnh kh tang (de tham gia phan ngoxy hoa)


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Trong mi trng kim Phan t ng saccharose khong co nhom hydroxyl glycosidic khong co

tnh kh. Saccharose co tnh chat nh mot acid yeu ket hp c vi kiem tao thanh

saccharate. B thy phan thanh glucose, fructose. Sau o glucose va fructose se phan ng tiep thanh cac chat co mau Glucose l cht kh trong phn ng oxy ho kh

0

20

40

60

80

5 6 7 8 9 10 11

ng kh

phan huy (%)

pH nc ma

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Tac dung cua enzym

Di tac dung cua enzym invertaza saccharose se chuyen thanhglucose va fructose.

Sau o di tac dung phc he enzym, glucose va fructose sechuyen thanh ru va CO2.

C6H12O6 2C2H5OH + CO2( glucose hay fructose )

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Ch tiu ca ng tinh luyn (TCVN 6958:2001)

Cm quan

Ho l

Ch tieu Yeu cauNgoai hnh

Mui v

Mau sac

Tinh the mau trang, k ch thc tng oi ong eu, ti kho, khong von cuc.Tinh the ng hay dung dch ng trong nc co v ngot, khong co mui v la.Tinh the trang ong anh, khi pha cao nc cat cho dung dch trong suot.

STT Ten ch tieu Mc1 o Pol, khong nho hn 99,802 Ham lng ng kh, % khoi lng, khong ln hn 0,033 Tro dan ien, % khoi l ng, khong ln hn 0,03

4 S giam khoi lng khi say nhiet o 1050C trong 3 gi, % khoi lng,

khong ln hn0.05

5 o mau, n v ICUMSA, khong l n hn 306 Asen, khong ln hn 1mg/kg7 ong , khong ln hn 2 mg/kg8 Ch , khong ln hn 0.5mg/kg

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Nguyn liu chnh trong sn xut ng saccharose

Cy masugarcane

(Saccharum spp.)

C ci ngsugar beets

(Beta vulgaris)

Cy tht ntsugar palm

(Borassus flabellifer L.)

Cy phong

sugar maple(Acer saccharum)

Cy cao lngSorghum

(Sorghum vulgare)

Cy ch ldate palm

(Phoenix dactylif era)
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/83/SugarBeet.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/83/SugarBeet.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Dates_on_date_palm.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Sorghum_bicolor03.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Sugar_Maple_Acer_saccharum_Tree_2448px.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/83/SugarBeet.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/29/Cut_sugarcane.jpg


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CNG NGH SN XUTNG MA

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Lch s sn xutng ma

Ep ma bang hai truc go ng keo bang sc trau boLang bang voiCo ac chaoKet tinh ng t nhien.

Nam 1892, may ep 3 truc hien ai c dung My.

Nam 1884 dung thiet b ket tinh lam lanh.Nam 1878 may say thung quay xuat hien.Nam 1867, may ep bang g ang ba truc nam ngang keo bang may hi ncc dung ao Reniong thuoc Phap. Sau o ng i ta cai tien gh epnhieu truc ep e nang cao hieu suat ep co dung nc tham thau.

Nam 1837 Pouzolat phat minh may ly tam truyen ong ay, lay ng tren. Bessener phat minh may ly tam kieu thung quay. Nam 1867 Westona cai tien truyen ong tren, lay ng di.

Nam 1820 may ep khung ban ra i.Nam 1813 Howard phat minh ra b oc chan khong mot noi.Nam 1843Rillieux phat minh he boc hi nhieu noi.Nam 1812, Barrnel (Phap) du ng kh CO2 e bao hoa voi phng phaploc e loai ket tua CaCO3 . Sau o ky s Tratani (Italia), dung kh SO2 etrung hoa lng voi d va tay mau nc ma.

C kh hoa toan bo day chuyen san xuat, lien tuc hoa, t o ng hoaC kh hoa khau on chat ma

Dung thiet b khuech tan lien tucNau ng lien tuc va t ongT ong hoan toan may ly tam

Loc ng bang phng phap trao oi ionCac thiet b phan tch nhanh va t ong, may tnh ien t a c dungnhieu nhieu nc tren the gii.

500 BC

An o: Sankara

398

An o & Trung quoc ket tinhng tinh the t mat

The ky XVI

Nha may luyen ng c, Anh, Phap

The ky XIXNha may luyen ng hien ai

au tien Anh

The ky XX XXINganh ng phat trien manh khap the gii

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Cy ma

Tn gi: Sugar cane, noble cane (English)Ikshu, khanda, sarkara (Sanskrit)Pundia, paunda (Hindi)Poovan karumbu (Tamil)

Tn khoa hc: Saccharum officinarumH: Ho tho Poaceae, Gramineae

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Ngun gc

Ngungccy ma: New Guinea Bitn: 6000 BC Bt u trng trt 1000 BC ng

Nam , ng n , v vng ThiBnh Dng

Di thc n a Trung Hi 600-1400AD: Ai cp: 640 AD, Trong cc cuc

xm chim Syria, Cyprus, Crete,ThNhK715 AD. Nm1420 NgiBoNha ama

n vng i Ty Dng: Madeira,Canary Islands, Azores, v ty Phi.

Nm 1493: Columbus a ma tCanary Islands n DominicanRepublic.

Ma ctrngtrung v Nam Mvokhong1520s

Sau minAnh, Php v Ty n


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Ma chn

Thong thng ma chn sau khi trong khoang 12-15 thang. Luc ham lng ng trong than ma at toi a Lng ng kh con lai t nhat. Khi ham lng ng at toi a th tuy giong ma va ieu kien thi tiet ma

lng ng nay duy tr khoang 15 ngay en 2 thang. Sa u o lng ng bat

au giam. Khi ma chn, thi tiet cang kho th ham lng ng cang cao. ngng tinc e thuc ma chn.

Co mot so giong ma, khi qua chn cha thu hoach kp b tro c. Van e tro ccua ma la mot hien tng thay oi sinh ly, lam giam ham lng ng trongma.

Ham lng ng trong cay ma trong cay ma khong tro c va tro c:

Giong ma Ham lng ng trong cay ma ( % ) Khong tro c Tro c

POJCO Phu Tho

149,3

10,78,2

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Thu hoach va bao quan Sau khi chat, ham lng ng trong ma giam nhanhcan van chuyen nhanh

ve nha may va ep cang sm cang tot. Td: ma a vao ep sau 8 ngay ke t khi chat, hieu suat thu hoi ng giam

20%. Cac ch tieu quan trong: chat kho, thanh phan ng, o tinh khiet, ham lng

ng kh S thay oi cac thanh phan cua nc ma ep theo thi gian bao quan

Thi gian saukhi chat (ngay

)

Bx ( % ) Thanh phanng ( % )

Pol ( % ) Rs ( % )

012345

21,221,621,721,822,322,5

19,9320,2020,2519,6919,0718,45

94,093,393,390,385,582,0

0,30,30,40,81,62,1

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Cac bien phap e han che ton that ng sau thu hoach

Chat ma khi tri ret hay hi ret. Chat ma theo chieu luong ma, cac cay ma goi len nhau e giam

lng nc boc hi va chong ret. Chat ma thanh ong e giam s phan giai ng.Dung la ma tham nc e che cho ma luc van chuyen va co the

dung nc ti phun cho ma.

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T Ma Thnh ng


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CNSX ng th

34

CN Tinh luyn ng

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CNSX ng tinh luynti nh my ng Bin ho

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MA VO NH MY CN T TIU CHUN G?

Neu ma at cac yeu cau sau ay th cnhap vao nha may : Ch ng (CCS) > 7 Ham lng ng kh < 2% Tap chat < 5%


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Thiet b van chuyenma cay

Can cau: co nh va di ong. Pham vi hoat ong cua can cau tuythuoc vao chieu dai va goc quay cho phep cua can, thng dungloai quay c xung quanh.Khi chon va tnh cau thng chu y 3 ac tnh sau:

Sc nang: c tnh bang 1/10 nang suat ep trong 1 h.Ban knh hoat ong (chieu dai can truc) tnh theo cong thc:R = 3 C1/2 (C: Nang suat ep, tan/h)Chieu cao nang toi a la 8 m.

Xe goong: la loai phng tien pho bien e van chuyen ma tren baien bang chuyen ma. So lng xe c xac nh theo cong thc:

N= 2 C t/60 mC: nang suat ma ep, tan/ht: thi gian can e i va ve cua moi xe goongh; m: tai trong cua goong, tan

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H THNG BNG TI

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NH NGHA MOT SO DANH TTHUAT NGTHNG DUNG

1. Ma: ma nguyen lieu dung e san xuat ng. Ma a vao e trch, ep gom co ma thuanva cac tap chat theo ma.

2. Tap chat cua ma: gom la, ngon ma non, re, at cat 3. Ba ma: la phan chat kho khong tan trong nc sau khi ep lay nc ma trong cay ma.4. Ba nhuyen: la nhng hat rat nho, gom nhng si cellulose rat ngan sinh ra trong qua trnh

chat, anh ti va can ep.5. Phan x ma: chat kho khong hoa tan vao trong nc nam trong cay ma em so vi ma

tnh theo %.6. Thanh phan ng ma: la t le % cua ng co trong cay ma ( trong cong nghiep: thanhphan ng trong ma = thanh phan ng trong nc ma hon hp + thanh phan ngtrong ba ma qua ket qua phan tch).

7. Chat kho: chat ran hoa tan khong bay hi ( nh ng ), c xac nh bang Bx ke hoacchiet quang ke.

8. Bx: (Brix), bieu th trong lng bieu kien cua chat ran hoa tan trong 100 phan trong lngng. o bang phu ke (Brix ke) hay tytrong ke.

9. Pol:(Polamireter), la bieu th trong lng bieu kien cua ng saccharose trong 100 phantrong lng ng. o bang may Polarimeter 1 lan theo tieu chuan quoc te.

10. Thanh phan ng: la trong lng saccharose trong san pham ng ( trong ma ) tnh theo%.

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11. AP: ( Apparent Purite ), bieu th o tinh khiet n gian cua dung dch ng. Con co nghala t le % cua saccharose ( Pol ) tren toan phan chat ran hoa tan trong dung dch ng vi:

12. GP: (Gravity Purity) , bieu th t le trong lng saccharose trong toan bo trong lng chatran hoa tan.

13. Sacc: c xac nh bang phng phap phan cc 2 lan tren ma y polarimeter.14. Ch ng: la t so % ng ma thng mai dung e mua ma, thng k hieu CCS

(commercail cane sugar). ng ma: saccharose15. ng kh RS: (Reducting Sugars), la glucid trong phan t co cha nhom CHO

(Andehyd) hay = CO (Aceton)16. ng nguyen lieu: tat ca cac loai ng a vao san xuat e gia cong, tinh che lai co sanpham cao cap hn.

17. ng tho: (Raw Suger), la loai ng nguyen lieu oi vi nha m ay ng tinh luyen, laloai ng co tinh the mau vang, cha qua say kho, thng co Pol = 96-98%

18. ng tinh luyen RE: (Refined tra quality), la ng c san xuat t ng nguyen lieu,ng thovi pham chat cao (Pol 99,8%, o am 0,04%).

19. ng knh trang RS: (Refined Standard Quality), la ng c san xuat trc tiep tnguyen lieu ma cay, thng co pham chat thap hn RE (Pol 99,5%, o am 0,05%). Conhieu ni con goi la ng trang on ien, ng cat trang.


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20. Nc ma nguyen: (nc ma au) la nc ma c ep ra t cay ma cha pha tron ncvao, nh nc ma ep ra cua may ep au tien trong dan ep.

21. Nc tham thau: (Imbition), la nc co nhiet o nhat nh phun vao ba ngay khi ra khoimieng ep, hoac trong may khuyech tan e lam loang nong o ng trong ba ma c hoatan ra vi nuc, roi tiep tuc ep, hoac khuyech tan nham nang cao hieu suat ep hoac trchnc ma trong cay ma.

22. Nc ma hon hp: bao gom nc ma ep ra ma y au tien va cac may ep sau a c phaloang e bm vao khau sau x ly che lieu.

23. Nc ma gia nhiet: la nc ma a c i qua cac thiet b gia nhiet lam cho nc ma conhiet o cao hn.

24. Nc ma trung hoa: la nc ma a i qua cac tac nhan hoa hoc nh Ca (OH)2, H2SO3,H2CO3va phan ng hoa hoc e tao ra cac muoi ket tua.

25. Nc che trong: la nc ma sau khi a trung hoa c qua thiet b lang, loc, gan, lc cnc ma trong suot.

26. Nc loc trong: la nc ma rut ra t cac may loc.27. Bun loc: la hon hp gom co t nc ma, ca c chat can ban ket tua, ba nhuyen lam chat tr loc

c thai ra sau khi a chat loc gan het nc ma trong hon hp o (ng sot trong bun lockhoang 0,5-1%)

28. Nc ma kiem hoa: la nc ma a qua pha tron vi sa voi Ca(OH) 2e nang o pH lencao.

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29. Nc che ac: (Syrup) la nc che trong sau khi qua he thong boc hi (co ac) lam nong oche trong c nang len ( thng t 60-700Bx).

30. ng non: (Masaccharose-cuite), la hon hp gom co tinh the ng va mat sau khi nau enc hat tinh the va nong o nao o roi nha xuong tr tinh. Tuy theo che o nau ma phan capcac loai ng non A, B, Chay trong nha may ng tinh luyen th goi ng non R1, R2,R3,

31. ng cat: la ng non sau khi a tach mat, co ten tng ng vi ng non.32. Mat: (Molasaccharosee), la chat long c tach ra t ng non bang may ly tam, co ten

tng ng vi ten cua ng non.33. Mat nguyen: la mat c tach ra trong qua trnh ly tam ng non khi cha dung hi, nc

e ra.34. Mat loang:la mat c tach ra trong qua trnh ly tam ng non sau khi dung hi, nc e

ra.35. Mat cuoi: (Final molasaccharosee), con co ten goi khac la r ng, mat phe, mat r. La loai

mat c tach ra ng non cuoi cung trong he thong nau ng va khong dung mat naye quay nau lai.

36. ng giong: la hon hp ng bui, hoac ng tinh the c nghien nho tron vi con avao noi nau lam nhan.

37. ng ho: (Magma), con goi la tng ng. La hon hp ng, mat hoac nc tron eu ecung cap lam nhan cho cac noi nau ng.

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38. Hieu suat ep: trong lng saccharose trong nc ma hon hp so vi trong lng ng trongma tnh theo %.

39. Hieu suat ep hieu chnh: v ham lng x trong ma cao hay thap co anh hng en hieusuat ep. e co the so sanh hieu qua lam viec dan ep ma cua cac nha m ay khac nhau, quocte a qui nh lay x trong ma la 12,5% e so sanh goi la hieu suat ep chnh.

40. Hieu suat che luyen(HSC): phan ng che luyen tc la trong lng ng thanh pham sovi trong lng ng trong nc ma hon hp (%) bao gom ca ban che pham co the chebien thanh ng thanh pham. No bieu th trong qua trnh che luyen t ng trong nc m a

hon hp thc te thu hoi c bao nhieu ng (%).41. Hieu suat che luyen hieu chnh: V o tinh khiet (AP) cua nguyen lieu che luyen cao haythap co anh hng en hieu suat thu hoi che luyen. e co the so sanh hieu qua che luyen,quoc te a qui nh lay o tinh khiet cua nguyen lieu che luyen (nc ma hon hp) R =85%lam c s tnh toan.

42. Hieu suat tong thu hoi: trong lng ng thanh pham (bao gom ca ban che pham co theche thanh ng) so vi trong lng ng trong ma (%). No bieu th toan bo qua trnh sanxuat phan ng thu c thc te t ng co trong ma tnh theo (%).

43. Hieu suat san xuat ng: thng goi la hieu suat ng tren ma, vi y ngha kinh te baonhieu tan nguyen lieu th lam ra c 1 tan thanh pham. Ta em trong lng ng thanhpham so vi trong lng ma (%).

44

o Brix

o Brix bang phu ke: nc ma ep ra t mau can o, loc sach cat,ba nhuyen, cho vao ong ong co ng knh ln hn phu ke 1,5lan. Tha phu ke vao va phu ke ng yen roi oc so ngang matthoang chat long, tiep o dung nhiet ke e o va oc nhiet o o.% Bx= (tr so Bx oc he so hieu chnh nhiet o)t > 20oC : (+)

t < 20oC : (-) o Brix bang khuc xa ke:

So oc Bx = % Bx cua nc ma.


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PHAN CC KE (POLARIMETER,SACCHARIMETER)

Khe h B c chieu sang bi nguon sang n sac C trc tiep hoac qua motthau knh hoi tu. Anh sang truyen qua bo phan phan cc P vi cai chan anhsang F va bo phan tch co the quay c A.Mot thang goc S c gan vi bo phan tch e oc goc quay. v tr bophan tch nam cheo (vuong goc) vi bo phan cc th toan bo anh sang phancc khong i qua bo phan tch. V tr nay tng ng vi gia tr 0 tren thang oc.Anh sang c nhn bi mat cua ngi quan sat (E). Ong mau X cha chathoat quang (dung dch ng) c at gia bo phan cc va bo phan tch.Ngi quan sat se quay bo phan tch e nhan c th trng toi hoan toan.Luc nay ta oc c gia tr goc quay (hoac nong o chat hoat quang) trenthang o.

Tuy nhien, neu goc quay cua bo phan tch ln hn th o chnh xac cua ketqua o khong cao. V vay, ngi ta thng dung ky thuat o can bang 2 thtrng, mot na th trng la anh sang phan cc nhng khong i qua ong maucha chat hoat quang, na con lai la anh sang phan cc sau khi i qua ongmau. Luc oc gia tr, hai na th trng phai co o sang ong nhat. Luc naygoc quay cua bo phan tch bang goc quay mat phang phan cc cua dung dchmau.

46

o Pol Sau khi co so oc ket qua va o Bx hieu chnh, tra phu luc ta se co% Pol a a ve tieu chuan cua dd can o. Hoac dung cong thc

R: Pol oc toC.d: t trong cua dd suy ra t Bx.

Trong qua trnh o Pol, yeu to nhiet o co anh hng trc tiep enket qua, ta co the thiet lap cong thc ieu chnh a ve nhiet o tieuchuan

P20C= Pt[1+0,0003(t-20)]P20C:% Pol thc a a ve nhiet o tieu chuan 20oC.Pt : Pol oc nhiet o t (nhiet o moi trng khi oc).t : nhiet o phong o.

Hay ta ap dung cong thc:P20C= Pt + 0,0015 (Pt80)(tp20) + 0,000285 P t(tptm)

tm: nhiet o dd trong moi trng o.tp : nhiet o dd khi o Pol trong may.

100718,99

11026)20%( 0

d

RCPol

47

Kiem tra o chn cua ma bang Refractometer cam tay

Dung mui khoan co kem theo may Refractometer cam tay,chch vao 3 iem cua cay ma mau c chon, 1 iem goc cayma, lay nc ma cho vao lang knh cua Refractometer, ieuchnh cho ng ranh gii c ro net, oc ket qua va ghi la Bx 1,1 iem than cay oc ket qua ghi la Bx2va iem ngon cayma, oc ket qua ghi la Bx3.

Neu he so nay bang 1 la ma at o thuan thuc.Neu he so nay di 1 la o thuan thuc cha at, tc la macha at o chn; cha nen thu hoach.Bang cach tren ta lap lai nhieu v tr khac nhau tren ong mava nhieu cay ma khac nhau e co ket qua trung bnh tng oichnh xac.

3

BxBxBxma)cuachn(othucthuansoHe 321

48

Phan tch x trong maTrong lng ma mau trc khi ep: P1(kg),Ep bang may ep nho: o o Bx va o Pol.Phan ba ma sau khi ep kiet nc: P2(kg)Xe nho ba ma sau khi ep, can lay 100g cho vao tui vai buoc chatmieng, xa di voi nc cho sach phan nc ng dnh baCho tui vao bnh nau bep ien o 1 gi, khi nau thnh thoang dung

tay ep tui cho nc ng tan raem tui ra sach 1 lan na roi mi a vao lo say, e say kho nhiet o 125-130oC trong 3 gi (say ca tui) cho kho btTrut ba ra 1 a nhom va tiep tuc say cho en trong lng khong oi,P3(kg)

Cong thc:

% x trong ma=% x trong ba* % ba trong ma.

%100100

Pbatrongx% 3 %100

1

2

P

Pmatrongba%


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Xac nh ch ng cua ma

Co % Bx, % Pol tra bang theo % x trong ma ta tm c tr soch ng CCS.Hoac co the dung cong thc sau:

F: % trong lng x trong ma.

100

31

2

1

100

51

2

3 FBx

FPolCCS

50

Phan tch ba Phan tch o am baPhan tch % x trong ba:Thng dung phng phap nau ba bang bnhep.Can bnh ep+ nap ep co trong lng A (kg)Can 100g mau ba ma cho vao bnh a biet trong lng.Cho them vao 5ml Na2CO3 5%.Cho tiep 500ml nc nong khoang 70oC xong ay nap lai.at bnh len bep chng cach thuy, soi trong 1gi.Trong qua trnh nau, thnh thoang lay ra ep vai lan nham muc chcho ng trong ba nau de hoa tan ra (khong them nc vao).Nau xong lay bnh ra ngam trong nc cho nguoi, lau kho xungquanh bnh trc khi em len can lai, co trong lng P kg.Ep chac, lay nc ra, gi e o Pol, con xac ba e xac nh % xtrong ba.Bang cach cho xac ba vao 1 tui vai, buoc chat mieng lai, em ra,xa di voi nc cho het ng, cho tui vao tu say 125-130oC. Khisay khoang gi th trut ba trong tui ra 1 a nhom va tiep tuc a vaosay cho en khi trong lng khong oi, can lai trong lng ba sau say(a tr trong lng a nhom) coi nh trong lng x ma.

Tnh : % x trong ba= trong lng x ma 100/ trong lng mau.

51

Phan tch % Pol trong baNc ma nau chat ra mau tren cho vao bnh phan tch nh

mc 100/110ml, lay ung 100ml nho them acetat ch kho va nccat cho en vach 110ml, lac eu co ket tua va loc. Lay nc loctrong cho vao ong quan sat 400mm a vao may Polarimeter, olaket qua Pol oc

Trong o: R: Pol oc vi ong quan sat 400mm. f: % x trong ba.W: (B-A) trong lng nc va ba sau khi nau.A: trong lng bnh ca nap e nau ba. B: trong lng ba+ nc+ bnh nau sau khi nau. 1,1: he so dung bnh phan tch nh mc 100/110ml

1,1000.20

26)(

fWRba%Pol

52

Bun loc

Phan tch o am Phan tch Pol bun

Can 26g bun cho vao coc sach.Cho them t nc khuay cho banh bun tan ra.Cho vao bnh nh mc 100ml, them acetat ch va nc caten ung vach, lac eu, em loc.Nc loc bo 2-3 giot au, sau o hng vao ong quan sat200mm a vao may Polarimeter, ieu chnh chnh xac va oc.% Pol bun la Pol oc c tren may.V lng ng con sot lai rat nho nen coi cac yeu to anhhng khong ang ke.


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Phan tch cac loai nc ma che trong

Xac nh o pH: Dung may pHmetre hoac giay so mau. Xac nh o Brix Phan tch o Pol Phan tch thanh phan ng ma (saccharose): Phng phap o

Pol 2 lan. Phan tch thanh phan ng kh:- Cho nc ma vao burette dung tch 25ml.- Hut 10ml dd Feuhling A+B.- 3 giot ch th Blue methylen.- Them nc cat, lac eu. - un soi trong 2 phut, va un va m van ong nh chuan nhogiot cho nc ma chay xuong bnh cho en khi dung dch oi sangmau o gach th khoa van lai. e kiem tra phan ng hoan toancha ta cho 1 giot blue methylene ma van gi mau o gach lac.

54

F: he so ng lng hieu chnh cua dd Feuhling. V the tch nc ma nho giot het (ml). d: t trong nc ma suy ra t Brix mau o tren.

Xac nh o tinh khiet (AP):Sau khi a co Bx va Pol a ve nhiet o chuan ta tnh o tinhkhiet bieu kien

dV

FRS

10005,0%

100Brix

PolAP

55

Phan tch cac loai che a c (syrup), ng non (Massecuite),ng ho (Magma) va mat (Molasses)

Xac nh o Bx. Phan tch o Pol. Phan tch thanh phan ng kh.

Xac nh o tinh khiet.

56

Phan tch mat cuoi

Xac nh o Bx Phan tch o Pol. Xac nh o tinh khiet. Phan tch thanh phan ng kh. Phan tch thanh phan saccharose.

Xac nh o tinh khiet trong lng (GP)

Bx

SaccGP

100


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Phan tch ng thanh pham

Phan tch o Pol. Phan tch o am. Phan tch thanh phan ng kh. Xac nh kch thc hat ng: ay la phng phap e anh gia

s ong eu cua cac tinh the ng. Phng phap phan tch chuyeu la dung sang (ray) vi cac kch thc khac nhau.

Phan tch thanh phan tro.- Can 1 lng ng.- Cho vai giot H2SO410%.- ot cho ng chay en va khong con khoi trang.- Nung 800oC en khi tro trang hoan toan.

Tro % = lng tro 100/ lng ng ban au.

58

Phan tch tap chat khong tan.Tap chat trong thanh pham bao gom cac chat ran khong tan, cac

chat hu c l lng.- Can mot lng ng, hoa tan hoan toan trong nc cat. Loc

dung dch, ra sach ng con bam tren can. Say 100-110o

Ctrong 1gi.Tnh % tap chat bang ppm:

ppmtap chat= (PtPo)1000.10Trong o:10: quy ve 1kg ng.1000: quy ve mg

59

Phn tch mu

Trong :-logTS: s c trn my.b: chiu dy cell bng 1cm.C: nng mu (g/ml).

o mu bng my Stamers Colorimeter

CV: ch s mu.S: chiu cao c c trong my khi o. B: Bx ca dd cn o.D: t trng suy ra t Bx.

Cb

TICUMSA

S

.

log1000

dBSCV

..

000.10

60

Phng phap xac nh o mau theo TCVN-5447-91Tieu chuan nay ap dung cho ng tinh luyen, ng knh trang, vang tho.Nguyen ly: da vao viec o mat o quang cua lp dung dch ng vaxac nh tr so hap thu anh sang.Mat o quang c o di bc song 420 oi vi ng tinh luyen vang knh trang; 520 oi vi ng tho. Ham lng chat kho cua dung

dch loc c xac nh bang khuc xa ke 20oC.Ch so hap thu anh sang tnh bang cm3/kg tnh theo cong thc:

Trong o:A: mat o quang o c bang quang pho ke.L: o day cua dd cha trong cuvet (m).Wts: ham lng chat kho theo khuc xa ke (%): khoi lng rieng cua dd. (kg/m3)

410.

.. tsWL

Aa(420;560)

bai 1 2013 cnsx duong mia gioi thieu chung

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